Probabilit

y
Assignment

Uson, Adriana Co
CHAPTER 4

Exercise 4.48

The owner of a restaurant serving Continental- style entrees was

interested in studying ordering patterns of patrons for the Friday to Sunday
weekend time period. Records were maintained that indicated the demand
for dessert during the same time period. The owner decided that two other
variables were to be studied along with whether a dessert was ordered: the
gender of the individual and whether a beef entrée was ordered. The results
are as follows:

Gender
Dessert
Ordered Male Female Total
Yes 96 40 136
No 224 240 454
Total 320 280 600

Beer Entrée
Desert
Ordered Yes No Total
Yes 71 65 136
No 116 348 464
Total 187 413 600

A waiter approaches a table to take an order. What is the probability

that the first customer to order at the table:

a.) Orders a dessert?

P (D) = 0.227 136+136/1200

b.) Does not order a beef entrée?

P (B’) = 0.688 413/600

c.)Orders a dessert or a beef entrée?

 P (D or B) = 0.42 136+187-71/600

d.) Is a female and does not order a dessert?

P (F and D’) = 0.40 240/600

e.) Orders a dessert and a beef entrée?

P (D and B) = 0.118 71/600

f.) Is a female or does not order a dessert?

P (F or D’) = 0.83 280+454-240/600

g.) Suppose the 1st person that the waiter takes the dessert
order from is a female. What is the probability that she does
not order a dessert?

P (D/F) = 0.857 240/280

h.) Suppose that the first person that the waiter takes the
dessert order from ordered a beef entrée. What is the
probability that this person orders dessert?

P (D/ B) = 0.3797 71/187

i.) Are gender and ordering dessert statistically independent?

P (M/D)= P(D)

P (M/D) = 96/600 = 0.71

 136/600

P(M) = 320 = 0.53

600

No. Gender and ordering of dessert are not statistically

independent because P (M/D) is not equal to P (D).

j.) Is ordering a beef entrée statistically independent of

whether the person orders dessert?

P (B/D) = P (B)

P (B/D) = 71/600 = 0.52

136/600

P (B) = 187 = 0.312

600

No. Ordering a beef entrée is not statistically independent with

whether a person orders dessert or not because P (B/D) is not
equal to P (B).

Probabilities Calculations

Sample Space Gender

Male Female Totals
Dessert Ordered YES 96 40 136
NO 224 240 454
Totals 320 280 600

Simple Probabilities Joint Probabilities

P(YES) 0.23 P(YES and Male) 0.16
 P(NO) 0.76 P(YES and Female) 0.07
P(Male) 0.53 P(NO and Male) 0.37
P(Female) 0.47 P(NO and Female) 0.40

Addition Rule
P(YES or Male) 0.60
P(YES or Female) 0.63
P(NO or Male) 0.92
P(NO or Female) 0.82

Probabilities Calculations

Sample Space Beef Entrée

YES B NO B Totals
Dessert YES D 71 65 136
NO D 116 348 464
Totals 187 413 600

Simple Probabilities Joint Probabilities

P(YES D) 0.23 P(YES D and YES B) 0.12
P(NO D) 0.77 P(YES D and NO B) 0.11
P(YES B) 0.31 P(NO D and YES B) 0.19
P(NO B) 0.69 P(NO D and NO B) 0.58

Addition Rule
P(YES D or YES B) 0.42
P(YES D or NO B) 0.81
P(NO D or YES B) 0.89
P(NO D or NO B) 0.88

CHAPTER 5

Exercise 5.47

Cinema advertising is increasing. Normally 60 to 90 seconds long,

these advertisements are longer and more extravagant, and tend to have
more captive audiences than television advertisements. Thus, it is not
surprising that the recall rates for cinema advertisements are higher than for
television advertisements. According to survey research conducted by the
ComQUEST division of BBM, the probability a viewer will remember a cinema
advertisement is 0.74, whereas the probability a viewer will remember a 30-
second television ad is 0.37.

a.) Is the 0.74 probability reported by the BBM best

classified as a priori classical probability, empirical classical
probability, or subjective probability?

