Qual Comm
Qual Comm
Qual Comm
Reference Guide
80-N4094-1 Rev. H
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Revision History
B Mar 2011 Numerous changes were made throughout this document revision. It should be read in its
entirety.
C Jul 2011 Updated slides 9, 10, 16, 17, 22-25, 62-70, 72, 77, 81, 85, 152, 170, 173, and 203.
D Jan 2012 Updated slides, 16, 18, 21, 74-78, 86, 94, 168, 210; numerous changes to Section 2.11;
added slides 95 and 96
E Oct 2012 Updated slides 13, 18-20, and 27; added slides 38-43, 58, 86-88, 108, 112, 116,
119-122, and 209-233.
F Mar 2015 Major updates and additions made for Gen8C: new Beidou references; new low cost
BOM; new layout review checklist and updates; new antenna sharing; new automotive;
new blanking details; QDART and QSPR updates; new radiated ADCIQ; XO content
update; and QXDM views. Removed associated GNSS content from Chapter 3; removed
Gen7 references; updated for Qualcomm® IZat™.
G Jun 2015 Section 2.1: Updated GNSS layout review checklist
Section 2.1.1: Modified XO layout guidelines, added power distribution decoupling,
steering ground return currents in PWB guidelines, and separation of ground planes to
isolate noise
Section 2.4: Updated example calculation for gain/losses and attenuation for automotive
GNSS front-end design requirements
Section 2.9.3: Updated ADC IQ test to determine strength and location of out-of-band
jammers
Section 2.10.1: Deleted outdated content for XO calibration
Section 2.11: Updated troubleshooting guide
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Revision History (continued)
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Contents
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Introduction Introduction
This document is intended for engineers who are developing IZat capable devices that are based on AMSS
with IZat Gen 8 Engine support. Qualcomm® recommends that customers validate these in the following
order:
1. GNSS RF development test cases (radiated and conducted)
2. Antenna verification
3. Mechanical stress tests
4. Concurrency tests
5. Functional verification
6. Protocol tests
7. Field performance tests
This document explains the high-level guidelines for system integration and debugging GNSS issues.
It is essential to obtain the latest versions of Qualcomm software and tools such as QXDM Professional,
QCAT, SnapperHS, and QDART before any GNSS tests.
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Section 1.1
Recommended Timeline
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Recommended Timeline Introduction
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Section 1.2
GNSS Basics
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GNSS Basics Introduction
GPS
2.046 MHz BW NB GPS (centered on 1575.42 MHz)
Satellites transmit different codes at the same frequency (CDMA)
Glonass (GLO)
~8.3 MHz BW (1597–1606 MHz), 14 channels (-7 to +6)
Satellites transmit the same code on different frequencies (FDMA)
BeiDou Systems (BDS)
4.092 MHz BW (1559.05 – 1563.14 MHz)
Satellites transmit different codes at the same frequency (CDMA)
Galileo (GAL)
4.092 MHz BW (centered on 1575.42 MHz)
Satellites transmit at the same frequency using Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulation (CDMA/BOC)
1565-1585 MHz
1559-1563 MHz 1597-1606 MHz
Each SV transmits on the same frequency Each GLO SV transmits
on a different frequency
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Section 1.3
Essential Documents
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Essential Documents Introduction
DCN Title
Common
80-Y0012-16 GNSS Static Notches Application Note
80-VM522-11 Impact of Reference Frequency Drift on GNSS Sensitivity
80-VF782-5 GNSS L1 Band Unbalanced SAW Filter Mini-Specification
80-VF782-1 GNSS L1 Band Balanced SAW Filter Mini-Specification
80-VM505-1 GNSS L1 Band LNA Mini-Specification
80-VH064-14 Filter, Upper 700 MHz B13 Tx Saw Mini-Specification
80-VU919-1 DM Command to Obtain C/N0 for gpsOne Production Line Testing
80-NH348-1 GNSS L1 Front-End Module (Pre-filter + LNA) Mini-Specification
XO
80-Y5167-21 XO Calibration State Requirements for GNSS RF Development Tests
80-V9690-19 19.2 MHz Modem Crystal Qualification Requirements and Approved
Suppliers
Gen 8 RF Dev Tests
80-VM522-2 IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures
80-VN895-2 IZat Gen 8 Engine Radiated RF Development Test Procedures
Antenna
80-V5228-8 GNSS Antenna Considerations for Handsets and Other Portables
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2.1 Schematic, Layout, and Antenna Design
Guidelines 16
2.1.1 Review Checklist Including Must Do’s and
Don’ts 18
2.1.2 Recommendations for Antenna and Noise
Figure Optimization 31
2.2 BOM Reduction/Low-Cost BOM Considerations 35
2.3 GNSS LNA Considerations 44
2.4 GPS/GNSS Automotive Considerations 49
2.5 GNSS Blanking Implementation 52
2.5.1 GNSS Blanking Verification Using RF
Development Tests 55
Section 2 2.5.2 Blanking Implementation for GSM
Designs 58
2.5.3 Blanking Implementation for SGLTE
Designs 59
2.6 GPS Hardware Considerations for LTE Band
13 62
2.7 GPS/GLONASS Hardware Considerations for
GNSS Hardware Development and Dual Transmission in AWS and PCS Bands
2.8 GNSS Hardware Validation Using QDART
72
78
Debugging 2.8.1 QRCT-Based Conducted RF
Development Tests 81
2.8.2 QSPR-Based Conducted RF
Development Tests 89
2.9 Radiated RF Development Tests 133
2.9.1 Quick Radiated RF Development
Tests 134
2.9.2 Precise Radiated RF Development
Tests 137
2.9.3 Radiated ADCIQ Test 147
2.9.4 Self-Interference Tests for Advance
Debug Purposes 154
2.9.5 Verification of Thermal Isolation 156
2.10 XO/TCXO Placement – Best Mechanical
Practices 160
2.11 Hardware Considerations During Integration and
Debugging – Including Spurs/Jammers 167
2.12 Sampling Devices for Carrier Acceptance
Tests 189
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GPS/GNSS Options GNSS Hardware
QSC61x5, QSC6295, MSM8x55, MSM8x60, MSM8x27, MSM8x30, MSM8930, MSM8x60A, MSM8960/Pro, MDM8220, MDM9x00,
MDM9x15/M, APQ8060, APQ8055, APQ8060A/Pro, APQ8030, APQ8064
For the following chipsets and associated software, CS releases containing the IZat Gen 8B engine include:
MSM8x10, MSM8x12, MSM8x26, MSM8x28, MSM8928, MSM8926, MSM8974 AB/AC, MDM8225, MDM9x25/M, MDM9320,
MDM8110M, APQ8074 AB/AC, APQ8026, APQ8028
For the following chipsets and associated software, CS releases containing the IZat Gen 8C engine include:
MSM8994, MSM8992, MSM8952, MSM8956, MSM8939, MSM8936, MSM8916, MSM8909, MSM8208, MDM9x30, MDM9x35/M,
MDM9330, MDM9x40, MDM9x45, MDM9340, APQ8094, APQ8092, APQ8039, APQ8036, APQ8016
Platforms supporting GPS only – GNSS-capable components are still strongly recommended
Allows easy upgrade for future support of GLONASS on existing designs when carrier mandates GLONASS
Ensures market leadership in performance against competitors’ GPS-only solutions
Performance
Note: With GPS-only software, there will be no degradation to GPS performance if GNSS-capable components are
used.
location leadership.
Support of GNSS-capable handsets will allow for more complete and streamlined testing and evolution.
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Section 2.1
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GNSS Layout Review Checklist Layout and Antenna Guidelines
LNA bypass capacitors and RC placeholder Components should be located close to VDD and enable
WTR input path Post-eLNA BPF and matching components should be placed near WTR input pins
and should have uniform ground plane underneath
WTR I/Q traces to BB Should have uniform ground underneath, no noisy vias or traces adjacent to it, isolate
with solid GND stitching on all sides
XO layout
XO layout – Thermal XO_IN/OUT trace length should be between 6 mm to 10 mm and width <3 mils,
traces shouldn’t be routed differentially, XO ground should be thermally isolated
XO layout – Electrical No noisy circuits should be near XO input and output traces
Shielding and EBI layout
EBI traces EBI traces should be buried in inner layers between GND and/or power planes
eLNA shielding Shield should be present around eLNA, located within a dedicated shield cavity
MSM™, PMIC, Memory shielding MSM, memory, PMIC, and related components should have adequate shielding
PMIC bypass capacitors All decoupling capacitors on the switching power supplies (SMPS) should be shielded
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Section 2.1.1
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Hardware Must Do’s (1 of 6) Layout and Antenna Guidelines
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Hardware Must Do’s (2 of 6) Layout and Antenna Guidelines
Ensure that the GNSS Rx traces are completely isolated from SMPS components, 19.2 MHz clock output
signals (BBCLKx, RFCLKx), VSW_Sx nodes, and any other potentially interfering (noisy) signals in order to
avoid unwanted coupling. This is especially important for single-ended baseband configurations that could be
subject to de-sense from 19.2 MHz spurs.
Protect the GNSS RF and I/Q traces with large physical separation and ground fills/vias on all sides to provide coplanar
isolation.
Rx input matching should be done while the phone is in GNSS mode to get correct input impedance.
Rematch after all mechanical changes are complete.
Avoid overloading power supply by following the reference schematic.
If feasible, place probe points at GNSS analog IQ signals between RFIC and MSM and make them
accessible from the top layer in the layout. This enables measurement of analog NF and radiated problems.
In phones with a two-board implementation, ensure that the ground between the two boards is unified.
Keep the PMIC, MSM, and memory ICs away from the GNSS RF circuits as much as possible.
The EBI-related traces need to be buried in inner layers between GND and/or power planes.
Addition of a RC filter low pass filter (R=10 ohms and C=100 pF) on the reference clock supply to RFIC can
suppress XO harmonics.
Maximum amplitude of the XO harmonics should not exceed -105 dBm. See Section 2.9.3 for information on performing the
radiated ADCIQ test.
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Hardware Must Do’s (3 of 6) Layout and Antenna Guidelines
High-speed digital signals and clocks are often the strongest noise sources. The longer these traces are, the more
opportunities there will be to couple energy away from these traces. Remember also that loop area is generally more
important than trace length. Make sure that there is a good, high-frequency current return path near each trace.
Critical signal or clock traces should be buried between power and ground planes.
Routing a trace on a layer between two solid planes does an excellent job of containing the fields from these traces and
prevents unwanted coupling.
High-speed (or susceptible) traces should be routed at least 2x from the board edge, where x is the distance
between the trace and its return current path.
The electric and magnetic field lines associated with traces near the edge of a board are less well contained. Crosstalk and
coupling to and from antennas tends to be greater from these traces.
Differential signal trace pairs should be routed together and maintain the same distance from any solid
planes.
Differential signals are less susceptible to noise and less likely to generate radiated emissions if they are balanced; that is,
they have the same length and maintain the same impedance relative to other conductors.
On a board with power and ground planes, no traces should be used to connect to power or ground.
Connections should be made using a via within or adjacent to the power or ground pad of the component.
Traces on a connection to a plane located on a different layer take up space and add inductance to the connection.
If the design has more than one ground plane layer, then any connection to ground at a given position should
be made to all of the ground layers at that position.
The overall guiding principle here is that high-frequency currents will take the most beneficial (lowest inductance) path if
allowed. Do not try to direct the flow of these currents by only connecting to specific planes.
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Hardware Must Do’s (4 of 6) Layout and Antenna Guidelines
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Hardware Must Do’s (5 of 6) Layout and Antenna Guidelines
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Hardware Must Do’s (6 of 6) Layout and Antenna Guidelines
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Power Distribution Decoupling (1 of 3) Layout and Antenna Guidelines
Multi-layer boards employ at least two types of decoupling capacitors. Large-valued bulk capacitors help to
minimize the impedance of the power planes at low frequencies; for example, below a few hundred kHz.
Smaller, high-frequency capacitors reduce the power plane impedance at higher frequencies; for example, up
to ~100 MHz on boards with closely spaced planes. At even higher frequencies, the power plane impedance
is determined by the planes themselves.
Usually, there are several large value bulk decoupling capacitors for each power plane. They do not need to
be close to a component pin as is the case with higher frequency decoupling capacitors.
With the closely-spaced power and ground planes in phone PWBs, all capacitors mounted on the surface of
the board are global. That is, they tend to respond to changes in the voltage on the power planes due to all
active device switching and not favor one device over another. The inductance of their connection to the
power distribution planes is far more critical than their nominal capacitance. Smaller package sizes can be
connected to the planes with a lower inductance than larger packages. Therefore, high-frequency decoupling
capacitors should be as small physically as possible. The vias connecting these capacitors to the planes
should be located as close to one another as possible.
Choose the largest nominal capacitance available in a given package size. However, do not use capacitors
that have a nominal capacitance less than the parallel plate capacitance that naturally occurs between the
power and power-return planes [C=εA/d]. A board made with FR-4 material containing one pair of power
distribution planes spaced 0.15 mm apart has an interplane capacitance of approximately 27 pF/cm2.
The location of the intermediate value decoupling capacitors; for example, 1000 pF, is not as critical because
their performance is dominated by the inductance of their connection to the planes. At the frequencies where
they are effective, they can be located anywhere within the general vicinity of the active devices.
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Power Distribution Decoupling (2 of 3) Layout and Antenna Guidelines
The decoupling capacitors for the highest frequencies should be located as close as possible to the pin of its
component.
