Unit

AL BONDING AND
CHEMICAL
CHEMIC
4
MOLECUL
MOLECULAR TRUC
AR SSTRUCTURE
TRUCTURE
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)
1. Isostructural species are those which have the same shape and hybridisation.
Among the given species identify the isostructural pairs.
(i) [NF3 and BF3]
– +
(ii) [BF4 and NH4 ]
(iii) [BCl3 and BrCl3]
–
(iv) [NH 3 and NO3 ]
2. Polarity in a molecule and hence the dipole moment depends primarily on
electronegativity of the constituent atoms and shape of a molecule. Which of
the following has the highest dipole moment?
(i) CO2
(ii) HI
(iii) H2O
(iv) SO2
+ – +
3. The types of hybrid orbitals of nitrogen in NO2 , NO3 and NH4 respectively are
expected to be
(i) sp, sp3 and sp2
(ii) sp, sp2 and sp3
(iii) sp2, sp and sp3
(iv) sp2, sp3 and sp
4. Hydrogen bonds are formed in many compounds e.g., H2O, HF, NH3 . The
boiling point of such compounds depends to a large extent on the strength
of hydrogen bond and the number of hydrogen bonds. The correct decreasing
order of the boiling points of above compounds is :
(i) HF > H2O > NH3
 (ii) H2O > HF > NH3
(iii) NH3 > HF > H2O
(iv) NH3 > H 2O > HF

5. In PO 43– ion the formal charge on the oxygen atom of P–O bond is
(i) +1
(ii) –1
(iii) – 0.75
(iv) + 0.75

6. In NO 3– ion, the number of bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen
atom are
(i) 2, 2
(ii) 3, 1
(iii) 1, 3
(iv) 4, 0

7. Which of the following species has tetrahedral geometry?

(i) BH4–
(ii) NH2–
2–
(iii) CO3
(iv) H3O+

8. Number of π bonds and σ bonds in the following structure is–

(i) 6, 19
(ii) 4, 20
(iii) 5, 19
(iv) 5, 20

9. Which molecule/ion out of the following does not contain unpaired electrons?
+
(i) N2
(ii) O2
2–
(iii) O2
(iv) B2

Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 40

10. In which of the following molecule/ion all the bonds are not equal?
(i) XeF4
–
(ii) BF 4
(iii) C2H4
(iv) SiF4

11. In which of the following substances will hydrogen bond be strongest?

(i) HCl
(ii) H 2O
(iii) HI
(iv) H2S

12. If the electronic configuration of an element is 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s 2 3p 6 3d2 4s2, the
four electrons involved in chemical bond formation will be_____.
(i) 3p6
(ii) 3p6, 4s 2
(iii) 3p6, 3d2
(iv) 3d2, 4s2

13. Which of the following angle corresponds to sp2 hybridisation?

(i) 90°
(ii) 120°
(iii) 180°
(iv) 109°

The electronic configurations of three elements, A, B and C are given below.

Answer the questions 14 to 17 on the basis of these configurations.

A 1s 2 2s 2 2p6
B 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p3
C 1s 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p5

14. Stable form of A may be represented by the formula :

(i) A
(ii) A2
(iii) A3
(iv) A4

15. Stable form of C may be represented by the formula :

(i) C
(ii) C2

41 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

 (iii) C3
(iv) C4

16. The molecular formula of the compound formed from B and C will be
(i) BC
(ii) B2C
(iii) BC2
(iv) BC3

17. The bond between B and C will be

(i) Ionic
(ii) Covalent
(iii) Hydrogen
(iv) Coordinate

18. Which of the following order of energies of molecular orbitals of N2 is correct?

(i) (π2py ) < (σ2pz) < (π*2px) ≈ (π*2py )
(ii) (π2py ) > (σ2pz) > (π*2px) ≈ (π*2py )
(iii) (π2py ) < (σ2pz) > (π*2px) ≈ (π*2py )
(iv) (π2py ) > (σ2pz) < (π*2px) ≈ (π*2py )

19. Which of the following statement is not correct from the view point of molecular
orbital theory?
(i) Be2 is not a stable molecule.
+
(ii) He2 is not stable but He2 is expected to exist.
(iii) Bond strength of N2 is maximum amongst the homonuclear diatomic
molecules belonging to the second period.
(iv) The order of energies of molecular orbitals in N2 molecule is
σ2s < σ* 2s < σ2p z < (π2px = π2py ) < (π* 2px = π* 2py ) < σ *2p z

20. Which of the following options represents the correct bond order :
(i) O2– > O2 > O+2
– +
(ii) O2 < O2 < O2
(iii) O2– > O2 < O2+
– +
(iv) O2 < O2 > O2

21. The electronic configuration of the outer most shell of the most electronegative
element is
(i) 2s22p5
(ii) 3s23p5
(iii) 4s24p5
(iv) 5s25p5
Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 42
22. Amongst the following elements whose electronic configurations are given
below, the one having the highest ionisation enthalpy is
(i) [Ne]3s 23p1
(ii) [Ne]3s 23p3
(iii) [Ne]3s 23p2
(iv) [Ar]3d 104s 24p 3

II. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-II)

In the following questions two or more options may be correct.

