MSS 321 SEM 2 2017/2018 1

Mzumbe University
Falculty of Science and Technology
MSS 321:Functional Analysis
Tutorial sheet 1.

Metric Spaces

1. Let X = R, define d(x, y) = |x − y| + 1. Show that this is NOT a metric.

2. Let X = R, define d(x, y) = |x2 − y 2 |. Show that this is NOT a metric.

3. Let X = R, define d(x, y) = |x − y| + |x2 − y 2 |. Prove that this is a metric on R.

Pn
4. Let X = Rn , for x = (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ), and y = (b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ), define d1 (x, y) = i=1 |ai − bi |. Prove that this is
a metric on Rn .

5. Let X = Rn , for x = (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ), and y = (b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ), define d∞ (x, y) = max1≤i≤n {|ai − bi |}. Prove that
this is a metric on Rn .

6. Suppose that f and g are functions in space X = {f : [0, 1] → R}. Does d(f, g) = maxx∈[0,1] |f − g| define a
metric on X?

7. Using the triangle inequality, show that |d(x, z) − d(y, z)| ≤ d(x, y).

8. Show that non-negativity of a metric follows from (M2 ) to (M4 ).

9. Let X be the set of all continuous real-valued functions on [0, 1]: We consider the three facts below:

• if f and g are continuous on [0, 1], then f − g is continuous on [0, 1],

• if f is continuous on [0, 1], then |f | is continuous on [0, 1],

• if h is continuous on [0, 1], then there is a point 0 ≤ t0 ≤ 1; so that h(t) ≤ h(t0 ) for every 0 ≤ t ≤ 1: That
is h(t0 ) = max{h(t) : 0 ≤ t ≤ 1}.

Now given f, g ∈ X; we define d(f, g) = max{|f (t) − g(t)| : 0 ≤ t ≤ 1}. By conditions (1) and (2), |f − g| is
continuous and so by (3) there is a point where it achieves its maximum. Show that d is a metric on X.

10. The interpolation inequality for ex . Prove that, if t ∈ [0, 1], then

eta+(1−t)b < tea + (1 − t)eb .

11. Prove the following Young’s inequality: ∀α > 0, β > 0,

αp βq
αβ ≤ + ,
p q
1 1
where p > 1 and p + q = 1. The numbers p and q are called conjugate exponents.

12. Consider two sequences of positive numbers {ai }ni=1 and {bi }ni=1 such that

n
X n
X
apk = bqk = 1
k=1 k=1
MSS 321 SEM 2 2017/2018 2

Prove that
n
X
ak bk ≤ 1
k=1

13. Let `p , 1 ≤ p < ∞ denote the set of all sequences of real numbers {xi } such that

∞
X
|xi |p < ∞.
i=1

Then we define the metric d : `p × `p −→ R+ ∪ {0} by

∞
! p1
X
d(x, y) = |xi − yi |p .
i=1

Prove that d is a metric in `p .

14. Let u = (u1 . . .) ∈ Cn and v = (v1 . . .) ∈ Cn . Establish the Hölder inequality

∞ ∞
! p1 ∞
! q1
X X X
|ui vi | ≤ |uk |p |vm |q
i=1 k=1 m=1

1 1
where p > 1 and p + q = 1.

15. Next, prove the Minkowski inequality

∞
! p1 ∞
! p1 ∞
! p1
X X X
|ui + vi |p ≤ |uk |p + |vm |p
i=1 k=1 m=1

16. Prove that, a set O is open if and only if its complement is closed.

17. Prove that, as F is closed if and only if its complement is open.

18. Given (X, d) a metric space. Then prove that

(a) For any collection {Oα } of open sets, then, the

[
Oα is open.
α

(b) For any collection {Fα } of closed sets, then, the

\
Fα is closed.
α

(c) For any finite collection {Oi }ni=1 of open sets, then

n
\
Oi is open.
i=1
MSS 321 SEM 2 2017/2018 3

(d) For any finite collection {Fi }ni=1 of closed sets, then, the

n
[
Fi is closed.
i=1

19. Let X be a metric space and let A ⊂ X. Then prove that

(a) Āis closed

(b) A = Ā if and only if A is closed

(c) Ā ⊂ F for every closed set F ⊂ X such that A ⊂ F .

20. Let (X, d) be a metric space. LetA be a nonempty subset of X. The point x ∈ X is an adherent of A if and
only if d(x, A) = 0. Prove.