Connection inductance is determined by the loop area formed by the capacitor body, mounting pads, traces, and vias.
To minimize connection inductance:
Never use traces. Locate the vias inside or adjacent to the mounting pads and near each other.
If there is no room for the via adjacent to the pad, then move the whole capacitor. Capacitor location is not so important, but
connection inductance is critical.
Four vias instead of two can cut the connection inductance nearly in half when the via diameter is small relative to the
mounting pad width.
Mount all of the high-frequency decoupling capacitors on the face of the board nearest to the planes. Connection inductance
is nearly proportional to the distance from the planes.
High-frequency decoupling capacitors should not share a via with an active device.
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Power Distribution Decoupling (3 of 3) Layout and Antenna Guidelines
Vias to ground
5 nH 0.5 nH
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Steering Ground Return Currents in a PWB Layout and Antenna Guidelines
Attempting to steer ground return current with strategically located ground via keep-out areas is not
recommended. In some cases, it could help to isolate dirty return paths from clean return paths. But it is difficult
to realize because ground return currents always seek the path of least inductance.
It is best to connect areas of ground with as many vias and as many connection points as possible and let
return currents choose their own shortest path.
Having many interconnecting ground vias also improves the circuit card thermal performance.
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Separation of Ground Planes to Isolate Noise Layout and Antenna Guidelines
Separation of ground planes to isolate noise is never a good idea. In some situations, separating a ground
plane between clean and dirty areas could effectively prevent low-frequency, <100 kHz return currents from
sharing the same copper with the return currents of a sensitive circuit. Unfortunately, separation of solid ground
planes can cause enormous problems by interfering with the flow of high-frequency currents and generating
voltages that ultimately result in radiated emission problems.
In most cases, leaving the plane solid and letting both circuits share the same plane is the safest approach.
In situations where low-frequency isolation is required, it is almost always better to provide separate return paths on different
ground planes that are on different layers.
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Don’ts Layout and Antenna Guidelines
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Section 2.1.2
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Recommendations for GNSS Noise Figure Optimization Noise Figure and Antenna Guidelines
For designs where the RFIC is far away from the GNSS antenna, usage of an ELNA must be considered. The
front-end design should include a BPF-LNA-BPF implementation.
It is extremely important to place the ELNA as close as possible to the GNSS antenna. Any path loss before
the ELNA will have a dB-per-dB impact on the overall noise figure.
The trace length between the GNSS antenna, test connector, SAW filters, and ELNA must be as short as
possible.
Use of vias should be avoided, especially before the ELNA.
Check if the matching network has been optimized. Optimize the matching network for noise figure rather
than gain.
Maximize the distance between the GNSS antenna to the WWAN antenna. This is especially important for
LTE B13 concurrency.
Check front-end components.
Use the same front-end components as the Qualcomm reference design.
All front-end components should have low insertion loss.
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Example of Good GNSS Routing Noise Figure and Antenna Guidelines
GNSS antenna
SAW filter 1
External LNA is
close to the
GNSS antenna
GNSS RF
trace
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Antenna Design Optimization Noise Figure and Antenna Guidelines
1. GNSS antenna efficiency must be better than -4 dB and return loss must be better than 10 dB.
2. Optimize upper hemispherical gain (radiation pattern)
The radiation pattern from top- or bottom-mounted GNSS antennas on handsets tend to be directed to the side opposite the
antenna; for example, a bottom-mounted antenna is likely to have more gain toward the top of the phone.
3. Position/design the GNSS antenna on the board to reduce the effect of hand degradation.
Placing the GNSS antenna on the front or back side of the phone will not have much impact on the radiation pattern, but
placing it in the front might reduce hand losses in the dialing position due to increased distance to the hand.
In general, the top-mounted antenna sees less body losses in the dialing position but are prone to higher body losses in
talking position.
Side-mounted GNSS antennas tend to do poorly in the hand since that usually puts them directly under the fingers.
One option is to place the antenna at the bottom of the radio on the front side below the keyboard or display.
4. Maintain unbroken ground plane, especially near the antennas, to improve efficiency and reduce the impact
of radiated desense.
5. The GNSS antenna currents must be isolated from noise currents.
6. Noisy digital circuits such as the SIM card, USB interface, Camera module, Display connector (MDDI or
EBI2), speaker and other audio circuits, and SD/MMC card should be away from the GNSS antenna.
7. See GNSS Antenna Considerations for Handsets and Other Portables (80-V5228-8) for in-depth
recommendations to design GNSS antennas.
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Section 2.2
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GNSS RF BOM Reduction Options BOM Reduction/Low-Cost BOM Considerations
The low-cost BOM reduction implementations specified here, while having a cost reduction benefit, will have a
tradeoff in performance. This is shown in the table below.
The following approaches can be used to reduce the GNSS RF BOM:
No-eLNA (single SAW)
Sharing antenna with Wi-Fi
Use discrete LC Wi-Fi/GNSS diplexer, when the antenna is shared (5 GHz Wi-Fi band under study)
Each of these options is discussed in the next few slides.
No-eLNA + dedicated antenna 6.5 + ~10(ant) 4.0 Moderate trace loss assumed
Dedicated antenna
Low pre-LNA trace loss
eLNA + 2 SAWs + dedicated antenna 22.5 + ~10(ant) 2.5
assumed when eLNA is used.
Note: All the numbers stated in the table are examples only and are subject to change.
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BOM Reduction Using No-eLNA BOM Reduction/Low-Cost BOM Considerations
NF related losses
Trace loss should be less than 1 dB (any losses other than diplexer and SAW) from antenna input to RFIC
GNSS input matching network.
A high rejection filter having a 0.5 dB additional IL is used and the post-ELNA filter is not needed.
RFIC GNSS input matching network is critical in no-eLNA configuration and needs to be optimized per design
and follow reference design topology.
Coupling requirements
Avoid clocks crossing RF inputs, that could impact NF and cause spurs
Better shielding of RF traces is required
Power supply requirement
Power supplies connecting to WTR RF supply need good decoupling
QSPR RF development test
If <1 dB trace-loss is not met but RF development can pass, still can be acceptable
Include placeholder for eLNA stuff-option as backup should issues arise
Placeholder should not compromise primary path loss or isolation
Antenna requirements:
With a no-ELNA implementation, the antenna to antenna isolation needs to be at least 15 dB.
Note: Refer to the table in Section 2.3 for the list of chipsets that support the no-eLNA option.
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BOM Reduction By Sharing GNSS Antenna BOM Reduction/Low-Cost BOM Considerations
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BOM Reduction Using LC Diplexer BOM Reduction/Low-Cost BOM Considerations
WiFi + BT WiFi + BT
MN MN MN MN
SAW SAW
~6.5c 6c ~1c 6c
eBOM reduction: ~5.5 cents
Example of WTR4905/2955 chipsets using eBOM reduction
LC diplexer evaluation:
Use LC notches to replace dedicated GNSS/Wi-Fi diplexer
LC = LC notches = Low Cost. 2~3 notches: 1~1.5 cents
eBOM reduction: 5~5.5 cents, shared with Wi-Fi
LC diplexer implementation is currently supported only on WTR4905/2955 IC platforms.
Note: LC diplexer and other low cost/reduced BOM solutions have been successfully implemented on multiple
platforms; for example, QRD8916, QRD8909, etc.
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BOM Reduction Using LC Diplexer BOM Reduction/Low-Cost BOM Considerations
GLO WBIQ
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BOM Reduction Using LC Diplexer BOM Reduction/Low-Cost BOM Considerations
GNSS path
Note: Expect to adjust the matching values around the suggested initial values.
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BOM Reduction Using LC Diplexer BOM Reduction/Low-Cost BOM Considerations
The plot below shows the S11 curve, measured from port 1 of LC diplexer front end, with WTR4905 enabled on
the QRD8916 + WTR4905 platform.
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BOM Reduction Using LC Diplexer BOM Reduction/Low-Cost BOM Considerations
The plot below shows the S21 curve data, measured from port 1 and 2 around the LC diplexer + Pre SAW S21,
on the QRD8916+WTR4905.
Note: 40 dB attenuation at 2.4 GHz WLAN band is the worst case. It is better to have at least 45 dB. WLAN
port is NC.
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Section 2.3
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GNSS LNA Configurations
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No-eLNA and eLNA Tradeoffs External GNSS LNA Considerations
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Low-Cost Market Recommendations for No-eLNA External GNSS LNA Considerations
NF related losses
Trace loss should be less than 1 dB (any losses other than diplexer and SAW) from antenna input to RFIC
GNSS input matching network
A high rejection filter, F6QA1G582H2JMQYAS having a 0.5 dB additional IL is used and the post-ELNA filter
is not needed.
RFIC GNSS input matching network is critical in no-eLNA configuration and needs to be optimized per design
and follow reference design topology.
Coupling requirements
Avoid clocks crossing RF inputs; it could impact NF and cause spurs
Better shielding of RF traces is required
Power supply requirement
Power supplies connecting to WTR RF supply need good decoupling.
QSPR RF development test
If <1 dB trace-loss is not met but RF development can pass, still can be acceptable
Include placeholder for eLNA stuff-option as backup should issues arise
Placeholder should not compromise primary path loss or isolation
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GNSS Gen 8, 8A, 8B, and 8C Supported RFIC LNA External GNSS LNA Considerations
Configurations
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Section 2.4
GPS/GNSS Automotive
Considerations
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GNSS External Active Antenna Considerations
An attenuator can be
added as required
Not recommended!
Excess gain added by an external active
antenna when used in cascade with an
external LNA can cause serious GNSS
degradation.
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Example Calculation for Gain/Losses and Attenuation GPS/GNSS Automotive Considerations
for Automotive GNSS Front-End Design Requirements
VDD_1P3
Power supply/
RGR7640AU
bias circuits
VDD_1P3
VDD_1P3
VDD_1P8
To other SSBI
Digital I/Os
& controls
circuits
status &
XO PLL FDBK controls
circuits
LO generation
VCO
GNSS GNDs & distribution
antenna
(configuration 1)
BB_IP
downconverter
Quadrature
BPF1 LNA BPF2
RF_P LPF BB_IM
RF_M BB_QP
GNSS
active antenna
(configuration 2)
Attenuator BPF2
Active antenna 27
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Section 2.5
Designs 59
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GNSS Blanking: Why and When is It Used? GNSS Blanking Implementation
GNSS blanking is used when any Tx signal from the device has uncontrolled Tx burst noise that falls into the
GNSS band.
Tx sources can be GSM (850/EGSM/DCS/PCS), LTE-TDD (B34/B39), TDSCDMA (B34/B39), and IM3 effects
from Wi-Fi + 800 MHz band Tx.
The GNSS receiver is typically overloaded with TDD Tx out-of-band noise power.
It disrupts the digital gain and DC offset control loops.
GNSS desense can be several dB higher than blanking loss.
Blanking limits the GNSS sensitivity loss due to the Tx burst noise.
GSM 1-slot blanking: ~0.6 dB loss vs 1 to 2 dB loss without blanking
LTE-TDD: ~2.2 dB (Tx typically 2 ms every 5 ms)
TDS: ~0.7 dB (Tx typically 675 us every 5 ms)
SGLTE: LTE-TDD + GSM: ~3.5 dB expected loss
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RFIC Blanking Seen at the Analog IQ Outputs During GSM Tx GNSS Blanking Implementation
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Section 2.5.1
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GNSS Blanking Verification (1 of 2) GNSS Blanking Implementation
To help confirm GSM blanking, look for 216-Hz spaced spurs around the test tone, and spurs at band edges
±1023 kHz.
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GNSS Blanking Verification (2 of 2) GNSS Blanking Implementation
WBIQ .bin time domain plots can show comparison of correct blanking vs no-blanking (jamming occurring).
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Section 2.5.2
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Section 2.5.3
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GNSS Blanking in SGLTE Mode on APQ8084/MDM9x25M GNSS Blanking Implementation
Devices (2 of 3)
MDM9X25
GPIO_58
GRFC_26
NEW CONNECTION
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GNSS Blanking in SGLTE Mode on APQ8084/MDM9x25M GNSS Blanking Implementation
Devices (3 of 3)
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Section 2.6
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GPS Hardware Considerations for LTE Band 13 Considerations for LTE B13 Designs
}
The antenna switch is a significant contributor.
}
PTx Second harmonic
generated by Tx
Must be less than
Second harmonic at the primary antenna < -75 dBm. (PA, switch, etc.) -75 dBm
360 kHz
The Tx coupled into the GPS path generates an additional second harmonic.
}
~
786.41 MHz 1572.82 MHz
The ELNA is expected to be a significant contributor.
Primary antenna
If there is a diversity switch (not recommended) on the GPS path, then it is expected to be a significant contributor.
RFIC
IM2out
PTx Additional second harmonic
~
generated by the GNSS front end
786.41 MHz 1572.82 MHz
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GPS with LTE Band 13 – Tx Path Considerations Considerations for LTE B13 Designs
Tx SAW
Required for attenuating the DA Rx band noise in the LTE band 13 and GPS Rx band; see Filter, Upper 700
Objective Specification
(80-VJ558-9) for test method and requirements.