23. Which of the following have identical bond order?

–
(i) CN
(ii) NO+

(iii) O –2
2–
(iv) O2

24. Which of the following attain the linear structure:

(i) BeCl 2
(ii) NCO+
(iii) NO2
(iv) CS 2

25. CO is isoelectronic with

+
(i) NO
(ii) N2
(iii) SnCl2
–
(iv) NO2

26. Which of the following species have the same shape?

(i) CO2
(ii) CCl4
(iii) O3
–
(iv) NO2

27. Which of the following statements are correct about CO32– ?

(i) The hybridisation of central atom is sp3.
(ii) Its resonance structure has one C–O single bond and two C=O double
bonds.
(iii) The average formal charge on each oxygen atom is 0.67 units.
(iv) All C–O bond lengths are equal.
43 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
 28. Dimagnetic species are those which contain no unpaired electrons. Which
among the following are dimagnetic?
(i) N2
(ii) N22–
(iii) O2
(iv) O22–

29. Species having same bond order are :

(i) N2
(ii) N2–
+
(iii) F2
(iv) O2–

30. Which of the following statements are not correct?

(i) NaCl being an ionic compound is a good conductor of electricity in the
solid state.
(ii) In canonical structures there is a difference in the arrangement of atoms.
(iii) Hybrid orbitals form stronger bonds than pure orbitals.
(iv) VSEPR Theory can explain the square planar geometry of XeF4.

III. Short Answer Type

31. Explain the non linear shape of H2S and non planar shape of PCl3 using valence
shell electron pair repulsion theory.

32. Using molecular orbital theory, compare the bond energy and magnetic
character of O +2 and O–2 species.

33. Explain the shape of BrF 5.

34. Structures of molecules of two compounds are given below :

Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 44

 (a) Which of the two compounds will have intermolecular hydrogen bonding
and which compound is expected to show intramolecular hydrogen
bonding.

(b) The melting point of a compound depends on, among other things, the
extent of hydrogen bonding. On this basis explain which of the above
two compounds will show higher melting point.

(c) Solubility of compounds in water depends on power to form hydrogen

bonds with water. Which of the above compounds will form hydrogen
bond with water easily and be more soluble in it.

35. Why does type of overlap given in the following figure not result in bond
formation?

36. Explain why PCl5 is trigonal bipyramidal whereas IF5 is square pyramidal.

37. In both water and dimethyl ether ( CH3 — Ο — CH3 ), oxygen atom is central
atom, and has the same hybridisation, yet they have different bond angles.
Which one has greater bond angle? Give reason.

38. Write Lewis structure of the following compounds and show formal charge
on each atom.
HNO3, NO2, H2SO4

39. The energy of σ2pz molecular orbital is greater than π2px and π2py molecular
orbitals in nitrogen molecule. Write the complete sequence of energy levels in
the increasing order of energy in the molecule. Compare the relative stability
and the magnetic behaviour of the following species :
+ – 2+
N2, N2 , N2 , N2

40. What is the effect of the following processes on the bond order in N2 and O2?
+ +
(i) N2 → N2 + e– (ii) O2 → O2 + e–

41. Give reasons for the following :

(i) Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non-
directional.
(ii) Water molecule has bent structure whereas carbon dioxide molecule is
linear.
(iii) Ethyne molecule is linear.
45 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
 42. What is an ionic bond? With two suitable examples explain the difference
between an ionic and a covalent bond?

43. Arrange the following bonds in order of increasing ionic character giving
reason.
N—H, F—H, C—H and O—H
2–
44. Explain why CO3 ion cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure. How
can it be best represented?

45. Predict the hybridisation of each carbon in the molecule of organic compound
given below. Also indicate the total number of sigma and pi bonds in this
molecule.

46. Group the following as linear and non-linear molecules :

H 2O, HOCl, BeCl2, Cl2O
47. Elements X, Y and Z have 4, 5 and 7 valence electrons respectively. (i) Write
the molecular formula of the compounds formed by these elements individually
with hydrogen. (ii) Which of these compounds will have the highest dipole
moment?

