6

Designing Global
Supply Chain
Networks

PowerPoint presentation to accompany

Chopra and Meindl Supply Chain Management, 5e
Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall.

1-1
6-1
 Learning Objectives
1. Identify factors that need to be included in total
cost when making global sourcing decisions.
2. Define uncertainties that are particularly
relevant when designing global supply chains.
3. Explain different strategies that may be used to
mitigate risk in global supply chains.
4. Understand decision tree methodologies used
to evaluate supply chain design decisions
under uncertainty.

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 Impact of Globalization on Supply
Chain Networks
• Opportunities to simultaneously grow revenues
and decrease costs
• Accompanied by significant additional risk
• Difference between success and failure often
ability to incorporate suitable risk mitigation into
supply chain design
• Uncertainty of demand and price drives the
value of building flexible production capacity

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 Impact of Globalization on Supply
Chain Networks
Risk Factors Percentage of Supply Chains Impacted
Natural disasters 35
Shortage of skilled resources 24
Geopolitical uncertainty 20
Terrorist infiltration of cargo 13
Volatility of fuel prices 37
Currency fluctuation 29
Port operations/custom delays 23
Customer/consumer preference shifts 23
Performance of supply chain partners 38
Logistics capacity/complexity 33
Forecasting/planning accuracy 30
Supplier planning/communication issues 27
Inflexible supply chain technology 21
Table 6-1

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 The Offshoring Decision: Total Cost
• Comparative advantage in global supply
chains
• Quantify the benefits of offshore
production along with the reasons
• Two reasons offshoring fails
1. Focusing exclusively on unit cost rather than
total cost
2. Ignoring critical risk factors

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 The Offshoring Decision: Total Cost
Performance Dimension Activity Impacting Performance Impact of Offshoring

Order communication Order placement More difficult communication

Supply chain visibility Scheduling and expediting Poorer visibility

Raw material costs Sourcing of raw material Could go either way depending
on raw material sourcing
Unit cost Production, quality (production Labor/fixed costs decrease;
and transportation) quality may suffer
Freight costs Transportation modes and Higher freight costs
quantity
Taxes and tariffs Border crossing Could go either way

Supply lead time Order communication, supplier Lead time increase results in
production scheduling, production poorer forecasts and higher
time, customs, transportation, inventories
receiving

Table 6-2

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 The Offshoring Decision: Total Cost
Performance Dimension Activity Impacting Performance Impact of Offshoring

On-time delivery/lead time Production, quality, customs, Poorer on-time delivery and
uncertainty transportation, receiving increased uncertainty resulting
in higher inventory and lower
product availability
Minimum order quantity Production, transportation Larger minimum quantities
increase inventory
Product returns Quality Increased returns likely

Inventories Lead times, inventory in transit Increase

and production
Working capital Inventories and financial Increase
reconciliation
Hidden costs Order communication, invoicing Higher hidden costs
errors, managing exchange rate
risk
Stock-outs Ordering, production, Increase
transportation with poorer visibility

Table 6-2

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 The Offshoring Decision: Total Cost
• A global supply chain with offshoring
increases the length and duration of
information, product, and cash flows
• The complexity and cost of managing the
supply chain can be significantly higher
than anticipated
• Quantify factors and track them over time
• Big challenges with offshoring is increased
risk and its potential impact on cost
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 The Offshoring Decision: Total Cost
• Key elements of total cost
1. Supplier price
2. Terms
3. Delivery costs
4. Inventory and warehousing
5. Cost of quality
6. Customer duties, value added-taxes, local tax
incentives
7. Cost of risk, procurement staff, broker fees,
infrastructure, and tooling and mold costs
8. Exchange rate trends and their impact on cost

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 Risk Management In
Global Supply Chains
• Risks include supply disruption, supply
delays, demand fluctuations, price
fluctuations, and exchange-rate
fluctuations
• Critical for global supply chains to be
aware of the relevant risk factors and
build in suitable mitigation strategies

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 Risk Management In
Global Supply Chains
Category Risk Drivers
Disruptions Natural disaster, war, terrorism
Labor disputes
Supplier bankruptcy
Delays High capacity utilization at supply source
Inflexibility of supply source
Poor quality or yield at supply source
Systems risk Information infrastructure breakdown
System integration or extent of systems
being networked
Forecast risk Inaccurate forecasts due to long lead
times, seasonality, product variety, short
life cycles, small customer base
Information distortion

