Answer Key

ANSWER KEY
UNIT ONE
PRESENT AND PAST: SIMPLE AND PROGRESSIVE
CHAPTER 1: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Simple Present and Present Progressive I
1 Simple Present—Form and Spelling
A.
2. Do people schedule 9. Does Phil go is
3. don’t think 10. goes finishes
4. Does the human body follow 11. doesn’t stay
5. run 12. does she get up
6. don’t use 13 hurries goes
7. are 14. doesn’t realize depends
8. do they follow 15. do you depend
B. 2. plays /z/ 9. misses /iz/ 16. sleeps /s/

3. mixes /iz/ 10. tries /z/ 17. pays /z/
4. starts /s/ 11. carries /z/ 18. annoys /z/
5. watches /iz/ 12. ends /z/ 19. has /z/
6. stays /z/ 13. reaches /iz/ 20. drives /z/
7. goes /z/ 14. finishes /iz/ 21. blows /z/
8. talks /s/ 15. studies /z/
2 Present Progressive--Form and Spelling
A. 2. aren’t paying 8. Is natural time working

3. are trying 9. ’re still trying
4. aren’t always complaining 10. Are you listening
5. are we doing 11. is it saying
6. ’m sleeping waking up 12. Is it telling
7. ’s eating
B. 2. leaving 10. stopping 18. planning

3.fixing 11. going 19. coming
4. shopping 12. tying 20. letting
5. seeing 13. flying 21. hopping
6. beginning 14. paying 22. hoping
7. crying 15. tasting 23. hiking
8. running 16. showing 24. dying
9. waving 17. doing
Grammar Links 3, 2ed Workbook Answer Key 1

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Simple Present and Present Progressive II
3 Simple Present--Uses
2. a 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. a
4 Present Progressive--Uses
2. b 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. a 7. a
5 Adverbs of Frequency and Time Expressions with Simple Present and

Present Progressive
2. Do you exercise on the weekends?

3. They aren’t watching a lot of TV these days.
4. He goes to bed at 10:00.
5. Are you leaving at this time?
6. She doesn’t eat dinner in the evening.
6 Simple Present and Present Progressive; Time Expressions
2. He often gets up at sunrise.

3. This week we’re eating big breakfasts.
4. Jon relaxes at home on weekends.
5. Are you studying more these days?
6. Briana doesn’t exercise every day.
7. What classes does Sarah have on Tuesdays?
8. Is Lisa getting enough sleep at night?
7 Writing
Answers will vary.
8 Simple Present Versus Present Progressive
2. do they do 7. do we remember
3. studies 8. don’t remember
4. think 9. does time run / is time running
5. are trying / try 10. is the universe going
6. is asking

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Verbs with Stative Meaning
9 Identifying Verbs with Active Meaning and Verbs with Stative Meaning
A. My husband has an irregular schedule, so he stays up late to watch TV programs

that he doesn’t really hear. He rarely exercises and looks tired all the time. He says
he’s being lazy, but he isn’t lazy. He seems unwell in the morning. He knows his
schedule is making him unhappy, and he wants to do something about it.
Nowadays, I’m listening to my body’s internal clock and paying attention to
natural time and my natural work cycle. I’m going to work early and leaving early,
too. I go to bed when my body tells me I’m tired, so I don’t mind getting up early
now. I like my new schedule. I’m feeling great.
Are you following your natural cycle, or are you following clock time?
B. See circled text in Part A.
10 Verbs with a Stative and an Active Meaning
2. a. are looking b. looks

3. a. have b. ’re having
4. a. are weighing b. weigh
5. a. are feeling b. feels
6. a. are b. are being
11 Editing
move
2. However, the earth doesn’t moves around the sun on a consistent basis.
varies
3. It is varying from day to day by as much as sixteen minutes.
realize
4. Nowadays, we seldom realizing that clock time and sun time don’t match.
usually make
5. We are usually making appointments by our watches, not by the position of the sun in
the sky.
is
6. Watches help us agree on what time it is being.

CHAPTER 2: SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Simple Past and Past Progressive I
1 Simple Past—Form
2. blew 7. felt 12. let 17. said

3. brought 8. found 13. made 18. slept
4. dug 9. flew 14. rose 19. taught
5. drank 10. gave 15. read 20. woke
6. ate 11. left 16. ran
2 Simple Past—Form and Pronunciation
A 2. did he do
3. wanted
4. increased
5. fell
6. dropped
7. was
8. set up
9. rolled
10. was Galileo able to
11. needed
12. didn’t have
13 knew
14. did he play
15. put
16. hit
17. took
18. got
19. showed
B. See the circled words in Part A.

/t/ /d/ /id/
increased used wanted
dropped rolled needed
showed
3 Past Progressive--Form
2. Was the river hurting 3. was bringing 4. were getting 5. weren’t making 6. were they
failing 7. were any people doing 8. were studying 9. were observing

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Simple Past and Past Progressive II
4 Simple Past and Past Progressive--Meaning
A. 2. PP 4. PP 6. PP
3. PP 5. SP 7. SP
B. 2. were arguing 6. fought

3. started 7. were fighting
4. pulled 8. cut
5. forgot 9. wore
5 Simple Past and Past Progressive

.
2 died 9. was sitting
3. was studying 10. fell
4. broke out 11. helped
5. closed 12. became
6. stayed 13. was working / worked
7. was waiting / waited 14. made
8. thought / was thinking 15. was
6 Writing
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Simple Past and Past Progressive in Time

Clauses
7 Simple Past and Past Progressive in Time Clauses
3. [In the 1880s, when the United States was thinking about instituting standardized
time, the railroads were very powerful.]
4. Farmers and factory owners needed to get their products to the railway station
before the train arrived. Knowing the arrival time of the train became very
important.
5. After the farmers and factory owners started paying attention to clock time, other
business owners and professionals began using it, too.
6. [While clock time was taking over the business world, natural time remained
important in people’s personal world.]

8 Simple Past, Past Progressive, and Time Clauses
2. After Lauren went to work, Paul got up. OR Paul got up after Lauren went to
work.
3. While Lauren was working, Paul got up. OR Paul got up while Lauren was
working.
4. Paul got up before Lauren ate lunch. OR Before Lauren ate lunch, Paul got up.
5. When Lauren left /was leaving work, Paul went/was going to work. OR Lauren
left/was leaving work when Paul went /was going to work. OR Paul went /was
going to work when Lauren left/was leaving work. OR When Paul went /was
going to work, Lauren left/ was leaving work.
6. Lauren left work before Paul ate dinner. OR Before Paul ate dinner, Lauren went
to work.
7. Lauren went to bed while Paul was working. OR While Paul was working, Lauren
went to bed.
8. After Lauren went to bed, Paul met friends. OR Paul met friends after Lauren
went to bed.
9. Lauren was sleeping when Paul came home. OR When Paul came home, Lauren
was sleeping. OR When Lauren was sleeping, Paul came home. OR Paul came
home when Lauren was sleeping.
Grammar Practice 4: Used To
9 Used To-- Form
A. 2. didn’t use to have B.

3. Did your teacher use to play 3. Would your teacher play
4. used to use 4. would use
5. did you use to check 5. would you check
6. used to check 6. would check
7. used to help 7. would help
8. used to help 8. would help
10 Writing
Answers will vary.
11 Editing
affected
2. Einstein’s theory of relativity predicted that motion and gravity used to affect time.
did
3. However, Einstein never doing an experiment to prove his theory.
in

4. An experiment on 1971 tested his theory.
was
5. While one airplane was traveling west carrying an atomic clock, another is traveling
east with another atomic clock.
6. The atomic clock on the plane traveling east gained time while the one on the plane
lost
going west losed time.
Unit Wrap-up
Writing
Answers will vary.
TOEFL Time
1. C 3. C 5. B 7. A 9. B
2. D 4. A 6. D 8. B 10. B
11. D (omit) 16. D (used to)

12. C (building) 17. B (died)
13. D (creates) 18. C (when)
14. D (refused OR were refusing) 19. C (cost)
15. C (used to think OR thought) 20. C (opened)
UNIT TWO
PRESENT AND PAST: PERFECT AND PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
CHAPTER 3: PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive I
1 Past and Past Participle Forms
2. caught caught 8. lay lain 13. sold sold 18. thought

3. drew drawn 9. mistook 14. sank sunk thought
4. fell fallen mistaken 15. struck struck 19. won won
5. heard heard 10. quit quit 16. swam swum 20. wrote written
6. kept kept 11. rode ridden 17. told told
7. led led 12. saw seen
2 Present Perfect—Form

2. hasn’t given 7. has our time gone
3. ’ve invented 8. have needed
4. haven’t done 9. have spent
5. has happened 10. haven’t changed
6. hasn’t technology saved
3 Present Perfect Progressive—Form
2. haven’t been enjoying 7.’ve been speeding up

3. have been feeling 8. ’ve been doing
4. have they been feeling 9. ’ve been trying
5. ’ve been trying 10. have we been getting
6. have we been doing 11. we haven’t
4 Contractions with Present Progressive, Present Perfect, and Present

Perfect Progressive
2. is 3. is 4. has 5. has 6. is 7. has
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive

II
5 Present Perfect with Already, Yet, Still, and So Far
2. has already gotten a job hasn’t had a baby yet

3. have already bought still haven’t started
4. have already reached haven’t achieved all our goals yet
5. have they already retired still haven’t retired
6. have you done so far haven’t you done yet
6 Time Expressions of Duration
2. since 6. since 10. for

3. since 7. for
4. for 8. since
5. all 9. for
7 Present Perfect Progressive
A. 2. Q: How long have we been communicating by e-mail? A: We’ve been

communicating by e-mail since 1972.
3. Q: How long have people been surfing the Internet? A: People have been surfing the
Internet since 1973.

4. Q: How long have we been using the World Wide Web? A: We’ve been using the
World Wide Web since 1989.
5. Q: How have most people been communicating lately? A: They’ve been
communicating by cell phone.
B. Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Present Perfect Versus Present Perfect

Progressive
8 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive
2. e 3. b 4. d 5. c
9 Present Perfect Versus Present Perfect Progressive
2. I have written / have been writing a movie script for two years.
3. I have gone/ have been going to six writers’ conventions in the last two years.
4. I haven’t watched / haven’t been watching TV since I started writing the script.
5. My children and husband haven’t seen / haven’t been seeing much of me recently,
either.
6. I have traveled/ have been traveling overseas, and I’d like to do that again.
7. I have made / have been making a decision to relax more when I finish this script.
8. Have you had / Have you been having time for all the things you want to do
recently?
9. Is there anything that you haven’t done/ haven’t been doing lately because you
(have had / have been having) no time?
10 Writing
A and B: Answers will vary.
Grammar Practice 4: Present Perfect Versus Simple Past
11 Present Perfect Versus Simple Past
2. became c 6. saw d
3. has lived b 7. has painted b
4. have had a 8. saw d
5. have been a

12 Present Perfect Versus Simple Past
2. read 7. ’ve always wanted

3. ’ve been 8. ’ve never had
4. Have you ever driven 9. started
5. drove 10. Have you saved
6. still haven’t driven 11.’ve saved
13 Writing
Answers will vary.
14 Present Perfect, Present Perfect Progressive, and Simple Past
2. ’ve lived / ’ve been living 11. ’ve taught / ’ve been teaching
3. moved 12. ’ve had
4. did you leave 13. has spent / has been
5. were spending
6. didn’t have 14. ’s written
7. Have your lives been 15. Have you been
8. ’ve lived / ’ve been living 16. ’ve been
9. has been building 17. were
10. hasn’t finished
15 Editing
Recently I have been reading a book about people who use their time well. I have
1. found
been trying to be more like them since I have found this book.
Herb Kelleher, CEO of Southwest Airlines, is a person who uses his time well.
During an interview, someone asked him, “What does a typical day look like for you
2. looked
now?” He said that he didn’t know. He said, “I have never look back. I have always
3. set/been setting
tried to remain directed forward.” He has decided what was important and has setting his
priorities based on those decisions.

4. delegated
Several years ago, he has delegated control of his schedule to his executive vice
president, Colleen Barrett. Herb Kelleher said that before Colleen began handling his
appointments, scheduling his day took up too much time of his time. When he spent time
5. didn’t focus
on scheduling, he hasn’t focused on other important matters. Since then, Herb
6. has concentrated
concentrated on running the company, while she has managed his daily activities.
7. has been
So far, Herb Kelleher was a good role model for me while I have been trying to
8. finished
use my time well. I have managed my time better since I have been finishing the book.
There is just one problem. I don’t have an executive vice president to schedule my day!
CHAPTER 4: PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Past Perfect and Past Perfect Progressive
1 Past Perfect--Form
A. 2. Before he came to the United States, he had driven a car.