Duplexer
With 27.5 dBm input power, it should attain > 45 dB attenuation at the LTE band 13 second harmonic and
2H notch
Tuned at the second harmonic frequency, this is necessary to improve the antenna switch module (ASM)
second harmonic requirement. The stripline inductor is recommended (over discrete inductor) for high Q and
accuracy. Primary antenna
Trace loss
PA Stripline inductor
Microstrip inductor
DA isTx
not recommended; Duplexer
it is more lossy and longer than
SAW
2H notch ASM an equivalent stripline inductor for
LPF Target @ primary antenna:
the same PCB stackup. 2H < -75 dBm
Antenna switch module (ASM)
RF transceiver
The dominant contributor to the Tx second harmonic, which should be ~<-78-78
(2H contribution dBm)dBm with 25 dBm input (see
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GPS with LTE Band 13 – Antenna Isolation Considerations Considerations for LTE B13 Designs
Requirement
The maximum allowed second harmonic content from the transmitter at the GPS antenna = -85 dBm.
Hence, the transmitter path considerations discussed in the previous slide requires a 10 dB antenna-to-
antenna isolation (AANT) at LTE band 13 Tx , 2H, and GPS frequencies.
For AANT dB of antenna-to-antenna isolation in both Tx and 2H bands
The total second harmonic produced by the Tx at the primary antenna should not exceed (-85 + (AANT))
dBm.
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GPS with LTE Band 13 – Recommendations Considerations for LTE B13 Designs
}
}
PTx Second harmonic
80 dBm at the GPS antenna. generated by Tx
Must be less than
(PA, switch, etc.) -75 dBm
Required lowpass filter on the Tx path 360 kHz
}
~
Required high linearity ASM on the primary path 786.41 MHz 1572.82 MHz
IM2out
PTx Additional second harmonic
~
generated by the GNSS front end
786.41 MHz 1572.82 MHz
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GPS with LTE Band 13 – Prefilter Attenuation Requirements Considerations for LTE B13 Designs
(1 of 2)
Case A Case B
GPS front end GPS front end
Note: BPF1 and BPF2 SAW must meet the linearity requirements listed in GNSS L1 Band Unbalanced
SAW Filter Mini-Specification (80-VF782-5) and GNSS L1 Band Balanced SAW Filter Mini-
Specification (80-VF782-1).
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GPS with LTE Band 13 – Prefilter Attenuation Requirements Considerations for LTE B13 Designs
(2 of 2)
Shared GPS/
Case C diversity path
GPS front end
Diversity switch
Prefilter
To DRx path
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Example Prefilter (Band 13 Notch) Considerations for LTE B13 Designs
Example prefilter
C1 = C2 = 3.6 pF ± 0.1 pF Trc1 Sss11 Trc2 Sdd22 Trc3 Sss31 1 of 1 (Max)
Trc4 Sss31 Trc5 Sss31 Trc6 Sss31
C3 = 4.7 pF ± 0.1 pF Trc7 Sds23 Trc8 Scs23 Mem9[Trc4] Sss31
0 M1M
M 23
L1 = 7.4 nH ± 5% Sss31
-5
Third-order elliptical high pass filter
Four components -10
Note: Consider part-to-part component value variation and board-to-board parasitic variation in the prefilter
design process.
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Typical Band 13 2H at Main Antenna Connector – Considerations for LTE B13 Designs
RBStart49_Lcrb_1
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Typical Band 13 2H at Main Antenna Connector – Considerations for LTE B13 Designs
LTE QPSK 50RB
Tx ON
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Section 2.7
GPS/GLONASS Hardware
Considerations for Dual
Transmission in AWS and PCS
Bands
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GPS/GLONASS Hardware Considerations for Dual GNSS Hardware Considerations for
AWS & PCS Dual Tx
Transmission in AWS and PCS Bands
Simultaneous transmission in AWS and PCS bands
causes RF front-end components to generate IM3
products that fall into the GPS/GLONASS bands and
cause desense.
The AWS+PCS IM3 product can be generated in
both the WWAN Tx path and the GPS Rx path.
If the IM3 is generated in the WWAN Tx path and
falls into the GLONASS/GPS bands, the GPS
antenna is not able to differentiate the corrupted
signal from GPS signals.
Similarly, if the GPS Rx front end generates IM3, the
corrupted signal cannot be filtered out once it goes
into the RFIC.
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Transmitter and Receiver Path Considerations GNSS Hardware Considerations for
AWS & PCS Dual Tx
IM3 product on GPS/GLONASS bands is not limited to
dual transmission in B4 LTE and BC1 1X voice
scenarios. Other AWS Tx + PCS Tx combinations
include:
B2 LTE and BC15 1X voice
B25 LTE and BC15 1X voice
Tx SAW
Required for attenuating the DA Rx band noise in the AWS/PCS
Tx band and GPS Rx band; see Filter, Upper 700 MHz B13 Tx
SAW Mini-Specification (80-VH064-14) for requirements.
– AWS Tx attenuation due to SAWAWS = 35 dB
– PCS Tx attenuation due to SAWPCS = 40 dB
Duplexer
Duplexer should always precede the low pass filter and not the
other way around.
.Antenna switch module (ASM)
LTE/CDMA SVLTE RF front end IIP3 should be +65 dBm. IP3 of
SP10T is the dominant factor in LTE/CDMA SVLTE RF frontend
IP3.
Antenna to Antenna Isolation
Qualcomm recommends minimum 10 dB antenna-to-antenna
isolation.
GNSS External Low Noise Amplified
The GNSS ELNA is the dominant contributor to the IM3 product.
Qualcomm specification for GPS ELNA IIP3 is 2 dBm. See
The WWAN Tx IM3 seen at the GPS
MSM/MDM Key RF External Components (80-VP447-12) for
antenna should not exceed -81 dBm.
more details.
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Proposed Solution GNSS Hardware Considerations for
AWS & PCS Dual Tx
The proposed solution to the IM3 issue is to limit the max Tx power if all of the following conditions are met:
GPS/GLONASS session is in progress. This includes researching and making measurements.
UE is simultaneously transmitting in AWS and PCS bands.
LTE and 1X voice channel combination produces an IM3 product that falls in or close to the GPS/GLONASS band.
The level to back off the LTE max Tx will be stored in a look-up table, an NV item, as a function of the voice
Tx power level.
The procedure to measure the LTE B4 x CDMA BC1 intermodulation interference (IM3) on GPS/GLONASS
band is outlined in the following slides.
This solution is general to any device simultaneously transmitting voice and data in AWS and PCS bands.
LTE and 1X voice combinations include:
B4 LTE + BC1 1X voice
B2 LTE + BC15 1X voice
B25 LTE + BC15 1X voice
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IM3 Measurement Overview GNSS Hardware Considerations for
AWS & PCS Dual Tx
See GPS/GLONASS
Hardware Considerations
for Dual Transmissions in
AWS and PCS Bands
(80-N5420-24) for more
information.
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Interpreting Results GNSS Hardware Considerations for
AWS & PCS Dual Tx
Example ADC IQ test MATLAB output plot with both Tx chains off GLO noise density (dBm/Hz) with Tx ON
= -170.02 + 18.84
= -151.18 dBm/Hz
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Section 2.8
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QDART GPS/GNSS HW
Validation Using QDART
QDART consists of Qualcomm Radio Control Toolkit (QRCT) and Qualcomm Sequence Profiling Resource
(QSPR).
QDART
QRCT QSPR
QRCT can be used to perform only offline GNSS QSPR can be used to perform offline as well as
hardware verification tests in early development online GNSS hardware verification tests.
stages. Automated testing
Manual testing
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Gen 8 Hardware Tests Performed Using QDART GPS/GNSS HW
Validation Using QDART
Approximate
Test category Test WWAN state
test time*
GPS and BDS wideband spectrum analysis
45 sec
test
Offline, OoS, Idle, Single-call with
Spectrum Analysis GLO wideband spectrum analysis test per
45 sec max Tx power
channel
GPS narrowband spectrum analysis 2 min
Offline, OoS, Idle, Single-call with
C/No calibration C/No Test 2.5 min
nominal and max Tx power
test
Multi-call C/No Test 12 min Multi-call with max Tx power
Idle, Single-call with max Tx
Acquisition Acquisition sensitivity test 45 min
power
sensitivity test
Multi-call acquisition sensitivity test 4 hr Multi-call with max Tx power
Tracking sensitivity Offline, OoS, Idle, Single-call with
Tracking sensitivity test 55 min
test max Tx power
Offline, OoS, Idle, Single-call with
BER test BER test 6 min
max Tx power
BER stress test BER stress test 6 min Multi-call with max Tx power
* 1. Test time is one run of the test for a single WWAN technology/band/channel/state.
2. Test time includes the QSPR data post-processing time, logs/data/figures generation time.
3. All the sensitivity tests assume only two power levels are tested.
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Section 2.8.1
QRCT-Based Conducted RF
Development Tests
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QCRT
QRCT Initialization – Test Setup (1 of 3)
One click and hold COM Port menu and select the DUT COM Port
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QRCT Initialization – Test Setup (2 of 3) QCRT
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QRCT Initialization – Test Setup (3 of 3) QCRT
1. Choose COM
port
2. Click Enter GPS
Mode
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QRCT Training and Troubleshooting – Mobile C/No QCRT
Background
Calculates C/No using (TE – NE)/NE where TE is the
peak energy in band; that is, CW Tone, and NE is
noise energy measured near L1.
Recommended settings
Collect Mode (IQ Source) – GPS PRx
Capture Size (kilosamples) – 32
Number of FFT Integrations – 10
Procedure
Inject a -120 dBm tone (referred to GPS ant input) at
1575.52 MHz (L1 + 100 kHz) accounting for setup
losses; for example, input loss (IL) of RF cables
Initialize test setup
Select Get Mobile C/N0 in Mobile C/N0o Tab
Interpreting results
Mobile C/No should report approximately 50 dB-Hz,
but will vary based on NF
Mobile C/No = 174 – Ptone - NF
Frequency Offset (Hz) is relative to L1 and should be
approximately 100 kHz. If offset exceeds +100 kHz ±2
ppm (±3150 Hz) at room, XO needs recalibration.
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QRCT Training and Troubleshooting – WB I/Q Spectrum Analysis (1 of 2) QCRT
Background
Calculates the C/No similar to Mobile C/No and creates a
gnss_tools\standalone_rfv\iq_test.
In Matlab, call gnss_IqTest_IqFileProc.
'gpsGen8_iq_wb_collect.bin');
See IZat Gen 8 Engine RF Development and Mobile
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QRCT Training and Troubleshooting – WB I/Q Spectrum Analysis (2 of 2) QCRT
Interpreting results
C/No is calculated similar to Mobile C/No. For a -120 dBm CW tone power, the expected C/No is ~50 dB-Hz
dependent upon NF.
The noise floor is approximately -160 dBm.
The estimated signal frequency offset is 100 kHz (assuming CW is set to L1+ 100 kHz).
The jammer mask is dependent on the jammer bandwidth (BW) and violating spurs can be viewed in
summary file that is generated by Matlab script
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QRCT Training and Troubleshooting – SV Tracking QCRT
Background
Track a single satellite simulated by the GPS satellite
simulator
Recommended settings
Test mode – SC Trk PRI
GPS/SBAS SV ID – 1 (0 if tracking all SVs is desired)
Command – Clear States & Start
Procedure
Inject a -130 dBm GPS signal accounting setup losses;
for example, IL of RF cables, using a GPS satellite
simulator.
For the GPS satellite simulator set PRN to 1, SV speed
to
900 mps and Doppler to 0.
Follow test steps.
Select Send Cmd in Mobile C/No Tab.
Interpreting results
Open QXDM and navigate to VIEW → NEW → GPS →
GNSS Measurements.
The C/No observed should be approximately 40 dB-Hz,
but will vary based on noise figure and signal strength.
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Section 2.8.2
QSPR-Based Conducted RF
Development Tests
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Test Equipment/Setup QSPR
*See IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures (80-VM522-2) for additional setup details.
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Configuring and Calibrating QSPR (1 of 2) QSPR
Equipment configuration
Equipconfig.xml file must be modified to tell QSPR what equipment is connected and on what GPIB port
Location of equipconfig.xml file can be found by running any QSPR test tree and viewing the location in the Debug window
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Configuring and Calibrating QSPR (2 of 2) QSPR
Active
Ensure
equipment
settings
match your
equipment
Supported
equipment
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Configuring and Calibrating for SV-DO/LTE QSPR
SVDO/LTE solutions require two call boxes for EV-DO/LTE and CDMA.
The call box with LTE and DO must be configured as Call Processor2 in equipconfig.xml.
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Configuring and Calibrating QSPR QSPR
Calibrating setup
calDB.xml file must be modified to account for unique setup losses that will be used by QSPR when setting
power levels.
Location of the calDB.xml file can be found by running any QSPR test tree and viewing the location in the Debug window; it is
typically located in the same directory as equipconfig.xml.
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Calibrating and Configuring QSPR for SV-DO/LTE QSPR
SV-DO/LTE setups require additional call boxes and splitters/combiners to accommodate additional Rx/Tx
paths. EV-DO/LTE base station test set CDMA base station test set
Variations in SV-DO/LTE designs can result in two different setups: (1b) (1a)
In architecture 1, the CDMA UUT Rx and UUT Tx share the same antenna (Ant1), and the EV-DO UUT Rx RF RF
out only in/out
Even sec 10 MHz
out
.
out
RF RF
out only in/out
Even sec 10 MHz
out
.
out
and UUT Tx share the same antenna (Ant0) (shown). Power (10)
splitter (32)
In architecture 2, the CDMA Rx and Tx use different antennas,
(29)
and the EV-DO Rx and Tx use different
S
1
2 35b
(13) (4) 10 MHz In
S (18) CH 2
Power (9)
– CDMA UUT BC1 Tx and EV-DO UUT BC1 Rx are on Ant1. combiner
1 PPS 1 PPS
(19) (21) (23) (7) in out
– CDMA UUT BC0 Tx and EV-DO UUT BC0 Rx are on Ant2. Power (9a) (9b)
GNSS signal generator
WWAN WWAN GNSS combiner 25-way D-type
LTE UUT Rx and UUT Tx are on Ant0 for both architectures.
