Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr.

Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

LABORATORY MANUAL
OF
Fluid Flow Systems

Engr. Kashif Mehmood

Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Department of Irrigation and Drainage

University of Agriculture
Faisalabad-Pakistan
2013
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

TABE OF CONTENTS
Sr. # Name of Experiment Page #
From To
Report Writing
01 Demonstration of Various Types of Pumps installed at Agri.
Engineering Workshop
02 Study of centrifugal pumps and jet pump
03 Study of deep well turbine pumps and Submersible Pump
04 Pump characteristics curves (gear pump)
05 Pump characteristics curves (turbine pump)
06 Pump characteristics curve (Centrifugal Pump)
07 Pump characteristics curve (Axial Flow pump)
08 Head loss through pipes (hL-Q)
09 Head loss through pipes (hL-D)
10 Visit to Pump Industry
11
12
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

REPORT WRITING
All practicals performed in the Hydraulics and Fluid Flow systems Laboratory require a formal
laboratory report. The report should be written in such a way that anyone can take help from the
performed experiment and find the same results as the originator. The reports should be simple
and clearly written. Reports are due one week after the experiment was performed, unless
specified otherwise. The report should communicate several ideas to the reader. First the report
should be neatly done. The experimenter is in effect trying to convince the reader that the
experiment was performed in a straightforward manner with great care and with full attention to
detail. A poorly written report might instead lead the reader to think that just as little care went
into performing the experiment. Second, the report should be well organized. The reader should
be able to easily follow each step discussed in the text. Third, the report should contain accurate
results. This will require checking and rechecking the calculations until accuracy can be
guaranteed. Fourth, the report should be free of spelling and grammatical errors. The following
format, given below, is to be used for formal Laboratory Reports:
Title Page–The title page should show the title and number of the experiment, the date the
experiment was performed, experimenter's name and experimenter's partners' names if necessary,
all spelled correctly.
Table of Contents –Each page of the report must be numbered for this section.
Objective –The objective is a clear concise statement explaining the purpose of the experiment.
This is one of the most important parts of the laboratory report because everything included in
the report must somehow relate to the stated object. The object can be as short as one sentence.
Apparatus – This section include all the equipment used in particular practical.
Theory –The theory section should contain a complete analytical development of all important
equations pertinent to the experiment, and how these equations are used in the reduction of data.
The theory section should be written textbook-style.
Procedure – The procedure section should contain a schematic drawing of the experimental
setup including all equipment used in a parts list with manufacturer serial numbers, if any. Show
the function of each part when necessary for clarity. Outline exactly step- by-step how the
experiment was performed in case someone desires to duplicate it. If it cannot be duplicated, the
experiment shows nothing.
Observation and Calculation – Observation may be taken in any system in the form work
sheets or table but calculation must be in SI system.
Results – The results section should contain a formal analysis of the data with tables, graphs, etc.
Any presentation of data which serves the purpose of clearly showing the outcome of the
experiment is sufficient.
Discussion and Conclusion – This section should give an interpretation of the results explaining
how the object of the experiment was accomplished. If any analytical expression is to be
verified, calculate % error† and account for the sources. Discuss this experiment with respect to
its faults as well as its strong points. Suggest extensions of the experiment and improvements.
Also recommend any changes necessary to better accomplish the object. Each experiment write-
up contains a number of questions. These are to be answered or discussed in the Discussion and
Conclusions section.
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Practical No. 01
Demonstration of various types of pumps available/installed at Agri. Engineering
Workshop

1.1 Objective

To provide an overview about pumping industry in Pakistan and various types of pumps used for
irrigation.
1.2 Apparatus

Different types of pumps available at Agricultural Engineering Workshop

1.3 Theory

1.3.1 Pump

The primary function of pump is to impart energy. The power source is supplied by a separate unit, may
be motor or engine.
A pump is a device which convert mechanical energy in hydraulic energy (in case of engine).
A pump is a device which converts electrical energy into hydraulic energy in case of motor.
1.3.2 Centrifugal Pump

A pump for moving liquid such as water by accelerating it outwards in an impeller to

surroundings volute case is called centrifugal pump.