3. Before he came to the United States, he had caught a fish.
4. Before he came to the United States, he had made a lot of friends.
5. Before he came to the United States, he had ridden a horse.
7. Before he came to the United States, he hadn’t slept in a tent.
8. Before he came to the United States, he hadn’t gone skiing.
9. Before he came to the United States, he hadn’t heard a coyote howl.
10. Before he came to the United States, he hadn’t written e-mail to his parents.
11. Before he came to the United States, he hadn’t read a novel in English.
12. Before he came to the United States, he hadn’t had so much fun

B. Miami, Florida
2 Past Perfect Progressive
2. had been playing, hadn’t been gathering

3. Had the ants been doing
4. had been working, had been searching
5. had the ants been looking for
6. had been been looking
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Past Perfect
3 Past Perfect and Simple Past
2. asked, had stored

3. had sung, (had) danced, had worked
4. didn’t have, had played
5. had been, wasn’t able to
6. thought about, had done, had gathered
7. made, had requested
8. picked up, threw
9. realized, hadn’t used
10. begged, didn’t change
4 Past Perfect and Simple Past in Sentences with Time Clauses
2. In 1885, Karl Benz invented the automobile.

3. When Karl Benz invented the automobile, Etienne Lenoir had (already) built the
first internal combustion engine. OR Etienne Lenoir had (already) built the first
internal combustion engine when Karl Benz invented the automobile.
4. Henry Ford didn’t mass produce the Model T until 1908. OR Henry Ford hadn’t
mass produced the Model T until 1908. OR Until 1908, Henry Ford didn’t mass
produce the Model T. OR Until 1908, Henry Ford hadn’t mass produced the
Model T.
5. Humans had used the wheel for thousands of years before Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot
invented the steam-powered tricycle. OR For thousands of years before Nicholas-
Joseph Cugnot invented the steam-powered tricycle, humans had used the wheel.
OR Before Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot invented the steam-powered tricycle, humans
had used the wheel for thousands of years.
6. By 1904, the Wright brothers had achieved powered flight. OR The Wright
brothers had achieved powered flight by 1904.
7. Charles Lindbergh flew the first transatlantic solo flight after Paul Cornu had
designed the first helicopter. OR After Paul Cornu had designed the first
helicopter, Charles Lindbergh flew the first transatlantic solo flight.

8. The first supersonic jet passenger service hadn’t begun until 1976. OR Until 1976,
the first supersonic jet passenger service hadn’t begun.
9. Frank Whittle had performed a test flight on the first jet engine before the first
supersonic jet service began. OR Before the first supersonic jet service began,
Frank Whittle had performed a test flight on the first jet engine.
10. The Wright brothers had already achieved powered flight when Paul Cornu
designed the first helicopter. OR When Paul Cornu designed the first helicopter,
the Wright brothers had already achieved powered flight.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Past Perfect Progressive; Past Perfect

Progressive Versus Past Perfect
5 Past Perfect Versus Past Perfect Progressive
1. A: had been looking for

2. Q: Had the clock struck
A: had gotten, had been climbing
3. Q: had struck
A: had struck, had never heard
4. Q: Had it been feeling
A: hadn’t been thinking
6 Past Perfect, Past Perfect Progressive, and Simple Past
2. bragged/had bragged, teased/had 8. had danced/had been dancing

teased 9. had gone
3. had been telling 10. took
4. challenged 11. got
5. hadn’t run, had won 12. realized
6. accepted 13. crossed/had crossed
7. were 14. didn’t stop/hadn’t stopped

7 Editing
Time Management at Work
1. have
For a number of years now, career coaches had been giving advice on managing
time on the job. One company asked a career coach about one of its policies. The
2. required/been requiring
company had requiring its employees to work 60 or 70 hours per week, but most of the
people weren’t working very efficiently. The company found out that most workers are
not very productive after
3. started
50 hours per week. After the company cut back on each person’s work time, it had
started to see better time management.
“We hadn’t been taking vacations,” said one employee, “but the career coach
4. was
asked each of us to take just a couple of days off. I had been surprised at how much
better I felt at work after a short break away from the office.”
Another problem that the career coach noticed was that little things, such as
5. began
making phone calls, had been distracting the workers. When the workers had began
scheduling time to do the little things, they could focus better on the bigger projects.
“Answering e-mail was my big time waster,” said another employee. “Before the career
6. came

coach had come, I had been looking at my e-mail constantly. I hadn’t been able to
concentrate on my work very well. Now I use the time between meetings to read e-mail,
and I concentrate better on my projects.”
Unit Wrap-up
Writing
Answers will vary.
TOEFL TIME
1. A 3. D 5. A 7. C 9. B
2. C 4. B 6. D 8. B 10. D
11. A (have been) 16. B (had)

12. A (omit had) 17. B (already OR omit ever)
13. C (for) 18. B (when OR after)
14. C (confirmed) 19. D (won)
15. B (had) 20. B (has)
UNIT THREE
FUTURE; PHRASAL VERBS; TAG QUESTIONS
CHAPTER 5: FUTURE TIME
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Will and Be Going To I
1 Will-- Form
A. 2. will we ride 7.’ll be

3. will be 8. ’ll take care of
4. won’t be able to 9.’ll ride
5. will we go on 10. won’t ride
6. will be 11. will you wave
2 Be Going To– Form
A. 2. is going to carry 5. ’re going to experience

3. is going to dive 6. ‘re not/aren’t going to return
4. ’re going to reach 7. is going to take

8. are you going to ride
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Will and Be Going To II; Future Time
3 Will—Function
2. 2 prediction or expectation; 11 request
3. 7 prediction or expectation; 8 offer or promise
4. 4 prediction or expectation; 10 refusal
4 Be Going To—Function
A.
First, the train is going to carry you up a 156-foot-tall hill.
Within seconds, the train is going to dive 146 feet into a vertical loop.
You’re going to reach a top speed of 65 mph.
You’re going to experience inversions where you’re riding upside down.
You’re not/You aren’t going to return to the platform until you experience a gravity-
defying upward spiral.
B.
Which one are you going to ride next?
5 Will and Be Going To—Function
2. prediction
3. expectation
4. offer
5. prediction about the immediate future
6. request
7. expectation
8. refusal
6 Expressing the Future in Sentences with Time Clauses
A. 2. is going to dive, reaches

3. travel, ’re going to experience
4. go, are going to proceed
5. is, are going to travel
6. arrives, are going to be
B. 2. After you experience the first drop of 188 feet, you will go into the first vertical
loop. OR You will go into the first vertical loop after you experience the first
drop of 188 feet.

3. Before the train enters a high-speed 180-degree turn, it will go through two
more vertical loops. OR The train will go through two more vertical loops before
it enters a high-speed 180-degree turn.
4. As soon as the train goes through the loops, it will fly up a hill. OR The train
will fly up a hill as soon as it goes through the loops.
5. When you go through the last inversion, you will finish the ride. OR You will
finish the ride when you go through the last inversion.
7 Writing
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: EXPRESSING THE FUTURE WITH THE PRESENT

PROGRESSIVE, SIMPLE PRESENT, AND BE ABOUT TO
8 Expressing the Future with Present Progressive, Simple Present, and Be

About To
2. c 3. b 4. a
9 Future with Present Progressive and Simple Present
A. 2. scheduled action 6. prediction

3. planned event 7. planned event
4. plan 8. plan
5. planned event 9. prediction
B. 2. opens 6. are we visiting OR do we visit

3. ’m packing 7. ’m bringing
4. is going OR goes 8. isn’t going OR doesn’t go
5. will probably be 9. will be
10 Expressing the Future with Present Progressive, Simple Present, and

Be About To
2. ’m about to call 7. ’m telling

3. are you going 8. ’re going
4. ’ll know 9. ’re making
5. closes 10. ’m about to pick up
6. ‘ll be 11. ’m going
11 Writing
Answers will vary.

12 Editing
USA Weekend, a newspaper magazine, recently chose the ten most beautiful
places in America. My friends and I are making plans to visit the spot of our choice. I
1. ’m going to visit
going to visit the number 1 spot, Sedona, California. With its dramatic red sandstone
2. I’ll see OR I’m going to see
rock towers, I’m seeing one of the most beautiful places in the U.S. My friend is going
3. to travel 4. arrives 5. hike
travel to the number 4 spot this summer. When she will arrive, she’ll hikes the Kalalau
Trail on Kauai, Hawaii’s oldest island. She’ll see volcanic peaks and waterfalls
6. is
surrounded by tropical flowers. Another friend are going to drive the Great River Road
along the upper Mississippi River as it goes through many 19th-century towns. We won’t
go to the number 2 spot, the city of Pittsburgh, or the number 5 spot, The Golden
7. will you
Gate Bridge in San Francisco. Which one you will visit?

CHAPTER 6: FUTURE PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE PERFECT, AND FUTURE
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Future Progressive I
1 Future Progressive with Will – Form
2. won’t be carrying 6. ’ll be traveling

3. will they be doing 7. ’ll be passing
4. will be carrying out 8. will be helping
5. ’ll be going
2 Future Progressive with Be Going To-- Form

2. ’s also going to be researching 5. are going to be saving
3. is going to be taking on 6. are these scientists going to be doing
4. are going to be carrying out 7. ’re going to be devoting
Grammar Practice 2: Future Progressive II; Future Progressive Versus Future with
Will or Be Going To
3 Future Progressive Versus Future with Will or Be Going To
A. 2. will be
3. will fly, will be flying
4. will be waiting
5. will cheer, will be cheering
6. Are you going to ride, Will you be riding
7. will depart, is going to be departing
8. Will you be
B. 5
4 Future Progressive in Sentences with Time Clauses
2. drive, will be using 5. will be riding, install

3. drive, will be controlling 6. have, will be living
4. use, won’t be causing 7. build, won’t be commuting
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive I
5 Future Perfect with Will and Be Going To--Form
A. 2. will we have solved

3. ’ll have found
4. ’ll have put
5. will have discovered

6. won’t have changed
7. Will anything have changed
8. ’ll have gotten
9. will have learned
B. 2. ’re going to have launched 6. Are they going to have sent

3. ’re going to have developed 7. aren’t going to have done
4. is going to have provided 8. ’re going to have continued
5. ’s going to have mapped 9. Are they going to have found
6 Future Perfect Progressive with Will and Be Going To--Form
A. 2. will have been blowing B. 2. ’s going to have been reading

3. will have been running 3. is Ron going to have been looking at
4. won’t have been blowing 4. ’s going to have been observing
5. will have been writing
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive II
7 Future Perfect and Future Perfect Progressive with Will and Be Going To
2. a 4. a, b 6. a
3. a 5. a, b
8 Time Clauses, Future Perfect, and Future Perfect Progressive
A. 2. Before he begins plans for a moon base, he will have worked on the Mars
missions for three years. OR He will have worked on the Mars missions for
three years before he begins plans for a moon base.
3. When he goes into space, he will have trained as an astronaut for two years.
OR He will have trained as an astronaut for two years when he goes into
space.
4. By the time he goes into space, he won’t have worked for NASA for ten years.
OR He won’t have worked for NASA for ten years by the time he goes into
space.
B. 2. Before he starts working on the moon base, he will have been working on the
Mars mission for three years. OR He will have been working on the Mars
mission for three years before he starts working on the moon base.
3. When he starts working on the moon base, he will have been working for
NASA for five years. OR He will have been working for NASA for five years
when he starts working on the moon base.
4. By the time he goes into space, he will have been working for NASA for six
years. OR He will have been working for NASA for six years by the time he
goes into space.

9 Writing
Answers will vary.
10 Editing
1. will be landing
In the future, robots and other devices that will be land on Mars will probably
have gone to Antarctica before they ever leave Earth. Scientists will be using this cold
continent more and more as they design devices for Mars exploration. They want to try
out the machines there because of the similarities in climate between Mars and
Antarctica. Both of these places have frozen soil, and Antarctic lakes resemble the
2. sets
Martian lakes of long ago. Before anyone will be setting foot on Mars, scientists are
3. been exploring OR explored
going to have exploring Lake Hoare in Antarctica for many years. They will have been
looking at the algae that lives at the bottom of the ice-covered lake. They want to know
4. will search OR will be searching
about it because it is a very simple form of life. In the future, they searching for similar
algae under the surface of Mars in what they think are old lake beds. The water dried up
long ago, but the remains of the algae, if there are any, might still be there. By 2010, a
5. returned
spacecraft is going to have been returning to Earth with soil samples. When the
spacecraft comes back, scientists may find algae fossils in the soil. Regardless of what
they find, scientists aren’t going to give up their search for life too easily. They will keep
6. have

looking in other places until they will have reached their goal.
CHAPTER 7: PHRASAL VERBS; TAG QUESTIONS
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Phrasal Verbs I
1 Phrasal Verbs Without Objects
A.
1
s
e
2
s e t . i n
h .
o o
w f
3
b . f
4 5
g t u r n . o u t
o e p
. a
6
c o m e . b a c k
n .
d
7
s t a r t . o u t
w
n
B. 2. started out
3. came back OR have come back
4. will go on OR am going to go on
5. broke down
6. set in
7. turned out OR had turned out
8. showed up

2 Phrasal Verbs; Placement of Pronoun Objects
2. Q: pull along his sled? A: pulled it along

3. Q: carry out his plan A: carried it out
4. Q: did keep up the pace A: kept it up
5. Q: did try out the parasail A: didn’t try it out
6. Q: held up Borge Ousland A: held him up
7. Q: make up the time A: make it up
8. Q: took off his skis A: took them off
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Phrasal Verbs II
3 Phrasal Verbs--Meaning
2. on 4. out, off 6. up, off

3. off 5. up 7. down
4 Particle Versus Preposition
3. She turned it up.