UUT
Ant0 Ant1 Ant
2 GNSS RF RF 10 MHz
S (16) (15) out (2) in/out
(6) 1
See IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures (80-VM522-2) for more information. Serial interface
connector
IEEE488
Windows PC (26)
with support software CW RF
(17)
CW signal generator
GPIB
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 95
Configuring and Calibrating QSPR (1 of 2) QSPR
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 96
Configuring and Calibrating QSPR (2 of 2) QSPR
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 97
QSPR Test Tree Descriptions QSPR
Purpose
Spectrum analysis test measures the frequency spectrum of the GPS receiver output
Checks signal purity at input to correlation processor
Detects strong jammers
Measures noise figure of the DUT GNSS receiver
GPS WBIQ observes L1 ±1.023 MHz (GPS) bandwidth of spectrum
How failure degrades performance
Noise figure degrades receiver sensitivity dB-for-dB
CW jammers can mask weaker signals and create false alarms by being mistaken as legitimate signal
CW and WB jammers degrade signal C/N0 by saturating AGC
Preliminary troubleshooting
Calibrate test setup for unaccounted setup losses that add to NF
Eliminate test setup interference by properly isolating DUT and follow setup instructions to properly simulate
antenna-antenna isolation
Investigate front-end losses, including layout (trace loss) and matching optimization
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 99
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GPS WBIQ (1 of 4) QSPR
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 100
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GPS WBIQ (2 of 4) QSPR
1 2 3 4 5
6
1. Frequency Accuracy (PPM) – Measures the difference between the expected tone frequency and the
measured tone frequency giving an estimate of LO bias.
2. NF Measured (dB) – GNSS RF path noise figure calculated by summing normalized FFT bins, subtracting
out test CW tone, scaling by noise bandwidth, and referencing to -120 dBm test CW tone.
3. Std (I/Q) – Standard deviation of AGC can indicate the presence of a very strong jammer (see WBIQ) or
improper AGC performance and may correspond to a failure in AGC (I/Q mean).
4. Noise Floor (dBm) – Computed mean power from FFT bin samples in +/- 100 kHz range, referenced to
-120 dBm test CW tone.
5. Programmable Gain Amplifier (dB) – Value in dB of analog gain stage, can indicate strong jammer if too low,
or insufficient GNSS front-end gain if too high.
6. AGC (I/Q mean) – Measures input of AGC
Failures indicate improper gain settings; for example, malfunctioning ELNA.
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 101
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GPS WBIQ (3 of 4) QSPR
Interpreting results
List of 10 strongest spurs with their respective relative frequency, bandwidth (BW), and bandwidth-dependent
jammer limit
Violating spurs are highlighted in red in both the table and the plot.
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 102
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GPS WBIQ (4 of 4) QSPR
Interpreting results
On the resulting spectral plot, verify the following:
1. The reference tone is close to +100 kHz frequency
offset.
2. The cumulative filter shape must look like the figure
shown below.
3. All spurs, if any, are below the spur thresholds (the
plot may be zoomed to reveal closely spaced spur
components).
4. Spurs above the spur threshold are shown in red on
the plot.
5. The HTML report shown in the previous slide
identifies spurs above the threshold.
6. See IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development
Test Procedures (80-VM522-2) for more information.
The HTML file identifies peaks
Reference tone
that may qualify as spurs.
@ 100 kHz
GPS Gen 8 RF
Spectrum plot at
-120 dBm
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GLO WBIQ (1 of 9) QSPR
Purpose
Spectrum analysis test measures the frequency spectrum of the GPS receiver output.
Checks signal purity at input to correlation processor
Detects strong jammers
Measures noise figure of the DUT GNSS receiver
AGC check allows checking of the proper gain lineup in the GNSS receiver paths
GLO WBIQ observes 1 MHz (GLO) bandwidth of spectrum for all 14 frequency channels
How failure degrades performance
CW and WB jammers degrades signal C/No by saturating AGC
CW jammers can mask weaker signals and create false alarms by being mistaken as legitimate signal
Noise figure degrades receiver sensitivity dB-for-dB
Preliminary troubleshooting
Eliminate test setup interference by properly isolating DUT and follow setup instructions to properly simulate
ant-ant isolation
Investigate front-end losses including layout (trace loss) and matching optimization
Calibrate test setup for unaccounted setup losses that add to NF
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 104
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GLO WBIQ (2 of 9) QSPR
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GLO WBIQ (3 of 9) QSPR
1 2 3 4 5
6
1. Frequency Accuracy (PPM) – Measures the difference between the expected tone frequency and the
measured tone frequency giving an estimate of LO bias.
2. NF Measured (dB) – GNSS RF path noise figure calculated by summing normalized FFT bins, subtracting
out test CW tone, scaling by noise bandwidth, and referencing to -120 dBm test CW tone.
3. Std (I/Q) – Standard deviation of AGC can indicate the presence of a very strong jammer (see WBIQ) or
improper AGC performance and may correspond to a failure in AGC (I/Q mean).
4. Noise Floor (dBm) – Computed mean power from FFT bin samples in +/- 100 kHz range, referenced
to -120 dBm test CW tone.
5. Programmable Gain Amplifier (dB) – Value in dB of analog gain stage, can indicate strong jammer if too low,
or insufficient GNSS front-end gain if too high.
6. AGC (I/Q mean) – Measures input of AGC
Failures indicate improper gain settings; for example, malfunctioning ELNA.
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 106
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GLO WBIQ (4 of 9) QSPR
Interpreting results
Lists the 10 strongest spurs with their respective relative frequency, bandwidth, and bandwidth dependent
jammer limit
If there are any violating spurs, they will be highlighted in red in both the table and the plot.
See IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures (80-VM522-2) for more information.
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 107
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GLO WBIQ (5 of 9) QSPR
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GLO WBIQ (6 of 9) QSPR
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GLO WBIQ (7 of 9) QSPR
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GLO WBIQ (8 of 9) QSPR
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GLO WBIQ (9 of 9) QSPR
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, NBIQ QSPR
Purpose
Measures phase noise and LO stability to check frequency stability
How failure degrades performance
Phase noise on the local generated clock acts as frequency changing with time and degrades by
Multiplicative effect – Spreads the signal through phase modulation reducing useful signal power
Reciprocal mixing – Folding of out-of-band interference (jammer) in baseband
Oscillator stability measures frequency jumps in 50 Hz samples
Signal loss – Energy is distributed to multiple hypothesis due to frequency jump
Longer TTFF – A jump more than 12.5 Hz results in a correlation sum sign flip causing a time/ephemeris decoding error
Preliminary troubleshooting
Verify voltage supply of (VCTC)XO circuitry that can cause low frequency fluctuations
Thermally isolate (VCTC)XO circuitry to reduce temperature gradients that cause LO drift
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 113
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GPS NBIQ (1 of 3) QSPR
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 114
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GPS NBIQ (2 of 3) QSPR
Interpreting results
1 2 3
1. Delta Frequency (Hz) – Indicates the phase jump of the LO over a GPS bit duration.
Delta frequency = Phase Jump Magnitude (cycles)/GPS bit duration(s)
Failure results in demodulation error
2. Phase Noise Modulation (deg) – Standard deviation of phase noise
Degrades demodulation performance
3. Mean Amplitude – Measures mean amplitude of the output
Failure indicates the CW tone is either too weak or too strong caused by gross setup calibration errors
4. AGC (I/Q mean) – See the WBIQ information
Limits are larger as a result of the 10 dB increase in reference tone power
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Spectrum Analysis, GPS NBIQ (3 of 3) QSPR
Interpreting results
On the resulting spectral plot, verify the following:
Phase noise modulation < 15/6° for GSM traffic/other
modes
The frequency difference from 50 Hz samples metric
can be used to evaluate the performance of the XO.
See slide XO Mechanical Stress NBIQ Plots, in the
XO debugging section for more information.
See IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test
Procedures (80-VM522-2) for more information.
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 116
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – CNo Test (1 of 4) QSPR
Purpose
Estimates the cumulative processing losses that are inherent in the DUT implementation
Measures the effective oscillator performance
How does failure degrade performance
Receivers sensitivity is degraded dB-for-dB by system processing losses
Large LO bias results in missed SVs and higher cold start TTFF
Engine searches only ± (spec_max_LO_bias + max_SV_Dopp+ max_user_motion_Dopp)
If real max_LO_bias> spec_max_LO_bias an SV may reside outside of the frequency range
Large LO stability may cause receiver to lose SV tracking
Large LO drift results in sensitivity loss due to smearing; large LO drift can also cause the receiver to lose
track of an SV
Preliminary troubleshooting
Recalibrate XO to reduce LO bias
Thermally Isolate XO/TCXO to reduce LO stability and LO drift
Externally supply XO/TCXO circuitry to reduce LO stability and LO drift
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 117
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – CNo Test (2 of 4) QSPR
3
4
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – CNo Test (3 of 4) QSPR
Interpreting results
1 2 3 4
1. Max Accel (m/sec/sec) – Measures the rate of change of the XO frequency by setting the SV speed to
900m/s and recording the variation in reported SV Doppler:
Calculated by [SpeedSV (t+N) – SpeedSV(t)]/N, where N = 1, 5, and 12.
5 sec and 12 sec are chosen because they are the deepest and longest searches, respectively.
2. LO Stability (m/sec) – Maximum frequency variation of the LO over the entire test or maximum speed –
minimum speed
3. LO Bias (m/sec) – Average error in speed, with respect to 900 m/sec
4. Processing Loss – Front-end losses and processing losses due to digital filtering.
Typically NF + 0.5 dB but can be larger if there is excessive LO drift; see Impact of Reference Frequency Drift on GNSS
Sensitivity (80-VM522-11) for more information.
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 119
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – CNo Test (4 of 4) QSPR
Interpreting results
Check that the observed speed is reasonably close to the selected Doppler (900 m/s).
Drift rate more problematic than steady drift
The drift in speed can be converted into an equivalent drift in frequency using the conversion
1 m/s/s = 5.25 Hz/s
See IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures (80-VM522-2) for more information.
Sample speed vs time profile output for GPS C/N0 calibration test
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 120
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Acquisition and Tracking Sensitivity QSPR
Purpose
The acquisition sensitivity of a IZat DUT is defined as the lowest signal power level at the antenna port at
which the DUT can locate the satellite-in-view 50% of the time.
Tracking sensitivity is defined as the lowest signal power level at the antenna port for which the UUT can
locate the satellite-in-view 50% of the time when in Sequential Tracking mode.
How does failure degrade performance?
The sensitivity tests help to determine if the desired sensitivity has been achieved on the DUT and predicts
DUTs ability to pass minimum performance tests; for example, PLTS.
Preliminary troubleshooting
Failures in any other RF development test can cause poor sensitivity and must be resolved first
Unaccounted for setup losses and equipment dynamic range can give misleading results
Spirent GSS6300 requires 15 dB total loss to reduce signal power to -164 dBm
Sufficient loss must be added to the generator output to avoid QSPR exception error.
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Acquisition Sensitivity QSPR
6. Run the Finalize Traffic node and review detailed test results, which will be displayed in the QSPR Status
window.
When step 6 is performed, QSPR automatically displays the test results in an HTML file, which includes the
5
pass/fail criteria.
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Tracking Sensitivity QSPR
6. Right-click the Finalize folder then click. The QSPR log file will generate and display.
When step 6 is performed, QSPR automatically displays the test results in an HTML file, which includes the
pass/fail criteria.
5
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Acquisition Sensitivity QSPR
Interpreting results
1 2 3 4
1. GPS Sensitivity (dBm) – Power level of SV where receiver is able to find SV 50% of the time.
2. GPS Dwells Attempted – A maximum of 100 dwells will be performed. If the 50% threshold is met before, the
test will be stopped early.
3. Number of Successful GPS Dwells – Must exceed 60 for test to pass in order to meet 95% confidence the
probability of a miss is 50%.
4. Average GPS CNo – Baseband sensitivity of successfully found SVs
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – Tracking Sensitivity QSPR
Interpreting results
1 2 3 4
1. Tracking Sensitivity (dBm) – Power level of SV where receiver is able to find SV 50% of the time on
successive dwells.
2. Number of Measurements – A minimum of 149 dwells must be successfully performed. If the 50% threshold
is not met, the test will be stopped early.
3. Lost Searches – Measurements where GPS receiver was unable to track SV.
4. Average GPS CNo – Baseband sensitivity of successfully found SVs
Note: For more information about running the acquisition/tracking sensitivity test and respective pass/fail
criteria, see IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures (80-VM522-2).
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 125
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – BER Test (1 of 3) QSPR
Purpose
The BER test tests for any additional problems with the LO that might not have been uncovered with previous
tests.
How does failure degrade performance?
Longer TTFF or inability to find position due to failure of time/ephemeris decoding
A bit error is defined as an event in which the mobile incorrectly demodulates a satellite NAV data bit.
Preliminary troubleshooting
BER failures are primarily caused by LO instability. See C/No calibration and NBIQ for preliminary
troubleshooting guidance.
