COLLOID AND SURFACE

PROPERTIES OF CLAYS
AND RELATED MINERALS

Rossman F. Giese
Carel J. van Oss
University at Buffalo
State University of New York
Buffalo, New York

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 SURFACTANT SCIENCE SERIES

FOUNDING EDITOR

MARTIN J. SCHICK
1918-1998

SERIES EDITOR

ARTHUR T. HUBBARD
Santa Barbara Science Project
Santa Barbara, California

ADVISORY BOARD

DANIEL BLANKSCHTEIN ERIC W. KALER

Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Delaware
Cambridge, Massachusetts Newark, Delaware

S. KARABORNI CLARENCE MILLER

Shell International Petroleum Department of Chemical Engineering
Company Limited Rice University
London, England Houston, Texas

LISA B. QUENCER DON RUBINGH

The Dow Chemical Company The Procter & Gamble Company
Midland, Michigan Cincinnati, Ohio

JOHN F. SCAMEHORN BEREND SMIT

Institute for Applied Surfactant Shell International Oil Products B. V.
Research Amsterdam, The Netherlands
University of Oklahoma
Norman, Oklahoma JOHN TEXTER
Strider Research Corporation
P. SOMASUNDARAN Rochester, New York
Henry Krumb School of Mines
Columbia University
New York, New York