Liquid is forced into an impeller by atmospheric pressure. Vanes of the impeller pass kinetic
energy into the liquid thereby causing the liquid to rotate. The liquid leaves the impeller at very
high speed. The impeller is surrounded by casing. This casing converts kinetic energy into
pressure energy.

1.3.3 Jet Pump

A pump in which an accelerating jet entrains the second fluid to deliver it an elevated pressure is
known as Jet pump. It combines two principles of pumping

 Centrifugal pump
 Injector

The water in the pump impeller is thrown outward by the vanes of the spinning impeller.
As the vanes throw water out, a vacuum is created at the eye of the impeller and more water is
drawn in to replace that which was thrown out. Some of the water discharge by the impeller
passes out of the pump and the rest is re-circulated through the drive line to the injector.
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

In the injector, the nozzle and venture creates a vacuum, this vacuum draws water from
the well through the foot valve. As the water passes through the venture tube into the suction
line, the pressure is increased sufficiently to force the water back to the pump impeller.

1.3.4 Deep Well Turbine Pump

For a deep well, the most widely used pump is a vertical centrifugal, commonly referred to as a
“deep well turbine.” Basically, this is a centrifugal pump designed to be installed in a well. It will
not handle debris.

The radial flow pump is a centrifugal pump in which the liquid exits the pump radial, i.e.,
perpendicular to the pump shaft.

1.3.5 Axial Flow Pumps

The axial flow pump is a pump in which the liquid exits the pump parallel to the pump shaft.
These pumps push water along the axis perpendicular to the plane of rotation. These are
generally used to pump at high flow rates against low heads. Capacities generally range from 40
to 6000 lps and total dynamic head range from 1 to 10 meters. The specific speed remains above
8000.
1.3.6 Mixed flow pumps
These pumps accelerate fluids at some angle or move water in a direction between the axial and
radial flow pumps. These pumps can handle wide range of flows with capacity ranging from 40
to 6000 lps. In these types of pumps, there is less danger of cavitation.
1.3.7 Radial Flow Pumps

These pumps push water along the axis parallel to the plane of rotation of impeller. These pumps
usually develop high head, low discharge and lower efficiency. They exhibit an efficiency of 50
to 80 percent and specific speed of 500 to 3000.
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Practical No. 02
Study of Centrifugal Pump and Jet Pump

2.1 Objective

To familiarize with working principle of Centrifugal and Jet Pump

2.2 Apparatus

Centrifugal pump demonstration model, different components of centrifugal and jet pump

2.3 Theory

2.3.1 Centrifugal Pump

A pump for moving liquid such as water by accelerating it outwards in an impeller to

surroundings volute case is called centrifugal pump.

2.3.2 Working Principle of Centrifugal Pump

Liquid is forced into an impeller by atmospheric pressure. Vanes of the impeller pass kinetic
energy into the liquid thereby causing the liquid to rotate. The liquid leaves the impeller at very
high speed. The impeller is surrounded by casing. This casing converts kinetic energy into
pressure energy.

2.3.3 Different Components of Centrifugal Pump System

 Strainer:
A porous or screen medium used ahead of equipment to filter out harmful solid objects or
particles from the fluid stream.
 Foot valve:
It is installed at the foot of the pump to ensure one direction of flow of fluid.
 Blind pipe/suction pipe:
Pipe from the strainer to the eye of the impeller is called blind pipe.
 Impeller:
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

The rotating part of the pump that provide centrifugal acceleration to the fluid is called
impeller. An impeller is a circular metallic disc with a built in passages for the flow of
fluid.
 Shaft:
It transfers the torque from motor to the impeller.
 Prime mover:
It is power source. It may be mechanical or electrical.
 Casing:
Primary function of casing is to enclose the impeller and bearing medium. Secondary
function is to convert kinetic energy into pressure energy. Volute, Vortex and diffuser are
types of casing.
 Priming valve:
Addition of water in pumping casing, impeller and suction pipe to remove air is called
priming. The valve used for this purpose is called priming valve.
 Discharge pipe:
The pipe from outlet flange to ultimately discharge point is called discharge pipe.

2.4 Jet Pump

Jet pumps are usually for wells with a pumping lift of 22 to 120 feet. A jet pump combines two
principles of pumping – that of the centrifugal pump and that of an injector (nozzle and venturi
assembly).