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 126
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – BER Test (2 of 3) QSPR
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – BER Test (3 of 3) QSPR
Interpreting results
1 2 3 4
1. Measured C/No (dB) – QSPR will vary GPS simulator power until the C/No is within the limits.
2. Final GPS Power (dBm) – Output power of the GPS simulator needed to achieve a C/No of 27 dB.
C/No = 174 dBm + GPS power (dBm) – NF
3. # of Bits – 15000 is the statistically the number of significant bits necessary to determine BER. The value
can be varied in QSPR properties.
4. GPS BER (%) – Missed bits/number of bits
Note: See IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures (80-VM522-2) for more information.
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 128
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – XO and PMIC Temperature Monitor QSPR
for XO-based Devices (1 of 2)
Purpose
High-sensitivity GNSS solution requires stable reference frequency.
Sudden thermal transients from heat generating sources; for example, power amplifiers, can lead to reference
frequency instability.
The XO and PMIC thermistor readings are monitored in all the RF development tests for the XO-based UUTs
to validate that the XO temperature jump is within limit and PMIC temperature is within limits.
How does failure degrade performance?
Sudden thermal transients can cause the reference frequency to deviate.
The deviation in reference frequency can lead to degradation of sensitivity and in severe cases can also
cause loss of SV lock.
Preliminary troubleshooting
Ensure that the layout for the 19.2 MHz XTAL as well as related XO ADC circuitry meets QTI
recommendations. See Section 2.10, XO Integration and Debugging.
For small PCB/high thermal layouts, see Enhanced Guidelines to Implement 19.2 MHz Crystal for Small
PCB/High Thermal Layouts (80-VP447-10).
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – XO and PMIC Temperature Monitor QSPR
for XO-based Devices (2 of 2)
Note that XO and PMIC temperature monitoring does not require any new tests to be performed and therefore
will not increase the test time.
The plot of XO and PMIC temperature over time is generated by QSPR in all RF development tests.
XO temperature
jump < 2oC/sec
PMIC temperature
within -40oC and
125oC
XO and PMIC temperature monitoring pass requirement (for XO-based UUTs only)
Sec. 2.8.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 130
QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – GPS/GLO Group Delay Difference Measurement (1 of 2) QSPR
Purpose
The IZat Gen 8 family is capable of performing navigation fixes using measurements from GPS, GLONASS,
and Beidou.
At the receiver, the GPS and GLO signals propagate in two different data paths, thus the group delays of
these signals are different.
To reduce the number of required measurements and thereby increase the yield and reduce the TTFF in
several scenarios, it is desirable to have the group delay difference known at the receiver.
How does failure degrade performance?
If the group delay difference between GPS and GLO is unknown, an extra measurement is needed to resolve
this difference; for example, assuming the pseudo-range measurements available at the receiver are from
both GPS and GLO
If the group delay difference is known, only 4 pseudo-range measurements are needed to perform a 3D fix.
If the group delay difference is unknown, 5 pseudo-range measurements are needed to perform a 3D fix
Preliminary troubleshooting
Group delay difference can be measured using RF development test
The test is not factory calibration. It is required to perform the test on one or a few devices per product line.
The same NV item is then populated to all devices within that product family
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QSPR Training and Troubleshooting – GPS/GLO Group Delay Difference QSPR
Measurement (2 of 2)
Procedure
Test equipment requirements: It is required that the GNSS simulator used in the test generate GPS and GLO
signals with a timing difference within 5 ns. For example, the GSS6300 recommended in IZat Gen 8 Engine
Family RF Development Test Procedures (80-VM522-2) meets this requirement.
Step 1: Run any GPS to GLO group delay calibration node in the RF development test tree; for example, the
node W_CDMAW_CDMA-OOSCalibration TestsCno-Group Delay Cal in the test tree
GNSS_Gen8_UMTS.xtt
Step 2: The test measures group delay differences between GPS and three GLO channels (CH-7, CH0, and
CH6). The average of the group delay differences is also reported as part of the test results.
Example: The figure below shows how the average delay difference is displayed in RF-Dev test report.
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Section 2.9
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Section 2.9.1
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Radiated RF Development Tests – Spectrum Analysis Test (1 of 2)
CW generator settings:
Frequency: 1575.52 MHz
Amplitude: Adjust the power such that the noise figure
obtained in the radiated WBIQ test matches the noise
figure from the conducted WBIQ test
Place the
DUT in the
anechoic
chamber
A PC running QDART
communicates with the
DUT through a USB
connection. Example of an Anechoic Chamber
Precise
For more information on radiated
orientation of
RF development tests, see IZat
the device
Gen 8 Engine Radiated RF
under test is
Run radiated Development Test Procedures
not critical
WBIQ test (80-VN895-2).
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Radiated RF Development Tests – Spectrum Analysis Test (2 of 2) Radiated RF Development Tests
Setup
The test should be carried out in an anechoic
chamber.
Precise orientation of the DUT is not critical.
This offline test does not require a cellular call
processor.
Use of a spectrum analyzer is optional; the purpose
of this analyzer is to monitor the cellular transmission
from the DUT.
A PC running QDART communicates with the DUT
through a USB connection.
For more information on radiated RF development
tests for Gen 8-related devices, see IZat Gen 8
Engine Radiated RF Development Test Procedures
(80-VN895-2)
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Section 2.9.2
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Radiated RF
Radiated RF Development Tests – Chamber Calibration and Setup Development Tests
Note: For more information on radiated RF development tests, or Gen 7-related devices, see gpsOne Gen 7
Engine Radiated RF Development Test Procedures (80-VN895-1); for Gen 8-related devices, see IZat Gen
8 Engine Radiated RF Development Test Procedures (80-VN895-2).
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Radiated RF
Radiated RF Development Tests – Chamber Calibration and Setup Development Tests
This test can be used to check for desense due to WWAN; for example, LTE, CDMA, etc., or peripherals; for
example, display, camera, etc.
Place the
device under
test in the
The chamber anechoic
propagation loss chamber
must be calibrated
prior to running
this test Receive antenna should be
oriented so that its direction of
maximum gain is aligned with
transmit antenna
A PC running
QDART
communicates
Call Box
with the DUT
through a USB
connection
To test WWAN
desense, make
a max Tx call in
the desired
band of For more information on radiated RF
operation; for development tests, see IZat Gen 8
example, LTE Engine Radiated RF Development Test Run radiated RF
B13 1RB49 Procedures (80-VN895-2). development tests
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Radiated RF
Radiated RF Development Tests – Spectrum Analysis Test (1 of 2) Development Tests
Procedure
1. Power up the DUT and attach the USB cable.
2. Launch QRCT and select the COM port connection to the DUT.
3. Start QSPR and open an appropriate tree. Test trees vary; example at right is for illustration.
4. Left-click the GPS WBIQ test node in the folder OOS Tests\Spectral Analysis Tests.
5. Set test equipment automation type to 1 (Prompted).
6. Run the WBIQ test, right-click the GPS WBIQ test node, then choose Run from the pop-up window.
4
7. A pop-up window instructs the user to manually configure the signal generator to generate a single tone with
power -120 dBm at frequency 1575.52 MHz. Instead, set the output power to -90 dBm, then select OK to
continue the test. 5
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Radiated RF
Radiated RF Development Tests – Spectrum Analysis Test (2 of 2) Development Tests
8. After the WBIQ test node finishes execution, note the measured C/N0 from the spectrum graph.
9. If the C/N0 from Step 8 is Δ dB greater than the C/N0 reported in the conducted WBIQ test, then
decrease the signal generator power by Δ dB
10. Repeat steps 6 to 9 until radiated C/N0 equals the conducted C/N0. At the conclusion of this iterative
procedure, the power radiated by the transmit horn in the anechoic chamber has been calibrated to
give -120 dBm at the output of the GPS antenna in the DUT.
Note: This calibration is correct under the assumption that there are no broadband noise sources that
couple to the GPS antenna and raise the receiver noise floor.
11. Verify that there are no radiated jammers. Any jammer violations are red in the spectrum graph. The
Log window reports jammer data in tabular format.
12. Repeat the test to exercise every transmitter path in the DUT. Every air interface and transmit band
should be tested.
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Radiated RF
Radiated RF Development Tests – CNo Test (1 of 2) Development Tests
Procedure
1. Power up the DUT and attach the USB cable. It is recommended to orient the DUT so that the Tx horn is
located at the peak of the DUT antenna pattern in the desired field of view. Likewise, choose a Tx
polarization that yields a strong received signal.
2. Launch QRCT and select the COM port connection to the DUT. Set the Call Manager Operation mode to
FTM. All transmitters in the DUT should be disabled.
3. Before starting QSPR, ensure that the calibration file calDB_NET.xml has been updated to reflect the
calibrated chamber loss. Changes to this file will not take effect until QSPR is restarted.
4. Start QSPR and open an appropriate tree. Test trees vary; example at right is for illustration.
5. In the Phone Setup folder, right-click the Set Calibration Configuration node, then choose Run from the pop-
up window.
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Radiated RF
Radiated RF Development Tests – CNo Test (2 of 2) Development Tests
6. Run the C/N0 test: Right-click the GPS C/N0 11. Repeat steps 6 to 9 to measure SPL with the
test node, then choose Run from the pop-up transmitter enabled.
window.
12. Repeat the test as needed to exercise every
7. After the C/N0 test node finishes execution,
transmitter path in the DUT. Every air interface
note the measured C/N0 statistics and SPL
and transmit band should be tested.
from the Log window.
13. For more information, see IZat Gen 8 Engine
8. NV item 449 has no influence on the
baseband C/N0 reported in this test. That NV Radiated RF Development Test Procedures
item is used only in the construction of (80-VN895-2) for Gen 8-related devices.
A-GPS messages that report estimates of
received SV power at the GPS antenna
output.
9. Using the measured antenna pattern,
calculate the average SPL over the desired
field of view.
10. Using QRCT, enable the cellular transmitter in
the DUT. Manually set the output power to the
maximum operating point of the transmitter.
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Radiated RF
Radiated RF Development Tests – Sensitivity Test (1 of 3) Development Tests
This test can be used to check the GNSS sensitivity of the DUT.
Place the
device under
test in the
The chamber anechoic
propagation loss chamber
must be
calibrated prior to
running this test Receive antenna should be
oriented so that its direction of
maximum gain is aligned with
transmit antenna
A PC running
QDART
communicates
Call Box
with the DUT
through a USB
Make a max Tx connection
call in the desired
band of
operation.
For more information on radiated RF
development tests, see IZat Gen 8
Engine Radiated RF Development Test Run Radiated
Procedures (80-VN895-2). Sensitivity test
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Radiated RF
Radiated RF Development Tests – Sensitivity Test (2 of 3) Development Tests
Setup
The setup for this test is the same as the setup for
the CNo test.
Procedure
1. Power up the DUT and attach the USB cable. It is
recommended to orient the DUT so that the Tx horn
is located at the peak of the DUT antenna pattern in
the desired field of view. Likewise, choose a Tx
polarization that yields a strong received signal.
2. Launch QRCT and select the COM port connection
to the DUT. Set the Call Manager Operation mode
to FTM. All transmitters in the DUT should be
disabled.
3. Before starting QSPR, ensure that the calibration
file calDB_NET.xml has been updated to reflect the
calibrated chamber loss. Changes to this file will not
take effect until QSPR is restarted.
4. Start QSPR and open an appropriate tree. Test
trees vary; example at right is for illustration.
5. In the Phone Setup test node, right-click the Set
Calibration Configuration node, then choose Run
from the pop-up window.
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Radiated RF
Radiated RF Development Tests – Sensitivity Test (3 of 4) Development Tests
6. Run the tracking sensitivity test: Right-click the GPS Tracking Sensitivity test node in the folder
WCDMA\WCDMA OOS\Tracking Sensitivity, then choose Run from the pop-up window.
Note: This is a long test.
7. After the sensitivity test node finishes, read the measured sensitivity from the Log window.
8. Using the measured antenna pattern, calculate the average EIS over the desired field of view
9. Using QRCT, enable the cellular transmitter in the DUT. Manually set the output power to the maximum
operating point of the transmitter.
10. Repeat steps 6 to 9 to measure sensitivity with the transmitter enabled.
11. Repeat this test as needed to exercise every transmitter path in the DUT. Every air interface and
transmit band should be tested.
12. For more information, see IZat Gen 8 Engine Radiated RF Development Test Procedures
(80-VN895-2) for Gen 8-related devices.
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Section 2.9.3
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Radiated RF
ADC IQ Test to Determine Strength and Location of Out-of-Band Jammers Development Tests
CW generator settings:
Frequency: 1575.52 MHz
Amplitude: Adjust the power such that the noise
figure obtained in the radiated WBIQ test
matches the conducted noise figure
Precise
orientation of
the device
under test is
not critical
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Radiated RF
Running ADCIQ Using QSPR Tree Development Tests
power.
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Radiated RF
Changing RB Configuration for ADCIQ Test – QSPR Tree Development Tests
2
2. Select the node depending on the BW.
3. For the All RB condition, set the QSPR parameter
as shown.