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 1. Nonionic Surfactants, edited by Martin J. Schick (see also Volumes 19, 23,
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Volume 55)
3. Surfactant Biodegradation, R. D. Swisher(see Volume 18)
4. Cationic Surfactants, edited by Eric Jungermann (see also Volumes 34, 37,
and 53)
5. Detergency: Theory and Test Methods (in three parts), edited by W. G.
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7. Anionic Surfactants (in two parts), edited by Warner M. Linfield (see Volume
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8. Anionic Surfactants: Chemical Analysis, edited by John Cross
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12. Amphoteric Surfactants, edited by B. R. Bluestein and Clifford L Hilton (see
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15. Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces: Fundamentals, Measurements, and Ap-
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16. Surfactants in Cosmetics, edited by Martin M. Rieger (see Volume 68)
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18. Surfactant Biodegradation: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, R. D.
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19. Nonionic Surfactants: Chemical Analysis, edited by John Cross
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21. Interfacial Phenomena in Apolar Media, edited by Hans-Friedrich Eicke and
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22. Surfactant Solutions: New Methods of Investigation, edited by Raoul Zana
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26. Surfactants in Emerging Technologies, edited by Milton J. Rosen
27. Reagents in Mineral Technology, edited by P. Somasundaran and Bhj M.
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28. Surfactants in Chemical/Process Engineering, edited by Darsh T. Wasan,
Martin E. Ginn, and Dinesh O. Shah
29. Thin Liquid Films, edited by I. B. Ivanov
30. Microemulsions and Related Systems: Formulation, Solvency, and Physical
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31. Crystallization and Polymorphism of Fats and Fatty Acids, edited by Nissim
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33. Surfactant-Based Separation Processes, edited by John F. Scamehorn and
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34. Cationic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry, edited by James M. Richmond
35. Alkylene Oxides and Their Polymers, F. E. Bailey, Jr., and Joseph V.
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36. Interfacial Phenomena in Petroleum Recovery, edited by Norman R. Morrow
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38. Kinetics and Catalysis in Microheterogeneous Systems, edited by M. Gratzel
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39. Interfacial Phenomena in Biological Systems, edited by Max Bender
40. Analysis of Surfactants, Thomas M. Schmitt (see Volume 96)
41. Light Scattering by Liquid Surfaces and Complementary Techniques, edited
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42. Polymeric Surfactants, Irja Piirma
43. Anionic Surfactants: Biochemistry, Toxicology, Dermatology. Second Edition,
Revised and Expanded, edited by Christian Gloxhuberand Klaus Kunstler
44. Organized Solutions: Surfactants in Science and Technology, edited by Stig
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45. Defoaming: Theory and Industrial Applications, edited by P. R. Garrett
46. Mixed Surfactant Systems, edited by Keizo Ogino and Masahiko Abe
47. Coagulation and Flocculation: Theory and Applications, edited by Bohuslav
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48. Biosurfactants: Production • Properties • Applications, edited by Nairn Ko-
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49. Wettability, edited by John C. Berg
50. Fluorinated Surfactants: Synthesis • Properties • Applications, Erik Kissa
51. Surface and Colloid Chemistry in Advanced Ceramics Processing, edited by
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52. Technological Applications of Dispersions, edited by Robert B. McKay
53. Cationic Surfactants: Analytical and Biological Evaluation, edited by John
Cross and Edward J. Singer
54. Surfactants in Agrochemicals, Tharwat F. Tadros
55. Solubilization in Surfactant Aggregates, edited by Sherril D. Christian and
John F. Scamehorn
56. Anionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry, edited by Helmut W. Stache
57. Foams: Theory, Measurements, and Applications, edited by Robert K. Prud'-
homme and SaadA. Khan
58. The Preparation of Dispersions in Liquids, H. N. Stein
59. Amphoteric Surfactants: Second Edition, edited by Eric G. Lomax
60 Nonionic Surfactants: Polyoxyalkylene Block Copolymers, edited by Vaughn
M. Nace
61. Emulsions and Emulsion Stability, edited by Johan Sjoblom
62. Vesicles, edited by Morton Rosoff
63 Applied Surface Thermodynamics, edited by A. W. Neumann and Jan K.
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64. Surfactants in Solution, edited byArun K. Chattopadhyay and K. L. Mittal
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68. Surfactants in Cosmetics: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by
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69. Enzymes in Detergency, edited by Jan H. van Ee, Onno Misset, and Erik J.
Baas
70. Structure-Performance Relationships in Surfactants, edited by Kunio Esumi
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71. Powdered Detergents, edited by Michael S. Showell
72. Nonionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry, edited by Nico M. van Os
73. Anionic Surfactants: Analytical Chemistry, Second Edition, Revised and
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74. Novel Surfactants: Preparation, Applications, and Biodegradability, edited by
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75. Biopolymers at Interfaces, edited by Martin Malmsten
76. Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces: Fundamentals, Measurements, and Ap-
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77. Polymer-Surfactant Systems, edited by Jan C. T. Kwak
78. Surfaces of Nanoparticles and Porous Materials, edited by James A.
Schwarz and Cristian I. Contescu
79. Surface Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Membranes, edited by Torben
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80. Interfacial Phenomena in Chromatography, edited by Emile Pefferkorn
81. Solid-Liquid Dispersions, Bohuslav Dobias, Xueping Qiu, and Wolfgang von
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82. Handbook of Detergents, editor in chief: Uri Zoller
Part A: Properties, edited by Guy Braze
83. Modern Characterization Methods of Surfactant Systems, edited by Bernard
P. Binks
84. Dispersions: Characterization, Testing, and Measurement, Erik Kissa
85. Interfacial Forces and Fields: Theory and Applications, edited by Jyh-Ping
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86. Silicone Surfactants, edited by Randal M. Hill
87. Surface Characterization Methods: Principles, Techniques, and Applications,
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88. Interfacial Dynamics, edited by Nikola Kallay
89. Computational Methods in Surface and Colloid Science, edited by
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90. Adsorption on Silica Surfaces, edited by Eugene Papirer
91. Nonionic Surfactants: Alkyl Polyglucosides, edited by Dieter Balzer and
Harald Luders
92. Fine Particles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Mechanisms of Growth,
edited by Tadao Sugimoto
93. Thermal Behavior of Dispersed Systems, edited by Nissim Garti
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95. Liquid Interfaces in Chemical, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Applications,
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 96. Analysis of Surfactants: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Thomas M.
Schmitt
97. Fluorinated Surfactants and Repellents: Second Edition, Revised and
Expanded, Erik Kissa
98. Detergency of Specialty Surfactants, edited by Floyd E. Friedli
99. Physical Chemistry of Polyelectrolytes, edited by Tsetska Radeva
100. Reactions and Synthesis in Surfactant Systems, edited by John Texter
101. Protein-Based Surfactants: Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and Ap-
plications, edited by Ifendu A. Nnanna and Jiding Xia
102. Chemical Properties of Material Surfaces, Marek Kosmulski
103. Oxide Surfaces, edited by James A. Wingrave
104. Polymers in Particulate Systems: Properties and Applications, edited by
Vincent A. Hackley, P. Somasundaran, and Jennifer A. Lewis
105. Colloid and Surface Properties of Clays and Related Minerals, Rossman F.
Giese and Care/ J. van Oss
106. Interfacial Electrokinetics and Electrophoresis, edited by Angel V. Delgado
107. Adsorption: Theory, Modeling, and Analysis, edited byJozsef Toth

ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION

Adsorption and Aggregation of Surfactants in Solution, edited by K. L Mittal

and Dinesh O. Shah

Biopolymers at Interfaces: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited

by Martin Malmsten

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 To former students whose contribution to this work was fundamental: Dr.
Z. Li, K. Murphy, Dr. W. Wu and Dr. J. Norris. We especially
acknowledge Dr. P. M. Costanzo, who encouraged us in this effort.

Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 Preface

Much has happened in the field of interfacial interactions among clay and
other mineral particles surfaces since the publication of van Olphen's book
in 1977 (see also van Olphen and Pripiat (1979)). Up to the middle 1980s
one still habitually only considered van der Waals attractions and electro-
static repulsions as acting between such particles, even when immersed in
a polar liquid such as water. The stability of aqueous suspensions of low
electric charge particles was loosely ascribed to "steric" interactions, which
however cannot be quantitatively expressed, e.g., in SI units. Even among
the three kinds of van der Waals forces: dispersion (fluctuating dipole in-
duced dipole), induction (dipole induced dipole) and orientation (dipole
dipole) interactions, respectively alluded to as van der Waals-London, or dis-
persion forces, van der Waals-Debye, and van der Waals-Keesom forces, it
remained difficult to decide which of these interactions was genuinely apo-
lar. It was therefore even more uncertain how to make a sharp delineation
between apolar forces (usually alluding to dipersion forces only) and polar
forces (including hydrogen-bonding interactions). It was Dr. Manoj Chaud-
hury (1984), who first applied Lifshitzs' theory to macroscopic-scale colloidal
interactions, which allowed him to establish for the first time a clear-cut
distinction between apolar, or Lifshitz-van der Waals (LW) and polar, or
electron-acceptor/electron-donor or Lewis acid-base (AB) interactions. Once
this distinction had become obvious, it fairly quickly permitted the elabora-
tion of a surface-thermodynamic approach comprising both apolar (LW) and
polar (AB) interactions (van Oss et al., 1987) and also includes electrostatic
(EL) interactions (van Oss et al., 1988).
Whilst for EL contributions the measurement methodology is an electroki-
netic one (usually via micro-electrophoresis), for LW and AB interactions
together the method of choice remains the determination of contact angles
with drops of a small number of appropriate, relatively high-energy liquids,

Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 apolar (e.g., diiodomethane) as well as polar (water, glycerol, formamide),
deposited on a solid surface. This still remains the preferred approach, as it
is the only one that allows the analysis of the surface properties of condensed-
phase materials at their exact surface (not 1, 5, 10 or more nm below it).
This is particularly important because, e.g., solid and liquid materials in-
teract with one another precisely via their exact surfaces. Contact angle
measurements are of course easy to perform on, e.g., flat surfaces of large
mineral crystals. With small clay or other mineral particles, however, this is
a somewhat different matter. When one has particles of a swelling clay (e.g.,
smectite particles) it is relatively easy to deposit such clay particles by sed-
imentation from an aqueous suspension onto a smooth surface of plastic or
glass, whereupon after drying one obtains perfectly smooth surfaces (Giese
et a/., 1990; van Oss et a/., 1990) with which contact angle measurements are
quite easily performed. A difficulty arises however with non-swelling clays
and with practically all other mineral particles. These can of course quite
easily be deposited on a smooth flat surface but by their very granular nature
they form, upon drying, a rough surface, usually with a radius of curvature
of roughness of I or more //m. Unfortunately, surfaces exhibiting a degree
of roughness greater than 1 /^m, give rise to strongly exaggerated contact
angles, so that direct contact angle analysis cannot be used in these cases
(Chaudhury, 1984). Again, encouraged by Chaudhury (personal communica-
tion, ca. 1989), the thin layer wicking technique was developed by a number
of us (Costanzo et a/., 1991; van Oss et al, 1992), with the help of Karen
Murphy and Drs. Janice Norris, Z. Li and Wenju Wu. This approach made
it possible for the first time to measure the surface properties of many of the
particles listed in Chapter 9. Only swelling clays allow the determination of
their surface properties by direct contact angle measurement (see also Chap-
ter 9), but wicking cannot be done with swelling clays because during the
capillary rise measurements, involved in wicking, the liquid migration which
should occur in one direction only, is severely diminished in that one direc-
tion, when liquid uptake occurs at the same time in two other directions, due
to swelling.
There was hitherto no absolute certainty that contact angle measurements
via contact angles and thin layer wicking really afforded measurements of
the same contact angle values. However, it was subsequently found that the
use of non-swelling monosized cubical synthetic hematite (FeaOs) particles
of about 0.6 /mi, permitted the deposition of exceedingly smooth layers of
particles onto glass surfaces. These could be utilized for thin layer wicking

Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 as well as for direct contact angle measurements and thus furnished the
experimental proof that the same contact angles would result from either
technique (Costanzo et a/., 1995).
Interfacial, non-covalent interaction energies between various identical,
or different, condensed-phase materials, taking place in water, are here al-
luded to as AG Jwl and AG lw2 , respectively (see Tables 1 and 2). These
represent either hydrophobic attractions (when AG < 0) or hydrophilic
repulsions (when AG > 0). Hydrophobic attractions are often alluded to
as caused by the "Hydrophobic Effect", whilst hydrophilic repulsions cor-
respond to what has been called "Hydration Pressure". Both free energies
of hydrophobic attraction and hydrophilic repulsion can be obtained from
the measurements of surface properties of condensed-phase materials, and
expressed quantitatively in SI units. Both types of interaction are relatively
long-range: their interaction energies decay as a function of distance, /?, as
exp[(^0 — ^)/A], where i0 is the minimum equilibrium distance between two
surfaces (i0 = 0.157 nm), and A is the characteristic length for water (A « 1.0
nm). Hydrophobic attraction is due to the Lewis acid-base (AB) free energy
of cohesion between the water molecules (w), whereas hydrophilic repulsion
is a consequence of the (AB) free energy of attraction between the water
molecules (w) electron-acceptor sites (i.e., their H-atoms) and the electron-
donor sites on the immersed hydrophilic materials or molecules (1 and/or 2).
When the free energy of hydrophilic repulsion is greater than the underlying
free energy of hydrophobic attraction (the latter, by its very nature is always
present), a net repulsion ensues. Compared with AB interactions, occur-
ring in water, Lifshitz-van der Waals (LW) interactions provide only a minor
contribution to the interfacial free energies, AG*^ or AG^2, as do electro-
static interactions (EL), which however for practical reasons are considered
separately from interfacial (IF) interactions.
Most of the data generated on the surface properties of clays and other
mineral particles, in the decade from 1988 to 1998 are discussed in the various
Chapters of this book, especially in Chapter 9. A summary of some of the
more important general applications of the above-described approach, treat-
ing polar interactions among clays and other mineral particles in aqueous
media, is outlined in Tables 1 and 2.
The material presented in this book is designed to be of use to a wide
variety of people, often with very different backgrounds. In order to provide
a reasonably self contained volume, there are a number of sections which are

Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 Phenomenon or Mechanism Utilizations Chapter-Section
Method
Stability of aque- Hydrophobic (AB) re- Determination of sus- 8.8, 8.9
ous particle sus- pulsion vs. LW attrac- pension stability, e.g.,
pensions, as deter- tion; see equations in for the prediction of
mined via the ex- Table 8.4 movements of soils , or
tended DLVO ap- of volcanic ash de-
proach posits; flocculation
Connection be- see Eqn. (8.7) Computation of sol- 8.10
tween AG,1 wl, of ubility, or of critical
1 with respect micelle concentration
to solvent (e.g., from AG , or vice-
water) and the versa
solubility of 1
Swelling of clay Hydrophilic (AB) re- formation of imper- 8.13, 8.15
minerals pulsion meable environmen-
tal barriers for con-
tainment of toxic or
radioactive wastes

Table 1: Applications of quantitatively expressed AG lwl values, i.e., the free

energies of interfacial, non-covalent interactions between identical particles
or molecules, 1, immersed in water, w.

Phenomenon Mechanisms Utilizations Chapter-Section

or Method
Adsorption Hydrophobic (AB) Liquid chromatography 2, 8.11, 8.12,10
and adhesion attraction; for dis- methods (e.g., reversed
sociation, followed phase liquid chromatog-
by hydrophilic (AB) raphy) , other separation
repulsion and purification methods;
removal of toxic spills;
hydrocarbon recovery,
various utilizations of
zeolites; additives of clays
in the paper industry;
flotation

Table 2: Applications of quantitatively expressed AG lw2 values, i.e., the free

energies of interfacial, non-covalent interactions between different particles
and/or molecules, 1 and 2, immersed in water, w.

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 intended as background material. For example, Chapters 3 and 4 provide an
introduction to clay mineralogy and common minerals in general. Clearly,
for a reader with a background in mineralogy, these chapters will be of mar-
ginal interest if any. The book also provides a summary of modern colloid
chemistry (Chapters 5-8). More detail can be found in the book by van Oss
(van Oss, 1994). The surface thermodynamic data on minerals are presented
in Chapter 9. Clearly, not all minerals have been examined. The study of
the surface chemistry of minerals is still young, so there are a number of
minerals and mineral groups which have not yet been examined. It is the
hope of the authors that the present volume will stimulate others to expand
our knowledge.
The pictorial representations of mineral structures were created using the
software package ATOMS, version 3.2 by Eric Dowty. P. Avery prepared
many of the mineral samples for the measurements reported in Chapter 9.

Rossman F. Giese

Carel J. van Oss

Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 Contents
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Importance of Clay Minerals

2 Applications of Clays and Clay Minerals

2.1 Ceramics and Related Clay Products
2.1.1 Bricks and other structural ceramic ware
2.1.2 Refractories
2.1.3 Earthenware
2.1.4 Porcelain
2.1.5 Pencil leads
2.2 Clay as Filler Material
2.3 Agricultural Applications
2.4 Clays as Adsorptive Materials
2.4.1 Physical adsorption
2.4.2 Ion exchange
2.4.3 Zeolites as molecular sieves
2.5 Washing Scouring and Felting: Fuller's Earth
2.6 Talc and Its Uses
2.7 Smectites and Their Uses
2.7.1 Uses of hydrophilic smectites
2.7.2 Bentones