It is classified as an empirical classical probability because the

probability was obtained through a survey conducted by BBM. In
the said approach, although the probability is still defined
objectively as the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to
the total number of outcomes, the outcomes are based on an
observed data, not on prior knowledge of a process. Hence it
cannot be classified as an a priori classical probability approach.
Neither can it be classified as a subjective probability because it
is computed objectively by means of a survey.

b.) Suppose that 10 viewers of a cinema advertisement are

randomly sampled. Consider the random variable defined by
the number of viewers that recall the advertisement. What
assumptions must be made in order to assume that this
random variable is distributed as a binomial random
variable?

The assumptions needed are: a.) the probability of each returned

response is the same and b.) the result of one returned response
does not affect the result of the other.

c.)Assuming that the number of viewers that recall the cinema

advertisement is a binomial random variable, what are the
mean and standard deviation of this distribution?

µ=NP 10(0.74)10 * 0.74 = 7.4

10 (. 74 )(. 26 ) = 1.387

d.) Based on your answer to c, if none of the viewers can recall

the ad, what can be inferred about the 0.74 probability
given in the article?

P(X=0) = 10!/ 0!(10-0)!(.74)0 (1-.74) 10-0

 = (.26) 10

There is 1.4116 chance that none of the viewers will recall the
cinema advertisement.

X P(X) P(<=X) P(<X) P(>X) P(>=X)

0 1.41E-06 1.41E-06 0 0.999999 1

1 4.02E-05 4.16E-05 1.41E-06 0.999958 0.999999

2 0.000515 0.000556 4.16E-05 0.999444 0.999958

3 0.003906 0.004462 0.000556 0.995538 0.999444

4 0.019453 0.023915 0.004462 0.976085 0.995538

5 0.066439 0.090354 0.023915 0.909646 0.976085

6 0.157581 0.247935 0.090354 0.752065 0.909646

7 0.256285 0.50422 0.247935 0.49578 0.752065

8 0.273535 0.777755 0.50422 0.222245 0.49578

9 0.173005 0.95076 0.777755 0.04924 0.222245

10 0.04924 1 0.95076 0 0.04924

Compute the probability that of the 10 viewers:

e.) Exactly zero can recall the advertisement.

P (0) is 1.4117

f.) Exactly one can recall the advertisement.

P (1) is 4.0178

g.) Exactly two can recall the advertisement.

P (2) is 0.0005

h.) All 10 can recall the advertisement.

P (10) is 0.0492

i.) More than half can recall the advertisement.

 P (>5) is 0.9096

j.) Eight or more can recall the advertisement.

P (>=8) is 0.4957

Cinema Ad Recall

Data
Sample size 10
Probability of
success 0.74

Statistics
Mean 7.4
Variance 1.924
Standard deviation 1.387083

Binomial Probabilities Table

X P(X) P(<=X) P(<X) P(>X) P(>=X)

0 1.4117E-06 1.41E-06 0 0.999999 1
1 4.0178E-05 4.16E-05 1.41E-06 0.999958 0.999999
2 0.00051459 0.000556 4.16E-05 0.999444 0.999958
3 0.00390562 0.004462 0.000556 0.995538 0.999444
4 0.01945299 0.023915 0.004462 0.976085 0.995538
5 0.06643943 0.090354 0.023915 0.909646 0.976085
6 0.15758069 0.247935 0.090354 0.752065 0.909646
7 0.25628508 0.50422 0.247935 0.49578 0.752065
8 0.27353504 0.777755 0.50422 0.222245 0.49578
9 0.17300507 0.95076 0.777755 0.04924 0.222245
10 0.0492399 1 0.95076 0 0.04924

k.) Repeat c, (e-j) for a television advertisement using the

given probability of recall, 0.37.

l.) Assuming that the number of viewers that recall the

television advertisement is a binomial random variable,
what are the mean and standard deviation of this
distribution?

µ=NP 10(0.37)10 * 0.37 = 3.7

10 (. 37 )(. 63 ) = 1.5267

Compute the probability that of the 10 viewers:

m.) Exactly zero can recall the advertisement.

P (0) is 0.0098

n.) Exactly one can recall the advertisement.

P (1) is 0.0578

o.) Exactly two can recall the advertisement.

P (2) is 0.1528

p.) All 10 can recall the advertisement.

P (10) is 4.8085

q.) More than half can recall the advertisement.

P (>5) is 0.1205

r.) Eight or more can recall the advertisement.

