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Project in Science 7 Portfolio": Holy Cross High School

The document summarizes key concepts in physics related to waves and motion. It covers distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration, as well as different types of waves like mechanical, electromagnetic, transverse, and longitudinal waves. It also discusses wave interactions such as reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.

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68 views6 pages

Project in Science 7 Portfolio": Holy Cross High School

The document summarizes key concepts in physics related to waves and motion. It covers distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration, as well as different types of waves like mechanical, electromagnetic, transverse, and longitudinal waves. It also discusses wave interactions such as reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Examples are provided to illustrate each concept.

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Anonymous WqW0F6wN
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HOLY CROSS HIGH SCHOOL

‘PROJECT IN SCIENCE 7 PORTFOLIO”


TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I: DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT


SPEED
VELOCITY
ACCELERATION

PART II: WAVE AND WAVE INTERACTION


MECHANICAL WAVE
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
TRANSVERSE WAVE
LONGITUDINAL WAVE
SURFACE WAVE

PART III: WAVE INTERACTION


REFLECTION
REFRACTION
DIFFRACTION
PART I:
DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
 Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during its
motion.
 Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's
overall change in position.
EXAMPLE 1:
The diagram below shows the position of a cross-country skier at various times. At each of the
indicated times, the skier turns around and reverses the direction of travel. In other words, the
skier moves from A to B to C to D.
Use the diagram to determine the resulting displacement and the distance traveled by the skier
during these three minutes.

ANSWER:
The skier covers a distance of
(180 m + 140 m + 100 m) = 420 m
and has a displacement of 140 m, rightward.
EXAMPLE 2:
As a final example, consider a football coach pacing back and forth along the sidelines. The
diagram below shows several of coach's positions at various times. At each marked position, the
coach makes a "U-turn" and moves in the opposite direction. In other words, the coach moves
from position A to B to C to D.

What is the coach's resulting displacement and distance of travel? Click the button to see the
answer.

ANSWER:

ANSWER:
The coach covers a distance of
(35 yds + 20 yds + 40 yds) = 95 yards
and has a displacement of 55 yards, left.
SPEED, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION
Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving."
Velocity is a vector quantity that refers to "the rate at which an object changes its position."
Acceleration is the measurement of how much the velocity of an object changes at a certain point
of time, which is usually in 1 second.
FORMULAs and EXAMPLEs:
Speed= Distance/ Time
Example:
A man walks 7 km in 2 hours and 2 km in 1 hour in the same direction.
What is the man's average speed for the whole journey?

Solution:

distance 7 km + 2 km 9 km
average speed = = = = 3 km/h
time 2 hours + 1 hour 3 hours

Velocity= (Change in distance) / (change in time)


Example:
A man walks 7 km East in 2 hours and then 2.5 km West in 1 hour.
What is the man's average velocity for the whole journey?
Solution:

distance 7 km + 2.5 km 9.5 km


average speed = = = = 3.2 km/h (approximated to the nearest tenth)
time 2 hours + 1 hour 3 hours

Acceleration= (change in velocity) / (change in time)


EXAMPLE:
A pitcher delivers a fast ball with a velocity of 43 m/s to the south. The batter hits the ball and gives
it a velocity of 51m/s to the north. What was the average acceleration of the ball during the 1.0ms
when it was in contact with the bat?
Answer:
Acceleration = (vf - vi)/t = (51m/s to the north - 43 m/s to the south)/(1.0x10-3s)
Letting south be positive and north negative yields
Acceleration = (-51m/s - 43 m/s)/ (1.0x10-3s) = -94000 m/s/s
Acceleration = 94000 m/s/s to the north
PART II:
WAVE AND WAVE INTERACTION
A mechanical wave is a wave that is not capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum.
Example:
A sound waves are incapable of traveling through a vacuum, a slinky wave requires the coils of the
slinky; a water wave requires water; a stadium wave requires fans in a stadium; and a jump rope wave
requires a jump rope.
An electromagnetic wave is a wave that is capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum (i.e.,
empty space).
Example:

A transverse wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction perpendicular to
the direction that the wave moves.
Example:

A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction
that the wave moves.
Example:

A surface wave is a wave in which particles of the medium undergo a circular motion. Surface waves are
neither longitudinal nor transverse.
Example:
PART III
WAVE INTERACTION
Waves interact with matter in several ways. The interactions occur when waves pass from one
medium to another. The types of interactions are reflection, refraction, and diffraction.
Reflection occurs when waves bounce back from a surface they cannot pass through.
Example:
Echo, Light reflect on mirror

Refraction of waves involves a change in the direction of waves as they pass from one medium to
another.
Example:
Light bends when it passes from air to water or from water to air.

Diffraction involves a change in direction of waves as they pass through an opening or around a barrier in
their path.

Example:
Sound waves bend around corners much more than light does.
Forest-dwelling birds take advantage of the diffractive ability of long-wavelength sound waves.

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