48. Draw the resonating structure of

(i) Ozone molecule
(ii) Nitrate ion

49. Predict the shapes of the following molecules on the basis of hybridisation.
BCl3, CH4, CO2, NH3
2–
50. All the C—O bonds in carbonate ion (CO3 ) are equal in length. Explain.

51. What is meant by the term average bond enthalpy? Why is there difference in
bond enthalpy of O—H bond in ethanol (C 2H 5OH) and water?

IV. Matching Type

52. Match the species in Column I with the type of hybrid orbitals in Column II.

Column I Column II

(i) SF4 (a) sp3d2

(ii) IF5 (b) d2sp3
+
(iii) NO2 (c) sp3d
(iv) NH+4 (d) sp3
(e) sp
Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 46
53. Match the species in Column I with the geometry/shape in Column II.

Column I Column II
+
(i) H3O (a) Linear
(ii) HC ≡ CH (b) Angular
–
(iii) ClO 2 (c) Tetrahedral
+
(iv) NH 4
(d) Trigonal bipyramidal
(e) Pyramidal

54. Match the species in Column I with the bond order in Column II.

Column I Column II
(i) NO (a) 1.5
(ii) CO (b) 2.0
–
(iii) O2
(c) 2.5
(iv) O2 (d) 3.0

55. Match the items given in Column I with examples given in Column II.

Column I Column II
(i) Hydrogen bond (a) C
(ii) Resonance (b) LiF
(iii) Ionic solid (c) H2
(iv) Covalent solid (d) HF
(e) O3

56. Match the shape of molecules in Column I with the type of hybridisation in
Column II.

Column I Column II
(i) Tetrahedral (a) sp2
(ii) Trigonal (b) sp
(iii) Linear (c) sp3

V. Assertion and Reason Type

In the following questions a statement of Assertion (A) followed by a statement of
Reason (R) is given. Choose the correct option out of the choices given below each
question.

57. Assertion (A) : Sodium chloride formed by the action of chlorine gas on
sodium metal is a stable compound.
Reason (R) : This is because sodium and chloride ions acquire octet in
sodium chloride formation.

47 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

 (i) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) A and R both are false.

58. Assertion (A) : Though the central atom of both NH3 and H2O molecules are
sp3 hybridised, yet H–N–H bond angle is greater than that of
H–O–H.
Reason (R) : This is because nitrogen atom has one lone pair and oxygen
atom has two lone pairs.
(i) A and R both are correct, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(ii) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) A and R both are false.

59. Assertion (A): Among the two O–H bonds in H2O molecule, the energy
required to break the first O–H bond and the other O–H bond
is the same.
Reason (R) : This is because the electronic environment around oxygen is
the same even after breakage of one O–H bond.
(i) A and R both are correct, and R is correct explanation of A.
(ii) A and R both are correct, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(iii) A is true but R is false.
(iv) A and R both are false.

VI. Long Answer Type

60. (i) Discuss the significance/ applications of dipole moment.
(ii) Represent diagrammatically the bond moments and the resultant dipole
moment in CO 2 , NF3 and CHCl3.

61. Use the molecular orbital energy level diagram to show that N2 would be
expected to have a triple bond, F2, a single bond and Ne2, no bond.

62. Briefly describe the valence bond theory of covalent bond formation by taking
an example of hydrogen. How can you interpret energy changes taking place
in the formation of dihydrogen?

63. Describe hybridisation in the case of PCl5 and SF6. The axial bonds are longer
as compared to equatorial bonds in PCl5 whereas in SF6 both axial bonds and
equatorial bonds have the same bond length. Explain.

64. (i) Discuss the concept of hybridisation. What are its different types in a
carbon atom.

Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 48

 (ii) What is the type of hybridisation of carbon atoms marked with star.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Comprehension given below is followed by some multiple choice questions.

Each question has one correct option. Choose the correct option.

Molecular orbitals are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals. Two atomic orbitals
combine to form two molecular orbitals called bonding molecular orbital (BMO)
and anti bonding molecular orbital (ABMO). Energy of anti bonding orbital is raised
above the parent atomic orbitals that have combined and the energy of the bonding
orbital is lowered than the parent atomic orbitals. Energies of various molecular
orbitals for elements hydrogen to nitrogen increase in the order :
σ1s < σ * 1s < σ 2s < σ * 2s < ( π 2 p x ≈ π 2 py ) < σ 2 pz < ( π * 2 px ≈ π * 2 py ) < σ * 2 p z and
for oxygen and fluorine order of energy of molecular orbitals is given below :
σ1s < σ * 1s < σ 2s < σ * 2s < σ 2 pz < ( π2 px ≃ π2 py ) < ( π * 2 px ≃ π * 2 py ) < σ * 2 p z
Different atomic orbitals of one atom combine with those atomic orbitals of the
second atom which have comparable energies and proper orientation. Further, if
the overlapping is head on, the molecular orbital is called ‘Sigma’, (σ) and if the
overlap is lateral, the molecular orbital is called ‘pi’, (π). The molecular orbitals
are filled with electrons according to the same rules as followed for filling of atomic
orbitals. However, the order for filling is not the same for all molecules or their
ions. Bond order is one of the most important parameters to compare the strength
of bonds.