Table 6-3
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 Risk Management In
Global Supply Chains
Category Risk Drivers
Intellectual property risk Vertical integration of supply chain
Global outsourcing and markets
Procurement risk Exchange-rate risk
Price of inputs
Fraction purchased from a single source
Industry-wide capacity utilization
Receivables risk Number of customers
Financial strength of customers
Inventory risk Rate of product obsolescence
Inventory holding cost
Product value
Demand and supply uncertainty
Capacity risk Cost of capacity
Capacity flexibility
Table 6-3
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 Risk Management In
Global Supply Chains
• Good network design can play a
significant role in mitigating supply chain
risk
• Every mitigation strategy comes at a price
and may increase other risks
• Global supply chains should generally use
a combination of rigorously evaluated
mitigation strategies along with financial
strategies to hedge uncovered risks
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 Risk Management In
Global Supply Chains
Risk Mitigation Strategy Tailored Strategies
Increase capacity Focus on low-cost, decentralized capacity
for predictable demand. Build centralized
capacity for unpredictable demand.
Increase decentralization as cost of
capacity drops.
Get redundant suppliers More redundant supply for high-volume
products, less redundancy for low-volume
products. Centralize redundancy for low-
volume products in a few flexible
suppliers.
Increase responsiveness Favor cost over responsiveness for
commodity products. Favor
responsiveness over cost for short–life
cycle products.

Table 6-4
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 Risk Management In
Global Supply Chains
Risk Mitigation Strategy Tailored Strategies
Increase inventory Decentralize inventory of predictable,
lower value products. Centralize inventory
of less predictable, higher value products.
Increase flexibility Favor cost over flexibility for predictable,
high-volume products. Favor flexibility for
unpredictable, low-volume products.
Centralize flexibility in a few locations if it
is expensive.
Pool or aggregate demand Increase aggregation as unpredictability
grows.
Increase source capability Prefer capability over cost for high-value,
high-risk products. Favor cost over
capability for low-value commodity
products. Centralize high capability in
flexible source if possible.
Table 6-4
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 Flexibility, Chaining, and
Containment
• Three broad categories of flexibility
– New product flexibility
• Ability to introduce new products into the market at
a rapid rate
– Mix flexibility
• Ability to produce a variety of products within a
short period of time
– Volume flexibility
• Ability to operate profitably at different levels of
output

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 Flexibility, Chaining, and
Containment

Figure 6-1

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 Flexibility, Chaining, and
Containment
• As flexibility is increased, the marginal benefit
derived from the increased flexibility decreases
– With demand uncertainty, longer chains pool available
capacity
– Long chains may have higher fixed cost than multiple
smaller chains
– Coordination more difficult across with a single long
chain
• Flexibility and chaining are effective when
dealing with demand fluctuation but less
effective when dealing with supply disruption
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 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
• Supply chain decisions should be evaluated as a
sequence of cash flows over time
• Discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis evaluates
the present value of any stream of future cash
flows and allows managers to compare different
cash flow streams in terms of their financial
value
• Based on the time value of money – a dollar
today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow

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 Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
1
discount factor =
1+ k
T æ t
ö
NPV = C0 + åç
1
÷ Ct
t=1 è 1+ k ø
where
C0, C1,…,CT is stream of cash flows over T periods
NPV = net present value of this stream
k = rate of return

• Compare NPV of different supply chain design options

• The option with the highest NPV will provide the
greatest financial return

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 Trips Logistics Example
• Demand = 100,000 units
• 1,000 sq. ft. of space for every 1,000 units of
demand
• Revenue = $1.22 per unit of demand
• Sign a three-year lease or obtain warehousing
space on the spot market?
• Three-year lease cost = $1 per sq. ft.
• Spot market cost = $1.20 per sq. ft.
• k = 0.1

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 Trips Logistics Example

Expected annual profit if warehouse = 100,000 x $1.22

space is obtained from the spot market – 100,000 x $1.20
= $2,000

C1 C2
NPV(No lease) = C0 + +
1+ k (1+ k)2
2,000 2,000
= 2,000 + + 2
= $5,471
1.1 1.1

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 Trips Logistics Example

Expected annual profit with = 100,000 x $1.22

three year lease – 100,000 x $1.00
= $22,000

C1 C2
NPV(Lease) = C0 + +
1+ k (1+ k)2
22,000 22,000
= 22,000 + + 2
= $60,182
1.1 1.1

• NPV of signing lease is $60,182 – $5,471 = $54,711

higher than spot market
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 Using Decision Trees
• Many different decisions
– Should the firm sign a long-term contract for
warehousing space or get space from the
spot market as needed?
– What should the firm’s mix of long-term and
spot market be in the portfolio of
transportation capacity?
– How much capacity should various facilities
have? What fraction of this capacity should be
flexible?