2.4.1 Working Principle of Jet Pump

The pump and pipe system are full of water. The water in the pump impeller is thrown
outwards by the vanes of the spinning impeller. As the vanes throw the water out, a vacuum is
created at the eye of the impeller, and more water is drawn in to replace that which was thrown
out. Some of the water discharged by the impeller passes out of the pump and into the pressure
tank. The rest is re-circulated through the drive line to the injector in the well.

In the injector, the nozzle and the venturi create a vacuum. This vacuum draws water
from the well, through the foot valve. As the water passes through the venturi tube into the
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

suction line, the pressure is increased sufficiently to force the water back to the pump impeller.
The injector nozzle and venturi tube size must be selected according to the pumping depth, the
distance the pump is offset from the well and the size of the pump.

2.4.2 Different Components of Jet Pump System

 Injector

It is the combination of nozzle and venturi. Nozzle and venturi creat vacuum which sucks water
from deeper depth.
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Practical No. 03
Study of Deep Well Turbine Pump and Submersible Pump

3.1 Objective

To familiarize with different components and working principle of Deep Well Turbine pump and
Submersible pump

3.2 Apparatus

Components of Deep well turbine and submersible pump

3.3 Theory

3.3.1 Deep Well Turbine Pump

For a deep well, the most widely used pump is a vertical centrifugal, commonly referred to as a
“deep well turbine.” Basically, this is a centrifugal pump designed to be installed in a well. It will
not handle debris. It consists of four major components:
 Bowl assembly
This contains one or more impellers, each in its own housing.
 Column and shaft assembly
This consists of the pipe to suspend the bowl assembly in the well and carry the water to the
surface. Inside this pipe (or column) is the shaft that connects the impeller shaft to the driver
located at ground level. The shaft may be either water lubricated or oil lubricated.
 Discharge assembly
This often is called the “head or base.” It is normally cast of iron and designed for installation on
a foundation. It supports the column and shaft assembly and the bowl assembly in the well,
provides a discharge for water being delivered, and also accommodates the driver for the pump.
 Driver
This may be either an electric motor or a right-angle gear for connection to a power unit. When
an electric motor is used, the usual type is a vertical hollow-shaft design that permits the pump
shaft to come up through its center for securing at the top. The right angle gear also is usually the
hollow-shaft design type for the same reason and has a horizontal shaft for connection to the
engine drive or power takeoff. The internal gears are available in various ratios to accommodate
any engine with an operating speed different from the desired pump-operating speed.
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Because of the limited diameter of its impellers, each impeller develops a rather low head, and it
is necessary in the average application to stack several impellers in series one above the other
with each in its own bowl or diffuser housing. This is called staging. Thus, a four-stage bowl
assembly contains four impellers, all attached to a common shaft through the separate housing or
bowls. The bowl shaft is attached to the line shaft through the center of the pump column pipe
and must be long enough to locate the bowl assembly below the level of the water in the well
when pumping at required capacity.

3.3.2 How to decide Number of Stages of Turbine Pump

For any given capacity and speed, each impeller develops a certain amount of head. For example,
assume that a well has a 10-inch casing and a static water level 60 feet below the surface and that
a pump is needed to deliver 1,500 gpm. In this example the static water level is 60 feet below the
surface. When water is being pumped from the well, the water level will fall. This distance the
level falls when pumping is called drawdown. Drawdown varies with localities, the formation
into which the well is drilled and the amount of water pumped. Assuming in this case the
drawdown is 40 feet (at a pumping rate of 1,500 gpm), then the total distance to the surface
becomes 100 feet. In addition we have pipe friction and inlets and outlets which add 21 feet of
head. Therefore, the total head the pump must develop is 100 feet plus 21 feet, or 121 feet. If an
impeller were available that delivered 1,500 gpm at a head of 22 feet, a 6- stage pump would be
required.

