Math Chapter 5

Continuity and
Differentiability
 Chapter 5: Continuity and Differentiability

Exercise 5.1

Q1: Prove that the function f(x)=5x−3 is continuous

at x=0, at x=−3 and at x=5.
Sol:

The given function is f(x)=5x−3

At x=0, f(0)=5×0−3=−3
limx→0f(x)=limx→0(5x−3)=5×0−3=−3 therefore,limx→0f(x)=f(0)
So, f is continuous at x=0

At x=−3,f(−3)=5×(−3)−3=−18
limx→−3f(x)=limx→−3(5x−3)−3=−18 therefore,limx→−3f(x)=f(−3)
So , f is continuous at x=-3

At x=5,f(x)=f(5)= (5×5) – 3=25-3=22

limx→5f(x)=limx→5(5x−3)=5×5−3=22 therefore,limx→0f(x)=f(5)
So , f is continuous at x=5

Q2 : Examine the continuity of the function f(x)=2x2−1 at x=3.

Sol:

The given function is f(x)=2x2−1

At x=3, f(x)=f(3) =2x 3^{^{2}}-1=17
limx→3f(x)=limx→3(2x2−1)=2×32−1=17 therefore,limx→3f(x)=f(3)
Thus, f is continuous at x=3

Q3: Examine the following function for continuity.

1. f(x)=x−5
2. f(x)=1x−5,x≠5
3. f(x)=x2−25x+5,x≠−5
4. f(x)=|x−5|
Sol:

1. The given function is f(x)=x−5

It is evident that f is defined at every real number
k is k-5.
It is also observed that limx→kf(x)=limx→k(x−5)=k−5=f(k).
therefore,limx→kf(x)=f(k)
Hence, f is continuous at every real number and
therefore, it is continuous function.

(b) The given function is f(x)=1x−5,x≠5

For any real number k ≠5, we obtain
limx→kf(x)=limx→k1x−5=1k−5
Also, f(k)=1k−5(ask≠5)
therefore,limx→kf(x)=f(k)
Hence, f is continuous at every point in the domain of
f and therefore, it is a continuous function.
(c) The given function is f(x)=x2−25x+5,x≠−5
For any real number c≠−5, we obtain
limx→cf(x)=limx→cx2−25x+5=limx→c(x+5)(x−5)x+5=limx→c(x−5)=(c−5)
Also,f(c)=(c+5)(c−5)c+5=(c−5)(asc≠−5)
therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Hence, f is continuous at every point in the domain of f and therefore, it is a continuous
function.
(d) The function is f(x)=|x−5|
={5−x,x−5,ifx<5ifx≥5
This function f is determined at all points of the real line.
Let c be a point on a real line. Then, c<5 or c=5
or c>5
Case 1: c<5
Then, f(c)=5−c
limx→cf(x)=limx→c(5−x)=5−c therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore f is continuous at all real number less than 5.
Case 2: c=5
Then, f(c)=f(5)=(5−5)=0
limx→5f(x)=limx→5(5−x)=(5−5)=0 limx→5f(x)=limx→5(x−5)=(5−5)=0 therefore,li
mx→c−f(x)=limx→c+=f(c)
So f is continuous at x=5
Case 3: c>5
Then, f(c)=f(5)=c−5
limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x−5)=c−5 therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)

Q4: Prove that the function f(x)=xn is continuous at x=n, where n is a positive integer.
Sol:

Given function f(x)=xn

It is obvious that f is to be defined at all positive integers, n and its value at n is nn.
Then limx→nf(n)=limx→n(xn)=nn
therefore,limx→nf(x)=f(n)
So, f is continuous at n for all positive values of n.

Q5: Is the function f given by f(x)={x5 if x≤1 if x>1

continuous at x=0,1,2?
Sol:

The given function f is f(x)={x5 if x≤1 if x>1

Case 1: At x=0
It is evident that f is defined at 0 and its value is 0.

Then,limx→0f(x)=limx→0x=0
therefore,limx→0f(x)=f(0)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=0

Case 2: At x=1,
It is evident that f is defined at 1 and its value at 1 is 1.
The left hand limit of fatx=1is,
limx→1−f(x)=limx→1−(5)=5
The right hand limit of f at x=1is,
limx→1+f(x)=limx→1+(5)=5 therefore,limx→1−f(x)≠limx→1+f(x)
So, f is not continuous at x=1.
Case 3: At x=2
f is defined at 2 and its value at 2 is 5.
Then limx→2f(x)=limx→2(5)=5
therefore,limx→2f(x)=f(2)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=2

Q6: Find all the points of discontinuity of f, where f

Is defined by

f(x)={2x+32x−3 if x≤2 if x>2

Sol:

The given function is f(x)={2x+32x−3 if x≤2 if x>2

It is necessary that the given function f(x) is defined at all the points of the real line.
(i) c<2
(ii) c>2
(iii) c=2
Case (i) c<2
Then,f(c)=2c+3
limx→cf(x)=limx→c(2x+3)=2c+3 therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at all points x, such that x<2
Case (ii) c>2
Then, f(c)=2c+3
limx→cf(x)=limx→c(2c+3)=2c+3 therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at all points x, such that x>2
Case (iii) c=2
Then, the left hand limit of f at x=2 is,
limx→2−f(x)=limx→2−(2x+3))=2×2+3=7
The right hand limit of f at x =2 is,
limx→2+f(x)=limx→2+(2x−3))=2×2−3=1
It is observed that the left hand limit of f at x=2 do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x=2
Hence, x=2 is the only point of discontinuity of f.

Q7: Find all points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined by

f(x)=⎧⎩⎨|x|+3,−2x,6x+2, if x≤−3 if −3<x<3 if x≥3
Sol:

The given function f is f(x)=⎧⎩⎨|x|+3,−2x,6x+2, if x≤−3 if −3<x<3 if x≥3

The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case 1:

If c<−3, then f(c)=−c+3

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(−x+3)=−c+3 therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at all points x, such that x<−3
Case 2:

If c=−3, then f(−3)=−(−3)=3=6

limx→3−f(x)=limx→3−(−x+3)=−(−3)+3=6 limx→3+f(x)=limx→3+(−2x)=−2×(−3)=6 t
herefore,limx→3+f(x)=f(−3)
So, f is continuous at x=−3.
Case 3:

If −3<x<3, then f(c)=−2c and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(−2x)=−2c

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous in (−3,3).
Case 4:

If c=3, then the left hand limit of f at x=3 is,

limx→3−f(x)=limx→3−(−2x)=−2×3=−6
The right hand limit of f at x=3 is,
limx→3+f(x)=limx→3+(6x+2)=6×+2=20
It is observed that the left hand limit and right hand limit of f at x=3 do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x=3.
Case 5:

If c>3, then f(c)=5c+2 and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(6x+2)=6c+2

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at all points x, such that x>3
Hence, x=3 is the only point of discontinuity of f.