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 Using Decision Trees
• During network design, managers need a
methodology that allows them to estimate
the uncertainty in demand and price
forecast and incorporate this in the
decision-making process
• Most important for network design
decisions because they are hard to
change in the short term

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 Basics of Decision Tree
Analysis
• A decision tree is a graphic device used to
evaluate decisions under uncertainty
– Identify the number and duration of time
periods that will be considered
– Identify factors that will affect the value of the
decision and are likely to fluctuate over the
time periods
– Evaluate decision using a decision tree

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 Decision Tree Methodology
1. Identify the duration of each period (month, quarter,
etc.) and the number of periods T over which the
decision is to be evaluated
2. Identify factors whose fluctuation will be considered
3. Identify representations of uncertainty for each factor
4. Identify the periodic discount rate k for each period
5. Represent the decision tree with defined states in each
period as well as the transition probabilities between
states in successive periods
6. Starting at period T, work back to Period 0, identifying
the optimal decision and the expected cash flows at
each step

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
• Three warehouse lease options
1. Get all warehousing space from the spot
market as needed
2. Sign a three-year lease for a fixed amount of
warehouse space and get additional
requirements from the spot market
3. Sign a flexible lease with a minimum charge
that allows variable usage of warehouse
space up to a limit with additional
requirement from the spot market

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
• 1000 sq. ft. of warehouse space needed for 1000 units of
demand
• Current demand = 100,000 units per year
• Binomial uncertainty: Demand can go up by 20% with
p = 0.5 or down by 20% with 1 – p = 0.5
• Lease price = $1.00 per sq. ft. per year
• Spot market price = $1.20 per sq. ft. per year
• Spot prices can go up by 10% with p = 0.5 or down by
10% with 1 – p = 0.5
• Revenue = $1.22 per unit of demand
• k = 0.1

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 Decision
Tree

Figure 6-2

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
• Analyze the option of not signing a lease and using the
spot market
• Start with Period 2 and calculate the profit at each node
For D = 144, p = $1.45, in Period 2:
C(D = 144, p = 1.45,2) = 144,000 x 1.45
= $208,800
P(D = 144, p = 1.45,2) = 144,000 x 1.22
– C(D = 144, p = 1.45, 2)
= 175,680 – 208,800
= –$33,120

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
Cost Profit
Revenue C(D =, p =, 2) P(D =, p =, 2)
D = 144, p = 1.45 144,000 × 1.22 144,000 × 1.45 –$33,120
D = 144, p = 1.19 144,000 × 1.22 144,000 × 1.19 $4,320
D = 144, p = 0.97 144,000 × 1.22 144,000 × 0.97 $36,000
D = 96, p = 1.45 96,000 × 1.22 96,000 × 1.45 –$22,080
D = 96, p = 1.19 96,000 × 1.22 96,000 × 1.19 $2,880
D = 96, p = 0.97 96,000 × 1.22 96,000 × 0.97 $24,000
D = 64, p = 1.45 64,000 × 1.22 64,000 × 1.45 –$14,720
D = 64, p = 1.19 64,000 × 1.22 64,000 × 1.19 $1,920
D = 64, p = 0.97 64,000 × 1.22 64,000 × 0.97 $16,000

Table 6-5

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
• Expected profit at each node in Period 1 is the profit
during Period 1 plus the present value of the expected
profit in Period 2
• Expected profit EP(D =, p =, 1) at a node is the expected
profit over all four nodes in Period 2 that may result from
this node
• PVEP(D =, p =, 1) is the present value of this expected
profit and P(D =, p =, 1), and the total expected profit, is
the sum of the profit in Period 1 and the present value of
the expected profit in Period 2