3.3.4 Optional vertical turbine pump features

You can get most pumps with construction features to suit individual preferences and particular
applications.
 Water-lubricated
Water-lubricated pump column assembly is provided with fluted rubber bearings to permit the
water being pumped to lubricate the shaft. If the pump is to be operated at less than about 2,200
rpm, these bearings, which are fixed in the column pipe coupling, are usually placed at 10-foot
intervals.
For higher speeds, the bearings are on 5-foot spacings. Water-lubricated turbine pumps are
simpler, cheaper and more commonly used. If more than four or five of the rubber shaft bearings
are above the water level and become dry when the pump is not operating, some means of pre-
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

lubrication, such as a small pre-lubrication tank from which water can be spilled over the
bearings before starting the pump is required.
With smaller pumps, a foot valve can be installed below the bowl assembly to keep the column
pipe full of water. Because of friction loss, it is impractical to use a foot valve for applications
requiring large flows. When the water level is very deep, oil lubrication is normally used.
Although there is no definite point at which it becomes necessary, it is usually recommended for
depths of more than 150 to 200 feet. Oil-lubricated pump column assembly includes a tube
which encloses the shaft. Inside includes a tube which encloses the shaft. Inside the tube are
bronze shaft bearings threaded on the outside to serve as couplings. Alternatively the tube may
have oil-impregnated redwood bearings. Lubricating oil is fed into the top of the tubing and
passes by gravity over surfaces of the bearings. At the bottom of the column is an opening that
lets oil flow out.
To maintain the pump, drain and clean the oil reservoir each year and then fill the reservoir with
the proper turbine oil specified by the individual pump supplier. Take care that the oil reservoir
contains enough liquid to lubricate the pump at all times. A drip adjustment controlling the
amount of oil allowed to flow into the pump should comply with the manufacturer’s
specifications. Do not over-lubricate the pump or leave the oil flowing when the pump is not
operating. Too much lubrication flowing into the oil tube will cause additional friction loss that
could cause the tube to plug and bearings to wear.
3.4 Submersible Pump
The submersible pump consists of a multistage vertical turbine pump connected directly to an
electric motor designed to operate under water. Both the pump and motor are suspended in the
well below the water level by a pipe that conducts the water to the surface surface This type is
available in a wide range of capacities for 4-inch wells and larger. Most submersible pumps used
for aquaculture require three phase electrical service.
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Practical No. 04
Characteristics Curves for Gear Pump
4.1 Objective
To investigate the relationship between pressures head, flow rate, power consume and efficiency
for gear pumps.

4.2 Apparatus

Universal Pump Test Rig, Stop watch,

4.3 Theory

4.3.1 Pump Characteristic Curves

The pump characteristics relate to operating characteristics of an individual pump independent of
the pumping system requirement. These characteristics are built in the design of a pump by
manufacturer to meet the given system requirements. These characteristics include the following
relationships.
a) Total Dynamic Head Vs discharge rate (TDH-Q) Curve
b) Break power Vs Discharge (BP-Q) curve
c) Pump efficiency Vs discharge (E-Q) curve
a) TDH-Q curves
This is a curve that relates the head to the discharge of the pump. It shows that the same pump
can provide different combinations of discharge and head. It is also noticeable that as the head
increases the discharge decreases and vice versa. The point at which the discharge is zero and the
head at maximum is called shut off head. This happens when a pump is operating with a closed
valve outlet. As this may happen in the practice, knowledge of the shut off head (or pressure) of
a particular pump would allow the engineer to provide for a pipe that can sustain the pressure at
shut off point if necessary.
b) E-Q curves
This curve relates the pump efficiency to the discharge. The materials used for the construction
and the finish of the impellers, the finish of the casting and the number and the type of bearings
used affect the efficiency. As a rule larger pumps have higher efficiencies.
Efficiency is defined as the output work over the input work.
(4.1)
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

EPUMP = Efficiency of pump

BP =Brake power (kW or hp = 1.34 kW), energy imparted by the prime mover to the
pump
WP = Water power (kW), energy imparted by the pump to the water
Q = Discharge (l/s or m3/hr)
TDH = Total Dynamic Head (m)
C = Coefficient to convert work into energy units equals - 102 if Q is measured in l/s or
360 and is 360 if Q is measured in m3/hr
c) BP-Q curves
The brake power is the output power of the prime mover or the input power to the pump. With
increasing discharge, the brake power increases in the beginning and then falls off to some extent
at higher discharge. Even at shut off head (zero discharge) same input energy is needed. In some
pumps, the brake power will be higher at lowest discharge.
4.4 Procedure