4. We turned up it.
5. Turn down it.
6. She turned it down.
7. The police ran him/her down.
8. I ran down it.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Verb–Preposition Combinations; Phrasal Verbs

with Prepositions
5 Verb–Preposition Combinations
2. depend on 10. recovered from

3. plan for 11. come from
4. learned from 12. care about
5. protected...from 13. write about
6. happened to 14. will/’ll talk about
7. worry about / think about 15. will/’ll pay for
8. think about / worry about 16. will / ’ll read about
9. suffered from

6 Phrasal Verbs with Prepositions
A. 2. e 3. a 4. f 5. b 6. g 7. d
B. 2. get back from

3. put up with
4. get down to
5. come up with
6. put up with / watch out for / get along with
7. meet up with
7 Writing
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Tag Questions I
8 Tag Questions--Form
2. Q: didn’t they? A: they did.

3. Q: did it? A: it didn’t.
4. Q: wasn’t he? A: he was.
5. Q: had they? A: they hadn’t.
6. Q: don’t they? A: they do.
7. Q: haven’t they? A: they have.
8. Q: aren’t they? A: they are.
9. Q: won’t we? A: we will.
10. Q: are there? A: there aren’t.
11. Q: doesn’t it? A: it does.
12. Q: aren’t I? A: you are
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 5: Tag Questions II
9 Writing
Answers will vary.

10 Editing
NASA, the National Aeronautic and Space Administration, is preparing a report
on the future of space travel. It may be considering sending astronauts back to the moon.
1. isn’t it
This is a good idea, is it? Buzz Aldrin, a former astronaut, says it may not be the best
2. over
idea. He hopes that they will think the idea up carefully and he has suggested setting up
3. it up
new space port in an area of space called L 1. If NASA sets up it there, it will offer a
place to launch spaceships to the moon, Mars, and anywhere else humans decide to travel
in the future. Unlike the moon or the International Space Station, L 1 has low
4. off
gravitational pull, so a spaceship will require little energy to leave it. It can take up
5. it 6. it off
easily. This space port will cost a lot, won’t this? How will we pay off it? In fact, it will
be relatively cheap. NASA can bring it off for less money than the current International
Space Station costs.
Unit Wrap-up
Writing
Answers will vary.

TOEFL Time
1. A 3. A 5. C 7. D 9. A
2. D 4. A 6. B 8. C 10. B
11. B (have figured out) 16. C (are)

12. D (completes) 17. B (get along with)
13. A (will have) 18. B (succeed)
14. C (omit) 19. B (is about to start)
15. C (get it out) 20. C (run out of them)

UNIT FOUR
Noun Phrases
CHAPTER 8: Nouns, Articles, and Quantifiers
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Nouns; Proper Nouns and Common Nouns
1 Identifying Proper and Common Nouns
Conquest, travel, and trade have helped spread different kinds of food and
R
methods of cooking throughout the world. For example, romans redesigned the
gardens of the countries they conquered, and Christian soldiers returned from
M E N A
religious wars in the middle east and north africa with new ingredients and recipes.
M P V I C I
The travels of marco polo of venice, italy, helped establish trade with china and india,
E
which gave europeans tea, spices, and the practice of heating the cooking pot with
C E A
coal. When columbus and other explorers returned to europe from america, they
I
brought new food and recipes with them. Then, italians traded these things with
T E
turks, who in turn traded with other Eastern europeans, thereby helping to spread new
E
food throughout most of europe.
2 Article Use with Proper Nouns
3. the 9. NA 15. the 21. NA

4. the 10. the 16. the 22. the
5. NA 11. the 17. the 23. NA
6. NA 12. NA 18. NA 24. the
7. the 13. the 19. NA
8. the 14. NA 20. the
3 Articles and Numbers with Proper Nouns
3. NA 5. a 7. NA
2. the 4. NA 6. two 8. NA

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Count Nouns and Noncount Nouns
4 Identifying Count and Noncount Nouns
3. N 11. SC people 19. N

4. SC data 12. N 20. SC theses
5. N 13. N 21. N
6. N 14. SC potatoes 22. SC wives
7. N 15. N 23. PC
8. SC sheep/PC 16. N 24. N
9. N 17. N
10. PC 18. SC children
5 Count and Noncount Nouns
C N
The Internet has also been instrumental in spreading ideas about cooking. Many
C C C C
online bookstores have a section for cookbooks that includes reviews about the
C C C
books. Television and radio programs often have corresponding websites that give
C N N C N
recipes and further information and advice about kinds of food. Some
C C N C
companies use the Internet to give consumers help with their products. For
C C C
example, one company that sells frozen turkeys has a very popular website about
the
C
Thanksgiving holiday.
6 Count Nouns Versus Noncount Nouns; Plural Count Nouns:
A. 2. bosses 10. vegetables 19. money

3. work 11. lives 20. men
4. advice 12. Flies 21. tomatoes
5. parties 13. enemy OR enemies 22. crates
6. Fun 14. Mice 23. garlic
7. husbands 15. teeth 24. boxes
8. wives 16. bacteria 25. heads
9. children 17. health
18. customers
B. The boxes will break, and the heads of garlic will fall out and roll on the floor.

7 Subject–Verb Agreement
2. have 4. have 6. rests 8. is

3. enters 5. plays 7. aren’t
8 Nouns Used as Count and Noncount Nouns
2. a business 4. pressure 6. chance

3. A pressure 5. a chance 7. a fire
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Articles
9 The Definite Article
2. e 4. g 6. c
3. b 5. a 7. f
10 The Indefinite Article (A/An) and [0] Article
2. a 3. d 4. f 5. c 6. e
11 Definite and Indefinite Articles
2. a 8. the 14. a 20. the

3. [0] 9. a 15. the 21. a
4. the 10. [0] 16. the 22. [0]
5. an 11. [0] OR a 17. a 23. the
6. the 12. [0] 18. The
7. the 13. [0] 19. [0]
12 The, A, Some, [0]
2. [0], some 6. the 10. the 14. the

3. a 7. the 11. the 15. some, the
4. the 8. [0], some 12. a 16. the
5. the 9. [0] 13. the
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: General Quantifiers
13 General Quantifiers
3. recipes 6. recipe 9. recipes

4. recipes 7. food, recipes 10. recipes
5. food 8. food, recipe, recipes 11. food

12. food, recipes 15. food 18. food, recipes
13. recipes 16. food, recipes
14. food 17. food, recipes
14 Much and Many
2. How many 4. How much 6. How many

3. How much 5. How much
15 General Quantifiers
2. a great many 8. a great deal of 14. not all

3. no 9. none 15. none, not any
4. quite a few 10. all of them 16. some
5. one of 11. several, some 17. many, most
6. years 12. each, every
7. several 13. Plenty of, Lots of
16 Writing
Answers will vary.
17 Editing
1. an
The Food Guide Pyramid is a outline of what to eat each day. It's a general guide
that lets people choose a diet that's right for them. The Pyramid calls for eating a variety
2. [0]
of foods to stay healthy. The Pyramid also focuses on the fat because most Americans’
3. The top
diets are too high in fat. Top of the pyramid shows fats, oils, and sweets. These foods
4. few 5. don’t provide any/provide no
provide little nutrients and are high in calories. They don’t provide no vitamins either, so
people should eat less of them. The next level has two groups of foods that come from
animals: milk, cheese, meat, fish, eggs, and nuts. The guidelines recommend two to three
6. servings 7. [0]
serving a day. The next level is the foods from plants--fruit and vegetables. Many
8. plenty of
people don’t eat enough of these foods. People should eat plenty vegetables and fruit
9. a good source/good sources
because they are good source of vitamins. At the base of the pyramid are grains--breads,
10. many
cereal, rice, and pasta. How much grains should you eat? Get at least four or five
servings a day.
CHAPTER 9: MODIFIERS, PRONOUNS, AND POSSESSIVES

Grammar Practice 1: Modifiers
1 Identifying Modifiers
A.
Every good cook knows that even a great recipe isn’t going to result in a delicious
dish without quality ingredients. Professional chefs use only fine, fresh produce.
They usually prefer to buy healthy organic fruit and vegetables at small farmer-
owned stands at local markets instead of in large grocery stores. For example, they
select dark green leafy lettuce and smooth, round tomatoes at the peak of freshness
for their summer salads. They pick ripe red strawberries, sweet Persian melons, and
exotic tropical fruit for luscious, light desserts.
B. Opinion: good OR great OR delicious OR quality OR fine OR fresh OR luscious

Appearance: small OR large OR leafy OR smooth
Shape: round
Color: green / red / dark
Origin: Persian
Find a noun used as a modifier: grocery OR summer
Find a compound modifier: farmer-owned
2 -Ing and -ed Adjectives
2. Interested, 4. healing 6. refreshed,

tempting 5. exciting refreshing
3. stimulated 7. confusing
3 Noun Modifiers; Compound Modifiers
A. 2. Bread Machine 3. Clay Pot 4. Chili Sauce
B. 2. Four-Course Meals 4. Twenty-Minute Meals

3. Award-Winning Recipes 5. Three Hundred-Calorie-Meal
4 Order of Modifiers
5. modern nonstick
2. really quick, easy meals 6. French herb
3. great American food 7. very interesting regional
4. famous art 8. delicious international coffee

5 Writing
Answers will vary.
Grammar Practice 2: Reflexive Pronouns; Reciprocal Pronouns; Other
6 Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns
2. by myself 6. each other 10. one another

3. himself 7. by ourselves 11. itself
4. by yourself 8. each other 12. us
5. yourself 9. him 13. each other
7 Forms of Other
2. another 6. others
3. another 7. the others
4. Another 8. others
5. The other
Grammar Practice 3: Indefinite Pronouns
8 Indefinite Pronouns
2. anything OR something
3. anything
4. Someone OR Somebody was
5. No one OR Nobody has
6. Everyone OR Everybody wants
7. anything
8. nothing
9. anyone OR anybody
10. anything
11. something
Grammar Practice 4: Possessives
9 Possessives
A. 2. In the 1500s, European traders’ ships carried the chilies to other places.
3. The length of a century was the time needed for chilies to spread throughout
the world.
4. A Hungarian cook has her recipes for chili peppers, and a Chinese cook has
his, too.
5. Mexico’s chili peppers are especially famous for their flavor and heat.

6. The chili pepper’s seeds and ribs make it hot.
7. If your skin is as sensitive as mine is, wear gloves when handling hot chilies.
B.
Form Function
2. singular possessive noun Mexico’s OR 1. ownership traders’ OR her OR
pepper’s his OR your OR mine OR their
3. plural possessive noun traders’ 2. amount of a century
4. possessive pronoun his OR mine 3. something that is part of another
thing pepper’s
5. possessive phrase of Mexico OR of a 4. origin of Mexico OR Mexico’s
century
10 Forming Possessive Determiners, Possessive Pronouns, and

Possessive Nouns
2. China’s 7. people’s 12. my

3. their 8. its 13. family’s
4. theirs 9. Asians’ 14. Our
5. South Carolina’s 10. my 15. hers
6. the world’s 11. Her
11 Possessive Nouns Versus Possessive Phrases
2. center of the house’s activities

3. stove’s warmth OR warmth of the stove
4. gossip of the neighborhood and wider community
5. my parents’ house
6. smells of cooking holiday food
7. my uncles’ funny stories
12 Editing
1. much-loved
Cacao seeds are valued for producing a much-loving product: chocolate. Researchers
2. another 3. exact origins
disagree with one other about the origins exact of chocolate, but they tend to agree that
the first domestication of cacao trees was at least 3000 years ago in the low-lying forests
4. is 5. surprised
of what is now Mexico. Almost everyone are surprising to find out that the Mayans, who
lived in that part of Mexico, had several ways of preparing chocolate, including flavoring
6. chili
it with chilies peppers, and almost always drank it. The Mayans probably spread their
chocolate-drinking habits to others in Central America, eventually reaching the Aztecs in
the highlands of Mexico.