3 Clay Minerals
3.1 Silicate Mineral Structures
3.1.1 The polyhedral paradigm
3.1.2 Polymerization of polyhedra
3.2 Silicate Classification
3.3 Structure of Phyllosilicates
3.3.1 Layer types
3.3.2 Octahedral site occupancy

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 3.3.3 Layer charge
3.3.4 The interlayer
3.3.5 Chemical variations
3.4 Phyllosilicate Minerals
3.4.1 1:1 minerals
3.4.2 2:1 minerals
3.4.3 2:1:1 minerals
3.5 Interlayer Water
3.5.1 Structure of interlayer water
3.6 Intercalated Organic Molecules
3.6.1 Organic complexes with vermiculite
3.6.2 Organic complexes with kaolinite
3.6.3 Summary of molecular-clay interactions
3.7 Origin of Clay Minerals
3.7.1 Modes and environments of formation
3.7.2 Commercial deposits of clay minerals

4 Other Mineral Colloids

4.1 Simple Oxides
4.2 Halides
4.3 Hydroxides
4.4 Nesosilicates
4.5 Cyclosilicates
4.6 Sorosilicates
4.7 Pyroxenes
4.8 Amphiboles
4.9 Silica Minerals
4.10 Feldspars
4.11 Carbonates
4.12 Phosphates
4.13 Sulphates
4.14 Asbestos

5 Theory of Colloids
5.1 The Hamaker Approximation
5.2 The Lifshitz Approach
5.3 Interfacial Lifshitz-van der Waals Interactions
5.4 Polar Forces
5.5 Lewis Acid-Base Interactions
5.6 Polar Attractions and Repulsion

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 5.7 Electrostatic Interactions
5.8 Ionic Double Layer
5.9 Electrokinetic Phenomena
5.10 The C-Potential
5.10.1 Thick double layer
5.10.2 Thin double layer
5.10.3 Relaxation
5.11 Energy Balance Relationships
5.12 Decay with Distance
5.12.1 LW interactions
5.12.2 Polar interactions
5.13 Electrostatic Interactions
5.14 Energy Balance Diagrams
5.14.1 Types of energy balance diagram

6 Measurement of Surface Thermo dynamic Properties

6.1 The Young Equation
6.2 The Young-Dupre Equation as a Force Balance
6.3 Concept of the Surface Tension of a Solid
6.4 Contact Angle Measurements on Heterogeneous Surfaces . . .
6.4.1 The Cassie equation
6.4.2 The extent to which solid surfaces become heteroge-
neous by condensation of molecules evaporating from
the liquid drop
6.5 Contact Angle Measurement on Solid, Flat Surfaces
6.5.1 Advancing and retreating contact angles
6.5.2 Preparation of solid surfaces
6.5.3 Contact angles measured with liquid 1, immersed in
liquid 2
6.6 Other Approaches to the Interpretation of Contact Angle Data
6.6.1 The Zisman approach
6.6.2 The single polar parameter or u~fp" approach
6.6.3 The "equation of state"
6.7 Contact Angle Determination by Wicking and Thin Layer
Wicking
6.7.1 Determination of the average pore radius, R
6.7.2 Derivation of contact angles from wicking
measurements
6.7.3 Other uses of wicking
6.8 Solution of the Young-Dupre Equation from Contact Angle
Measurements

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 6.8.1 Minimal solution
6.8.2 The overdetermined case
6.8.3 Estimation of errors in the 7 values
6.9 Other Methods for Determining Surface Properties
6.9.1 Stability of particle suspensions
6.9.2 Advancing freezing fronts
6.9.3 Force balance
6.9.4 Electrophoresis in monopolar organic solvents
6.10 Surface Tension Measurement of Liquids
6.10.1 The Wilhelmy plate method
6.10.2 Pendant drop shape
6.10.3 Interfacial tension between immiscible liquids
6.10.4 Apolar and polar surface tension component liquids . .
6.10.5 Determination of the polar surface tension parameters
of liquids