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
• From node D = 120, p = $1.32 in Period 1, there are four
possible states in Period 2
• Evaluate the expected profit in Period 2 over all four
states possible from node D = 120, p = $1.32 in Period 1
to be
EP(D = 120, p = 1.32,1) = 0.2 x [P(D = 144, p = 1.45,2) +
P(D = 144, p = 1.19,2) +
P(D = 96, p = 1.45,2) +
P(D = 96, p = 1.19,2)
= 0.25 x [–33,120 + 4,320 –
22,080 + 2,880
= –$12,000

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
• The present value of this expected value in Period 1 is
PVEP(D = 120, p = 1.32,1) = EP(D = 120, p = 1.32,1) / (1 + k)
= –$12,000 / (1.1)
= –$10,909
• The total expected profit P(D = 120, p = 1.32,1) at node
D = 120, p = 1.32 in Period 1 is the sum of the profit in
Period 1 at this node, plus the present value of future
expected profits possible from this node
P(D = 120, p = 1.32,1) = 120,000 x 1.22 – 120,000 x 1.32 +
PVEP(D = 120, p = 1.32,1)
= –$12,000 – $10,909 = –$22,909

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
• For Period 0, the total profit P(D = 100, p = 120,0) is the
sum of the profit in Period 0 and the present value of the
expected profit over the four nodes in Period 1
EP(D = 100, p = 1.20,0) = 0.25 x [P(D = 120, p = 1.32,1) +
P(D = 120, p = 1.08,1) +
P(D = 96, p = 1.32,1) +
P(D = 96, p = 1.08,1)]
= 0.25 x [–22,909 + 32,073 –
15,273) + 21,382]
= $3,818

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
PVEP(D = 100, p = 1.20,1) = EP(D = 100, p = 1.20,0) / (1 + k)
= $3,818 / (1.1) = $3,471

P(D = 100, p = 1.20,0) = 100,000 x 1.22

– 100,000 x 1.20 +
PVEP(D = 100, p = 1.20,0)
= $2,000 + $3,471 = $5,471

• Therefore, the expected NPV of not signing the lease

and obtaining all warehouse space from the spot market
is given by NPV(Spot Market) = $5,471

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
• Fixed Lease Option

P(D =, p =, 1)
= D x 1.22 – D x p +
Node EP(D =, p =, 1) EP(D =, p =, 1) / (1 + k)
D = 120, p = 1.32 100,000 sq. ft. –$22,909
D = 120, p = 1.08 100,000 sq. ft. $32,073
D = 80, p = 1.32 100,000 sq. ft. –$15,273
D = 80, p = 1.08 100,000 sq. ft. $21,382

Table 6-6

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
Profit P(D =, p =, 2)
Warehouse Space = D x 1.22 – (100,000 x
Node Leased Space at Spot Price (S) 1 + S x p)
D = 144, p = 1.45 100,000 sq. ft. 44,000 sq. ft. $11,880
D = 144, p = 1.19 100,000 sq. ft. 44,000 sq. ft. $23,320
D = 144, p = 0.97 100,000 sq. ft. 44,000 sq. ft. $33,000
D = 96, p = 1.45 100,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. $17,120
D = 96, p = 1.19 100,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. $17,120
D = 96, p = 0.97 100,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. $17,120
D = 64, p = 1.45 100,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. –$21,920
D = 64, p = 1.19 100,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. –$21,920
D = 64, p = 0.97 100,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. –$21,920

Table 6-7

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
P(D =, p =, 1)
Warehouse = D x 1.22 –
Space (100,000 x 1 + S x
at Spot p) + EP(D =, p =
Node EP(D =, p =, 1) Price (S) ,1)(1 + k)
D = 120, p = 1.32 0.25 x [P(D = 144, p = 20,000 $35,782
1.45,2) + P(D = 144, p =
1.19,2) + P(D = 96, p =
1.45,2) + P(D = 96, p =
1.19,2)] = 0.25 x (11,880 +
23,320 + 17,120 + 17,120)
= $17,360
D = 120, p = 1.08 0.25 x (23,320 + 33,000 + 20,000 $45,382
17,120 + 17,120) = $22,640
D = 80, p = 1.32 0.25 x (17,120 + 17,120 – 0 –$4,582
21,920 – 21,920) = –$2,400
D = 80, p = 1.08 0.25 x (17,120 + 17,120 – 0 –$4,582
21,920 – 21,920) = –$2,400