The Aztecs valued the caffeine-rich seeds so much that they used them as currency.
Because of this, only royalty and the upper class consumed the rich chocolate drinks.
7. himself 8. Aztecs’ last OR last Aztec
Montezuma by himself, one of the Aztec last rulers, probably gave chocolate to Hernán
Cortés, a Spanish explorer. The Spanish introduced chocolate into Europe, where the
bitter drink was first mixed with sugar. Nowadays, people from all over the world enjoy
9. appreciated
this highly appreciating treat from the Americas.
Unit Wrap-up
Writing
Answers will vary.
TOEFL Time
1. C 3. A 5. B 7. D 9. B
2. D 4. A 6. C 8. A 10. A
11. A (Some archaeologists) 16. D (sunflowers)

12. D (a shorter stay) 17. C (the person)
13. C (furniture) 18. A (her)
14. B (interesting) 19. C (omit)
15. D (the Western world) 20. B (other)

UNIT FIVE
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
CHAPTER 10: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Adjective Clauses
1 Forming Adjective Clauses; Subject Relative Pronouns
2. One Harvard professor who has studied intelligence and creativity for over 30 years is
Howard Gardner.
3. Gardner developed his theories on intelligence by doing research on artistic talents that
children have.
4. He proposed that intelligence is something which is made up of different aspects.
5. Gardner called the aspects that make up intelligence “multiple intelligences.”
6. Gardner reported on the relationship that he found between types of intelligence and
creativity.
7. Gardner first studied two men who demonstrated different kinds of intelligence,
Sigmund Freud and Pablo Picasso.
8. Both men were considered creative because of the innovations which they made in
their fields.
9. The traits of the people he studied helped Gardner develop ideas about creativity.
[Production Note: Please circle people.]
2 Position of Adjective Clauses
2. A psychologist is a person who helps us learn about our personalities.
3. A personality test is something which helps people understand their unique traits.
4. Almost everyone who takes a personality test can know herself or himself better.
5. People that know their positive traits can make better career decisions.

6. Something that you should think about carefully is your career.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns
3 Subject Relative Pronouns
2. who/that is adventurous
3. who/that are talkative
4. which/that is dangerous
5. which/that are stressful
4 Adjective Clauses with Subject Relative Pronouns; Combining

Sentences
2. They are personality tests which/that indicate a person’s traits.

3. People who/that have the right personality traits for a certain job will probably
succeed.
4. These are traits which/that are important for a particular job.
5. Someone who/that doesn’t have these traits probably won’t be happy at a job.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns
5 Object Relative Pronouns
2. who/whom/that/[0] we consider enterprising

3. who/whom/that/[0] we consider conscientious
4. which/that/[0] we consider exciting
5. which/that/[0] we consider important
6 Adjective Clauses with Object Relative Pronouns; Combining Sentences
2. His job is a difficult job which/that/[0] not many people would want.
3. The hours which/that/[0] he spends at work are long.
4. People who/whom/that/[0] he meets want something from him.
5. That man who/whom/that/[0] we saw on television is the president.
7 Subject and Object Relative Pronouns
2. who, that 8. who, that

3. which, that 9. who, that
4. which, that 10. who, that
5. who, whom, that, [0] 11. which, that, [0]
6. which, that 12. which, that
7. who, that

8 Writing
Answers will vary.
9 Editing
1. that/which
The Greek philosopher Plato wrote about four kinds of characters who humans
have. Because Plato was interested in the societal role that these types of characters
2. displayed
played, he focused on the actions that each type displayed them. He wrote about artisans,
guardians, idealists, and rationals.
Aristotle, Plato’s student, also defined four types of people, but he defined them
3. who
on the basis of happiness. Someone who he or she found happiness in sensual pleasure
4. who
was different from someone whom wanted to acquire assets. Others found happiness in
acting in a moral fashion, while Aristotle’s fourth type of person enjoyed logic.
While Plato was alive, Hippocrates, a Greek physician, proposed that people have
5. were
distinct temperaments from birth. He identified four personality types that was based on
bodily fluids: eagerly optimistic, doleful, passionate, and calm. A Roman physician in the
second century A.D., Galen, furthered Hippocrates’ ideas.
6. which/that
The four personality temperaments who Hippocrates and Galen described
complemented Plato’s four descriptions of social actions. Hundreds of years later, others
interested in personality types also found four types. Perhaps our personalities haven’t
changed much in the last 2000 years.
CHAPTER 11: MORE ABOUT ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Adjective Clauses with Relative Pronouns That

Are Objects of Prepositions
1 Adjective Clauses with Relative Pronouns That Are Objects of

Prepositions
2. For a short time, you can probably do a job that your personality isn’t well suited
for. which your personality isn’t well suited for / [0] your personality isn’t well
suited for / for which your personality isn’t well suited
3. In the long run, however, you will be better off if you do a job that you are happy
at. which you are happy at / [0] you are happy at / at which you are happy
4. A person that you can talk with honestly may help you decide on a good career.
who you can talk with honestly / whom you can talk with honestly / [0] you can
talk with honestly / with whom you can talk honestly.
2 Adjective Clauses with Relative Clauses That Are Objects of

Prepositions
2. She is an employment counselor at the company at which I have a job/that I have a job
at/which I have a job at/I have a job at.
3. I’m not particularly suited for the job that I’m working in/which I’m working in/I’m
working in/in which I am working.
4. Nora encourages me to look for a position that I can get excited about/which I can get
excited about/I can get excited about/about which I can get excited.
5. I may find a new job that I can move into/which I can move into/I can move into/into
which I can move.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Adjective Clauses with Possessive Relative

Pronouns
3 Combining Sentences; Clauses with Whose
2. An immediate response on these tests is preferred to a later response whose

accuracy may decrease with too much thought.
3. People whose responses are slow may answer as they wish they were, not as they
really are.
4. Answers based on wishes will not help a person whose personality is actually
quite different.
5. A person whose answers tend toward a specific trait has a strong preference in
one aspect of work.
6. For example, a person whose responses indicate an outgoing personality probably
prefers to work with other people.
4 Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions; Possessive Relative

Pronouns
2. which, that, [0] 6. whose

3. whose 7. which, that, [0]
4. whom 8. who, whom, that, [0]
5. which
5 More Practice with Relative Pronouns
2. which/that/[0] 7. which
3. which/that/[0] 8. which/that
4. who/that 9. who/that
5. whom 10. which/that/[0]
6. whose
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Adjective Clauses with Where and When

6 Adjective Clauses with Where
A. 2. The place where John eats is at a small table alone

The place which George eats at is a large round table with friends. OR The
place at which George eats is a large round table with friends.
3. The place where John relaxes is home with a good book.
The place to which George goes is a lively night spot. OR The place which
George goes to is a lively night spot.
4. The place where John feels comfortable is a small group of close friends.
The place in which George feels comfortable is a large noisy crowd. OR The
place which George feels comfortable in is a large noisy crowd.
B. introvert: John extrovert: George
7 Adjective Clauses with When
A. 2. when we feel confused or frustrated

3. when an employee feels nervous
4. when students feel many emotions
5. when an artist feels creative
6. when you felt bored
B. 2. in which we feel confused or frustrated/which we feel confused or frustrated

in/that we feel confused or frustrated in / we feel confused or frustrated in
3. in OR at which an employee feels nervous/ which an employee feels nervous in
OR at/that an employee feels nervous in OR at/ an employee feels nervous in OR
at
4. in which students feel many emotions/which students feel many emotions
in/that many students feel many emotions in/many students feel many emotions in
5. in OR at which an artist feels creative/which an artist feels creative in OR
ad/that an artist feel creative in OR at/an artist feels creative in OR at
6. in OR at which you feel bored/which you feel bored in OR at/that you feel
bored in OR at/you feel bored in OR at
8 Writing
Answers will vary.
9 Editing
1. who is
Traditionally, a creative person is someone whose able to find a new solution to a
2. when this position was taken/which this position was taken in
problem. Many “creativity tests” were created during a time when this position was
taken
3. whose

in. However, this definition has been expanded by psychologists who their work
enlarges older views of creativity. A place where there is some disagreement is in the
idea of general creativity. The definition that Howard Gardner came up with says that
people are creative in a specific domain. A gifted musician may show innovation in
music but not in
4. in which she has less talent/that she has less talent in
another area in that she has less talent. An expansion of the traditional theory says that
there are many periods of time when people are creative. There can also be many
5. in which creativity is demonstrated
/which creativity is demonstrated in 6. which/that
different ways in which creativity is demonstrated in. Two areas where are not part of
traditional creativity tests, fashioning new products and asking new questions, are part of
Gardner’s definition of creativity. Gardner’s definition also differs in that a judgment
about creativity must be made by a group of people, not by a single individual.
Unit Wrap-up
Writing
Answers will vary.
TOEFL Time
1. C 3. A 5. B 7. B 9. C
2. B 4. B 6. C 8. D 10. D
11. A (that/which OR omit) 16. B (omit)

12. D (omit) 17. D (omit)
13. D (which hang down) 18. B (whose)
14. C (that/which covered) 19. C (that people knew)
15. A (that/which) 20. B (the Little Big Horn River)

UNIT SIX
Gerunds and Infinitives
CHAPTER 12: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Gerunds
1 Gerunds as Subjects, Objects of Verbs, and Objects of Prepositions

A.
1. Appearing
Appear on television helped the career of musician Ricky Martin. At the 1999
2. singing
Grammy Awards, sing “The Cup of Life” earned Martin a standing ovation. He certainly
3. receiving
must have been happy about receive this recognition of his music, and he also must have
4. accepting
enjoyed accept the award for Best Latin Pop Performance. After his appearance on the
5. increasing
Grammys, Martin’s fame kept increase. His song “Livin’ La Vida Loca” soared to the
6. buying 7. growing up
top of the pop charts, and people looked forward to buy his album. From grow up in San
8. living 9. singing
Juan, Puerto Rico, to live the crazy life, Martin has always been fond of sing.
B. Subject of a sentence: singing

Object of a verb: accepting, increasing
Object of a preposition: buying, growing up, living
Be + adjective + preposition: receiving, singing

2 Gerunds; By + Gerund; Go + Gerund
1. becoming
A. By become famous, Ricky Martin increased both his problems and his
2. dancing 3. blending
pleasures. If he goes dance or on a date, he has a problem blend into the crowd. Fans
4. approaching 5. Maintaining
can’t help approach him for an autograph. Maintain his private life is hard. On the
6. performing
other hand, he has a good time perform. When he goes out on stage, he stands
7. exposing 8. shopping
there expose his thoughts and feelings to his fans. Perhaps he can’t go shop by
9. drawing 10. reminding
himself without draw attention, but by remind himself of the line between his
personal life and his private life, he may be able to live quite well with his fame.
B. By + gerund: reminding
Go + gerund: dancing, shopping
Subject: Maintaining
Object of a preposition: drawing
Gerunds used with other expressions: blending, approaching, performing,
exposing
3 Writing
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Infinitives I
4 It + Infinitive; Infinitive as Subject
A. 2. It takes time to learn about all the programs.

3. It is difficult to decide what to watch.
4. It is a good idea not to waste time on programs that don’t interest you.
B. 2. To have a remote control is necessary.

3. To see how quickly you can become interested in each program is interesting.
4. Not to channel surf when someone else is watching a program is a good idea.
OR To channel surf when someone else is watching a program isn’t/is not a
good idea.

5 Verb + Infinitive Patterns
2. to rescue 7. them to put 12. to wrap

3. to take 8. them not to work 13. to give up
4. to take care of 9. them to do 14. (her) to keep
5. him to let 10. to do 15. to fire
6. to know 11. to keep up
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Infinitives II
6 Adjectives Followed by Infinitives
2. were/are ashamed to admit

3. were stunned to learn
4. were delighted to hear
5. will you be surprised to hear
7 Infinitive of Purpose
2. (In order) To figure out if they are lying

3. (in order) to conceal his or her guilt
4. (In order) To fool us
5. (in order) to arrest the murderer
6. (in order) to find out who committed the crime
8 Infinitives with Too and Enough
A. 2. Jon is too young to watch an R-rated movie at a theater alone.