7 Electrokinetic Methods
7.1 Electrophoresis
7.1.1 Particle microelectrophoresis
7.1.2 Electrophoresis in non-aqueous media
7.2 Electroosmosis
7.3 Streaming Potential and Sedimentation Potential
7.4 Link Between the Electrokinetic Potential and Electron
Donicity
7.4.1 The Schulze-Hardy rule

8 Interactions Between Colloids

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Lifshitz-van der Waals Interactions
8.3 Electrostatic Interactions
8.4 Polar Interactions: Lewis and Br0nsted Acid-Base Approaches
8.4.1 Lewis acid-base properties of polar condensed-phase
materials
8.4.2 Polar solids
8.4.3 Polar solutes
8.4.4 Polar liquids
8.5 The Hydrophobic Effect: Hydrophobic Attraction
8.6 Hydrophilic Repulsion
8.7 Definition of Hydrophobicity and Hydrophilicity

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 8.8 DLVO Approach, Including Lewis Acid-Base Energies
8.8.1 Decay of interaction energies and forces as a function
of distance
8.8.2 The extended DLVO (XDLVO) approach applied to
aqueous media
8.8.3 Stability versus flocculation of aqueous particle suspen-
sions
8.8.4 Inadequacy of "steric" stabilization theories
8.8.5 The extended DLVO approach in aqueous media; com-
parison with experimental data
8.8.6 Comparison between DLVO and XDLVO plots of hec-
torite suspensions, as a function of ionic strength . . .
8.9 Influence of Plurivalent Cations on the Flocculation of Nega-
tively Charged Particles: DLVO and XDLVO Analysis . . . .
8.10 Solubility
8.10.1 Solubility of electrolytes
8.10.2 Solubility of organic compounds
8.10.3 Solubility of surfactants and other amphipathic com-
pounds
8.11 Adhesion and Adsorption
8.11.1 Macroscopic scale adhesion and adsorption
8.11.2 Adhesion and adsorption onto the water-air interface -
flotation
8.11.3 Macroscopic and microscopic-scale adsorption
phenomena combined
8.11.4 Adsorption and adhesion kinetics
8.11.5 Adsorption and adhesion equilibrium
8.12 Net Repulsive Interactions
8.12.1 Reversal of adsorption and adhesion
8.12.2 Temperature effects
8.13 Nature of Clay-water Interactions
8.14 Structure of Bound Outer Layer Water
8.15 Swelling of Clays
8.15.1 Nature of the swelling mechanism
8.15.2 Prerequisite properties of swelling clays
8.15.3 Influence of steam on swelling clays
8.15.4 Hydrophobicity of talc and pyrophyllite
8.16 Special Properties of Kaolinite

Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 9 Surface Thermo dynamic Properties of Minerals
9.1 Phyllosilicate Minerals
9.1.1 Samples
9.1.2 Values
9.1.3 Generalities; clay minerals
9.1.4 Role of organic material adsorbed on clays
9.2 Other Minerals
9.2.1 Generalities; other minerals

10 Biological Interactions with Mineral Particles

10.1 Interactions with Biological Systems
10.2 Polymer Adsorption
10.3 Protein Adsorption
10.3.1 Protein adsorption onto hydrophobic surfaces
10.3.2 Protein adsorption onto hydrophilic surfaces
10.3.3 In vivo consequences of protein adsorption onto clay
and mineral particles
10.4 Pulmonary Pathogenesis
10.4.1 Small, roughly spherical particles
10.5 Needle-shaped or Fibrous Particles
10.5.1 The most dangerous fibrous particles
10.5.2 The less dangerous fibrous (asbestos) particles
10.5.3 A few proposed physical or chemical correlations with
the pathogenicity of, e.g., amphiboles that turn out to
be erroneous

References

Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 COLLOID AND SURFACE
PROPERTIES OF CLAYS
AND RELATED MINERALS

Copyright © 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.