P (>=8) is 0.00714

TV Ad Recall

Data
Sample size 10
Probability of success 0.37

Statistics
Mean 3.7
Variance 2.331
Standard deviation 1.526761

Binomial Probabilities Table

X P(X) P(<=X) P(<X) P(>X) P(>=X)
0 0.009849303 0.009849 0 0.990151 1
1 0.057845112 0.067694 0.009849 0.932306 0.990151
2 0.152876368 0.220571 0.067694 0.779429 0.932306
3 0.239425424 0.459996 0.220571 0.540004 0.779429
4 0.24607613 0.706072 0.459996 0.293928 0.540004
5 0.173425082 0.879497 0.706072 0.120503 0.293928
6 0.084877355 0.964375 0.879497 0.035625 0.120503
7 0.028484917 0.99286 0.964375 0.00714 0.035625
8 0.006273464 0.999133 0.99286 0.000867 0.00714
9 0.000818759 0.999952 0.999133 4.81E-05 0.000867
10 4.80858E-05 1 0.999952 0 4.81E-05
 Exercise 5.50

To measure radio listenership, Arbitron mails surveys to randomly

selected households in 283 markets in the US. The respondents are given
diaries to record the radio stations they listen to. When the diaries are
complete, the respondents return them to Arbitron and they receive a cash
award for their participation (currently $10 in most markets). According to an
article, responses to the diary survey hits a 20- year low in 2002, with only
32.6 % being returned. Suppose that in a particular market, 100 surveys are
sent.

a.) What assumptions do you need to make in order to use

the binomial distribution to model the number of surveys
returned?

The assumptions needed to model the number of surveys returned

by the binomial distribution are: a.) the probability of each returned
response is the same and b.) the result of one returned response
does not affect the result of the other.

b.) What is the expected value or mean of the binomial

distribution?

µ = NP 100 * 32.6% = 32.6

c.)What is the standard deviation of the binomial distribution?

100 (. 326 )(. 674 ) = 4.6875

d.) What is the probability that 30 or fewer surveys will be

returned?

P (<=30) is 0.3308

e.) What is the probability that 25 or fewer surveys will be

returned?

P (<=25) is 0.0626

f.) What is the probability that more than 40 surveys will be

returned?

P (>40) is 0.0478
g.) What is the probability that at least 30 but no more than
35 surveys will be returned?

P (>=30) – P (>35) = 0.4778

Binomial Distributio for Exercise 5.50

Data
Sample size 100
Probability of success 0.326

Statistics
Mean 32.6
Variance 21.9724
Standard deviation 4.687473

Binomial Probabilities Table

X P(X) P(<=X) P(<X) P(>X) P(>=X)
1 3.55E-16 3.63E-16 7.34E-18 1 1
2 8.51E-15 8.87E-15 3.63E-16 1 1
3 1.34E-13 1.43E-13 8.87E-15 1 1
4 1.58E-12 1.72E-12 1.43E-13 1 1
5 1.46E-11 1.64E-11 1.72E-12 1 1
6 1.12E-10 1.28E-10 1.64E-11 1 1
7 7.28E-10 8.57E-10 1.28E-10 1 1
8 4.09E-09 4.95E-09 8.57E-10 1 1
9 2.02E-08 2.52E-08 4.95E-09 1 1
10 8.91E-08 1.14E-07 2.52E-08 1 1
11 3.53E-07 4.67E-07 1.14E-07 1 1
12 1.26E-06 1.73E-06 4.67E-07 0.999998 1
13 4.14E-06 5.87E-06 1.73E-06 0.999994 0.999998
14 1.24E-05 1.83E-05 5.87E-06 0.999982 0.999994
15 3.45E-05 5.28E-05 1.83E-05 0.999947 0.999982
16 8.87E-05 0.000142 5.28E-05 0.999858 0.999947
17 0.000212 0.000354 0.000142 0.999646 0.999858
18 0.000473 0.000826 0.000354 0.999174 0.999646
19 0.000987 0.001813 0.000826 0.998187 0.999174
20 0.001933 0.003747 0.001813 0.996253 0.998187
21 0.003562 0.007309 0.003747 0.992691 0.996253
22 0.006187 0.013496 0.007309 0.986504 0.992691
23 0.010149 0.023645 0.013496 0.976355 0.986504
24 0.015749 0.039393 0.023645 0.960607 0.976355
25 0.023157 0.06255 0.039393 0.93745 0.960607
26 0.032309 0.094859 0.06255 0.905141 0.93745
27 0.04283 0.137689 0.094859 0.862311 0.905141
28 0.05401 0.191699 0.137689 0.808301 0.862311
 29 0.064858 0.256557 0.191699 0.743443 0.808301
30 0.074244 0.330801 0.256557 0.669199 0.743443
31 0.081087 0.411888 0.330801 0.588112 0.669199
32 0.084569 0.496457 0.411888 0.503543 0.588112
33 0.084287 0.580745 0.496457 0.419255 0.503543
34 0.080337 0.661082 0.580745 0.338918 0.419255
35 0.073274 0.734356 0.661082 0.265644 0.338918
36 0.063991 0.798347 0.734356 0.201653 0.265644
37 0.053537 0.851884 0.798347 0.148116 0.201653
38 0.042931 0.894815 0.851884 0.105185 0.148116
39 0.033011 0.927825 0.894815 0.072175 0.105185
40 0.024349 0.952174 0.927825 0.047826 0.072175