Matt is old enough to watch an R-rated movie at a theater alone.
3. Jon is young enough to buy a child’s ticket to a movie.
Matt is too old to buy a child’s ticket to a movie.
B. 2. Matt has enough money to go to a concert.
3. Matt doesn’t have enough time to play video games all day.
4. Jon doesn’t have enough money to buy a lot of CDs.
9 Infinitives as Noun Modifiers
Answers will vary.
10 Writing
Answers will vary.
11 Editing

1. launching
One result of launch Music Television (MTV) in 1981 was that both the
television and the music industries took off in new directions. Before this time, it was
unusual
2. to see
seeing music videos, but televising them 24 hours a day became a winning formula for
attracting young viewers. News and documentaries about music and performers were
included on the broadcasts to supplement the videos. Young “VJ’s,” or Video Jockeys,
3. listening
hosted the programs and recommended to listen to artists that they liked to hear. By
promoting rock concerts and by holding interviews with artists, MTV attracted and
exposed viewers to a wide variety of performers. Since the early 1980s, MTV has
4. popular enough 5. to launch
become enough popular for launching another channel, MTV2, and it is always looking
6. to keep
for ways keeping bringing in new viewers.
CHAPTER 13: MORE ABOUT GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Verbs + Gerunds and Infinitives
1 Verbs That Take Only Gerunds or Only Infinitives
2. to go 7. to go 12. them to go
3. them to go 8. them to go 13. going
4. going 9. going 14. to go
5. going 10. going 15. to go
6. to go 11. going 16. them to go
2 More Practice with Verbs That Take Only Gerunds or Only Infinitives
2. to earn 4. feeling 6. to say 8. speaking

3. getting 5. hearing 7. to thank
3 Gerunds and Infinitives

2. to turn 5. standing, to stand 8. getting, to get
3. to vanish 6. to create
4. experiencing 7. seeing, to see
4 Verbs That Take Gerunds and Noun Phrases + Infinitives

2. searching 4. to see 6. to be
3. to explore 5. to examine 7. believing
5 Verbs That Take Gerunds and Infinitives but with a Difference in Meaning
2. going 4. seeing 6. to repair 8.to enjoy
3. to go 5. holding 7. opposing
6 Writing
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Performers of the Actions of Gerunds and

Infinitives
7 Performers of Gerunds and Infinitives
3. for the audience to recognize 8. Woody’s feeling

4. watching 9. (for) popular actor Tom Hanks to do
5. the humans’ looking 10. for him to make
6. us to believe 11. for Tim Allen to do
7. Buzz’s becoming 12. these two actors to bring
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Verbs Followed by Base Forms
8 Forms Following Causative Verbs, Verbs of Perception, and Other Verbs
1. b. disappear 3. a. battle, battling 4. a. fire, firing

2. a. grow, growing b. create b. add
b. appear c. create c believe, to believe
9 Writing
Answers will vary.
10 Editing
1. playing
Eric Clapton earned his fame through play his guitar, but he may have kept his
solo career alive because of his singing. As a teenager, Clapton took up playing the
guitar, and he later started performing in public. Practicing the guitar improved his music
2. going
but left little time for schoolwork, so he stopped to go to school to pursue a career in
music. After he joined the Yardbirds, he became known for being one of the best blues
guitarists playing at that time. As his reputation grew, Clapton seemed to be moving
3. his

from one band to another. Within ten years of he having dropped out of school, Clapton
was considered to be a leading rock guitarist. However, he didn’t appreciate having
become so well-known, and at one time he seemed to be trying to hide in an unknown
band. Clapton’s popularity faded for a while, but he continued to record albums. The
4. Clapton’s
soundtrack of the 1992 film Rush included for Clapton singing “Tears in Heaven,” a
tribute to his son, who had recently died. Clapton’s performance of “Tears in Heaven”
5. him
and other songs on a special television program made it possible for his to reach a new
6. release
audience. This success let him to release another album, and he kept on writing and
performing songs for other movies.
Unit Wrap-up
Writing
Answers will vary.
TOEFL Time
1. B 3. A 5. A 7. C 9. C
2. C 4. D 6. C 8. D 10. A
11. A (stampede) 16. A (To prepare)

12. D (waking up) 17. D (diversifying)
13. D (to master) 18. C (to work)
14. C (was) 19. B (people to eat OR eating)
15. B (seeing) 20. D (not loud enough)

UNIT SEVEN
MODALS
CHAPTER 14: MODALS
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Overview of Modals
1 Overview of Modals
[Production Note: Please circle the following: Can, must, will, could, should, may, must,
might, should. Please put a checkmark above ought to (two instances) and had better.
Tony’s Tips for Meeting People

Can you walk into a room full of people and start talking immediately? You
ought to try it sometime. All of us are supposed to be able to meet new people, but
some of us find that a little hard. Try my tips and start making new friends today!
• You must show confidence! If you think you are worth knowing, other
people will agree! You could try saying to yourself, “I am an interesting person!”
Believe it.
• You should look people in the eye! People aren’t going to speak to you if you
look at their shoes!
• Of course, you ought to smile! You may be able to get someone else to speak
with just a nice smile. Try it and see!
• You have got to say something! “Hi!” is a good start! You are allowed to
keep your remarks simple. You don’t have to be funny; just be sincere!
• You must not talk only about yourself! In fact, you had better let the other
person talk more than you do. You might learn interesting things if you just listen.
So, what do you think? Are you going to be able to do these simple things? Of
course you are! Start today! You should see results soon!
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Modals of Ability
2 Present, Past, and Future Ability
2. weren’t able to, couldn’t 9. are able to, can

3. were able to, could 10. is able to, can
4. was able to, could 11. will be able to
5. were able to 12. won’t be able to
6. was able to 13. are able to, can
7. were able to, could 14. won’t be able to, aren’t able to, can’t
8. isn’t able to, can’t
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Belief Modals Used to Talk About the Present

3 Belief Modals and Other Ways of Expressing Degrees of Certainty
A. 2. They may be engaged

3. He must be single.
4. They might not be happy together.
B. 2. It’s not/It isn’t likely that he’s at work today.

3. It’s possible that she’s at home.
4. It’s impossible that they’re on their honeymoon.
4 Belief Modals About the Present

2. may/might/could 6. should/ought to 9. should/ought to
3. may/might/could 7. must/could 10. shouldn’t
4. may/might/could 8. must/have to/have got
5. may/might to
5 Writing
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Belief Modals Used to Talk About the Future
6 Belief Modals About the Future
2. should, ought to 6. may, might 10. may

3. may 7. should 11. will
4. will we 8. may, could
5. might, could 9. might
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 5: Social Modals I: Modals for Permission,

Requests, and Offers
7 Permission, Requests, and Offers
1. b. will OR could c. Shall d. Could OR Will

2. a. May OR Can b. Can OR May c. Would
8 Writing
Answers will vary.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 6: Social Modals II: Modals for Suggestions, Advice,
Expectations, Warnings, and Necessity
9 Social Modals
A. 2. d 3. a 4. g 5. b 6.f 7. e
B. 2. should
3. are supposed to
4. had better not
5. don’t have to
6. have got to
10 Suggestions, Expectations, Advice, and Necessity
2. must OR have to OR have got to

3. is supposed to OR is to
4. mustn’t OR must not OR cannot OR can’t OR are not allowed to
5. doesn’t have to OR does not have to
6. could OR might
7. don’t have to OR do not have to
8. should OR ought to
10. must OR has to OR has got to
12. had better
12 Writing
Answers will vary.
13 Editing
1. find
Anthropologists have seldom been able to finding a society in which men and
women don’t marry, even though when and how they marry might vary. In some
cultures, couples are supposed to marry as soon as they reach adulthood. In others,
2. may
couples may be delay marriage until they want children. But most cultures believe that
3. marry
couples should to marry.
Types of marriage also vary. The most prevalent practice is monogamy, a
marriage between one husband and one wife. There are also polygamous societies. In
4. may/might 5. may not
these, a man may have more than one wife, but he must not. A wife, however, mayn’t

have more than one husband. Polyandry, in which a wife can have more than one
husband, is extremely rare, occurring in only one percent of the world population.
6. Will you/Can you
Will you marry? Will you can choose your own mate? Many societies are
7. change
changing, and attitudes about marriage should changing along with them. It is unlikely,
however, that marriage, in some form, is going to disappear anytime soon.
CHAPTER 15: MORE ABOUT MODALS
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Perfect Modals
1 Perfect Modals--Form
2. may not have made 8. could have had

3. could have been 9. must have said
4. might have married 10. ought to have told
5. shouldn’t have told 11. shouldn’t have raised
6. must have gotten 12. might not have chosen
7. couldn’t have been
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Belief Modals Used to Talk About the Past
2 Belief Modals About the Past
1. b. couldn’t have/mustn’t have

c. should have / ought to have
d. must have / has to have / has got to have
2. a. may have / might have / could have
b. couldn’t have / mustn’t have/ can’t have
c. must have / has to have / has got to have
d. may have / might have / could have
3. a. may have / might have / could have
b. mustn’t have / couldn’t have/ can’t have
3 Writing
Answers will vary.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Social Modals Used to Talk About the Past
4 Social Modals About the Past
2. should have OR ought to have

3. shouldn’t have
4.’d better not have
5. couldn’t
6. could have OR might have
7. was to have OR was supposed to have
8. might have OR could have
9. didn’t have to
10. should have OR ought to have
5 Belief and Social Modals About the Past
2. must, has to 6. had to 10. didn’t have to accept

3. might, could 7. couldn’t talk 11. must, has to
4. couldn’t 8. might, could 12. was supposed to call
5. mustn’t have had 9. shouldn’t
6 Writing
Answers will vary.
7 Editing
1. couldn’t
My boyfriend has disappeared. I can’t find him all day, and he hasn’t answered
his phone. Last night he was really tired. While we were eating dinner, he tried, but he
2. couldn’t stay
couldn’t have stayed awake. He kept falling asleep, so he went home early. He told me
3. had to
that he had some work he must have to do this weekend. It was really important to him
to finish it today. It’s possible that he went to his office to work. He could have or he
4. may not /might not 5. may not
couldn’t have; I really don’t know. He ought to have called me, but his phone mayn’t
have been turned on. Sometimes he turns it off when he wants to concentrate. He had
6. had to
better not have gone fishing with his friends. He knew he must to go shopping with me
7. called
earlier, but I went by myself since I didn’t know where he was. Maybe I should have call
the police earlier. Now I’m really beginning to worry.
Unit Wrap-up

Writing
Answers will vary.
TOEFL Time
1. A 3. B 5. A 7. A 9. C
2. C 4. C 6. D 8. C 10. B
11. D (have happened) 16. D (try)

12. D (be able to) 17. B (come)
13. A (might OR may) 18. A (omit OR may/might/can)
14. C (was able) 19. D (responded)
15. A (omit) 20. B (cost)
UNIT EIGHT
PASSIVES
CHAPTER 16: INTRODUCTION TO THE PASSIVE
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: The Passive I
1 Passive Sentences in the Simple Present

2. are used
3. is dribbled (is) thrown
4. are pitched (are) hit
5. is kicked
6. are knocked down
7. is thrown (is) caught
8. is driven (is) putted
2 Passive Sentences in the Simple Past
2. weren’t published
3. was formed
4. was played
5. was later called
6. were added
7. was won
8. wasn’t won
3 Forming Passive Sentences
2. When was the number of players reduced to six from seven?

The number of players was reduced to six from seven in 1912.
3. Who is appointed for each game?
A team captain is appointed for each game.
4. What is permitted only to the team captain?
Discussions with the referee are permitted only to the team captain.
5. How many goalkeepers are allowed for each team?
Only one goalkeeper is allowed for each team.
6. When were goalkeepers permitted to fall to the ice to make “saves”?
Goalkeepers were permitted to fall to the ice to make “saves” in 1911.
7. What happens when a player is injured?
Another player is substituted when a player is injured./When a player is injured,
another player is substituted.
4 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
3. The event was covered by both news reporters and sports announcers from a major
U.S. television network.
4. The Nike logo was worn on their jackets during their broadcasts.
5. Why was the Nike logo worn?
6. Was Nike endorsed by these news reporters and sports announcers?
7. No change.
8. No change.
9. Now, corporate logos aren’t worn by news reporters.
10. But sports announcers are allowed to wear corporate logos by the network.
11. No change.
12. No change.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: The Passive II
5 Meaning of Passive Sentences
Most football teams in the United States have their team logos on both sides of their
team helmets, but the logo of the Pittsburgh Steelers is painted on only one side. In 1962,
the logo was created for the Steelers by the United States Steel Corporation (US Steel).
At that time, the public’s reaction to the logo wasn’t known, so it was put on only one
side of the helmets in case the Steelers decided to change it. The team is often asked
about their helmets. To keep people talking about the logo and the team, the logo is still
painted on only one side of Steeler helmets.