Q8: Find all points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined by

f(x)={|x|x0, if x≠0 if x=0
Sol:

The given function f is f(x)={|x|x0, if x≠0

if x=0
It is known that, x<0⇒|x|=−x and x>0⇒|x|=x
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as

f(x)=⎧⎩⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪|x|x=−xx=−1,0,|x|x=xx=1, if x<0 if x=0 if x>0

The function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on a real line.
Case 1:

If c<0, then f(c)=−1

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(−1)=−1 therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x<0
Case 2:

If c=0 then the left hand limit of f at x=0 is,

limx→0−f(x)=limx→0−(−1)=−1
the right hand limit of f at x=0 is,
limx→0+f(x)=limx→0+(1)=1
It is observed that the left hand limit and right hand limit of f at x=0 do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x=0.
Case 3:

If c>0, then f(c)=1

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(1)=1 therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at x>0
Hence, x=0 is the only point of discontinuity of f.

Q9: Find all points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined by

f(x)={x|x|,−1, if x<0 if x≥0
Sol:

The given function f(x)={x|x|,−1, if x<0 if x≥0

It is known that, x<0⇒|x|=−x
Therefore, the given function can be rewritten as

f(x)={x|x|=x−x=−1,−1, if x<0 if x≥0

⇒f(x)=−1 for all x∈R
Let c be any real number. Then, limx→cf(x)=limx→c(−1)=−1
Also, f(c)=−1=limx→cf(x)
Therefore, the given function is a continuous function.

Hence the given function has no point of discontinuity .

Q10: Find all the points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined by

f(x)={x+1x2+1 if x≥1 if x<1.
Sol: The given function f is f(x)={x+1x2+1 if x≥1 if x<1.
The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case 1:

If c<1, then f(c)=c2+1 and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x2+1)=(c2+1)

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x, such that x<1.
Case 2:

If c=1, then f(c)=f(1)=1+1=2

The right hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1+f(x)=limx→1+(x2+1)=12+1=2
The left hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1−f(x)=limx→1−(x2+1)=12+1=2 therefore,limx→1f(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at x=1.
Case 3:

If c>1, then f(c)=c+1

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x+1)=c+1 therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at all points of x such that x>1.
Hence, the given function f has no point of discontinuity.

Q11: Find all the points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined by

f(x)={x3−3x2+1 if x≤2 if x>2 .
Sol: The given function f is f(x)={x3−3x2+1 if x≤2 if x>2
The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case1:

If c<2, then f(c)=c3−3 and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x3−3)=c3−3

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at all points of x, such that x<2.
Case 2:

If c=2, then f(c)=f(2)=23−3=5

The right hand limit of f at x=2 is,
limx→2+f(x)=limx→2+(x2+1)=22+1=5
The left hand limit of f at x=2 is,
limx→2−f(x)=limx→2−(x3−3)=23−3=5 therefore,limx→2f(x)=f(2)
So, f is continuous at x=2.
Case 3:

If c>2, then f(c)=c2+1

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x2+1)=c2+1 therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at all points of x, such that x>2.
Thus, the given function f is continuous at every point on the real line.
Hence, the given function f has no point of discontinuity.

Q12: Find all points of discontinuity of f, where f is defined by

f(x)={x10−1,x2, if x≤1 if x>1.
Sol:
The given function f is f(x)={x10−1,x2, if x≤1 if x>1
The given function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a point on the real line.

Case1:

If c<1, then f(c)=c10−1 and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x10−1)=(c10−1)

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at x such that x<1
Case 2:

If c=1, then the left hand limit of f at x=1 is,

limx→1−f(x)=limx→1−(x10−1)=110−1=1−1=0
The right hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1+f(x)=limx→1+(x2)=12=1
It is observed that the left hand limit and the right hand limit of f at x=1 do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x=1.
Case 3:

If c>1, then f(c)=c2

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x2)=c2 therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at x such that x>1
Thus, it can be concluded that x=1 is the only point of discontinuity of f.

Q13: Is the function defined by

f(x)={x+5,x−5, if x≤1 if x>1

a continuous function?

Sol:

The given function is f(x)={x+5,x−5, if x≤1 if x>1

The function f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a points on the real line.
Case 1:

If c<1, then f(c)=c+5 and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x+5)=c+5

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
So, f is continuous at all the points x, such that x<1
Case 2:

If c=1, then f(1)=1+5=6

The left hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1−f(x)=limx→1−(x+5)=1+5=6
The right hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1+f(x)=limx→1+(x−5)=1−5=−4
It is observed that the left hand limit and the right hand limit of f at x=1 do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x=1.
Case 3:

If c>1, then f(c)=c−5 and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x−5)=c−5

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x,such that x>1.
Thus, from the above observation, it can be concluded that x=1 is the only point of discontinuity
of f.

Q14: Discuss the continuity of the function f, where f is defined by

f(x)=⎧⎩⎨345 if 0≤x≤1 if 1<x<3 if 3≤x≤10
Sol:

The given function is f(x)=⎧⎩⎨345 if 0≤x≤1 if 1<x<3 if 3≤x≤10

The given function is defined at all points of the interval [0,10].
Let c be a point in the interval [0,10].
Case 1:

If 0≤c≤1, then f(c)=3 and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(3)=3

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous in the interval [0,1].
Case 2:

If c=1, then f(3)=3

The left hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1−f(x)=limx→1−(3)=3
The right hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1+f(x)=limx→1+(4)=4
It is observed that the left hand and right hand limits of f at x=1 do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x=1.
Case 3:

If 1<c<3,, then f(c)=4 and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(4)=4

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Case 4:

If c=3, then f(c)=5

The left hand limit of f at x=3 is,
limx→3−f(x)=limx→3−(4)=4
The right hand limit of f at x=3 is,
limx→3+f(x)=limx→3+(5)=5
It is observed that the left hand and right hand limits of f at x=3 do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x=3.
Case 5:

If 3<c≤10 then f(c)=5 and limx→cf(x)=limx→cf(5)=5

therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval (3,10].
Hence f is not continuous at x=1 and x=3.

Q15: Discuss the continuity of the function f, where f is defined by

f(x)=⎧⎩⎨2x,0,4, if x<0 if 0≤x≤1 if x>1
Sol:

The given function is f(x)=⎧⎩⎨2x,0,4, if x<0 if 0≤x≤1 if x>1

The given function is defined at all the points in the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case 1:

If c<0, then f(c)=2c

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(2x)=2c therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x such that x<0.
Case 2:

If c=0, then f(c)f(0)=0

The left hand limit of f at x=0 is,
limx→0−f(x)=limx→0−(2x)=2×0=0
The right hand limit of f at x=0 is,
limx→0+f(x)=limx→0+(0)=0 therefore,limx→0f(x)=f(0)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=0
Case 3:

If 0<c<1, then f(x)=0 and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(0)=0

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval (0,1).
Case 4:

If c=1, then f(c)=f(1)=0

The left hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1−f(x)=limx→1−(0)=0
The left hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1+f(x)=limx→1+(4x)=4×1=4
It is observed that the left hand and right hand limits of f at x=1 do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x=1.
Case 5:

If c<1, then f(c)=4c

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(4x)=4c therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x such that x>1.
Hence, f is discontinuous only at x=1.