h.) If Arbitron increases the cash incentive so that the

response rate is 40%, what are the answers to (A-f)? Use
excel for (d-h).

i.) What assumptions do you need to make in order to use the

binomial distribution to model the number of surveys
returned?

The assumptions needed to model the number of surveys returned

by the binomial distribution are: a.) the probability of each returned
response is the same and b.) the result of one returned response
does not affect the result of the other.

j.) What is the expected value or mean of the binomial

distribution?

µ = NP 100 * 40% = 40

k.) What is the standard deviation of the binomial

distribution?

100 (. 40 )(. 60 ) = 4.8990

l.) What is the probability that 30 or fewer surveys will be

returned?

P (<=30) is 0.0248

m.) What is the probability that 25 or fewer surveys will be

returned?

P(<=25) is 0.0012
n.) What is the probability that more than 40 surveys will be
returned?

P(>40) is 0.4567

o.) What is the probability that at least 30 but no more than 35

surveys will be returned?

P (>=30) - P(>35) = 0.1647

Data
Sample size 100
Probability of
success 0.4

Statistics
Mean 40
Variance 24
Standard deviation 4.898979

Binomial Probabilities Table

X P(X) P(<=X) P(<X) P(>X) P(>=X)
1 4.36E-21 4.42E-21 6.53E-23 1 1
2 1.44E-19 1.48E-19 4.42E-21 1 1
3 3.13E-18 3.28E-18 1.48E-19 1 1
4 5.06E-17 5.39E-17 3.28E-18 1 1
5 6.48E-16 7.02E-16 5.39E-17 1 1
6 6.84E-15 7.54E-15 7.02E-16 1 1
7 6.12E-14 6.87E-14 7.54E-15 1 1
8 4.74E-13 5.43E-13 6.87E-14 1 1
9 3.23E-12 3.78E-12 5.43E-13 1 1
10 1.96E-11 2.34E-11 3.78E-12 1 1
11 1.07E-10 1.3E-10 2.34E-11 1 1
12 5.29E-10 6.59E-10 1.3E-10 1 1
13 2.39E-09 3.05E-09 6.59E-10 1 1
14 9.89E-09 1.29E-08 3.05E-09 1 1
15 3.78E-08 5.07E-08 1.29E-08 1 1
16 1.34E-07 1.85E-07 5.07E-08 1 1
17 4.41E-07 6.26E-07 1.85E-07 0.999999 1
18 1.36E-06 1.98E-06 6.26E-07 0.999998 0.999999
19 3.9E-06 5.88E-06 1.98E-06 0.999994 0.999998
20 1.05E-05 1.64E-05 5.88E-06 0.999984 0.999994
21 2.67E-05 4.32E-05 1.64E-05 0.999957 0.999984
22 6.4E-05 0.000107 4.32E-05 0.999893 0.999957
23 0.000145 0.000252 0.000107 0.999748 0.999893
24 0.00031 0.000562 0.000252 0.999438 0.999748
25 0.000627 0.001189 0.000562 0.998811 0.999438
26 0.001207 0.002396 0.001189 0.997604 0.998811
27 0.002205 0.0046 0.002396 0.9954 0.997604
 28 0.003832 0.008433 0.0046 0.991567 0.9954
29 0.006343 0.014775 0.008433 0.985225 0.991567
30 0.010008 0.024783 0.014775 0.975217 0.985225
31 0.015065 0.039848 0.024783 0.960152 0.975217
32 0.021656 0.061504 0.039848 0.938496 0.960152
33 0.02975 0.091254 0.061504 0.908746 0.938496
34 0.039083 0.130337 0.091254 0.869663 0.908746
35 0.049133 0.179469 0.130337 0.820531 0.869663
36 0.059141 0.238611 0.179469 0.761389 0.820531
37 0.068199 0.30681 0.238611 0.69319 0.761389
38 0.075378 0.382188 0.30681 0.617812 0.69319
39 0.079888 0.462075 0.382188 0.537925 0.617812
40 0.081219 0.543294 0.462075 0.456706 0.537925