2. US Steel designed the logo.
3. The team didn’t know if the public liked the logo.
4. People ask the players questions about the helmets.
5. Players still wear the logo.
6 Receivers in Active and Passive Sentences

[PRODUCTION NOTE: Please circle the following words: basketball or baseball,
soccer, amateurs, professionals, millions of people, the high-level play, the fans (two
instances), children.]
The most remarkable growth of a sport in the 20th century wasn’t achieved by
basketball or baseball. Soccer achieved this increase. This fast-growing sport was
originally played by amateurs in British-influenced countries, but now it is dominated
by professionals worldwide. Much of the growth occurred in the second half of the
century, and three reasons are usually given for the spread of soccer.
First, the World Cup is televised throughout the world. During the Cup, work
schedules are rearranged and millions of people watch the games.
Second, the growth of the game was influenced by the high-level play of the club
teams. The best players from all over the world are recruited to keep the clubs
competitive with one another, and the careers of these players are followed by the fans in
their home countries.
Third, the fans also play soccer. Youth clubs are organized throughout the
world, and children start their practice sessions at ages four, five, and six. In the last
fifty years, soccer has truly become the world’s game.
7 Omitting the By Phrase
3. He was named Secretariat by his owner, and he was voted Horse of the Year by
people in both of his competitive years.
4. The Triple Crown is awarded by racing officials to any horse winning the
Kentucky Derby, the Preakness, and the Belmont Stakes all in the same year.
5. The 1973 Triple Crown was won by Secretariat in grand style.
6. Horse racing’s Triple Crown wasn’t won by a horse in any of the previous 25
years.
7. The Kentucky Derby was run by Secretariat in world-record time.
8. Secretariat won the Belmont Stakes by 31 lengths, a distance so great that the
images of Secretariat and the next-closest horse weren’t captured at the same time
by TV cameras.
8 The By Phrase
3. This sport was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans to train warriors.
4. Table tennis was first played by the English on dining room tables.
5. Table tennis was also called Ping-Pong in the early 1900s.

6. Tournaments in the U.S. are governed today by the U.S. Table Tennis Association.
7. The sport of mountain climbing was started in 18th-century Europe.
8. Mt. Everest was conquered in 1953 by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay.
9. Many of the highest mountains in South America still aren’t climbed today.
10. Ice skates were first used as transportation.
11. Speed races were held in the Netherlands in the 15th century.
12. “Clap skates” were developed by the Dutch in 1997 so that skaters could go
faster.
9 Writing
Answers will vary.
10 Editing
1. dominate
Every year, four tournaments are dominated the men’s professional golf season.
They are called the Majors and define the best players in the sport. The tournaments--the
Masters, the US Open, the British Open, and the PGA--are considered to be
2. is called
challenging and pressure-filled. No player called great unless he has won a Major.
In 1953, three of the four tournaments were won by the same man, Ben Hogan.
3. became
That year, Hogan was become the only golfer to have won these three tournaments in the
same year. Hogan didn’t enter the PGA, partly because it was held too soon after the
British Open and partly because Hogan hadn’t fully recovered from a near-fatal accident
4. given
in 1949. Perhaps, too, Hogan didn’t enter the PGA because it was never giving the same
respect as the other tournaments.
5. won by
A record eighteen Major tournaments were won a single individual: Jack
Nicklaus. Nicklaus made it clear that these four tournaments were the ones he was
6. was copied
training to win. Because Nicklaus was the best golfer of his era, he copied by other
professional golfers, and the Majors truly became the tournaments to win.
After the PGA tournament finishes in August, other tournaments on the
7. played
professional tour are still play. Competition isn’t stopped after the last of the Majors is
over, but some golfers may already be looking ahead to the next year.
CHAPTER 17: MORE ABOUT PASSIVES
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Passives in Progressive and Perfect Tenses

1 Passive Sentences in Present Progressive
2. The opening pitch isn’t / is not being thrown out by the governor. It’s / It is being
thrown out by the mayor.
3. The first inning isn’t / is not being pitched by Jay White. It’s / It is being pitched
by Mark Erikson.
4. The ball isn’t / is not being hit into right field by Bill Watson. It’s / It is being hit
into left field by Bill Watson.
5. It isn’t/is not being caught by the outfielder, Sam Jacobs. It’s being caught by a
fan in the stands.
6. The bases aren’t/are not being run by the fans. They are being run by Bill Watson.
2 Active and Passive Sentences in Past Progressive
A.
2. was being watched 7. was moving
3. were attending 8. was being given
4. were being thrown 9. were being honored
5. were being hit 10. was being treated
6. was flying
B.
Answers will vary, but a suggested version is:
It’s Mother’s Day, May 14, 1939. The baseball game is being played in Chicago.
It’s being watched by the parents of pitcher Bob Feller, who plays for Cleveland, Ohio.
They are attending the game to watch their son throw baseballs to the batters. Today, the
balls that are being thrown are hard, and the balls that are being hit are like rocks. Feller
is throwing a ball, and Marv Owen is hitting it. As the ball is flying through the air, it is
moving with force and speed. By chance, that baseball hits Feller’s mother, breaks her
glasses, and cuts her above her eye. While his mother is being given medical attention,
Feller is going to see if she is all right. Feller returns to the game and strikes out Owen.
On a day when mothers across the country are being honored, Feller’s mother is being
treated for her injuries.
3 Passive Sentences in Perfect Tenses
2. had been painted 9. have been entertained

3. had been practiced 10. has been eaten
4. had been tested 11. have been spilled
5. had been hired 12. have been sung
6. had been sold 13. have been told
7. had been prepared 14. has been made

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Passives with Modals
4 Passives with Modals
2. must not/mustn’t be given 6. have to be considered

3. can be picked 7. are going to be given
4. ought to be appointed 8. may be offered
5. will be considered 9. must be prepared
5 Passive Sentences with Verbs in Different Tenses
2. were held 13. were canceled

3. weren’t begun 14. shouldn’t be held
4. have been held 15. can be kept
5. weren’t held 16. are (being) attended
6. were scheduled 17. will be chosen
7. were included 18. are led
8. have been realized 19. is played
9. have been broken 20. is raised
10. have been won 21. was lighted/lit
11. is usually chosen 22. has been carried
12. had been chosen 23. is being lighted/lit
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Get Passives
6 Get Passives
2. have gotten burned

3. have gotten tossed
4. got pitched
5. are getting put
6. are getting added OR will get added
7. will get burned OR are going to get burned
8. will get traded OR are going to get traded
9. will get fired OR are going to get fired
10. may get sold

7 Writing
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Passive Causatives
8 Passive Causatives
2. The players have/get their bags carried.

3. The players have/get their practice gear bought for them.
4. The players have/get their rooms booked in nice hotels.
5. The players had/got a postcard of the team sent to a late-night TV program for
publicity.
6. The players have/get their many contracts handled for them by agents.
9 Editing
1. selected
Athletes and teams that get select to be on the Sports Illustrated magazine cover
may be both happy and sad. They may feel that they are being honored by the magazine.
However, they may believe in the jinx, or bad luck, that comes with being on the cover.
Sports Illustrated (SI) got started in 1954. At the end of 1955, the editors decided
to name a “Sportsman of the Year” and put his picture on the cover of the magazine.
2. had been/was
Unfortunately, the man who has been chosen, William Woodward, Jr., accidentally got
3. shot 4. died/had died
shoot by his wife and had been died before he had his picture taken for the cover. One
5. been following/followed
story says that Mr. Woodward’s ghost is responsible for the bad luck that has been
followed the people on the cover.
Over the years since SI first got published, about 37% of the athletes and teams
that have been featured on the cover have had bad luck. Some have lost games that they
6. suffered
were expected to win. Others have been suffered family tragedies or personal injuries
that have ended their careers in sports. These people may have been affected by the SI
jinx just by believing it. They may have thought that they would have bad luck after they
7. did they get
were on the SI cover. But if that was true, why they got their photos taken?
The belief in the SI jinx may continue, but it won’t stop athletes from posing for
the cover. Just ask professional basketball player Michael Jordan, who was successful
despite being on the cover more than 50 times.

Unit Wrap-up
Writing
Answers will vary.
TOEFL Time
1. C 3. C 5. D 7. C 9. C
2. A 4. B 6. B 8. B 10. A
11. A (disappeared) 16. C (being)

12. D (by their instructors) 17. D (improved)
13. A (omit) 18. A (omit)
14. B (introduced) 19. B (omit)
15. D (will be) 20. D (appear)
UNIT NINE
CONDITIONALS
CHAPTER 18: FACTUAL CONDITIONALS; FUTURE CONDITIONALS
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Overview of Conditionals
1 Conditional Statements and Questions

R C
A. 2. Snow reflects less heat back into space if it melts fast.
C R
3. If less heat is reflected back into space, more heat is kept around Earth.
R C
4. The temperature of the planet rises if more heat is kept around Earth.
C R
5. If the temperature of the planet rises, many different climate changes occur.
B. 2. Does snow reflect less heat back into space if it melts fast? OR If snow melts fast,
does it reflect less heat back into space?
3. If less heat is reflected back into space, is more heat kept around Earth? OR Is
more heat kept around Earth if less heat is reflected back into space?
4. Does the temperature of the planet rise if more heat is kept around Earth? OR If
more heat is kept around Earth, does the temperature of the planet rise?
5. If the temperature of the planet rises, do many different climate changes occur?
OR Do many different climate changes occur if the temperature of the planet
rises?

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Factual Conditionals
2 Factual Conditionals with Present Tense Verbs and Modals

3. If trade winds relax, then
4. Cooler, nutrient-rich water is pushed deeper if
5. If El Niño conditions exist, then
6. For example, there is flooding in Peru if
7. Scientists can get a wide range of accurate information on the Pacific if
8. If scientists understand El Niño better, then
3 Factual Conditionals with Past Tense Verbs
2. If they built new cities, then

3. If they built on the coast, then
4. The Incas suffered if
5. Therefore, the Incas made sacrifices to their gods if
4 Using Factual Conditionals with Modals and Imperatives
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Future Conditionals
5 Future Conditionals--Form and Function
2. If it is an El Niño year, Peru and parts of the United States and Europe will suffer
from damaging floods.
3. Many countries will have flash floods if El Niño brings too much rain.
4. Indonesia, Australia, and India will experience drought if El Niño happens.
5. If El Niño occurs, the next year will be a La Niña year.
6. If countries have drought during El Niño, they will have too much rain during La
Niña.
6 Writing
Answers will vary.
7 Editing
1. region,
If people live in a snow region they will probably see snow every year. Snow is
often fun and beautiful, but it can be dangerous if it is heavy and accompanied by strong
2. is

winds. This combination of snow and wind is called a blizzard. If the blizzard be so bad
that no one can see very far, “white-out” conditions may exist. In white-out conditions,
everything looks white and it’s easy to get confused. People may know an area well, but
3. if they go out in white outs, they
they go out in white outs, if they can still get lost.
There are many stories about people in blizzards. These people had a better
4. outside, they
chance of surviving if they had shelter. If they were outside. They probably got very cold
5. froze
very quickly. If they got too cold, they freeze. They could even have been close to
shelter but not known it.
6. are
If you will be in a blizzard, stay home. You should survive a blizzard if you are
7. prepare
warm and have food and water. We can’t control snow or wind, but if we will prepare
for snowstorms, we can lessen their damage.
CHAPTER 19: PRESENT AND PAST UNREAL CONDITIONALS; HOPE AND

WISH
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Present Unreal Conditionals
1 Present Unreal Conditionals--Form
2. weren’t wouldn’t get 4. were would be

3. would answer asked 5. wanted wouldn’t forget
2 Present Unreal Conditionals--Meaning
2. a. F 3. a. T 4. a. F
b. T b. T b. F
.
3 Factual Versus Unreal Conditionals
2. didn’t hurt would still have 4. wouldn’t hit were

3. lived would respect 5. go are
4 Writing
Answers will vary.