Table 6-8
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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
• Using the same approach for the lease
option, NPV(Lease) = $38,364
• Recall that when uncertainty was ignored,
the NPV for the lease option was $60,182
• However, the manager would probably still
prefer to sign the three-year lease for
100,000 sq. ft. because this option has the
higher expected profit

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
• Flexible Lease Option
Profit P(D =, p =, 2)
Warehouse Warehouse Space = D x 1.22 – (W x 1 + S
Node Space at $1 (W) at Spot Price (S) x p)
D = 144, p = 1.45 100,000 sq. ft. 44,000 sq. ft. $11,880
D = 144, p = 1.19 100,000 sq. ft. 44,000 sq. ft. $23,320
D = 144, p = 0.97 100,000 sq. ft. 44,000 sq. ft. $33,000
D = 96, p = 1.45 96,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. $21,120
D = 96, p = 1.19 96,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. $21,120
D = 96, p = 0.97 96,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. $21,120
D = 64, p = 1.45 64,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. $14,080
D = 64, p = 1.19 64,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. $14,080
D = 64, p = 0.97 64,000 sq. ft. 0 sq. ft. $14,080
Table 6-9
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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics
Warehouse P(D =, p =, 1)
Warehouse Space = D x 1.22 – (W x
Space at $1 at Spot 1 + S x p) + EP(D
Node EP(D =, p =, 1) (W) Price (S) =, p = ,1)(1 + k)
D = 120, 0.25 x (11,880 + 100,000 20,000 $37,600
p = 1.32 23,320 + 21,120 +
21,120) = $19,360
D = 120, 0.25 x (23,320 + 100,000 20,000 $47,200
p = 1.08 33,000 + 21,120 +
21,120) = $24,640
D = 80, 0.25 x (21,120 + 80,000 0 $33,600
p = 1.32 21,120 + 14,080 +
14,080) = $17,600
D = 80, 0.25 x (21,920 + 80,000 0 $33,600
p = 1.08 21,920 + 14,080 +
14,080) = $17,600

Table 6-10

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 Decision Tree – Trips Logistics

Option Value
All warehouse space from the spot market $5,471
Lease 100,000 sq. ft. for three years $38,364
Flexible lease to use between 60,000 and 100,000 sq. ft. $46,545

Table 6-11

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 Onshore or Offshore
• D-Solar demand in Europe = 100,000
panels per year
• Each panel sells for €70
• Annual demand may increase by 20
percent with probability 0.8 or decrease by
20 percent with probability 0.2
• Build a plant in Europe or China with a
rated capacity of 120,000 panels

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 D-Solar Decision
European Plant Chinese Plant
Fixed Cost Variable Cost Fixed Cost Variable Cost
(euro) (euro) (yuan) (yuan)
1 million/year 40/panel 8 million/year 340/panel

Table 6-12

Period 1 Period 2
Demand Exchange Rate Demand Exchange Rate
112,000 8.64 yuan/euro 125,440 8.2944 yuan/euro

Table 6-13

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 D-Solar Decision
• European plant has greater volume flexibility
• Increase or decrease production between 60,000 to
150,000 panels
• Chinese plant has limited volume flexibility
• Can produce between 100,000 and 130,000 panels
• Chinese plant will have a variable cost for 100,000
panels and will lose sales if demand increases above
130,000 panels
• Yuan, currently 9 yuan/euro, expected to rise 10%,
probability of 0.7 or drop 10%, probability of 0.3
• Sourcing decision over the next three years
• Discount rate k = 0.1

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 D-Solar Decision
Period 0 profits = 100,000 x 70 – 1,000,000 – 100,000 x 40 = €2,000,000
Period 1 profits = 112,000 x 70 – 1,000,000 – 112,000 x 40 = €2,360,000
Period 2 profits = 125,440 x 70 – 1,000,000 – 125,440 x 40 = €2,763,200
Expected profit from onshoring = 2,000,000 + 2,360,000/1.1 +
2,763,200/1.21
= €6,429,091

Period 0 profits = 100,000 x 70 – 8,000,000/9 – 100,000 x 340/9

= €2,333,333
Period 1 profits = 112,000 x 70 – 8,000,000/8.64 – 112,000 x 340/8.64
= €2,506,667
Period 2 profits = 125,440 x 70 – 8,000,000/7.9524 – 125,440 x 340/7.9524
= €2,674,319
Expected profit from off-shoring = 2,333,333 + 2,506,667/1.1 +
2,674,319/1.21
= €6,822,302

