Polar Form of Complex Number

The polar form of a complex number is another way to represent a complex number. The
form z = a + b i is called the rectangular coordinate form of a complex number.

The horizontal axis is the real axis and the vertical axis is the imaginary axis. We find the real and
complex components in terms of r and θ where r is the length of the vector and θ is the angle made with
the real axis.

Example 1:
Express the complex number in polar form.

5+2i

The polar form of a complex number

z = a + b i is z = r ( cos θ + i sin θ ) .

So, first find the absolute value of r .

r = | z | = a 2 + b 2         = 5 2 + 2 2         = 25 + 4         = 29           ≈ 5.39

Now find the argument θ .

Since a > 0 , use the formula θ = tan − 1 ( b a ) .

θ = tan − 1 ( 2 5 )         ≈ 0.38

Note that here θ is measured in radians.

Therefore, the polar form of 5 + 2 i is about 5.39 ( cos ( 0.38 ) + i sin ( 0.38 ) ) .

Example 2:

Find the polar form and represent graphically the complex number 7−5j.
Modular Arithmetic
Modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, which considers the remainder. In modular
arithmetic, numbers "wrap around" upon reaching a given fixed quantity (this given quantity is known as
the modulus) to leave a remainder. Modular arithmetic is often tied to prime numbers, for instance,
in Wilson's theorem, Lucas's theorem, and Hensel's lemma, and generally appears in fields
like cryptography, computer science, and computer algebra. An intuitive usage of modular arithmetic is
with a 12-hour clock. If it is 10:00 now, then in 5 hours the clock will show 3:00 instead of 15:00. 3 is the
remainder of 15 with a modulus of 12.

Example:

We form the table for elements of the set S with arbitrary elements a and b under addition and
multiplication Modulo 6

Under Addition

+ 0 1 2 3 4 5

0 0 1 2 3 4 5

1 1 2 3 4 5 0

2 2 3 4 5 0 1

3 3 4 5 0 1 2

4 4 5 0 1 2 3

5 5 0 1 2 3 4

Modulo 6 is closed to addition

Under Multiplication

* 1 2 3 4 5

1 1 2 3 4 5

2 2 4 0 2 4

3 3 0 3 0 3

4 4 2 0 4 2

5 5 4 3 2 1

Modulo 6 is not closed to Multiplication.

Permutation Groups
For any finite non-empty set S, A(S) the set of all 1-1 transformations (mapping) of S onto S forms a group called
Permutation group and any element of A(S) i.e, a mapping from S onto itself is called Permutation.

We will show the multiplication table for

Binary Operations
A binary operation * defined on a non-empty set S is a rule that assigns to each ordered pair (a,b) of
elements a and b of S, a unique element a * b ∈∈ S. In order that * is a binary operation defined on S, the
following condition must be satisfied. Each ordered pair(a,b) where a and b ∈∈ S, is assigned to a unique
pair a * b which is again in S. A binary operation * on S is a mapping f: S * S -> S.

Rule: a * b  a  b  ab

Given below are some of the examples on binary operation:

Example 1: Let a = 2 and b = 4

a * b  a  b  ab
2 * 4  2  4  2 * 4
=(8)–(8)
=0

Example 2: Let a = -8 and b = -5

a * b  a  b  ab

 8 * (5)   8  (5)   8 * 5

= ( -3 ) - ( 40 )

=-43

Example 2: Let a = -1/2 and b = -9

a * b  a  b  ab

1  1   1 
 * (9)     (9)     * 9 
2  2   2 

19 9
= 
2 2

28
= 
2

= -14
Group under Binary Operations
A modulo is a group if and only if it satisfies the following;

1. Closure Property
2. Commutative Property
3. Associative Property
4. Inverse Property
5. Identity Property

Example 1. Is Z 8  {1,3,5,7} a group or not?

+ 1 3 5 7

1 2 4 6 0

3 4 6 0 2

5 6 0 2 4

7 0 2 4 6

Z 8  {1,3,5,7} under addition is not a group since it violates the closure property.

* 1 3 5 7

1 1 3 5 7

3 3 1 7 5

5 5 7 1 3

7 7 5 3 1

Z 8  {1,3,5,7} under multiplication is a group since satisfies all the properties mention above.
 LYCEUM NORTWESTERN UNIVERSITY
DAGUPAN CITY
INSTITUTE OF GRADUATE AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

Contents

A. Polar Form of Complex Number

B. Modular Arithmetic
C. Permutation Groups
D. Binary Operations
E. Group under Binary Operations

PREPARED BY:

JAYSON O. SENTINELLAR

SUBMITTED TO:

PROF. JOSE B. PADILLA