4. For LTE B13 1RB46, set the parameter as shown.
All RB 3
5. Select traffic test node and expand Spectrum
9999 indicates
Analysis tests. that it is set for max
# of RBs. Depending
6. Click and run ADCIQ test node. BW, max RB will be
selected
When step 6 is performed, QSPR automatically
displays the test results in an HTML file, which
1RB46 4
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Radiated RF
ADC IQ Test to Determine Strength and Location of Out-of-Band Jammers Development Tests
B13
2nd harm
Ref
B13 Tone
2nd harm
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Radiated RF
ADC IQ Test to Determine Strength and Location of Out-of-Band Development Tests
Jammers – Using QSPR HTML
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Radiated RF
ADC IQ Test to Determine Strength and Location of Out-of-Band Development Tests
Jammers
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Section 2.9.4
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Radiated RF
Self-Interference Test for Advance Debug Purposes Development Tests
GNSS
antenna
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XO Integration
Verifying Thermal Isolation – Overview
Run GPS C/No calibration test in a multicall scenario or with max Tx power
See IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures (80-VM522-2) for detailed setup and
additional details, as only basic setup and analysis is given here.
Background
C/No calibration test sets SV speed to 900 m/s and logs change in Doppler that represents drift in XO
Procedure
1. Run C/No calibration test using the appropriate QSPR test suite.
2. Using Call Manager, place the device in a call for 20 sec and idle for 10 sec to best simulate PLTS thermals.
3. Confirm the device does not exceed 1.2 m/s/s difference
Overall affect on GPS sensitivity is analyzed in IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures
(80-VM522-2).
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XO Integration
Verifying Thermal Isolation – QSPR Setup
After initialization, skip all tests and proceed directly to CNo test
At the beginning of test, start Call Manager in QXDM with all up bits set in call box
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XO Integration
Verifying Thermal Isolation – Interpreting Results
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Section 2.10
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XO Integration
XO/TCXO Placement – Best Mechanical Practices
Keep the XO/TCXO away from areas of the board that may bend due to external factors; for example, USB,
headphones, or keypresses, or susceptible to mechanical vibrations; for example, close to onboard vibrators.
For example, find regions of the PWB that:
Have the least amount of curvature or radius of curvature
Are in stiffer regions of the CCA; place inside the EMI shields and not between the shield gaps
Where displacement is restricted by other assembly parts (plastic housing ribs, screws, bosses)
Avoid cantilever sections of the board as much as possible for PWB connector mounting (see below), as board
curvature can be exaggerated.
BAD BETTER
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XO Integration
Examples of Mechanical Stress
Vibration modes
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XO Integration
XO/TCXO Placement – Best Mechanical Practices (1 of 2)
Example 1: Constrained at the top and bottom edges Example 2: Constrained at the corners
Corner supports
Top support
Less displacement here
because 6 EMI shield
walls stiffen the board
Corner supports
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XO Integration
XO/TCXO Placement – Best Mechanical Practices (2 of 2)
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XO Integration
Test Procedures to Validate XO Performance
The following GPS RF development tests can detect the XO clock drift/jumps
Narrowband IQ test
Measures phase noise modulation by low-frequency noise
Reflects frequency jumps measured in 50 Hz samples
C/No Calibration test
Maximum acceleration spec and speed-vs-time plot can detect XO drift/jumps
See IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures (80-VM522-2).
Testing for XO drift due to thermals
Recommend performing the NBIQ and C/No Calibration tests under the following conditions:
Maximum phone transmitter output, especially in punctured Tx modes (GSM, CDMA)
Manually place and end calls during these tests
Run memory-intensive applications
Testing for XO drift due to mechanical stress
Recommend performing the NBIQ and C/No Calibration tests under the following conditions:
Keep the phone stationary for 30 sec, and then for the next 30 sec, shake the phone gently while connected to USB. This
emulates the stress experienced by the PWB during driving, jogging, walking, etc.
Repeat the same procedure, but this time do keypresses on the phone.
Note: To perform the NBIQ test, see the NBIQ Spectrum Analysis Test found in the QSPR training and
troubleshooting section.
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XO Integration
XO Mechanical Stress NBIQ Plots
1.5 20
15
1
10
0.5
5
Freq [Hz]
Freq [Hz]
0
0
-0.5
-5
-1
-10
-1.5
-15
-2 -20
Std = 0.228 Phase noise = 0.1 deg Std = 6.752 Phase noise = 1.7 deg
-2.5 -25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Secs Secs
Phase noise modulation < 15° for GSM traffic 0.631 2.013
< 6° for all other cases
Frequency difference from 50 Hz samples < ±12.5 Hz 2.225 24.99
*Measured per IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures (80-VM522-2).
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Section 2.11
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Troubleshooting Guide (1 of 2) Issues and Troubleshooting
GPS performance degrades • Antenna performance Perform Passive Antenna tests and verify against the
when phone is held in hand guidelines.
or against head
False satellites • Jammers can cause false satellites to be Treat as a jammer; see the previous symptom.
detected
• Internal jammers
• SMPS
• WWAN, WLAN, NFC
• Display, DDR, GPU, AP, Audio
• XO, clocks
• External jammers (environment)
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RF Front-End Issues (1 of 3) Issues and Troubleshooting
Total SPL* = Noise figure + Baseband processing loss + Hand-held antenna gain
Loss due to XTAL frequency drift
*System Processing Loss (SPL)
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RF Front-End Issues (2 of 3) Issues and Troubleshooting
Recommendations
Limit GPS trace length from the antenna to RFIC.
Rx input matching should be done while the phone is in GPS mode.
Rematch after all mechanical changes are complete.
Follow Qualcomm specifications for recommended RF components.
RF development tests to validate performance
Run the WBIQ test and check the following: Conducted BPAMP value should
BPAMP level be:
For NF > 4 dB = 137 - 582
Noise figure Check BPAMP level For NF < 4 dB = 110 - 582
See Sections 2.8.2 and 2.9 to run the conducted
WBIQ test and radiated test, respectively.
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RF Front-End Issues (3 of 3) Issues and Troubleshooting
BP Amplitude I/Q can be observed to verify front-end gain as well as the presence of jammers
Can be observed on RF status in GPS clock/position window with QXDM
Indicates noise level input to ADC
Should be stable during running test
Large fluctuation of BP AMP IQ means that the strength of input signal is fluctuated
Right section in plot below shows abnormal BP AMP fluctuation
BP Amp Vs FCount
700 700
600 600
500 500
AmplitudeQ
AmplitudeI
400 400
300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0
0 1000000 2000000 3000000 4000000 5000000 6000000 7000000
FCount
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Jammers in the GNSS Spectrum (1 of 4) Issues and Troubleshooting
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Jammers in the GNSS Spectrum (2 of 4) Issues and Troubleshooting
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Jammers in the GNSS Spectrum (3 of 4) Issues and Troubleshooting
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Jammers in the GNSS Spectrum (4 of 4) Issues and Troubleshooting
Recommendations
Follow proper layout techniques
Ensure physical isolation of jammer sources from GPS
antenna,
Isolate the GNSS RF trace from any digital and
SMPS/power trace.
Reference tone
Avoid surface layer routing close to GPS antenna to avoid
@ 200 kHz
coupling.
Follow proper testing techniques
Shield DUT from potential noise sources using an anechoic
chamber or shield room especially for radiated testing
Establish a reference device that is known to be free of
spurs to validate test setup
RF development tests to validate performance
Perform conducted and radiated WBIQ test:
Concurrency test with peripherals; for example, LCD,
camera, etc.
Concurrency test with WWAN (LTE, WCDMA, etc.)
See Sections 2.8.2 and 2.9 to run the conducted and
radiated WBIQ tests, respectively.
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XO Frequency Drift (1 of 2) Issues and Troubleshooting
Cause: XO frequency drift can occur due to the following three reasons:
Thermal transients
Thermal gradients on the PCB can cause the 19.2 MHz XTAL frequency to drift
Electrical noise
Coupling of 19.2 MHz buffer outputs, SIM CLK, sleep CLK, SMPS outputs, etc., to sensitive XO traces
Voltage jitter on supplies powering the 19.2 MHz buffers in the PMIC
Mechanical stress
External connectors impart stress transients on the board that can cause frequency transients
Symptoms
Missed satellites and/or degraded sensitivity due to SV signal smearing
Position accuracy degradation due to TCXO/XO drift decreasing the number pseudo ranges due to the SNR loss associated
with Doppler smearing
Longer TTFF especially in standalone GPS due to parity errors in GPS subframes caused by clock drifts.
Higher phase modulation and 50 Hz frequency jumps in narrow band IQ (NBIQ) tests.
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XO Frequency Drift (2 of 2) Issues and Troubleshooting
Recommendations
Minimize temperature gradients through layout techniques
Isolate XO and thermistor from heat generating components – Create a moat around them.
Avoid sharing VREG_TCXO with other circuits – Follow the reference schematic.
Keep the XO away from areas of the board that may bend or vibrate due to external factors
Perform NBIQ and C/No tests; see IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures
(80-VM522-2), under conditions of worse thermal drift (multicall with max WWAN Tx power) and worse
mechanical stress (gentle shaking of the USB connector cables, vibration test).
RF development tests to validate performance
See Section 2.8.2 to run conducted NBIQ and CNo RF development tests.
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XO Frequency Drift – CNo Test Plots Issues and Troubleshooting
higher the confidence in making thePassing soft decision plot Failing soft decision plot
decision.
The plot provides insight into the strength of the input The plot can be used to determine the instantaneous
signal tone. phase jumps over 1 ms.
The stronger the strength of the input signal, the The plot is useful to check for any instantaneous
higher the amplitude will be phase jitter in XO or LO frequencies.
The 1 kHz amplitude plot is derived as: sqrt (I2 + Q2)
Samples of I and Q are collected every 1 ms
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XO Frequency Drift – NIBQ Plots (2 of 3) Issues and Troubleshooting
The plot can be used to determine any phase jumps The plot shows the narrow band IQ power spectrum.
over 20 ms. A smeared power spectrum indicates a drift in XO
20 ms corresponds to the length of a GPS bit. frequency
The plot is useful to evaluate any GPS bit
demodulation errors due to large phase jumps.
The plot can be used to determine any XO related The plot can indicate any instantaneous frequency
frequency jumps. drift over a 100-ms moving window
Frequency estimate samples are collected every 1 This plot is useful to evaluate any potential
ms over a 20-ms moving window demodulation errors resulting in BER failures or large
20 ms corresponds to the length of a GPS bit. desense.
The plot visualizes XO frequency over time.
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Antenna Performance Issues (2 of 3) Issues and Troubleshooting
Recommendations
Clearly define likely user scenarios and design the antenna accordingly
Keep in mind degradation due to hand grip during the placement of the GNSS antenna
Favor gain in FOV; for example, upper hemisphere, instead of overall efficiency
Test for body and USB effects early in development cycle
RF development tests to validate performance
Perform radiated WBIQ and CNo tests
These tests can uncover any desense due to insufficient
isolation between GNSS Rx and WWAN Tx path.
See Section 2.9 to run the radiated CNo test.
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GPS-Related Calibration Issues (1 of 2) Issues and Troubleshooting
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GPS-Related Calibration Issues (2 of 2) Issues and Troubleshooting
Recommendations
Perform GPS CDMA time calibration by referring to IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test
Procedures (80-VM522-2).
Ensure that the internal delay of the call box has been entered in stationconfig.xml.
Perform GPS RF calibration by referring to IZat Gen 8 Engine Family RF Development Test Procedures
(80-VM522-2).
Run the CNo test and ensure that NV449 is correctly populated.
See XO Training Topics (80-VP447-7) for more details on XO calibration and design considerations.
Follow thermal guidelines for XTAL/thermistor layout and placement
RF development tests to validate performance
See Section 2.8.2 to run conducted NBIQ and CNo RF development tests.
WBIQ test
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Concurrency Tests (1 of 2) Issues and Troubleshooting
Qualcomm strongly recommends that GNSS RF development, functional, and performance tests be repeated
under scenarios where GNSS operation is concurrent with other technologies on the UUT. Qualcomm
recommends that these tests be repeated in conducted and radiated RF development testing. Examples of
typical concurrent technologies include, but are not limited to GNSS operations along with:
Camera and scanner
Speakers at maximum volume with nonmonotonic output
Display on/off
Bluetooth
Wi-Fi
Data transfer to SD card or external devices
Intensive video applications
Any other peripheral switched on/off
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Concurrency Tests (2 of 2) Issues and Troubleshooting
The following are some of the symptoms that may be observed during concurrency testing if there are system
issues:
Drop in CNo
Parity errors
Long TTFF
Position outliers
If any concurrency issues are observed, it is recommended that OEMs repeat the same tests on the
corresponding Qualcomm FFA platform and capture the appropriate debug logs. Further analysis of logs is
needed to assess the root cause.
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Section 2.12
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Sampling Devices for
Sampling Devices for Carrier Acceptance Tests Carrier Acceptance Tests
Performing carrier acceptance-related GPS tests early is critical to enable early identification of any issues that
may result in carrier rejection.
Full understanding and familiarity of the procedure for carrier acceptance-related GPS tests is imperative.