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 Decision
Tree

Figure 6-3

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 D-Solar Decision
• Period 2 evaluation – onshore
Revenue from the manufacture
and sale of 144,000 panels = 144,000 x 70
= €10,080,000

Fixed + variable cost

of onshore plant = 1,000,000 + 144,000 x 40
= €6,760,000

P(D = 144, E = 10.89,2) = 10,080,000 – 6,760,000

= €3,320,000

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 D-Solar Decision
Production
Cost Revenue
D E Sales Quantity (euro) Cost (euro) Profit (euro)
144 10.89 144,000 144,000 10,080,000 6,760,000 3,320,000

144 8.91 144,000 144,000 10,080,000 6,760,000 3,320,000

96 10.89 96,000 96,000 6,720,000 4,840,000 1,880,000

96 8.91 96,000 96,000 6,720,000 4,840,000 1,880,000

144 7.29 144,000 144,000 10,080,000 6,760,000 3,320,000

96 7.29 96,000 96,000 6,720,000 4,840,000 1,880,000

64 10.89 64,000 64,000 4,480,000 3,560,000 920,000

64 8.91 64,000 64,000 4,480,000 3,560,000 920,000

64 7.29 64,000 64,000 4,480,000 3,560,000 920,000

Table 6-14

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 D-Solar Decision
• Period 1 evaluation – onshore
EP(D = 120, E = 9.90, 1) = 0.24 x P(D = 144, E = 10.89, 2) +
0.56 x P(D = 144, E = 8.91, 2) +
0.06 x P(D = 96, E = 10.89, 2) +
0.14 x P(D = 96, E = 8.91, 2)
= 0.24 x 3,320,000 + 0.56 x 3,320,000 +
0.06 x 1,880,000 + 0.14 x 1,880,000
= €3,032,000

PVEP(D = 120, E = 9.90,1) = EP(D = 120, E = 9.90,1)/(1 + k)

= 3,032,000/1.1 = €2,756,364

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 D-Solar Decision
• Period 1 evaluation – onshore
Revenue from manufacture
and sale of 120,000 panels = 120,000 x 70 = €8,400,000

Fixed + variable cost of onshore plant = 1,000,000 + 120,000 x 40

= €5,800,000

P(D = 120, E = 9.90, 1) = 8,400,000 – 5,800,000 +

PVEP(D = 120, E = 9.90, 1)
= 2,600,000 + 2,756,364
= €5,356,364

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 D-Solar Decision

Production
Cost Revenue
D E Sales Quantity (euro) Cost (euro) Profit (euro)
120 9.90 120,000 120,000 8,400,000 5,800,000 5,356,364

120 8.10 120,000 120,000 8,400,000 5,800,000 5,356,364

80 9.90 80,000 80,000 5,600,000 4,200,000 2,934,545

80 8.10 80,000 80,000 5,600,000 4,200,000 2,934,545

Table 6-15

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 D-Solar Decision
• Period 0 evaluation – onshore
EP(D = 100, E = 9.00, 1) = 0.24 x P(D = 120, E = 9.90, 1) +
0.56 x P(D = 120, E = 8.10, 1) +
0.06 x P(D = 80, E = 9.90, 1) +
0.14 x P(D = 80, E = 8.10, 1)
= 0.24 x 5,356,364 + 0.56 x 5,5356,364 +
0.06 x 2,934,545 + 0.14 x 2,934,545
= € 4,872,000
PVEP(D = 100, E = 9.00,1) = EP(D = 100, E = 9.00,1)/(1 + k)
= 4,872,000/1.1 = €4,429,091

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 D-Solar Decision
• Period 0 evaluation – onshore
Revenue from manufacture
and sale of 100,000 panels = 100,000 x 70 = €7,000,000

Fixed + variable cost of onshore plant = 1,000,000 + 100,000 x 40

= €5,000,000

P(D = 100, E = 9.00, 1) = 8,400,000 – 5,800,000 +

PVEP(D = 100, E = 9.00, 1)
= 2,000,000 + 4,429,091
= €6,429,091

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 D-Solar Decision
• Period 2 evaluation – offshore
Revenue from the manufacture
and sale of 130,000 panels = 130,000 x 70
= €9,100,000