When the apparatus is set for gear pump, proceeds as follow

 Ensure that the dynamometer torque arm has been correctly set to zero.
 Switch on the test rig motor and set the motor speed maximum 1400 rev/min.
 Note the pressure variation on appropriate pressure gauge between points when the
control valve is fully closed to a point when the control valve is fully open.
 Select the equal spaced points throughout the pressure reading range at which flow
reading will be taken. The actual pressure head of the pump is the difference between
pressure gauge reading in m.H2O and a vacuum gauge reading.
 Adjust the control valve to the first of the selected pressure gauge reading.
 Measure the rate of flow using graduated right glass on the volumetric tank and stop
watch.
 Record the torque reading at each flow rate.
 Draw graph between three relations Q and H, Q and B.H.P, Q and E.
 Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

4.5 Observation and Calculation

No. of teeth of pump =……….

No. of teeth of motor =……….
Table 4.1: Pump Charactertics Curves Data
Input water
Obs. Head Volume time Q Q T Motor Pump
power Power efficiency
# (m) (L) (s) (L/s) (m3/s) (N.m) rpm rpm
(W) (W)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

4.6 Results and Discussion

4.7 Conclusion
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Practical No. 05
Characteristics Curves for Turbine Pump
5.1 Objective
To investigate the relationship between pressures head, flow rate, power consume and efficiency
for turbine pumps.

5.2 Apparatus

Universal Pump Test Rig, Stop watch,

5.3 Theory

5.3.1 Pump Characteristic Curves

The pump characteristics relate to operating characteristics of an individual pump independent of
the pumping system requirement. These characteristics are built in the design of a pump by
manufacturer to meet the given system requirements. These characteristics include the following
relationships.
a) Total Dynamic Head Vs discharge rate (TDH-Q) Curve
b) Break power Vs Discharge (BP-Q) curve
c) Pump efficiency Vs discharge (E-Q) curve

5.4 Procedure

When the apparatus is set for turbine pump, proceeds as follow

 Ensure that the dynamometer torque arm has been correctly set to zero.
 Switch on the test rig motor and set the motor speed maximum 1400 rev/min.
 Note the pressure variation on appropriate pressure gauge between points when the
control valve is fully closed to a point when the control valve is fully open.
 Select the equal spaced points throughout the pressure reading range at which flow
reading will be taken. The actual pressure head of the pump is the difference between
pressure gauge reading in m.H2O and a vacuum gauge reading.
 Adjust the control valve to the first of the selected pressure gauge reading.
 Measure the rate of flow using graduated right glass on the volumetric tank and stop
watch.
 Record the torque reading at each flow rate.
 Draw graph between three relations Q and H, Q and B.H.P, Q and E.
 Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

5.5 Observation and Calculation

No. of teeth of pump =……….

No. of teeth of motor =……….
Table 5.1: Pump Charactertics Curves Data
Input water
Obs. Head Volume time Q Q T Motor Pump
power Power efficiency
# (m) (L) (s) (L/s) (m3/s) (N.m) rpm rpm
(W) (W)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

5.6 Results and Discussion

5.7 Conclusion
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Practical No. 06
Characteristics Curves for Centrifugal Pump
6.1 Objective
To investigate the relationship between pressures head, flow rate, power consume and efficiency
for centrifugal pumps.

6.2 Apparatus

Universal Pump Test Rig, Stop watch,

6.3 Theory

6.3.1 Pump Characteristic Curves

The pump characteristics relate to operating characteristics of an individual pump independent of
the pumping system requirement. These characteristics are built in the design of a pump by
manufacturer to meet the given system requirements. These characteristics include the following
relationships.
a) Total Dynamic Head Vs discharge rate (TDH-Q) Curve
b) Break power Vs Discharge (BP-Q) curve
c) Pump efficiency Vs discharge (E-Q) curve