Sec. 2.12 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 190
Sampling Devices for
Qualcomm-Recommended Conducted Tests Carrier Acceptance Tests
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Sampling Devices for
Qualcomm-Recommended Antenna and Radiated Tests Carrier Acceptance Tests
Note: Verizon CTIA TIS corresponds to 98% Qualcomm radiated RF Dev acquisition sensitivity;
Qualcomm TIS corresponds to 98% QC radiated RF Dev tracking sensitivity; delta between the two is ≈ 2
dB in current Gen 8 software releases
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Sampling Devices for
Additional Qualcomm-Recommended Radiated Test and Observable Carrier Acceptance Tests
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Sampling Devices for
Review of Carrier-Required Conducted Tests Carrier Acceptance Tests
These can be performed in third-party PLTS/ULTS lab prior to carrier acceptance tests
Approximate relationship to Qualcomm 98% tracking sensitivity from IZat Gen 8 Engine RF Development and
Mobile Station Time Calibration Test Procedures (80-VM522-2) for the current Gen 8 software releases
≈ Same as Qualcomm 50% acquisition sensitivity from 80-VM522-2
≈ 2 dB better than VzW TIA-916 sensitivity tests
≈ 0.9 dB worse than DoCoMo critical sensitivity test
No direct relationship to AT&T ADAPT/TMO deep indoor sensitivity test (test is time demodulation limited)
Note: AT&T ADAPT/TMO deep indoor sensitivity test cases are mainly limited by ability to set time;
Qualcomm roadmap includes time-setting and demodulation improvements to further address these and
expect to deliver ≈ 3 dB time setting improvement
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Sampling Devices for
Review of Carrier-Required Radiated Tests Carrier Acceptance Tests
These can be performed in third-party CTIA certified lab prior to carrier acceptance tests
CTIA • TIA-916 Radiated • Tests on multiple SVs: sensitivity at Evaluates • None or easy
testing • 3GPP performance peak antenna gain, C/No at each point radiated pass/fail criteria
(and its TS of sphere. performance, • No direct
relevant 34.171 • TIS sensitivity then calculated based on which includes visibility into
carrier • Carrier this sensitivity measurement and C/No interactions radiated
variants) variants derived antenna gain pattern between antenna interferers
• Pass/fail criteria: and the radio • 3GPP TS
• Verizon radiated sensitivity (free electronics, such 34.171 limited
space) as effects of by demod sens
• VzW CTIA TIS = -146 dBm, and radiated self
• VzW CTIA UHIS = -144 dBm interferers,
Note: These are too easy (necessary but WWAN Tx and
not sufficient); do not guarantee E-911 mismatch of
pass. antenna and
receiver chain
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Sampling Devices for
Relationship of Conducted and Radiated Sensitivities Carrier Acceptance Tests
At peak antenna gain, for a good radiated design and low system activity, should see ≈ 0 dBi antenna gain
Radiated Qualcomm sensitivity at peak antenna gain, then ≈ conducted Qualcomm tracking sensitivity
Radiated CTIA sensitivity at peak antenna gain, then ≈ conducted PLTS sensitivity
TIS sensitivity is further dictated by antenna efficiency (spatial average gain)
Radiated Qualcomm TIS ≈ Qualcomm radiated sensitivity at peak antenna gain – Antenna efficiency
≈ Qualcomm conducted tracking sensitivity – Antenna efficiency
Radiated CTIA TIS ≈ CTIA sensitivity at peak antenna gain – Antenna efficiency
≈ Conducted PLTS sensitivity – Antenna efficiency
For example, with -4 dBi antenna efficiency
Qualcomm TIS ≈ Qualcomm radiated sensitivity at peak antenna gain + 4 dB
≈ Qualcomm conducted tracking sensitivity + 4 dB
CTIA TIS ≈ CTIA sensitivity at peak antenna gain + 4 dB
≈ Conducted PLTS sensitivity + 4 dB
Radiated sensitivity is further affected by any radiated interference (discussed in the following slides).
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Sampling Devices for
Typical Factors That Impact Sensitivity Carrier Acceptance Tests
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Overall Systematic Approach → Total System Processing Loss Sampling Devices for
Carrier Acceptance Tests
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Sampling Devices for
Example of Relevant Qualcomm Radiated Tests Pass/Fail Criteria Carrier Acceptance Tests
Qualcomm recommends the following radiated pass/fail criteria and requirements (80-VN895-2)
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Sampling Devices for
Examples of Qualcomm Spec-Compliant Devices Carrier Acceptance Tests
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Sampling Devices for
Quantifying Sensitivity Impact of Reference Frequency Drift Carrier Acceptance Tests
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Sampling Devices for
Summary of Procedure for Carrier Acceptance-Related GPS Tests Carrier Acceptance Tests
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Section 3
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GNSS Software Stack Bringup SW Bringup
Qualcomm provides complete GNSS functionality in the software stack provided in the products. OEMs are
requested to make necessary customizations as per market or operator requirements. It is essential to obtain
the latest versions of Qualcomm tools such as QXDM Professional, QCAT, SnapperHS, and QDART before
GNSS software stack customization and tests. OEMs are advised to determine the version of the IZat engine
running in the DUT and choose appropriate test cases, documents, and log masks. Qualcomm recommends
the use of FFA units along with OEM DUTs during all tests. The results from Qualcomm FFA will provide a
baseline for analysis and comparison.
The GNSS functionality can be verified by executing standalone cold/warm start, MS Based, MS Assisted,
XTRA, and Wi-Fi positioning tests.
Sec. 3 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 204
Section 3.1
Must Do’s
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Must Do’s (1 of 4) SW Bringup
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Must Do’s (2 of 4) SW Bringup
Assisted GNSS
Verify the validity of security certificate for secure AGPS tests. The previous security certificate must be
deleted before a new security certificate is injected to the system. The host URL/IP in the certificate file must
match with the AGPS PDE address selected in the DUT for the test.
Assistance Data (AD) throttling timers have to be customized by OEMs as per carrier requirements.
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Must Do’s (3 of 4) SW Bringup
Modem-only platforms
In QMI PDS Time injection, the Force Time flag should not be enabled if the GPS engine is running during
injection.
There is no AT command support available for GNSS. All GNSS interactions must be through the interfaces
specified in the particular platform.
Implement XTRA and AGPS Notification/Verification Client for non-HLOS platforms.
For GNSS Simulator tests, all GNSS data from the DUT must be cleared and simulator time must be set in
the DUT.
If the OEM is integrating Wi-Fi positioning service, the OEM is expected to obtain the licenses directly from
the third-party Wi-Fi positioning provider.
HLOS platforms
For all GPS tests, appropriate QoS (accuracy, timeout), TBF, and Number of Fixes parameters must be
chosen by the OEM. The QoS Accuracy of 50 m and Time Out value of 30 sec is usually used for standalone
app tracking sessions in Gen 8 IZat engines.
The configuration must be correctly set in the gps.conf file for Android systems to enable A-GPS, Wi-Fi
Positioning, and Intermediate Fixes.
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Must Do’s (4 of 4) SW Bringup
Testing
For GCF/PTCRB test case 51.010 MSB, the OEM needs to modify NV 1929 bit 2 to have a different MO LR
Type (LOCATION_ESTIMATE or ASSISTANCE_DATA).
During the test, QXDM GNSS Measurement Screen and GNSS Primary RF Status Screens must be
monitored for anomalies such as BP Amplitude I/Q fluctuations, Drop in CNo values of tracked satellites, etc.
The test site needs to be validated with a reference device before any field performance tests. Also, a
verification test needs to be performed with a common antenna for DUT and reference device before running
tests on the DUT with a native antenna.
For field performance tests, the orientation of the device must be set for best performance in accordance with
the antenna pattern.
The field performance tests need to be done in as many scenarios as possible, including but not limited to
Static Open Sky, Open Sky Drive, and Urban Canyon Drive. Qualcomm recommends the use of an FFA unit
along with the DUT in all tests.
Sec. 3.1 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 209
Section 3.2
Don’ts
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Don’ts SW Bringup
Don’t mismatch or use RF calibration data and the QCN file for another device with DUT.
Don’t fail to customize the RTC API and software if non-Qualcomm PMIC is used.
Don’t fail to delete all GNSS data from the DUT before simulator tests.
Don’t keep the external LNA disabled.
Don’t use inappropriate QoS Accuracy and Timeout values.
Sec. 3.2 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 211
Section 3.3
Essential Documents
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Essential Documents (1 of 3) SW Bringup
DCN Title
Common
80-N0897-1 Introduction to Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
80-VN426-1 gpsOne Modem Software Overview
80-V0528-2 gpsOne FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
80-VG182-1 gpsOne Testing and Troubleshooting
80-B5706-1 QTI Tools Global Positioning Subsystem Interface Control Document
80-VB605-11 IZat Implementation Issues Troubleshooting and Reference Guide
80-N3522-1 How In-Band Jammers Affect GPS Performance?
80-N0911-1 Setting up Analysis Plot Autogeneration for GPS RF Verification Testing
80-VR679-1 GPS C/N0 and Frequency Measurement in Production Line Testing
80-VU061-1 Factory Test Recommendation for Production Line
80-N1336-1 On-Demand Positioning (ODP) Feature – Licensee Responsibility
80-VU281-1 Ephemeris Request Randomization
80-V8220-1 Snapper Handset User Guide
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Essential Documents (2 of 3) SW Bringup
DCN Title
Gen 8
80-VU455-1 gpsOne Gen 8 Engine Overview
80-VU905-1 IZat Gen 8 Engine (1X and UMTS) Nonvolatile Items Description
Gen 7
80-VG439-1 gpsOne Engine Nonvolatile Items Descriptions
80-VG193-1 gpsOne Gen 7 Engine Software Architecture Overview
80-VF767-1 gpsOne Gen 7 Engine Interface Specification and Operational Description
80-VP740-1 gpsOne Gen 7 C/N0 Processing and Data Demodulation
80-VH481-1 gpsOne Gen 7 Engine Perl Scripts Description
80-VG622-1 QCT QDART gpsOne Gen 7 Engine Training
80-VB064-2 Programming GPS Almanac Data in gpsOne Gen 7-Based Handsets
CDMA
80-V3059-1 Standalone 1X gpsOne Operation
80-VC090-1 1X gpsOne Testing Using PLTS
80-VC092-1 1X gpsOne E911 and Control Plane Sessions
80-VC093-1 1X gpsOne Test Overview
80-VC094-1 1X gpsOne Licensee Responsibility
80-V9524-1 Location-Based Services V1 and V2 Software Overview
80-VR499-1 GPS Multipath Accuracy Test Failures in TIA-916 Compliance Testing
80-VJ539-1 gpsOne Operation in Full-Time Simultaneous (FTS) HDR
Sec. 3.3 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 214
Essential Documents (3 of 3) SW Bringup
DCN Title
UMTS/GSM
80-VF488-1 gpsOne – GSM Interaction
80-V2996-1 A-GPS and OTDOA Assistance Data Reference Guide
80-VC791-1 SUPL 1.0 Implementation for Operators
80-VG273-1 GSM RRLP Segmentation and Pseudosegmentation Explained
80-VD235-1 Rel 5-Based WCDMA Control Plane LCS Call Flow Overview
80-VD485-1 RTC and EFS Requirement for UMTS GPS
80-VF170-1 Disabling gpsOne User Plane MSA Mode of Operation
80-VG049-1 Technical Memo: Specifying PDE IP Address Port for gpsOne JSR-179 Application
80-VP130-1 Extracting HSLP Address from SIM
Interfaces/HLOS
80-N0910-1 gpsOne Implementation in MDM Platforms
80-VB816-14 QMI PDS EXT 1.13 QMI Position Determination Svc (Custom Msgs) Spec
80-VP465-1 Location Application Programming Interface Functional Requirements Specification
80-VT866-1 Location APIs
80-N0286-1 Windows Mobile 7 Location Services Overview
80-N0177-1 Android gpsOne Implementation Overview
80-N0898-1 gpsOne Implementation in Brew™ MP Platforms
Wi-Fi Positioning
80-N0266-1 Wi-Fi GPS Hybrid Positioning 1.0 Integration Guide
Sec. 3.3 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 215
Section 3.4
QXDM
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Gen 8-Specific QXDM Screens QXDM
New QXDM view screen introduced for Gen 8C – GNSS RF Status (legacy GNSS Primary RF Status)
Each GUI view provides real-time display of diagnostic message payloads in table form
Can be selected from the View pull-down list
Available in most current QXDM versions (external version 3.14.837)
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Gen 8 – GNSS Clock Report Screen (1 of 3) QXDM
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Gen 8 – GNSS Clock Report Screen (2 of 3) QXDM
FCount – Internal reference counter used by the GPS engine; tracks the number of ms since the engine was
turned on or became idle; counter is reset when the engine is turned off
GPS Clock GPS week number – Week offset from Jan 6, 1980
GPS millisecond (ms) – Millisecond into the GPS week
GPS clock time bias (ms) – Bias between true GPS time and GPS engine time
GPS clock time uncertainty (ns) – Uncertainty of GPS engine time is approximately 100 yr at the start of a
cold start, standalone session in OoS. When time is acquired and decoded, this value is decreased to
approximately 15 ms. When a few SVs are tracked, ephemeris is decoded and a GPS fix is performed. The
value should generally be decreased to below 100 ns. This value grows over time, based on the configured
local oscillator drift. The closer the value is to 0, the faster the next fix can be calculated; connection to the
network allows the engine to start with a smaller clock time uncertainty.
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Gen 8 – GNSS Clock Report Screen (3 of 3) QXDM
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Gen 8 – GNSS RF Status Screen QXDM
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Gen 8 – GNSS RF Status View (Legacy) QXDM
With the new version of QXDM supporting Gen 8C, all of the latest build targets require the GNSS RF Status
view.
For previous targets, use legacy view – GNSS Primary RF Status.
Screenshot below shows navigation to the legacy window for older targets.