Q16: Discuss the continuity of the function f, where f is defined by

f(x)=⎧⎩⎨−2,2x,2, if x≤−1 if −1<x≤1 if x>1
Sol:

The given function f is f(x)=⎧⎩⎨−2,2x,2, if x≤−1 if −1<x≤1 if x>1

The given function is defined at all points of the real line.

Let c be a point on the real line.

Case 1:

If c<−1, then f(c)=−2

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(−2)=−2 therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x such that x<−1.
Case 2:

If c=−1, then f(c)=f(−1)=−2

The left hand limit of f at x=−1 is,
limx→−1−f(x)=limx→−1−(−2)=−2
The right hand limit of f at x=−1 is,
limx→−1+f(x)=limx→−1+(2x)=2×(−1)=−2 therefore,limx→−1f(x)=f(−1)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=−1.
Case 3:

If −1<c<1, then f(c)=2c

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(2x)=2c therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all points of the interval (−1,1).
Case 4:

If c=1, then f(c)=f(1)=2×1=2

The left hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1−f(x)=limx→1−(2x)=2×1=2
The right hand limit of f at x=1 is,
limx→1+f(x)=limx→1+(2)=2 therefore,limx→1f(x=f(c))
Therefore, f is continuous at x=2
Case 5:

If c>1, then f(c)=2

limx→cf(x)=limx→c(2)=2 limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all points x such that x>1.
Thus, from the above observation it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the real
line.

Q17: Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f is defined by
f(x)={ax−1,bx+3, if x≤3 if x>3
is continuous at x=3.
Sol:

The given function f is f(x)={ax−1,bx+3, if x≤3 if x>3

If f is continuous at x−3, then
limx→3−f(x)=limx→3−f(x)=f(3)…..(1)
Also,

The left hand limit of f at x=3 is,

limx→3−f(x)=limx→3−(ax+1)=3a+1
The left hand limit of f at x=3 is,
limx→3+f(x)=limx→3+(bx+3)=3b+3 f(3)=3a+1
Therefore, from (1) we obtain

3a+1-3b+3-3a+1

⇒3a+1−3b−3 ⇒3a=3b+2 ⇒a−b=23

Therefore, the required relationship is given by, ⇒a−b=23

Q18: For what value of λ, is the function defined by

f(x)={λ(x2−2x),4x+1, if x≤0 if x>0
continuous at x=0? What about continuity at x=1?
Sol:

The given function f is f(x)={λ(x2−2x),4x+1, if x≤0 if x>0

If f is continuous at x=0, then
limx→0−f(x)=limx→0+f(x)=f(0) ⇒limx→0−λ(x2−2x)=limx→0+(4x+1) ⇒λ(02−2×0)=(
4×0−1)
⇒0=1 which is not possible.
Therefore, there is no value of λ for which the function f is continuous at x=0.
At x=1,
f(1)=4x+1=4×1+1=5 limx→1f(1)=4x+1=4×1+1=5 therefore,limx→1f(x)=f(1)
Therefore, for any values of λ, f is continuous at x=1.

Q19: Show that the function defined by g(x)=x−[x] is discontinuous at all integral points.
Hence [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Sol:

The given function is g(x)=x−[x]

It is evident that g is defined at all integral points.
Let n be an integer.
Then,

g(n)=n−[n]=n−n=0
Then left hand limit of f at x=n is,
limx→n−g(x)=limx→n−(x−[x])=limx→n−(x)−limx→n−[x]=n−(n−1)=1
Then right hand limit of f at x=n is,
limx→n+g(x)=limx→n+(x−[x])=limx→n+(x)−limx→n+[x]=n−n=0
It is observed that the left and right hand limits of f at x=n do not coincide.
Therefore, f is not continuous at x=n
Hence, g is discontinuous at all integral points.

Q20: Is the function defined by f(x)=x2−sinx+5 is continuous at x?

Sol:

The given function is f(x)=x2−sinx+5

It is evident that f is defined at x
At x=π, f(x)=f(π)=π2−sinπ+5=π2−0+5=π2+5
Consider limx→πf(x)=limx→π(x2−sinx+5)
Put x=π+h
If x→π, then it is evident that h→0
therefore,limx→πf(x)=limx→π(x2−sinx+5) =limx→0[(π+h)2−sin(π+h)+5]=limx→0(
π+h)2−limx→0sin(π+h)+limx→05 =(π+0)2−limh→0[sinπcosh+cosπsinh]+5 =π2−sin
πcos0−cosπsin0+5 =π2−0×1−(−1)×0+5 =π2+5 =therefore,limx→πf(x)=f(π)
Therefore, the given function is continuous at x=π

Q21: Discuss the continuity of the following functions.

1. f(x)=sinx+cosx
2. f(x)=sinx−cosx
3. f(x)=sinx×cosx
Sol:

It is known that if g and g are two continuous functions, then

g+h,g−h,g.h are also continuous functions.
It has to be proved first that g(x)=sinx and h(x)=cosx are continuous functions.
Let g(x)=sinx
It is evident that g(x)=sinx is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number.
Put x=c+h
If XA~Ca^ϵc,thenhA~Ca^ϵ0
h(c)−cosc limx→ch(x)=limx→ccosx =limh→0cos(c+h) =limh→0cos[cosccosh−sincs
inh] =limh→0coscosccosh−limh→0sincsinh =coscosccos0−sincsin0 =cosc×1−sinc
×0 =cosc therefore,limx→ch(x)=h(c)
Therefore, h is continuous function.
Therefore, it can be said that

1. f(x)=sinx+cosx is a continuous function.

2. f(x)=sinx−cosx is a continuous function.
3. f(x)=sinx×cosx is a continuous function.

Q22: Discuss the continuity of the cosine, cosecant, secant and cotangent function.

Sol:

It is known that if g and h are two continuous functions, then

(i) h(x)g(x),g(x)≠0 is continuous
(ii) 1g(x),g(x)≠0 is continuous
(iii) 1h(x),h(x)≠0 is continuous
It has to be proved first that g(x)=sinx and h(x)=cosx are continuous functions
Let g(x)=sinx
It is evident that g(x)=sinx is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x→c+h
If x→c, then h→0
g(x)=sinx limx→cg(x)=limx→csinx=limh→0sin(c+h)=limh→0[sinccosh+coscsinh]=
sinccos0+coscsin0=sinc+0=sinc therefore,limx→cg(x)=g(c)
Therefore, g is a continuous function.
Let h(x)=cosx
It is evident that h(x)=cosx is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x→c+h
xA^c,thenhA^ h(c)=cosx limx→ch(x)=limx→ccosx=limh→0cos(c+h)=limh→0[cosc
cosh−sincsinh]=cosccos0+sincsin0=cosc+0=cosc therefore,limx→ch(x)=h(c)
Therefore, h is a continuous function.
It can be concluded that,

cscx−1sinx,sinx≠0iscontinuous ⇒cscx,x≠nπ(n∈Z)