6.4 Procedure

When the apparatus is set for centrifugal pump, proceeds as follow

 Ensure that the dynamometer torque arm has been correctly set to zero.
 Switch on the test rig motor and set the motor speed maximum 1400 rev/min.
 Note the pressure variation on appropriate pressure gauge between points when the
control valve is fully closed to a point when the control valve is fully open.
 Select the equal spaced points throughout the pressure reading range at which flow
reading will be taken. The actual pressure head of the pump is the difference between
pressure gauge reading in m.H2O and a vacuum gauge reading.
 Adjust the control valve to the first of the selected pressure gauge reading.
 Measure the rate of flow using graduated right glass on the volumetric tank and stop
watch.
 Record the torque reading at each flow rate.
 Draw graph between three relations Q and H, Q and B.H.P, Q and E.
 Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

6.5 Observation and Calculation

No. of teeth of pump =……….

No. of teeth of motor =……….
Table 6.1: Pump Charactertics Curves Data
Input water
Obs. Head Volume time Q Q T Motor Pump
power Power efficiency
# (m) (L) (s) (L/s) (m3/s) (N.m) rpm rpm
(W) (W)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

6.6 Results and Discussion

6.7 Conclusion
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Practical No. 07
Characteristics Curves for Axial Flow Pump
7.1 Objective
To investigate the relationship between pressures head, flow rate, power consume and efficiency
for axial flow pumps.

7.2 Apparatus

Universal Pump Test Rig, Stop watch,

7.3 Theory

7.3.1 Pump Characteristic Curves

The pump characteristics relate to operating characteristics of an individual pump independent of
the pumping system requirement. These characteristics are built in the design of a pump by
manufacturer to meet the given system requirements. These characteristics include the following
relationships.
a) Total Dynamic Head Vs discharge rate (TDH-Q) Curve
b) Break power Vs Discharge (BP-Q) curve
c) Pump efficiency Vs discharge (E-Q) curve

7.4 Procedure

When the apparatus is set for axial flow pump, proceeds as follow
 Ensure that the dynamometer torque arm has been correctly set to zero.
 Switch on the test rig motor and set the motor speed maximum 1400 rev/min.
 Note the pressure variation on appropriate pressure gauge between points when the
control valve is fully closed to a point when the control valve is fully open.
 Select the equal spaced points throughout the pressure reading range at which flow
reading will be taken. The actual pressure head of the pump is the difference between
pressure gauge reading in m.H2O and a vacuum gauge reading.
 Adjust the control valve to the first of the selected pressure gauge reading.
 Measure the rate of flow using rectangular weir.
 Record the torque reading at each flow rate.
 Draw graph between three relations Q and H, Q and B.H.P, Q and E.
 Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

7.5 Observation and Calculation

No. of teeth of pump =……….

No. of teeth of motor =……….
Table 6.1: Pump Charactertics Curves Data
Pressure Input water
Obs. Head Q Q T Motor Pump
Head power Power efficiency
# (mm) (L/s) (m3/s) (N.m) rpm rpm
(m) (W) (W)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

7.6 Results and Discussion

7.7 Conclusion
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Practical No. 08
Flow through pipes
8.1 Objective
To establish relationship between head loss and discharge
8.2 Apparatus
Pipe network bench, Stop watch, thermometer, stationaries etc.
8.3 Theory
8.3.1 Head loss
When there is flow through a pipe system, there is loss of energy due to internal friction of the
pipe. That energy loss is termed as head loss. Head loss through a pipe system is given by Darcy-
weisbach equation

(8.1)

Where is the head loss (m)

f is the pipe friction coefficient (-)
is the length of the pipe (m)
D is the diameter of the pipe (m)
V is the velocity of the flowing fluid (m/s)
8.3.2 Reynold’s Number
It is the ratio of inertia forces to the viscous forces. It is a dimensionless number which is used to
describe whether the flow is laminar, turbulent or transitional.