65. Which of the following statements is correct?

(i) In the formation of dioxygen from oxygen atoms 10 molecular orbitals
will be formed.
(ii) All the molecular orbitals in the dioxygen will be completely filled.
(iii) Total number of bonding molecular orbitals will not be same as total
number of anti bonding orbitals in dioxygen.
(iv) Number of filled bonding orbitals will be same as number of filled anti
bonding orbitals.

49 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

 66. Which of the following molecular orbitals has maximum number of nodal
planes?
(i) σ*1s
(ii) σ*2p z
(iii) π2px
(iv) π*2py

67. Which of the following pair is expected to have the same bond order?
(i) O2 , N2
(ii) O2+ , N2–
– +
(iii) O2 , N2
(iv) O2–, N 2–

68. In which of the following molecules, σ2pz molecular orbital is filled after π2px
and π2py molecular orbitals?
(i) O2
(ii) Ne2
(iii) N2
(iv) F2

Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 50

ANSWERS
I. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-I)
1. (ii) 2. (iii) 3. (ii) 4. (ii) 5. (ii) 6. (iv)
7. (i) 8. (iii) 9. (iii) 10. (iii) 11. (ii) 12. (iv)

13. (ii) 14. (i) 15. (ii) 16. (iv) 17. (ii) 18. (i)

19. (iv) 20. (ii) 21. (i) 22. (ii)

II. Multiple Choice Questions (Type-II)

23. (i), (ii) 24. (i), (iv) 25. (i), (ii)
26. (iii), (iv) 27. (iii), (iv) 28. (i), (iv)

29. (iii), (iv) 30. (i), (ii)

III. Short Answer Type

32. (i) According to molecular orbital theory electronic configurations of
+ –
O2 and O 2 species are as follows :
+ 2 2 2 2 2
O2 : (σ1s) (σ* 1s ) (σ2s) (σ* 2s ) (σ2p z) (π2p2x , π2p 2y) (π* 2px1 )
O2– : (σ1s)2 (σ* 1s2 ) (σ2s)2 (σ* 2s2 ) (σ2pz) 2 (π2p2x , π2p2y ) (π* 2px2 , π*2py1)

10 − 5 5
Bond order of O+2 = = = 2.5
2 2

10 − 7 3
–
Bond order of O2 = = = 1.5
2 2
Higher bond order of O2 shows that it is more stable than O2– . Both the
+

species have unpaired electrons. So both are paramagnetic in nature.

34. (a) Compound (I) will form intramolecular hydrogen bond because
NO 2 and OH group are close together in comparison to that in
compound (II).

51 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

 (b) Compound (II) will have higher melting point because it forms
intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Thus, more and more molecules
are joined together through hydrogen bond formation.
(c) Due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding compound (I) will not be
able to form hydrogen bonds with water thus will be less soluble in
it while compound (II) can form hydrogen bond with water more
easily and will be soluble in water.

37. [Hint : Dimethyl ether will have larger bond angle. There will be more
repulsion between bond pairs of CH3 groups attached in ether than
between bond pairs of hydrogen atoms attached to oxygen in water. The
carbon of CH3 in ether is attached to three hydrogen atoms through σ
bonds and electron pairs of these bonds add to the electronic charge density
on carbon atom. Hence, repulsion between two —CH3 groups will be more
than that between two hydrogen atoms.]

IV. Matching Type

52. (i) → (c) (ii) → (a) (iii) → (e) (iv) → (d)

53. (i) → (e) (ii) → (a) (iii) → (b) (iv) → (c)

54. (i) → (c) (ii) → (d) (iii) → (a) (iv) → (b)

55. (i) → (d) (ii) → (e) (iii) → (b) (iv) → (a)

56. (i) → (c) (ii) → (a) (iii) → (b)

V. Assertion and Reason Type

57. (i) 58. (i) 59. (iv)

65. (i) 66. (ii) 67. (ii) 68. (iii)

Exemplar Problems, Chemistry 52