Q23: Find the points of discontinuity of f, where

f(x)={sinxx,x−1, if x<0 if x≥0
Sol:

The given function f is f(x)={sinxx,x−1, if x<0 if x≥0

It is evident that f is defined at all the points of the real line.
Let c be a real number.
Case 1:

If c<0,thenf(c)=sincc and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(sinxx)=(sincc)

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all the points x, such that x<0.
Case 2:

If c>0,thenf(c)=c+1 and limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x+1)=(c+1)

therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all the points x, such that x>0.
Case 3:

If c=0,thenf(c)=f(0)=0+1=1
The left hand limit of f at x is,
limx→0−f(x)=limx→0−sinxx=1
The right hand limit of f at x is,
limx→0+f(x)=limx→0+(x+1)=1 therefore,limx→0−f(x)=limx→0+f(x)=f(0)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=0
From the above observation, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the real line.
Thus, f has no point of discontinuity.
Q24: Determine if f defined by
f(x)={x2sin1x,0, if x≠0 if x=0
Sol:

The given function f is f(x)={x2sin1x,0, if x≠0 if x=0

It is evident that f is defined at all points of the real line.
Let c be a real number.
Case 1:

If c≠0,thenf(c)=c2sin frac1c
limx→cf(x)=limx→c(x2sin1x)=(limx→cx2)(limx→csin1x)=c2sin1c therefore,limx→cf(
x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all the points x, such that x≠0.
Case 2:

If c=0,thenf(0)=0
limx→0−f(x)=limx→0−(x2sin1x)=limx→0−(x2sin1x)
It is known that, 1≤sin1x≤1,x≠0
⇒−x2≤sin1x≤x2 ⇒limx→0(−x2)limx→0≤limx→0(sin1x)≤limx→0(x2) ⇒0limx→0≤limx
→0(sin1x)≤0 ⇒limx→0(sin1x)=0 therefore,limx→0−f(x)=0
Similarly, limx→0+f(x)=limx→0+x2sin1x=0
therefore,limx→0−f(x)=f(0)=limx→0+f(0)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=0
From the above observation, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the real line.
Thus, f has no point of discontinuity.

Q25: Determine the continuity of f, where f is defined by

f(x)={sinx−cosx,−1, if x≠0 if x=0
Sol:

The given function f is f(x)={sinx−cosx,−1, if x≠0 if x=0

It is evident that f is defined at all points of the real line.
Let c be a real number.
Case 1:
If c≠0,thenf(c)=sinc−cosc
limx→cf(x)=limx→c(sinx−cosx)=sinc−cosc therefore,limx→cf(x)=f(c)
Therefore, f is continuous at all the points x, such that x≠0.
Case 2:

If c=0,thenf(0)=−1
limx→0−f(x)=limx→0−(sinx−cosx)=sin0−cos0=0−1=−1 limx→0+f(x)=limx→0+(sinx
−cosx)=sin0−cos0=0−1=−1 therefore,limx→0−f(x)=f(0)=limx→0+f(0)
Therefore, f is continuous at x=0
From the above observation, it can be concluded that f is continuous at all points of the real line.
Thus, f is a continuous function.

Q26: Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated points
f(x)={kcosxπ−2x,3, if x≠π2 ifx=π2
At x=π2.
Sol:

The given function f is f(x)={kcosxπ−2x,3, if x≠π2 ifx=π2

The given function f is continuous at x=π2, if f is defined at x=π2 and the value
of f at x=π2equals the limit of f at x=π2.
It is evident that the limit of f is defined at x=π2 and f(π2)=3.
limx→π2f(x)=limx→π2kcosxπ−2x limx→π2f(x)=limx→π2kcosxπ−2x
Put x=π2+h
Then,x→π2⇒h→0
therefore,limx→π2f(x)=limx→π2kcosxπ−2x=limh→0kcos(π2+h)π−2(π2+h) =klimh→0−sinh−2h=k
2limh→0sinhh=k2 therefore,limx→π2f(x)=f(π2) ⇒k2=3 ⇒k=6
therefore , the required value of k is 6.

Q27: Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated points
f(x)={kx2,3, if x=2 if x>2
At x=2
Sol:

The given function isf(x)={kx2,3, if x=2 if x>2

The given function f is continuous at x=2. If f is defined at x=2 and if the value
of f at x=2equals the limit of fatx=2
It is evident that f is defined at x=2 and f(2)=k(2)2=4k
limx→2−f(x)=limx→2+f(x)=f(2) ⇒limx→2−(kx2)=limx→2+3=4k ⇒(k×22)=3=4k ⇒4k
=3 ⇒k=34
Therefore, the required value of k=34.

Q28: Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated points
f(x)={kx+1,cosx, if x≤π if x>π
At x=5
Sol:

The given function is f(x)={kx+1,cosx, if x≤π if x>π

The given function f is continuous at x=c, If f is defined at x=c and if the value
of f at x=cequals the limit of fatx=c
It is evident that f is defined at x=c and f(π)=kπ+1
limx→π−f(x)=limx→π+f(x)=f(π) ⇒limx→π−(kx+1)=limx→π+cosx=kπ+1 ⇒(kπ+1)=co
sπ=kπ+1 ⇒(kπ+1)=−1=kπ+1 ⇒k=−2π
Therefore, the required value of kis−2π

Q29: Find the values of k so that the function f is continuous at the indicated points
f(x)={kx+1,3x−5, if x≤5 if x>5
At x=5
Sol:

The given function k is f(x)={kx+1,3x−5, if x≤5 if x>5

The given function f is continuous at x=5, If f is defined at x=5 and if the value
of f at x=5equals the limit of fatx=5
It is evident that f is defined at x=5 and f(5)=kx+1=5k+1
limx→5−f(x)=limx→5+f(x)=f(5) ⇒limx→5−(kx+1)=limx→5+(3x−5)=5k+1 ⇒(5k+1)=
15−5=5k+1 ⇒5k+1=10 ⇒5k=9 ⇒k=95
Therefore, the required value of kis95
Q30: Find the values a and b such that the function defined by

f(x)=⎧⎩⎨5,ax+b,21, if x≤2 if 2<x<10 if x≥10

Is a continuous function.

Sol:

The given function k is f(x)=⎧⎩⎨5,ax+b,21, if x≤2 if 2<x<10 if x≥10

It is evident that the given function f is defined at all points of the real line.
If f is continuous function, then f is continuous at all real numbers.
In particular, f is continuous at x=2andx=10
Since f is continuous at x=2, we obtain
limx→2−f(x)=limx→2+f(x)=f(2) ⇒limx→2−(5)=limx→2+(ax+b)=5 ⇒5=2a+b=5 ⇒2a+
b=5……(1))
Since f is continuous at x=10, we obtain
limx→10−f(x)=limx→10+f(x)=f(10) ⇒limx→10−(ax+b)=limx→10+(21)=21 ⇒10a+b=2
1=21 ⇒10a+b=21……(2))
On subtracting equation (1) from equation (2), we obtain

8a=16 a=2
By putting a=2 in equation (1), we obtain
2×2+b=5 ⇒4+b=5 ⇒b=1
Therefore the values of a and b for which f is continuous function are 2 and 1 respectively.