Grammar Practice 2: Past Unreal Conditionals
5 Past Unreal Conditionals
2. would have caused had erupted

3. might/could have taken hadn’t been
4. had seen could have told
5. had happened would have died
6 Past Unreal Conditionals--Meaning
2. a. T 3. a. T 4. a. F 5. a. F
b. F b. T b. T b. F
7 Past Unreal Conditionals
2. If the chamber had been above sea level, ocean water wouldn’t have rushed into it.
3. The volcano would have remained standing if it hadn’t collapsed in the explosion.
4. If the explosion hadn’t been so loud, people in Australia couldn’t have heard it.
5. The wind from the explosion would have circled the earth more times if the force
of the explosion hadn’t decreased.
8 Writing
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Sentences with Hope or Wish
9 Hope and Wish About the Present and Future
2. started/would start 7. could

3. doesn’t start/won’t start 8. can also save/will also save/ also save
4. were 9. could
5. will cooperate/cooperates 10. will work/can work/work
6. will burn/burns
10 Hope and Wish About the Past
2. were 5. hadn’t waited 8. learned

3. had started 6. had rained 9. had been able to
4. had known 7. hadn’t had to

11 Writing
Answers will vary.
12 Editing
1. talk
If we talk about natural disasters, we often talked about economics. If that hadn’t
been true in the 1940s, the Weather Bureau, which often predicts weather-related
2. wouldn’t have moved
disasters, didn’t move from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of
Commerce.
Most Americans don’t know that two people died in the Great Plains blizzard of
1886. If they know anything about that blizzard, they usually remember that 90% of the
cattle on the ranges of the Great Plains died. Ranchers wouldn’t have lost so many cattle
3. hadn’t
if the weather wouldn’t have been so severe.
In the 1988 Yellowstone Park fires, one principle concern was for the businesses
4. threatened
around the park. If fires threaten private property or Old Faithful, the Park Service would
try to put them out, but that year there was another concern. Businesspeople were
5. wouldn’t
concerned that if too much of the Park burned, tourists didn’t come to the area. In fact,
people came to Yellowstone after the fires just to see the damage. They wished that these
6. hadn’t happened
fires didn’t happen, but they were curious to see what had changed. If there hadn’t been
7. wouldn’t have
fires in 1988, they probably wouldn’t come that year.
Unit Wrap-up
Writing
Answers will vary.
TOEFL TIME
1. D 3. B 5. B 7. C 9. A
2. A 4. B 6. A 8. A 10. D
11. B (omit comma) 15. A (the moon completely blocks)

12. C (wouldn’t have been) 16. D (influenced)
13. B (were) 17. B (hadn’t moved)
14. A (omit) 18. C (add a comma after home)

19. D (are) 20. D (didn’t have)
UNIT TEN
NOUN CLAUSES
CHAPTER 20: NOUN CLAUSES
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Overview of Noun Clauses
1 Identifying Noun Clauses
2. a. She thinks that his stories are funny.

3. a. I’m sure about when the book was published.
4. b. We don’t know if she’ll come.
5. b. I didn’t hear what she said.
6.b. That he loves her is certainly true.
7. a. We don’t know who came here.
2 Noun Clauses—Form and Function

O
1. They think that the book cover should be attractive to a reader.
S SC
2. When a cover can invite readers to try a book is when the cover is successful.
O
3. Readers wonder if a poor cover may hurt an otherwise successful book.
adj + NC O
4. Many readers are certain that a cover should indicate what the book is about.
SC
5. One thing that a long-time reader of romance looks for is that the cover has someone
or something from the story on it.
O Prep
6. She thinks about whether some covers are poor because they feature the characters (a
handsome man and a beautiful woman, of course) too prominently.
adj + NC
8. She is worried that male models are sometimes used even when they don’t match the
author’s description of the character.
S
9. Finally, whether the cover embarrasses the readers in public is also important.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Noun Clauses with That
3 Forming Sentences with That Clauses
2. That emotional risk and conflict are basic to the romance genre is understood. OR
It is understood that emotional risk and conflict are basic to the romance genre.
3. Readers are certain that the conflict will be resolved by the end of the book.
4. They are glad that the ending is always happy.
5. Romance writers insist that their readers are intelligent.
6. Romance writers realize that their books aren’t fine literature.
7. They believe that they write well-crafted, entertaining fiction.
8. Publishers agree that romance fiction is popular.
9. They notice that many romance writers sell over a million copies of each book
they write.
4 Writing
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Noun Clauses with Wh- words
5 Noun Clauses with Wh- Words
2. why your fingerprints aren’t on it

3. why you wiped it off
4. what time it was when you found it
5. where you were at the time of the murder
6. when you usually go to bed
7. why you went to bed early that night
8. why you have lied to me
6 Noun Clauses with Wh- Words--Expressing Uncertainty
2. how tall it was

3. who else has seen the creature
4. where we first spotted it
5. when we saw it
6. what the creature did
7. how we escaped
8. who will go

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Noun Clauses with If/Whether
7 Noun Clauses with If/Whether
2. Whether he is looking for me

3. if/whether he saw me following him to her house yesterday
4. if/whether I have done the right thing
5. whether he loves me
6. whether I will ever find another love like him
7. if/whether she has left for good
8. if/whether I should go after her
9. if/whether that was her following me to my house
10. if/whether I made a mistake to let her go
11. if/whether she could still love me
12. if/whether she will forgive me and come back
8 Writing
Answers will vary.
9 Noun Clauses with Past Tense Verbs
2. was looking
3. was going to/would reveal
4. had
5. locked
6. was going to/would appear
7. rode off
8. saved
10 Editing
1. that
No one would disagree if reading is important for teenagers. Diana Tixier Herald,
2. are
author of Teen Genreflecting, believes that good readers were avid readers and often
these avid readers are readers of genre fiction. She knows that genre fiction doesn’t
always get much respect. Nevertheless, Herald is convinced that escapist reading of genre
fiction is an ideal outlet for teens. She believes they have different needs from people of
other age
3. that
groups. That the teen years are a time of self-discovery is clear. She feels whether genre
4. if/whether

fiction fits the needs of teen readers. She wonders that teens can divide the world into
more manageable parts by selecting and reading a type of genre fiction that appeals to
them. 5. teens selected
For her book, Herald wanted to know how did teens select genre fiction. As a
6. paid
librarian, she had noticed that teens pay attention to the labels on the books they read.
She believes that they are the only readers who ask for books not by author and title but
by the imprint (specific publisher). She thinks that a library should offer genre
collections, clearly identified as such, to make books more accessible to teens.
7. whether
Herald also thought about if the books should be displayed differently. She felt
8. was 9. teens would
that it is important for teens to see the covers, too. She wondered if would teens read
more if a library organized the books in a different way. Herald believes that making the
books more accessible to teens will encourage them to become avid, and thus good,
readers.
CHAPTER 21: QUOTED SPEECH; NOUN CLAUSES WITH REPORTED

SPEECH
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Overview of Quoted Speech and Reported

Speech; Quoted Speech
1 Punctuating Quoted Speech; Identifying Reported Speech
A. & B.“Hello, Doctor,” a woman’s voice said. “My name is Margo.”

“Hello, Margo,” I replied. “I can’t see you. The video must not be on.”
“Oh, I know. I’d like to use only audio for a while if that’s OK,” Margo said.
“Fine. So what’s the problem?” I asked.
“It’s my son,” she said. “He says that he’s in love with a hologram.”
I thought to myself, “Oh, great. Another one. The third this week.”
“He told me he’s found his life partner, but I want him to spend more time with
biological beings,” she continued.
“Do you know why he doesn’t have more biological friends?” I asked.
“Well, we’re a little isolated,” she said. “He doesn’t have much exposure to
biological beings, and he says he doesn’t like them. My husband and I try to spend
time with him, but we’re very busy.”
2 Quoted Speech; Verbs Introducing Speech
2. “Hugo, that’s my son, used to introduce me to his holograms,” Margo replied.

“He told me that he understood them better than biological beings. His father and I
are, well, intellectuals, so it’s no surprise that he is, too.”
3. “Well, I think you and your husband should encourage Hugo to develop his
physical side, not just his intellect. Swim. Go for a walk. Do things together,” I
suggested.

4. “Doctor, I think I’d better turn on the video now,” Margo answered me. “There’s
something you should know.”
5. “Oh, great,” I told myself. “I wonder what this means.”
6. “You see, Doctor, we are computers,” Margo explained. “We took some of my
programming and some of my husband’s and put them together to form Hugo. We
had to have technicians put together the physical components, but Hugo is our son.”
7. “Well, this is a surprise!” I exclaimed. “So why did you contact me?”
8. She replied, “I picked your name out of a database of psychologists. I thought
that if I could get a human’s perspective, I could figure out what to do about Hugo.”
9. “Then you know nothing about me?” I asked her. “Because I’m not human,
either. I’m an experimental program in an artificial intelligence institute at a major
research university.”
3 Writing
Answers will vary.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Changes in Reported Speech; Verb Tense in

Reported Speech
4 Changes in Reported Speech--Overview

Pro M V
2. Granddaughter: Grandpa said that he would always remember what had happened to
the Donovans.
Pro Pro V
3. Granddaughter: Grandpa said that that was long before I was born.
Pro M V
4. Granddaughter: Grandpa said that I might remember the Donovans who lived north of
town.
Pro
5. Granddaughter: Grandpa said that the trouble started when he was out of town.
Pro Pro
6. Granddaughter: Grandpa said that his deputy had to talk to Mrs. Donovan because he
Pl
wasn’t there.
Pro M Pro T
7. Granddaughter: Grandpa said that he would tell me the whole story later that day.
5 Changes in Verb Tense in Reported Speech
2. had been gone had planned

3. had planned
4. had been had wanted
5. had seen
6. was hadn’t seen had seen would have told
7. was going

8. was
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Modals in Reported Speech
6 Changes in Modals in Reported Speech
2. had to leave couldn’t wait

3. was going to be shouldn’t be
4. might stop might not be able to cross
5. should have written could have had
6. would tell
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 4: Pronouns and Time and Place Expressions in

Reported Speech
7 Changes in Pronouns and Time and Place Words in Reported Speech
2. she her that morning He then he

3. they here he
4. he two days before/three days ago their
5. they themselves I that
6. I here today I her her
8 Changes That Occur in Reported Speech
2. Mrs. Donovan said (that) she must have screamed after the man had grabbed her.
3. Mrs. Donovan said (that) he had made her horse run so that she couldn’t jump off.
4. Mrs. Donovan said (that) if he hadn’t tried to cross the river, his horse might not
have thrown him off.
5. Mrs. Donovan said (that) he couldn’t swim and (that) she couldn’t help him.
6. Mrs. Donovan said (that) she was happy to be there in my office, but (that) she was
very tired.
7. Mrs. Donovan said (that) she had to get some sleep then, but (that) she would talk
to you later.
9 Writing
Answers will vary.

Grammar Practice 5: Reported Questions, Commands, and Requests
10 Reported Questions
2. where the Westerns were

3. what time the library closed
4. if anyone had turned in his wallet
5. what she should do to get a library card
6. if he could check that reference book out of the library
11 Reported Commands and Requests
2. A young woman asked me to put her name on the list to reserve the next Tony
Hillerman novel. OR A young woman asked me if I would/could put her name on the
list to reserve the next Tony Hillerman novel.
3. A young woman told me to call her when the book came in.
4. A boy asked me if I could tell him where the periodicals were located. OR A boy
asked me to tell him where the periodicals were located.
5. Another librarian said that I should put these/those books back on the shelf. OR
Another librarian said to put these/those books back on the shelf.
6. The other librarian told me not to worry.
12 Editing
1. ?”
“We go now to our reporter on the street. Marsha, what do you see there”? asked
the news broadcaster.
“Howard, the scene here is incredible! A car hit a house, and now the car is on
2. saw
fire. There is smoke everywhere. One man told me that he sees a giant ball of fire about
3. she
20 minutes ago. Another woman said I was hit by something that knocked her to the
ground,” responded the reporter.
“Have you talked to the police?” the news broadcaster inquired.
4. said to me/told me
“Yes, Howard, I have. Sargeant Whitney said me earlier that she believed the car
5. have
hit a gas line into the house. The police are now telling neighbors that they had to leave
their homes until the fire is under control,” remarked Marsha.
6. Do
Howard asked, “do you know how this all started?”
“One witness that I talked to said the car had been weaving back and forth across
7. wondered if
the street before it hit the house. She wondered the driver had fallen asleep,” said
Marsha.
“Are members of the fire department there?” asked Howard.

