Glycolysisreview
Glycolysisreview
Glycolysisreview
Presentation on 3/18/04
Review of Glycolysis
1. What is Glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the sequence of reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate with
the concomitant production of a relatively small amount of ATP. Glycolysis can
be carried out anerobically (in the absence of oxygen) and is thus an especially
important pathway for organisms that can ferment sugars. For example, glycolysis
is the pathway utilized by yeast to produce the alcohol found in beer. Glycolysis
also serves as a source of raw materials for the synthesis of other compounds. For
example, 3 phosphoglycerate can be converted into serine, while pyruvate can be
aerobically degraded by the Krebs or TCA cycle to produce much larger amounts
of ATP.
Step 1:
Reaction: Acetyl CoA+Oxaloacetate to Citrate
Enzyme: Citrate synthase
Reaction type: Condensation
Description: Acetyl CoA condenses with oxaloacetate first,to form citryl
CoA. Then citryl CoA is hydrolyzed to citrate and CoA
Step 2.
Reaction: Citrate to cis-Aconitate
Enzyme: Aconitase
Reaction Type: Dehydration
Description: Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by this first
dehydration and yields cis-aconitate as an
intermediate.
Step 3.
Reaction: cis-Aconitate to Isocitrate
Enzyme: Aconitase
Reaction Type: Hydration
Description: Hydration of cis-aconitate gives the interchange of H
atom and OH group from the step 2.
Step 4.
Reaction: Isocitrate to alpha-Ketoglutarate
Enzyme: Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Reaction Type: Oxidative decarboxylation
Description: Dehydrogenation of isocitrate occurs and yields
oxalosuccinate as an intermediate.Then CO2 leaves to
have alpha-ketoglutarate.This reaction gives NADH.
Step 5.
Reaction: alpha-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA
Enzyme: alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
Reaction Type: Oxidative decarboxylation
Description: This mechanism is almost as same as the reaction of
the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl
CoA by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This
reaction gives one NADH.
Step 6.
Reaction: Succinyl CoA to Succinate
Enzyme: Succinyl CoA synthetase
Reaction Type: Substrate-level phosphorylation
Description: The thioester bond of succinyl and CoA is an energy rich
bond. Thus only this step gives a high-energy phosphate
compound,GTP from the couple reactions of the thioester
bond cleavage and the phosphorylation of GDP.
Step 7.
Reaction: Succinyl CoA to Succinate
Enzyme: Succinate dehydrogenase
Reaction Type: Oxidation
Description: The two hydrogens of succinate leave to an acceptor,
FAD. Then this reaction yields fumarate and FADH2.
Step 8.
Reaction: Succinate to Fumarate
Enzyme: Succinate dehydrogenase
Reaction Type: Oxidation
Description: The two hydrogens of succinate leave to an acceptor,
FAD. Then this reaction yields fumarate and FADH2.
Step 9.
Reaction: Fumarate to Malate
Enzyme: Fumerase
Reaction Type: Not described.
Description: Not described.
Step 10.
Reaction: Malate to Oxaloacetate
Enzyme: Malate dehydrogenase
Reaction Type: Oxidation
Description: Malate is dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate. The
hydrogen acceptor is NAD. So this reaction yields
NADH.