Q31: Show that the function defined by f(x)=cos(x2) is a continuous function.

Sol:

The given function isf(x)=cos(x2).

This function f is defined for every real number and f be written as the composition of two
function as,
f−gohwhereg(x)=cosxandh(x)=x2 [because(goh)(x)=g(h(x))=g(x2)=cos(x2)=f(x)
]
It has to be first proved that g(x)=cosxandh(x)=x2 are continuous functions.
Let c be a real number.
Then, g(x)=cosc
Put x=c+h
If x→c,thenh→0
limx→cg(x)=limx→ccosx limx→cg(x)=limx→ccosx=limh→0cos(c+h)=limh→0[coscc
osh−sincsinh]=limh→0cosccosh−limh→0sincsinh=cosccos0−sincsin0=cosc×1−si
nc×0=cosc therefore,limx→c=g(c)
Therefore, g(x)=cosx is continuous function.
Clearly, h is defined for every real number
Let k be a real number, then h(k)=k2[
limx→kh(x)=x2=k2 therefore,limx→kh(x)=h(k)
Therefore, h is continuous function.
It is known that for real valued function g and h, such that (goh) is defined at c, if g is
continuous at c and f is continuous at g(c), then (fog) is continuous at c.
Therefore, f(x)=(goh)(x)=cos(x2) is a continuous function.

Q32: Show that the function defined by f(x)=|cosx| is a continuous function.

Sol:

The given functionf(x)=|cosx|

This function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two
function as,
f=gohwhereg(x)=|x|;andh(x)=cosx [because(goh)(x)=g(h(x))=g(cosx)=|cosx|=f(
x)]
It has to be first proved that g(x)=|x|andh(x)=|cosx| are continuous functions.
g(x)=|x| can be written as
g(x)={−x,x, if x<0 if x≥0
Clearly g is for all real numbers.
Let c be a real number.
Case 1:

If c<0,theng(c)=−c and limx→cg(x)=limx→c(−x)=−c

therefore,limx→cg(x)=g(c)
Therefore, g is continuous at all the points x, such that x<0.
Case 2:

If c>0,theng(c)=c and limx→cg(x)=limx→c(x)=c

therefore,limx→cg(x)=g(c)
Therefore, g is continuous at all the points x, such that x>0.
Case 3:

If c=0,theng(c)=g(0)=0
limx→0−g(x)=limx→0−(−x)=0 limx→0+g(x)=limx→0+(x)=0 therefore,limx→0−g(x)=li
mx→0+g(x)=g(0)
Therefore, g is continuous at x=0
From the above three observation, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h(x)=cosx
It is evident that h(x)=cosx is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x=c+h
If xA~ca^∈‘c, then hA~ca^∈‘0
h(c)=cosc limx→ch(x)=limx→ccosx limx→ch(x)=limx→ccosx=limh→0cos(c+h)=lim
h→0[cosccosh−sincsinh]=limh→0cosccosh−limh→0sincsinh=cosccos0−sincsin0=c
osc×1−sinc×0=cosc therefore,limx→ch(x)=h(c)
Therefore, h(x)=cosx is a continuous function.
It is known that for every real valued function g and h, such that (goh) is defined at c, if g is
continuous at c and if f is continuous at g(c), then (fog) is continuous at c.
Therefore,

f(x)=(goh)(x)=g(h(x))=g(cosx)=|cosx| is a continuous function.

Q33: Examine that sin|x| is a continuous function.

Sol:

Let f(x)= sin|x|

The function f is defined for every real number and f can be written as the composition of two
function as,
f=gohwhereg(x)=|x|;andh(x)=sin|x| [because(goh)(x)=g(h(x))=g(sinx)=|sinx|=f(x
)]
It has to be first proved that g(x)=|x|andh(x)=|sinx| are continuous functions.
g(x)=|x| can be written as
g(x)={−x,x, if x<0 if x≥0
Clearly g is defined for all real numbers.
Let c be a real number.
Case 1:

If c<0,theng(c)=−c and limx→cg(x)=limx→c(−x)=−c

therefore,limx→cg(x)=g(c)
Therefore, g is continuous at all the points x, such that x<0.
Case 2:

If c>0,theng(c)=c and limx→cg(x)=limx→c(x)=c

therefore,limx→cg(x)=g(c)
Therefore, g is continuous at all the points x, such that x>0.
Case 3:

If c=0,theng(c)=g(0)=0
limx→0−g(x)=limx→0−(−x)=0 limx→0+g(x)=limx→0+(x)=0 therefore,limx→0−g(x)=li
mx→0+g(x)=g(0)
Therefore, g is continuous at x=0
From the above three observation, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h(x)=sinx
It is evident that h(x)=sinx is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number. Put x=c+h
If xA~ca^∈‘c, then hA~ca^∈‘0
h(c)=sinc limx→ch(x)=limx→csinx limx→ch(x)=limx→csinx=limh→0sin(c+h)=limh
→0[sinccosh−coscsinh]=limh→0sinccosh−limh→0coscsinh=sinccos0−coscsin0=si
nc×1−cosc×0=sinc therefore,limx→ch(x)=h(c)
Therefore, h(x)=sinx is a continuous function.
It is known that for every real valued function g and h, such that (goh) is defined at c, if g is
continuous at c and if f is continuous at g(c), then (fog) is continuous at c.
Therefore,f(x)=(goh)(x)=g(h(x))=g(sinx)=|sinx| is a continuous function.

Q34: Find all the points of discontinuity of f defined by f(x)=|x|−|x+1|

Sol:

The given function is f(x)=|x|−|x+1|

The two functions, gandh, are defined as
g(x)=|x|andh(x)=|x+1|
Then, f=goh
The continuity of gandh is examined first.
g(x)=|x| can be written as
g(x)={−x,x, if x<0 if x≥0
Clearly g is defined for all real numbers.
Let c be a real number.
Case 1:

If c<0,theng(c)=−c and limx→cg(x)=limx→c(−x)=−c

therefore,limx→cg(x)=g(c)
Therefore, g is continuous at all the points x, such that x<0.
Case 2:

If c>0,theng(c)=c and limx→cg(x)=limx→c(x)=c

therefore,limx→cg(x)=g(c)
Therefore, g is continuous at all the points x, such that x>0.
Case 3:

If c=0,theng(c)=g(0)=0
limx→0−g(x)=limx→0−(−x)=0 limx→0+g(x)=limx→0+(x)=0 therefore,limx→0−g(x)=li
mx→0+g(x)=g(0)
Therefore, g is continuous at x=0
From the above three observation, it can be concluded that g is continuous at all points.
h(x)=|x+1|
Which can be written as

h(x)={−(x+1),x+1, if x<−1 if x≥−1

It is evident that h(x)=sinx is defined for every real number.
Let c be a real number.
Case 1:

If c<−1,thenh(c)=−(c+1) and limx→ch(x)=limx→c[−(x+1)]=−(c+1)

therefore,limx→ch(x)=h(c)
Therefore, h is continuous at all the points x, such that x<−1.
Case 2:

If c>−1,thenh(c)=−c+1 and limx→ch(x)=limx→c(x+1)=c+1

therefore,limx→ch(x)=h(c)
Therefore, h is continuous at all the points x, such that x>−1.
Case 3:

If c=−1,thenh(c)=h(−1)=−1+1=0
limx→−1−h(x)=limx→−1−[−(x+1)]=(−1+1)=0 limx→−1+h(x)=limx→−1+(x+1)=(−1+1)
=0 therefore,limx→−1−h(x)=limx→−1+h(x)=h(−1)
Therefore, h is continuous at x=−1
From the above three observation, it can be concluded that h is continuous at all the real points.