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Gen 8C – GNSS RF Status Screen QXDM
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QXDM Constellation Database Screen QXDM
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Gen 8 – GNSS Measurements Screen QXDM
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Gen 8 – GNSS Measurements Screen (1 of 4) QXDM
GPS measurements
SV – Satellite ID
C – Channel state
Elv (degrees above the horizon) – Satellite elevation
Azi (degrees) – Satellite azimuth
Stat – Measurement status, gives an indication of the quality of SV measurements; for an SV to be used for a
position fix, the lower 5 bits should be set and bits 9 to 15 should not be set
Gd – Counts the number of successful observation attempts made on a specific SV; it is a monotonically
increasing 8-bit value and will therefore roll over at 255
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Gen 8 – GNSS Measurements Screen (2 of 4) QXDM
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Gen 8 – GNSS Measurements Screen (3 of 4) QXDM
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Gen 8 – GNSS Measurements Screen (4 of 4) QXDM
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Gen 8 – GNSS Position Report Screen (1 of 4) QXDM
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Gen 8 – GNSS Position Report Screen (2 of 4) QXDM
Navigation fix
FCount – Clock count when position is valid
Fix Is 2D – Only latitude and longitude are computed; height is assumed known
Latitude (degrees) – Latitude
Longitude (degrees) – Longitude
Height (m) – Altitude relative to WSG84 ellipsoid
Height UNC (Meters) – Height uncertainty
Heading (Degrees) – Direction of travel
Speed (m/s) – Magnitude of horizontal velocity
Speed UNC (m/s) – Horizontal velocity uncertainty
Vertical velocity (m/s) – Vertical velocity
Vertical velocity UNC (m/s) – Vertical velocity uncertainty
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Gen 8 – GNSS Position Report Screen (3 of 4) QXDM
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Gen 8 – GNSS Position Report Screen (4 of 4) QXDM
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Section 3.5
Snapper HS
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SnapperHS SnapperHS
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SnapperHS Input and Output Settings Screen (1 of 3) SnapperHS
On the first input screen, select a connection type (most commonly used are FFA Phone and File Playback).
Optionally, enter the Truth Position for analysis purposes, etc.
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SnapperHS Input and Output Settings Screen (2 of 3) SnapperHS
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SnapperHS Input and Output Settings Screen (3 of 3) SnapperHS
To set File Playback as input, navigate to the file you want to play back.
Optionally, specify the delay between each fix (for stepping during replay), start and end time, time formats,
positions to monitor, etc.
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SnapperHS Survey Window SnapperHS
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SnapperHS Signal Quality Window SnapperHS
This window uses the fix record to extract signal quality (C/N0), which is specified as a number from 0 to 99
dB-Hz. Depending on the number of satellites in view, the number of C/N0 bars will vary.
At the top of each C/N0 bar, the raw C/N0 value is displayed. Full scale is considered to be any C/N0 value of
50 dB or above. At the bottom of each bar, the satellite ID or pseudorandom number is shown.
If the satellite is not used in the position fix solution, the signal quality bar will be gray. If the satellite is used in
the solution, the signal quality bar will be blue.
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SnapperHS Azimuth and Elevation Window SnapperHS
Each satellite is identified by its Pseudorandom Number (PRN), with azimuth designated by the letter A and
elevation by the letter E.
The color of the text for each satellite indicates whether the satellite is used in the position solution.
Red text – Satellite is used in the solution
Gray text – Satellite is not used in the solution
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SnapperHS Tracking Information Window SnapperHS
Time To First Fix (TTFF) – Time from the start of a session to the first fix;
not computed for invalid fixes
RSP – Response time for A-GPS sessions, from the instant when all assistance data is delivered to the
session done event
SVs – Number of SVs used to compute a position
C/N0 – Signal to Noise ratio measured at the UE (for successful sessions)
Sec. 3.5 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 242
Section 3.6
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GNSS Functional Verification and Debugging SW Debugging
Qualcomm provides complete GNSS functionality in the software stack provided in the products. OEMs are
requested to make necessary customizations as per market or operator requirements. The GNSS functionality
can be verified by executing standalone cold/warm start, MS Based, MS Assisted, XTRA, and Wi-Fi positioning
tests.
Sec. 3.6 Confidential and Proprietary – Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. | MAY CONTAIN U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL EXPORT CONTROLLED INFORMATION | 80-N4094-1 Rev. H 244
Debugging Standalone Cold/Warm Start Failures (1 of 6) SW Debugging
The cold start and warm start test verifies the standalone GPS operation. The test can be conducted in a
simulator or in open sky. Before the test, the NV items, QoS values, and DUT calibration, must be confirmed.
The following messages confirm the success of a cold start standalone session.
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Debugging Standalone Cold/Warm Start Failures (2 of 6) SW Debugging
During the test, the QXDM GNSS RF Status view must be monitored. The tester needs to note if there are
fluctuations in BP Amplitude I/Q values.
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Debugging Standalone Cold/Warm Start Failures (3 of 6) SW Debugging
Cold start failures can occur due to many reasons. The potential causes include lack of sufficient SV signals,
jammers, and test errors. The test engineer needs to confirm that adequate number of satellites is in TRACK
status with high CNo values during the test.
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Debugging Standalone Cold/Warm Start Failures (4 of 6) SW Debugging
The following is an example where cold start failure occurs due to parity errors.
// Fix error notification will be sent to client and the session ends with error.
MSG GPS SM/Medium 10:22:22.747 lm_tm.c 00172 =LM TASK= Sending session ERROR NOTIFICATION to TM. Error
Cause [3]
MSG GPS SM/Medium 10:22:22.747 lm_mgp.c 00419 =LM TASK= Turning MGP to OFF
MSG GPS SM/High 10:22:22.747 tm_core.c 01006 TM-Core -Abort and Recover
MSG GPS SM/High 10:22:22.748 tm_1x_up_is801_driver.c 00756 Ending Session. Reason 8
MSG GPS SM/High 10:22:22.748 tm_core.c 01006 TM-Core -Abort and Recover
The failure observed is due to parity errors during the demodulation of ephemeris for SVs in view. This is the
reason that ephemeris is only obtained for two SVs, which is insufficient for making a fix.
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Debugging Standalone Cold/Warm Start Failures (5 of 6) SW Debugging
The following is an example where cold start failure is occurring due to parity errors.
// Fix error notification will be sent to client and the session ends with error.
MSG GPS SM/Medium 10:22:22.747 lm_tm.c 00172 =LM TASK= Sending session ERROR NOTIFICATION to TM. Error
Cause [3]
MSG GPS SM/Medium 10:22:22.747 lm_mgp.c 00419 =LM TASK= Turning MGP to OFF
MSG GPS SM/High 10:22:22.747 tm_core.c 01006 TM-Core -Abort and Recover
MSG GPS SM/High 10:22:22.748 tm_1x_up_is801_driver.c 00756 Ending Session. Reason 8
MSG GPS SM/High 10:22:22.748 tm_core.c 01006 TM-Core -Abort and Recover
The failure observed here is due to parity errors during the demodulation of ephemeris for SVs in view. This is
the reason that ephemeris is only obtained for two SVs, which is insufficient for making a fix.
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Debugging Standalone Cold/Warm Start Failures (6 of 6) SW Debugging
If the UE is in the Cold Start state and is camped on a network, the MCC-based seed position is injected in the
beginning of a position request. This helps a UE to narrow down the SV search list; for example, if the device is
in the US and is camped on a WCDMA network, the MCC will be 310.
Note: The MCC-based seed position and corresponding uncertainty value vary from country to country.
In general, the larger the region, the larger the uncertainty value. If the UE is in the Hot Start (Delete
None) state, the previous stored position with an uncertainty value will be injected at the beginning of a
position request.
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Section 4
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GNSS Commercialization Commercialization
Qualcomm recommends obtaining operator requirements far in advance to allow sufficient time for
customization. Carriers can have different requirements for different operating systems. OEMs must ensure to
provide adequate details while obtaining the carrier specifications. The successful completion of GNSS RF
development procedures and GNSS software stack bringup are essential for commercialization. It is essential
to obtain the latest versions of Qualcomm tools such as QXDM Professional, QCAT, SnapperHS, and QDART
before GNSS software stack customization and tests. Qualcomm recommends the use of FFA units along with
OEM DUTs during all tests. The results from Qualcomm FFA will provide a baseline for analysis and
comparison.
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Section 4.1
Must Do’s
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Must Do’s (1 of 5) Commercialization
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Must Do’s (2 of 5) Commercialization
For commercialization in all UMTS carriers, the following standards and specifications must be met:
3GPP 51.010 and 34.123 GSM/WCDMA signaling conformance tests
SUPL 1.0 ETS
Minimum performance requirement, per 34.171/25.171 and 51.010
CTIA test plan defines radiated Total Isotropic Sensitivity (TIS) test
For commercialization in all CDMA carriers, the following standards and specifications must be met:
Third-Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)
TIA-916 – Recommended Min Perf Spec for IS-801-1 Spread Spectrum MS
C.S0059 – Signaling Conformance Test Spec for cdma2000 Positioning Determination Services
CTIA wireless association radiated test procedure for GPS receiver performance. CTIA OTA test specification
defines radiated TIS and Upper Hemisphere Isotropic Sensitivity (UHIS) tests for GPS.
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Must Do’s (3 of 5) Commercialization
For commercialization in Verizon, the following specifications must be met. Make sure to obtain the latest
version of the documents from the carrier.
Reqs-LBS – Device Requirements Location Based Services
Reqs-Location Determination – Technical Requirements for Location Determination Capable Terminals
Reqs-LBS Applications – Device Requirements LBS Applications
Verizon Wireless Device Compliance Testing Procedures
LBSTestPlan WM
Verizon specific security architecture for GNSS
Verizon additionally defines user plane MS-Based (MSB) and cold-start standalone acquisition test for GPS
For commercialization in Sprint, the following specifications must be met. Make sure to obtain the latest version
of the documents from the carrier.
LBS Services Device Requirements
OTA Antenna Performance Test Requirements
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Must Do’s (4 of 5) Commercialization
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Must Do’s (5 of 5) Commercialization
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Section 4.2
Don’ts
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Don’ts Commercialization
The following activities will severely degrade GNSS performance and must be avoided:
Mismatch or using RF calibration data and the QCN file for another device with the DUT.
Failure to customize RTC API and software if non-Qualcomm PMIC is used
Failure to inject XTRA time before every xtra.bin download
Failure to delete all GNSS data from the DUT before simulator tests
Keeping the external LNA disabled
Using inappropriate QoS accuracy and timeout values
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Section 4.3
Essential Documents
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Essential Documents (1 of 2) Commercialization
DCN Title
Gen 8
80-N3005-1 Performance Test Results for gpsOne Gen 8 Engine Release 1.0
80-VU905-1 IZat Gen 8 Engine (1X and UMTS) Nonvolatile Items Description
Gen 7
80-VG439-1 gpsOne Engine Nonvolatile (NV) Item Descriptions
80-N0074-1 Test Results for gpsOne Gen 7 Engine Ver 4.2 Software
CDMA
80-V3059-1 Standalone 1X gpsOne Operation
80-VC090-1 1X gpsOne Testing Using PLTS
80-VC092-1 1X gpsOne E911 and Control Plane Sessions
80-VC093-1 1X gpsOne Test Overview
80-VC094-1 1X gpsOne Licensee Responsibility
80-V9524-1 Location-Based Services V1 and V2 Software Overview
80-VR499-1 GPS Multipath Accuracy Test Failures in TIA-916 Compliance Testing
80-VJ539-1 gpsOne Operation in Full-Time Simultaneous (FTS) HDR
80-VD177-1 Technical Memo: gpsOne Security on Dual-Processor Devices
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Essential Documents (2 of 2) Commercialization
DCN Title
UMTS/GSM
80-VF488-1 gpsOne – GSM Interaction
80-V2996-1 A-GPS and OTDOA Assistance Data Reference Guide
80-VC791-1 SUPL 1.0 Implementation for Operators
80-VD235-1 Rel 5-Based WCDMA Control Plane LCS Call Flow Overview
80-VD485-1 RTC and EFS Requirement for UMTS GPS
80-VF170-1 Disabling gpsOne User Plane MSA Mode of Operation
80-VG049-1 Technical Memo: Specifying PDE IP Address Port for gpsOne JSR-179 Application
80-VP130-1 Extracting HSLP Address from SIM
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Section 4.4
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GNSS Commercialization
Debugging Protocol Failures Issues Debugging
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GNSS Commercialization
Debugging E911 Field Performance Failures Issues Debugging
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GNSS Commercialization
Debugging PLTS/ULTS Failures Issues Debugging
The PLTS/ULTS failures occur commonly due to poor calibration of the test equipment, cables or the DUT. It is
also essential to ensure no external jammers or transmitting equipment are kept near the test area. The data
call and security certificate settings also need to be verified in case of data/SSL anomalies. If the standalone
session returns a failure or a fix, but takes longer than expected (high TTFF), look for the following messages to
verify if there were parity errors at the same time that you are trying to demodulate the SV subframes.
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GNSS Commercialization
Debugging Outliers/Position Failure in Field Trials (1 of 3) Issues Debugging
The SnapperHS Position Survey screen can be used to easily estimate position outliers or failures in field tests.
The NMEA logs from the test can be used to plot the data in Google Earth to further visualize outliers.
Qualcomm recommends the usage of a FFA unit along with all field trials. For outlier sessions, check the
following from QXDM logs:
PDOP value
Number of satellites and associated CNo values
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GNSS Commercialization
Debugging Outliers/Position Failure in Field Trials (2 of 3) Issues Debugging
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GNSS Commercialization
Debugging Outliers/Position Failure in Field Trials (3 of 3) Issues Debugging
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Questions?
You may also submit questions to: https://support.cdmatech.com
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Thank You
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