Fixed + variable cost

of offshore plant = 8,000,000 + 130,000 x 340
= 52,200,000 yuan

P(D = 144, E = 10.89,2) = 9,100,000 – 52,200,000/10.89

= €4,306,612

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 D-Solar Decision
Production
Cost Revenue
D E Sales Quantity (euro) Cost (yuan) Profit (euro)
144 10.89 130,000 130,000 9,100,000 52,200,000 4,306,612

144 8.91 130,000 130,000 9,100,000 52,200,000 3,241,414

96 10.89 96,000 100,000 6,720,000 42,000,000 2,863,251

96 8.91 96,000 100,000 6,720,000 42,000,000 2,006,195

144 7.29 130,000 130,000 9,100,000 52,200,000 1,939,506

96 7.29 96,000 100,000 6,720,000 42,000,000 958,683

64 10.89 64,000 100,000 4,480,000 42,000,000 623,251

64 8.91 64,000 100,000 4,480,000 42,000,000 –233,805

64 7.29 64,000 10,000 4,480,000 3,560,000 –1,281,317

Table 6-16

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 D-Solar Decision
• Period 1 evaluation – offshore
EP(D = 120, E = 9.90, 1) = 0.24 x P(D = 144, E = 10.89, 2) +
0.56 x P(D = 144, E = 8.91, 2) +
0.06 x P(D = 96, E = 10.89, 2) +
0.14 x P(D = 96, E = 8.91, 2)
= 0.24 x 4,306,612 + 0.56 x 3,241,414 +
0.06 x 2,863,251 + 0.14 x 2,006,195
= € 3,301,441
PVEP(D = 120, E = 9.90,1) = EP(D = 120, E = 9.90,1)/(1 + k)
= 3,301,441/1.1 = €3,001,310

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 D-Solar Decision
• Period 1 evaluation – offshore
Revenue from manufacture
and sale of 120,000 panels = 120,000 x 70 = €8,400,000

Fixed + variable cost of offshore plant = 8,000,000 + 120,000 x 340

= 48,800,000 yuan

P(D = 120, E = 9.90, 1) = 8,400,000 – 48,800,000/9.90 +

PVEP(D = 120, E = 9.90, 1)
= 3,470,707 + 3,001,310
= €6,472,017

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 D-Solar Decision

Production
Cost Revenue Expected
D E Sales Quantity (euro) Cost (yuan) Profit (euro)
120 9.90 120,000 120,000 8,400,000 48,800,000 6,472,017

120 8.10 120,000 120,000 8,400,000 48,800,000 4,301,354

80 9.90 80,000 100,000 5,600,000 42,000,000 3,007,859

80 8.10 80,000 100,000 5,600,000 42,000,000 1,164,757

Table 6-17

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 D-Solar Decision
• Period 0 evaluation – offshore
EP(D = 100, E = 9.00, 1) = 0.24 x P(D = 120, E = 9.90, 1) +
0.56 x P(D = 120, E = 8.10, 1) +
0.06 x P(D = 80, E = 9.90, 1) +
0.14 x P(D = 80, E = 8.10, 1)
= 0.24 x 6,472,017 + 0.56 x 4,301,354
+ 0.06 x 3,007,859 + 0.14 x 1,164,757
= € 4,305,580

PVEP(D = 100, E = 9.00,1) = EP(D = 100, E = 9.00,1)/(1 + k)

= 4,305,580/1.1 = €3,914,164

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 D-Solar Decision
• Period 0 evaluation – offshore
Revenue from manufacture
and sale of 100,000 panels = 100,000 x 70 = €7,000,000

Fixed + variable cost of onshore plant = 8,000,000 + 100,000 x 340

= €42,000,000 yuan

P(D = 100, E = 9.00, 1) = 7,000,000 – 42,000,000/9.00 +

PVEP(D = 100, E = 9.00, 1)
= 2,333,333 + 3,914,164
= €6,247,497

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 Decisions Under Uncertainty
1. Combine strategic planning and financial
planning during global network design
2. Use multiple metrics to evaluate global
supply chain networks
3. Use financial analysis as an input to
decision making, not as the decision-
making process
4. Use estimates along with sensitivity
analysis

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 Summary of Learning Objectives
1. Identify factors that need to be included in total
cost when making global sourcing decisions
2. Define uncertainties that are particularly
relevant when designing global supply chains
3. Explain different strategies that may be used to
mitigate risk in global supply chains
4. Understand decision tree methodologies used
to evaluate supply chain design decisions
under uncertainty

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