Exercise 5.2 :

Q1: Differentiate the function with respect to x

f(x)= sin(x2+5)
Sol:The given function is f(x)= sin(x2+5)=y
Let t=(x2+5)
Sof(t)=sint
dydx=dydt×dtdx ……..(i)
dydt=cost ……..(ii)
And dtdx=2x …….(iii)
Substituting equation (ii) and (iii) in (i) we have,

dydx=cost×(2x)
And we know t=x2+5
Thus dydx=(2x)×cosx

Q2: Differentiate the function with respect to x

f(x)=cos(sinx)
Sol:

Let f(x)=cos(sinx)
Here f is a composite function which can be written in the form of two composite
function uandv.
u(x)=sinxandv(t)=cost (vou)(x)=v(u(x))=v(sinx)=cos(sinx)=f(x)
Put t=u(x)=sinx
therefore,dvdt=d(cost)dx=−sint=−sin(sinx) dtdx=d(sinx)dx=cosx
By chain rule ,

dfdx=dvdt×dtdx dfdx=−sin(sinx)× cosx=−cosxsin(sinx)

Q3: Differentiate the function with respect to x

f(x)=sin(ax+b)
Sol:

Let f(x)=sin(ax+b)
Here f is a composite function which can be written in the form of two composite
function uandv.
u(x)=ax+bandv(t)=sint (vou)(x)=v(u(x))=v(ax+b)=sin(ax+b)=f(x)
Put t=u(x)=ax+b
therefore,dvdt=d(sint)dx=cost=cos(ax+b) dtdx=d(ax+b)dx=a
By chain rule ,

dfdx=dvdt×dtdx dfdx=a× cos(ax+b)

Q4: Differentiate the function with respect to x

sec(tan(x−−√)).
Sol:

Let sec(tan(x−−√))
Here f is a composite function which can be written in the form of three composite
function u,vandw.
u(x)=x−−√v(t)=tantandw(s)=secs (wovou)(x)=w[v(u(x))]=w[v(x−−√)]=w[tan(x
−−√)]=sec(tan(x−−√))=f(x)
Put s=v(t)=tantandt=u(x)=x−−√
then ,dwds=d(secs)ds=secstans=sec(tant).tan(tant) ( as s=tant
=sec(tanx−−√).tan(tanx−−√) dsdt=d(tant)dt=sec2t=sec2t√ dtdx=dx√dx=d(x12)dx=12.x12−1=
12x√
By chain rule ,

dtdx=dwds×dsdt×dtdx
=sec(tanx−−√).tan(tanx−−√)×sec2x−−√×12x√
=sec2x√.sec(tanx√.tan(tanx√))2x√

Q5: Differentiate the function with respect to x

f(x)=sin(ax+b)cos(cx+b)
Sol:

The given function is f(x)=sin(ax+b)cos(cx+b)=g(x)h(x),

where g(x)=sin(ax+b) and h(x)=cos(cx+d)
Consider g(x)=sin(ax+b)
Here g is a composite function which can be written in the form of two composite
function uandv.
u(x)=ax+bv(t)=sint (vou)(x)=v(u(x))=v(ax+b)=sin(ax+b)]=g(x)
Put t=u(x)=ax+b
dvdt=d(sint)dt=cost=cos(ax+b) dtdx=d(ax+b)dx=a
By chain rule ,

g‘=dgdx=dvdt×dtdx=cos(ax+b).a=acos(ax+b)
Consider h(x)=cos(cx+d)
Here h is a composite function which can be written in the form of two composite
function pandq.
p(x)=cx+dq(y)=cosy (qop)(x)=q(p(x))=q(cx+d)=cos(cx+d)]=h(x)
Put y=p(x)=cx+d
dqdy=d(cosy)dy=−siny=−sin(cx+d) dydx=d(cx+d)dx=c
By chain rule ,

h‘=dhdx=dqdy×dydx=−sin(cx+d).c=−csin(cx+d)
Therefore by chain rule , we obtain

f‘=acos(ax+b). cos(cx+d)−sin(ax+b)(−sin(cx+d))[cos(cx+d)]2
==acos(ax+b) cos(cx+d)+csin(ax+b).sin(cx+d)cos(cx+d)×1cos(cx+d)
==acos(ax+b) sec(cx+d)+csin(ax+b).tan(cx+d).sec(cx+d)

Q6: Differentiate the function with respect to x

f(x)=cosx3.sin2(x5)
Sol:

The given function is f(x)=cosx3.sin2(x5)

ddx[cosx3.sin2(x5)]=sin2(x5)×ddxcosx3+cosx3×ddxsin2(x5)
=sin2(x5)×(−sinx3)×ddx(x3)+cosx3×2sin(x5)×ddx[sin(x5)]
=−sinx3.sin2(x5)×3x2+2sin(x5).cosx3.cosx5ddx(x5) =−sinx3.sin2(x5)×3x2+2sin(x5).
cosx3.cosx5×5x4 =10x4sinx5.cosx3.cosx5×−3x2sinx3.sin2(x5)

Q7: Differentiate the functions with respect to x.

2cot(x2)−−−−−−√
Sol:

The given function is 2cot(x2)−−−−−−√

ddx2cot(x2)−−−−−−√ =2.12cot(x2)√×ddx[cot(x2)] =sin(x2)cos(x2)−−−−−√×−cosec2(x2)×
ddx(x2) =−sin(x2)cos(x2)−−−−−√×1sin2(x2)×(2x) =−2xcos(x2)√sin(x2)√sin(x2) =−22√x2cos(x2)sin(x2)
√sin(x2) =−22√xsin(x2)sin2(x2)√

Q8: Differentiate the functions with respect to x.

cosx−−√
Sol:

The given function f(x) is cosx−−√.