(6.2)

is the Reynold’s number (-)

D is the diameter of the pipe (m)
V is the velocity of the flowing fluid (m/s)
is the kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
8.3.3 Absolute Roughness
Unevenness in the internal surface of the pipe is termed as absolute roughness. It is denoted by e
and equal to 0.00125 mm. It is dependent on the material of the pipe.
8.3.4 Relative Roughness
It is the ratio of absolute roughness and Diameter of the pipe. It is dependent on the diameter of
the material. Greater the diameter, smaller is the relative roughness.
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

8.4 Procedure
 Select a particular diameter pipe and connect it to water manometers.
 Remove air from flexible pipe which are connected to manometers.
 Note value of h1 and h2 from manometer.
 Measure the flow rate or discharge by collecting known volume of water in volumetric
tank and noting the time.
 Find the velocity of water by using the formula given by V = Q/A
 Find the Reynolds number from equation 6.2.
 Now compute pipe friction coefficient (f) using moody diagram which is a plot between
RN and relative roughness (e/D)
 Calculated head loss using Darcy Weisbach equation given by equation 6.1.
 Plot the graph between observed head and discharge, calculated head loss and discharge
 Repeat the procedure three times by decreasing discharge

8.5 Observations and Calculations

Room Temperature = ………… oC
Kinematic Viscosity = …………m2/s From Appendix A1 (Book-1, Page # 571)
Length of Pipe = ……………….. mm

Table 8.1: Calculation of Head loss and Discharge

Group Sr. Vi Vi ΔV t QReal V RN e/D f ( From hLc h1 h2 hL0

No. # Moody
Diagram)
L L L s m3/s m/s [-] [-] [-] cm cm cm cm
1
A 2
[21mm] 3
1
B 2
[17mm] 3
1
C 2
[13.6mm] 3

8.6 Results

8.7 Discussion & Conclusion

Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

Practical No. 09
Flow through pipes
9.1 Objective
To establish relationship between head loss and diameter of pipe
9.2 Apparatus
Pipe network bench, Stop watch, thermometer, stationaries etc.
9.3 Theory
9.3.1 Head loss
When there is flow through a pipe system, there is loss of energy due to internal friction of the
pipe. That energy loss is termed as head loss. Head loss through a pipe system is given by Darcy-
Weisbach equation

(9.1)

Where is the head loss (m)

f is the pipe friction coefficient
is the length of the pipe (m)
D is the diameter of the pipe (m)
V is the velocity of the flowing fluid (m/s)
9.3.2 Reynold’s Number
It is the ratio of inertia forces to the viscous forces. It is a dimensionless number which is used to
describe whether the flow is laminar, turbulent or transitional.

(7.2)

is the Reynold’s number (-)

D is the diameter of the pipe (m)
V is the velocity of the flowing fluid (m/s)
is the kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
9.3.3 Absolute Roughness
Unevenness in the internal surface of the pipe is termed as absolute roughness. It is denoted by e
and equal to 0.00125 mm. It is dependent on the material of the pipe.
9.3.4 Relative Roughness
It is the ratio of absolute roughness and Diameter of the pipe. It is dependent on the diameter of
the material. Greater the diameter, smaller is the relative roughness.
9.4 Procedure
 Select a particular diameter pipe and connect it to water manometers.
 Remove air from flexible pipe which are connected to manometers.
Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir

 Note value of h1 and h2 from manometer.

 Measure the flow rate or discharge by collecting known volume of water in volumetric
tank and noting the time.
 Find the velocity of water by using the formula given by V = Q/A
 Find the Reynolds number from equation 7.2.
 Now compute pipe friction coefficient (f) using moody diagram which is a plot between
RN and relative roughness (e/D)
 Calculated head loss using Darcy Weisbach equation given by equation 6.1.
 Plot the graph between observed head and diameter, calculated head loss and diameter
 Repeat the procedure by choosing other pipes of different diameter.
9.5 Observations and Calculations
Room Temperature = ………… oC
Kinematic Viscosity = …………m2/s From Appendix A1 (Book-1, Page # 571)
Length of Pipe = ……………….. mm

Table 9.1 Calculation of Head loss

Group Sr. D Vi Vf ΔV t QReal V RN e/D f hLc h1 h2 hL0

#
mm L L L s m3/s m/s [-] [-] [-] cm cm cm cm
1 13.6
A 2 17
3 21
1 13.6
B 2 17
3 21
1 13.6
C 2 17
3 21

9.6 Results:

9.7 Discussion & Conclusion

Manual of Fluid Flow Systems Prepared by: Engr. Kashif Mehmood
ID-402 3(2-1) Engr. Abdul Shabbir