“I’m sorry, Howard. I didn’t hear what you said,” replied Marsha.
8. if
“I asked that the fire department was there,” said Howard.
9. to move
“Yes,” said Marsha. “Someone from the fire department just told us move away
from here because it’s too dangerous.”
“Okay, Marsha. Thanks. We’ll talk to you later,” said Howard.
Unit Wrap-up
Writing
Answers will vary.
TOEFL Time
1. B 3. B 5. A 7. D 9. A
2. D 4. A 6. C 8. C 10. B
11. A (It’s) 16. B (that OR omit)

12. B (whether) 17. C (is)
13. C (would happen) 18. B (whether)
14. B (not to ask) 19. A (that)
15. B (omit) 20. C (has)
UNIT ELEVEN
ADVERB CLAUSES; CONNECTING IDEAS
CHAPTER 22: ADVERB CLAUSES
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Adverb Clauses
1 Identifying Adverb Clauses

S V
Because they want to meet the needs of their clients or customers, successful business
owners need to know the reasons behind people’s purchases. Owners need to budget
time
S V
and money for market research when they are thinking about starting a new business.
S V
Although they might not have all the information, they need to know the likelihood of the
success of their product. They should try to find out as much as possible about their
S V S V
potential customers before they invest a lot of time and money. In the end, if they have
the right information to make good decisions, they are more likely to succeed.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Types of Adverb Clauses I
2 Adverb Clauses of Time, Condition, and Reason
2. We’ve seen seven commercials since we started watching this program. T

3. When the program was getting more exciting, they broke for a commercial. T
4. I lose interest in sitting here as soon as the commercials start. T
5. If this happens, I start to think about food. C
6. Since the program isn’t on, I might as well get a sandwich. R
7. Television can be dangerous as it can make you fat. R
3 Adverb Clauses of Time and Reason
3. I didn’t notice the name of the product since I was paying attention to the beautiful
model.
4. Once the commercial starts, I stop paying attention.
5. As I’ve seen a lot of commercials recently, I can’t remember which products they
advertise.
6. I haven’t seen those commercials because I have few opportunities to watch television.
7. Whenever a commercial is really funny, I hardly notice the product.
8. There will be commercials as long as people watch television.
4 More Practice with Adverb Clauses of Time and Reason
2. Until she started drinking AWAKE,

3. since
4. Whenever you drink it,
5. As soon as you take a sip,

6. before you finish the cup,
7. because
8. As long as she can remember,
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Types of Adverb Clauses II
5 Adverb Clauses of Contrast and Opposition
2. While men stay an average of nine minutes in a store, women stay over twelve
minutes.
Men stay an average of nine minutes in a store, while women stay over twelve minutes.
3. Even though both men and women need to be enticed to buy accessories, they buy
them at different times and places.
Both men and women need to be enticed to buy accessories even though they buy them at
different times and places.

4. Although men will pick up accessories when they pick up pants to try on, women will
look for accessories after they’ve tried on the pants.
Men will pick up accessories when they pick up pants to try on, although women will
look for accessories after they’ve tried on the pants.
5. Though men are able to make choices in style and size, they prefer help in matching
colors.
Men are able to make choices in style and size, though they prefer help in matching
colors
6 Using While to Show Contrast
2. While teens in the past were not the main shoppers in the family, teens today make
many of the shopping decisions. OR While teens today make many of the
shopping decisions, teens in the past were not the main shoppers in the family.
OR Teens in the past were not the main shoppers in the family, while teens today
make many of the shopping decisions. OR Teens today make many of the
shopping decisions, while teens in the past were not the main shoppers in the
family.
3. While adults often buy a product for practical reasons, teens usually choose a
product because it’s cool. OR While teens usually choose a product because it’s
cool, adults often buy a product for practical reasons. OR Adults often buy a
product for practical reasons, while teens usually choose a product because it’s
cool. OR Teens usually choose a product because it’s cool, while adults often
buy a product for practical reasons.
4. While teens in the past didn’t have much money to spend, teens today spend at
least $264.00 each month. OR While teens today spend at least $264.00 each
month, teens in the past didn’t have much money to spend. OR Teens in the past
didn’t have much money to spend, while teens today spend at least $264.00 each
month. OR Teens today spend at least $264.00 each month, while teens in the
past didn’t have much money to spend.
7 Reason Versus Contrast and Opposition
2. Even though/Although
3. Since
4. Even though/Although
5. As/Because
6. While/Though
7. While/Though
8. As/Because

8 Adverb Clauses of Purpose
2. The firms seek out influencer teens so that they can get their opinions on the latest
trends in fashion and other areas.
3. They survey influencer teens so that they can find out what’s hip in the minds of a
teen.
4. Teen responses are analyzed so that the firm can make recommendations to
companies like Nike and Pepsi.
5. Companies pay for market research so that their products will be successful with
teens.
9 Writing
Answers will vary.
10 Editing
Paco Underhill, managing director of Envirosell, has been called a retail

1. because
anthropologist when he has been recording and analyzing what customers do in stores for
2. shoppers ,
the last 20 years. As he has spent hours studying videotapes of shoppers he is an expert
3. even though/although/though/because/since/as
on shopper behavior. He knows that until the merchandise in a store is important, the
layout of the physical space of a store is just as important to the success of that store.
When he enters a store, he quickly evaluates where and how the merchandise is
4. Since Paco Underhill observes the movement of shoppers, he OR Paco Underhill

observes the movement of shoppers so that he
displayed. Paco Underhill observes the movement of shoppers since he is able to advise
his clients on how to set up their stores for success.
5. Because/As/Since
As they enter a store, shoppers are walking at a fast pace. Although they are walking
fast, they need time to slow down. A shopper will miss anything in the first fifteen to
6. store since
twenty feet of the store, since she is moving too fast. As a shopper is going too fast to
really see the merchandise, retailers shouldn’t put anything of value in the first fifteen
feet of the store. Because he has studied thousands of hours of videotape of customers
entering stores, Paco Underhill also believes in the invariant right. This means that
7. as soon as/when 8. When
because they enter the store, shoppers invariably turn to the right. While a store knows
this, the display department will put anything of value to the right of the door so that
customers can see it.

CHAPTER 23: CONNECTING IDEAS
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Coordinating Conjunctions
1 Coordinating Conjunctions with Clauses, Phrases, and Words

W
2. Leroy and Amy both hear commercials.
C
3. Leroy usually likes the commercials, yet sometimes he thinks they are annoying.
P
4. If the commercials are annoying, Leroy goes to the kitchen and gets something to eat.
C
5. Amy doesn’t like commercials, so she doesn’t listen to them.
W
6. She would rather listen to music or news.
C
7. Sometimes she waits for the commercials to end, and sometimes she turns off the radio
when the commercials are on.
C
8. Amy likes the radio, but she can also listen to CDs.
2 Coordinating Conjunctions--Meaning
2. and
3. so
4. but/yet
5. but/yet
6. or
3 Parallel Structures; Subject–Verb Agreement
2. The technology allows the viewer to see the product on TV, to split the TV screen, and
to click
clicks on a website for more information.
to control
3. One piece of technology allows consumers to block advertising and controlling what
advertising they watch.
4. Interactive advertising will give both advertisers and consumers more choice,
control
convenience, and they can control it better.
are
5. However, privacy issues and the use of information is important to address.
how they use it
6. Advertisers must control who gets access to information and to use it.

privacy, or it will lose
7. The advertising industry has to regulate itself to protect consumer privacy or losing the
trust of the consumer.
controls are/control is
8. New laws or government control are possible if there is poor internal regulation.
4 Punctuating Sentences with Coordinating Conjunctions
2. NC
3. The products needed to be different enough but not too different.
4. NC
5. The PC companies “sold” their computers, their knowledge, and their service
6. Customers could buy a prepackaged system or put together their own systems.
7. NC
8. NC
9. Many PC customers appreciated the extra help once they got the computer home, so
selling after-the-sale service seemed to be effective and successful.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Connecting Main Clauses That Have the Same

Verb Phrase
5 Connecting Main Clauses
2. your friends couldn’t, either./neither could your friends.

3. so have our shoes./our shoes have, too.
4. we haven’t, either./neither have we.
5. so do your friends./your friends do, too.
6. so are your feet./your feet are, too.
7. your legs aren’t, either./neither are your legs.
8. your friends aren’t, either./neither are your friends.
9. so will everyone else./everyone else will, too.

Grammar Practice 3: Transitions I
6 Punctuating Sentences Connected by Transitions
In the late 1990s, one of the most popular investments was in companies
associated with the Internet; however, (OR .However,) since many of these companies
weren’t making a profit, their values were hard to assess. Many investors saw the
Internet as a new way of doing business; (OR . They) they, therefore, didn’t want to be
left out of any important future developments. In addition, buying Internet stocks became
trendy, even though there were no dividends. Other investors recognized the potential of
an accelerating trade in Internet stocks; (OR . Consequently) consequently, they were
able to buy low and sell high. One company more than tripled its initial opening price on
the first day that it was traded, for example.
Grammar Practice 4: Transitions II
7 Addition Transitions
2. Your dog will be healthier; besides, you’ll spend less time and money at the
veterinarian’s office. OR Your dog will be healthier. Besides, you’ll spend less time
and money at the veterinarian’s office.
3. Your dog’s coat will be shiny. Your dog, in addition, will be more active. OR Your
dog’s coat will be shiny; your dog, in addition, will be more active.
4. HealthyDog will change the way your dog feels. It will also make you happy. OR
HealthyDog will change the way your dog feels; it will also make you happy.
8 Time Transitions
2. The products we buy are designed to wear out. Meanwhile, models and parts change.
Then, we have to buy something new because we can’t repair our “old” stuff.
3. Often, before we buy something, advertisers have tried to convince us that we not only
want but need their products. Next, we ourselves begin to believe that we need the
products. Finally, we buy what we want, not necessarily what we need.

9 Writing
Answers will vary.
10 Result Transitions
2. The ad was effective; as a result, the company sales increased.
3. The company used a multimedia campaign; therefore, it reached a wider audience.
11 Contrast and Opposition Transitions
2. Famous people are often used in ads; nevertheless, they sometimes have a negative
effect on the product.
3. The slogan is recognizable; nonetheless, the company may stop using it. (nonetheless)
4. This company’s logo is good; however, its slogan is poor. (however)
12 Writing
Answers will vary.
13 Editing
1. and
As fiber-optic, digital, or satellite technologies all advance in the next ten years,
they will give advertisers new tools to use television and the Internet interactively.
3. instance, they may use
2. Therefore (or any subject-verb that makes sense)
However, advertisers will be able to target very specific markets. For instance, custom-
4. zip code
made ads. These ads will target specific markets such as a particular age group or what
zip code someone has. While advertisers’ messages were delivered to large general
5. before, they’ll
audiences before, so they’ll soon be delivered to the narrow audiences most interested in
6. or
the product or service. For example, advertisers can target sports fans but dog lovers.
7. products; in OR products. In
Furthermore, the technology will give consumers the power to order products, in addition
they will be able to get information instantly. Whenever they want a product, consumers
will only have to click a button to get it.

Unit Wrap-up
Writing
Answers will vary.
TOEFL Time
1. C 3. D 5. B 7. B 9. D
2. D 4. A 6. C 8. A 10. B
11. C (trees, so) 16. C (omit)

12. C (omit) 17. C (decreased)
13. B (fear) 18. D ( , too)
14. B (knowledge;) 19. B (smooth OR to smooth)
15. B (is) 20. B (or)

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CHAPTER 1: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Simple Present and Present Progressive I

1 Simple Present—Form and Spelling

B. 2. plays /z/ 9. misses /iz/ 16. sleeps /s/

2 Present Progressive--Form and Spelling

A. 2. aren’t paying 8. Is natural time working

B. 2. leaving 10. stopping 18. planning

Grammar Links 3, 2ed Workbook Answer Key 1

5 Adverbs of Frequency and Time Expressions with Simple Present and

2. Do you exercise on the weekends?

6 Simple Present and Present Progressive; Time Expressions

2. He often gets up at sunrise.

Answers will vary.

8 Simple Present Versus Present Progressive

Grammar Links 3, 2ed Workbook Answer Key 2

A. My husband has an irregular schedule, so he stays up late to watch TV programs

B. See circled text in Part A.

10 Verbs with a Stative and an Active Meaning

2. a. are looking b. looks

Grammar Links 3, 2ed Workbook Answer Key 3

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Simple Past and Past Progressive I

2. blew 7. felt 12. let 17. said

2 Simple Past—Form and Pronunciation

B. See the circled words in Part A.

Grammar Links 3, 2ed Workbook Answer Key 4

4 Simple Past and Past Progressive--Meaning

B. 2. were arguing 6. fought

5 Simple Past and Past Progressive

Answers will vary.

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 3: Simple Past and Past Progressive in Time

7 Simple Past and Past Progressive in Time Clauses

Grammar Links 3, 2ed Workbook Answer Key 5

Grammar Practice 4: Used To

9 Used To-- Form

A. 2. didn’t use to have B.

Answers will vary.

Grammar Links 3, 2ed Workbook Answer Key 6

Answers will vary.

11. D (omit) 16. D (used to)

CHAPTER 3: PRESENT PERFECT AND PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 1: Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive I

1 Past and Past Participle Forms

2. caught caught 8. lay lain 13. sold sold 18. thought

Grammar Links 3, 2ed Workbook Answer Key 7

3 Present Perfect Progressive—Form

2. haven’t been enjoying 7.’ve been speeding up

4 Contractions with Present Progressive, Present Perfect, and Present

2. is 3. is 4. has 5. has 6. is 7. has

GRAMMAR PRACTICE 2: Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive

5 Present Perfect with Already, Yet, Still, and So Far

2. has already gotten a job hasn’t had a baby yet

6 Time Expressions of Duration

2. since 6. since 10. for

7 Present Perfect Progressive

A. 2. Q: How long have we been communicating by e-mail? A: We’ve been

Grammar Links 3, 2ed Workbook Answer Key 8

B. Answers will vary.