Let u(x)=x−−√
And v(t)=cost
(vou)(x)=v(u(x)) =v(x−−√) =cos(x−−√)
=f(x)
Clearly, f is a composite function of two functions, uandv, such that
t=u(x)=x−−√
Then, dtdx=ddx(x−−√)=ddx(x12)=12x−12
=12x√
And, dvdt=ddt(cost)=−sint
=−sin(x−−√)
By chain rule we have,

dvdx=dvdt.dtdx.
=−sin(x−−√).12x√ =−12x√sin(x−−√) =−sin(x√)2x√

Q9: Prove that the function f given by f(x)=|x−1|,x∈R, is not differentiable at x=1.
Sol:

The given function is f(x)=|x−1|,x∈R.

It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x=c in its domain if the right hand limit
and the left hand limit are finite and equal.
To check the differentiability of the given function at x=1,

The right hand and the left hand limits where x=c are

limh→0+f(c+h)−f(c)h and limh→0−f(c+h)−f(c)h

Considering the right hand limit of the given function at x=1

limh→0+f(1+h)−f(1)h limh→0+f(c+h)−f(c)h=limh→0+|1+h−1|−|1−1|h =limh→0+|h|−|0|h =limh→0+hh

=1
Considering the left hand limit of the given function at x=1

limh→0−f(1+h)−f(1)h limh→0−f(c+h)−f(c)h=limh→0−|1+h−1|−|1−1|h =limh→0−|h|−|0|h =limh→0−−h

h =−1
Since the left and right hand limits of f at x = 1 are not equal, f is not differentiable at x = 1

Q10: Prove that the greatest integer function defined by f(x)=[x],0<x<3 is not
differentiable at x = 1 and x = 2.
Sol:

The function f is f(x)=[x],0<x<3

It is known that a function f is differentiable at a point x=c in its domain if both the left hand
and the left hand limit are equal
limh→0+f(c+h)−f(c)h and limh→0−f(c+h)−f(c)h are finite and equal.
To check the differentiability of the given function at x=1, consider the right hand limit of f
at x=1
limh→0+f(1+h)−f(1)h limh→0+[1+h]−[1]h =limh→0+1−1h =limh→0+1−1h=limh→0+(0)=0
Now consider the left hand limit of f at x=1
limh→0−f(1+h)−f(1)h limh→0−[1+h]−[1]h =limh→0−0−1h =limh→0−−1h=∞
Since left hand and the right hand limit of f at x=1 are not equal, f is not differentiable at x=1.

Now to check the differentiability of the given function at x=2,

consider the left hand limit at x=2.

limh→0−f(2+h)−f(2)h limh→0−[2+h]−[2]h =limh→0−1−2h =limh→0−−1h=∞

Now consider the right hand limit of f at x=2
limh→0+f(2+h)−f(2)h limh→0+[2+h]−[2]h =limh→0+2−2h =limh→0+0h=limh→0+(0)=0
Since the left and right hand limits of f at x = 2 are not equal, f is not differentiable at x = 2

Exercise 5.3

Q1: Find dydx

2x+3y=sinx
Sol:

The given relationship is 2x+3y=sinx

Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(2x+3y)=ddx(sinx) ⇒ddx(2x)+ddx(3y)=ddx(sinx) ⇒2+3dydx=cosx ⇒3dydx=cosx−

2
⇒dydx=cosx−23.

Q2: Find dydx

2x+3y=siny.
Sol:
The given relationship is 2x+3y=siny
Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(2x+3y)=ddx(siny) ⇒ddx(2x)+ddx(3y)=ddx(siny) ⇒2+3dydx=cosydydx ⇒2=(cosy−

3)dydx
⇒dydx=2cosy−3.
Q3: Find dydx
ax+by2=cosy.
Sol:

The given relationship is ax+by2=cosy

Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(ax+by2)=ddx(cosy) ⇒ddx(ax)+ddx(by2)=ddx(cosy) ⇒a+2bydydx=−sinydydx ⇒a=

−(siny+2by)dydx
⇒dydx=−a(siny+2by).
Q4: Find dydx
xy+y2=tanx+y.
Sol:

The given relationship is xy+y2=tanx+y

Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(xy+y2)=ddx(tanx+y) ⇒ddx(xy)+ddx(y2)=ddx(tanx)+dydx ⇒y.ddx(x)+x.dydx+2y.dyd

x=sec2x+dydx ⇒y.1+x.dydx+2y.dydx=sec2x+dydx ⇒(x+2y−1)dydx=sec2x−y
⇒dydx=sec2x−y(x+2y−1).

Q5: Find dydx

x2+xy+y2=100.
Sol:

The given relationship is x2+xy+y2=100

Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(x2+xy+y2)=ddx(100)
⇒ddx(x2)+ddx(xy)+ddx(y2)=0 (derivatives of constant function is 0)
⇒2x+y.1+x.dydx+2y.dydx=0 ⇒2x+y+(x+2y)dydx=0 ⇒dydx=−2x+yx+2y
Q6: Find dydx
x3+x2y+xy2+y3.
Sol:

The given relationship is x3+x2y+xy2+y3=81

Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(x3+x2y+xy2+y3)=ddx(81)
⇒ddx(x3)+ddx(x2y)+ddx(xy2)+ddx(y3)=0 (derivatives of constant function is
0)
⇒3x2+y.ddx(x2)+x2dydx+y2ddx(x)+xddx(y2+3y2.dydx=0 ⇒3x2+y.2x+x2dydx+y2.1+x.
2y.dydx+3y2dydx=0 ⇒(x2+2xy+3y2dydx+(3x2+2xy+y2=0 therefore,dydx=−(3x2+2xy+y2)
x2+2xy+3y2

Q7: Find dydx

sin2y+cosxy=Π.
Sol:

The given relationship is sin2y+cosxy=Π

Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(sin2y+cosxy)=ddx(Π)
⇒ddx(sin2y)+ddx(cosxy)=0 ……(i) (derivatives of constant function is 0)
Using chain rule,we get

ddx(sin2y=2sinyddx(siny)=2sinycosydydx …….(ii)
ddx(cosxy)=−sinxyddx(xy)=−sinxy(y.ddx(x)+x.dydx)=−sinxy(y.1+x.dydx)=−ysinxy−
xsinxydydx …….(iii)
From (i), (ii) and (iii) we have

2sinycosydydx−ysinxy−xsinxydydx=0 ⇒(2sinycosy−xsinxy)dydx=ysinxy ⇒(sin2y−

xsinxy)dydx=ysinxy therefore,dydx=ysinxysin2y−xsinxy

Q8: Find dydx

sin2x+cosy=1.
Sol:

The given relationship is sin2x+cosy=1

Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(sin2x+cosy)=ddx(1)
⇒ddx(sin2y)+ddx(cosy)=0 (derivatives of constant function is 0)
⇒2sinxddx(sinx)+2cosy.ddx(cosy)=0 ⇒2sinxcosx+2cosy(−siny).dydx=0 ⇒sin2x−s
in2y.dydx=0 therefore,dydx=sin2xsin2y

Q9: Find dydx

y=sin−1(2x1+x2).
Sol:

The given relationship is y=sin−1(2x1+x2)

siny=(2x1+x2)
Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(siny)=ddx(2x1+x2)
⇒cosydydx=ddx(2x1+x2) ………..(i)
The right side function (2x1+x2) is of the form uv
So, by quotient rule, we obtain

ddx(2x1+x2)=(1+x2).ddx(2x)−2x.ddx(1+x2)(1+x2)2
=(1+x2).2−2x.(0+2x)(1+x2)2=2+2x2−4x2(1+x2)2=2(1−x2)(1+x2)2 ………(ii)
Also siny=2x1+x2
⇒cosy=1−sin2y−−−−−−−−√=1−(2x1+x2)2−−−−−−−−−−√=(1+x2)2−4x2(1+x2)2−−−−−−
−−√
=(1−x2)2(1+x2)2−−−−−√=1−x21+x2 ……….(iii)
From (i) , (ii) and (iii) we obtain

=1−x21+x2×dydx=2(1−x2)(1+x2)2 ⇒dydx=21+x2

Q10: Find dydx

y=tan−1(3x−x31−3x2),−13√<x<13√.
Sol:

The given relationship is y=tan−1(3x−x31−3x2)

tany=(3x−x31−3x2) ………(i)
Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

We know that, tany=3tany3−tan3y31−3tan2y3 …………(ii)

Comparing equation (i) and (ii), we have

x=tany3
Differentiating this relationship w.r.t. x, we have

ddx(x)=ddx(tany3) ⇒1=sec2y3.ddx(y3) ⇒1=sec2y3.13dydx ⇒dydx=3sec2y3=31+tan2y3 therefo

re,dydx=31+x2

Q11: Find dydx

y=cos−1(1−x21+x2),0<x<1.
Sol:

The given relationship is y=cos−1(1−x21+x2),0<x<1

cosy=(1−x21+x2) 1−tan2y21+tan2y2=1−x21+x2
Comparing both sides equation

tany2=x
Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

sec2y2ddx(y2)=ddx(x) sec2y2×12.dydx=1 ⇒dydx=2sec2y2 ⇒dydx=21+tan2y2 therefore,dydx=21

+x2

Q12: Find dydx

y=sin−1(1−x21+x2),0<x<1.
Sol:

The given relationship is y=sin−1(1−x21+x2),0<x<1

siny=(1−x21+x2)
Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have
ddx(siny)=ddx(1−x21+x2) ……..(i)
Using chain rule

ddx(siny)=cosydydx cosy=1−sin2y−−−−−−−−√=1−(1−x21+x2)2−−−−−−−−−−√ =(1+

x2)2−(1−x21+x2)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√ =(1+x2)2−(1−x2)(1+x2)22−−−−−−−−−−−√=4x2(1
+x2)2−−−−−√=2x1+x2
therefore,ddx(siny)=2x1+x2.dydx …..(ii)
ddx(1−x21+x2)=(1+x2).(1−x2)−(1−x2).(1+x2)(1+x2)2 [using quotient rule]
=(1+x2).(−2x)−(1−x2).(2x)(1+x2)2 =−2x−2x3−2x+2x3(1+x2)2
=−4x(1+x2)2 ……..(iii)
From (i),(ii) and (iii) we have

2x(1+x2)dydx=−4x(1+x2)2 ⇒dydx=−2(1+x2)

Q13: Find dydx

y=cos−1(2x1+x2),−1<x<1.
Sol:

The given relationship is y=cos−1(2x1+x2)

cosy=(2x1+x2)
Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(cosy)=ddx(2x1+x2) −sinydydx=(1+x2.ddx(2x)−2x.ddx(1+x2)(1+x2)2 ⇒−1−cos2y−−−−−−−−

√.dydx=(1+x2.2−2x.2x)(1+x2)2 ⇒1−(2x1+x2)2−−−−−−−−−−√.dydx=−[2(1−x2)(1+x2)2] ⇒(1+x2)2
−4x2(1+x2)2−−−−−−−−√.dydx=−[2(1−x2)(1+x2)2] ⇒(1−x2)2(1+x2)2−−−−−√.dydx=−[2(1−x2)(1+x2
)2] ⇒(1−x2)(1+x2).dydx=−2(1−x2)(1+x2)2 ⇒dydx=−21+x2

Q14: Find dydx

y=sin−1(2x1−x2−−−−−√),−12√<x<12√.
Sol:

The given relationship is y=sin−1(2x1−x2−−−−−√),−12√<x<12√

siny=(2x1−x2−−−−−√)
Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have
cosydydx=2[x.ddx1−x2−−−−−√+1−x2−−−−−√dxdx] 1−sin2y−−−−−−−−√dydx=2[x2.
−2x1−x2√+1−x2−−−−−√]⇒1−(2x1−x2−−−−−√)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√.dydx=2[−x2+1−
x21−x2√] ⇒1−4x2(1−x2)−−−−−−−−−−−−√.dydx=2[1−2x21−x2√] ⇒(1−2x2)2−−−−−−−−
√.dydx=2[1−2x21−x2√] ⇒dydx=21−x2√

Q15: Find dydx

y=sec−1(12x2−1),0<x<12√.
Sol:

The given relationship is y=sec−1(12x2−1),0<x<12√

secy=(12x2−1) ⇒cosy=2x2−1 ⇒2x2=1+cosy ⇒2x2=2cos2y2 ⇒x=cosy2
Differentiating the equation with respect to x, we have

ddx(x)=ddx(cosy2) ⇒1=−siny2.ddx(y2) ⇒−1siny2=12dydx ⇒dydx=−2siny2=−21−cos2y2√ ⇒dydx

=−21−x2√

Exercise 5.4

Q1: Differentiate the following w.r.t. x

exsinx
Sol:

Let y=exsinx
Using quotient rule, we have

dydx=sinx.ddx(ex)−ex.ddx(sinx)sin2x =sinx.(ex)−ex.(cosx)sin2x =ex(sinx−cosx)sin2x,x≠nπ,n∈Z

Q2: Differentiate the following w.r.t. x

esin−1x
Sol:
Let y=y=esin−1x
Using chain rule, we have

dydx=ddx(esin−1x) ⇒dydx=esin−1x.ddx(sin−1x) =esin−1x.11−x2√ =esin−1x1−x2√ therefore,dydx=esi

n−1x1−x2√ ,x∈(−1,1)

Q3: Differentiate the following w.r.t. x

ex3
Sol:

Let y=ex3
Using chain rule, we have

dydx=ddx(ex3)=ex3.3x2=3x2.ex3

Q4: Differentiate the following w.r.t. x

sin(tan−1e−x)
Sol:

Let y=sin(tan−1e−x)
Using chain rule, we have

dydx=ddx[sin(tan−1e−x)] =cos(tan−1e−x).ddx(tan−1e−x) =cos(tan−1e−x).11+(e−x)2(tan−1e−

x).ddx(e−x) =cos(tan−1e−x)1+e−2x.e−x.ddx(−x) ⇒dydx=esin−1x.ddx(sin−1x) =esin−1x.11−x2√ =esin−
1x1−x2√ therefore,dydx=esin−1x1−x2√,x∈(−1,1)