Chapter 6

Exercise 6.75

The fill amount of bottles of soft drink has been found to be normally
distributed with a mean of 2.0 liters and a standard deviation of 0.05 liter.
Bottles that contain less than 95% of the listed net content (1.90 liters in this
case) can make the manufacturer subject to penalty by the state office of
consumer affairs, whereas bottles that have a net content above 2.10 liters
may cause excess spillage upon opening. What proportion of the bottles will
contain.

a.) Between 1.90 and 2.0 liters?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 2.0- 2.0/ 0.05 is 0

Z= 1.90- 2.0/ 0.05 is -2

From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal

Distribution

0.5000- 0.0228 = 0.4772 or 48%

Probability for a Range

From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2
Z Value for 1.9 -2
Z Value for 2 0
P(X<=1.9) 0.0228
P(X<=2) 0.5000
P(1.9<=X<=2) 0.4772
b.) Between 1.90 and 2.10 liters?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 2.10- 2.0/ 0.05 is 2

Z= 1.90- 2.0/ 0.05 is -2

From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal

Distribution

0.9772- 0.0228 = 0.9545 or 95%

Probability for a Range

From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 1.9 -2
Z Value for 2.1 2
P(X<=1.9) 0.0228
P(X<=2.1) 0.9772
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9545

c.)Below 1.90 liters?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 1.90-2.0/0.05 is -2

Z= 2%

d.) Below 1.90 liters or above 2.0 liters?

Probability of that liters is between 1.90 and 2.0 is 0.4772, then

1-0.4772= 0.5228 or 52%

e.) Above 2.0 liters?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 2- 2.0/0.05 is 0; 0.5000

Complement is 1-0.5000 = 0.5000 or 50%

X Value 2
Z Value 0
P(X>2) 0.5000

f.) Between 2.05 and 2.10 liters?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 2.10- 2.0/ 0.05 is 2

Z= 2.05- 2.0/ 0.05 is 1

 From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal
Distribution

0.9772- 0.8413 = 0.1359 or 14%

Probability for a Range

From X Value 2.05
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 2.05 1
Z Value for 2.1 2
P(X<=2.05) 0.8413
P(X<=2.1) 0.9772
P(2.05<=X<=2.1) 0.1359

g.) 99% of the bottles would be expected to contain at least

how much soft drink?

X= µ+Z(sd) X= 2 + 2.33 (0.05)

X= 2.116 liters

Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.

Cumulative Percentage 99.00%
Z Value 2.326348
X Value 2.116317

h.) 99% of the bottles would be expected to contain an amount

that is between which two values (symmetrically
distributed)?

XL is 0.005, Z= -2.57 XU is 0.9950, Z= 2.58

XL = µ + Z(sd) XU= µ + Z(sd)

= 2 + (-2.57) (0.05) = 2 + (2.58) (0.05)

X L= 1.87 liters X u= 2.129 liters

i.) Explain the difference in the results in g and h.

In (g), 99% of the bottles would be expected to contain at least

2.116 liters, whereas (h) explains that 99% of the bottles would be
expected to contain an amount that is between 1.87 to 2.129 liters.
 The difference is that in the latter, it is assumed that the data is
symmetrically distributed.

j.) Suppose that it an effort to reduce the number of bottles

that contain less than 1.90 liters, the bottlers set the filling
machine so that the mean is 2.02 liters. Under these
circumstance, what would be your answer in a- h?

k.) Between 1.90 and 2.0 liters?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 2.0- 2.02/ 0.05 is -0.4

Z= 1.90- 2.02/ 0.05 is -2.4

From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal

Distribution

0.3446- 0.0082 = 0.3364 or 34%

Probability for a Range

From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2
Z Value for 1.9 -2.4
Z Value for 2 -0.4
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2) 0.3446
P(1.9<=X<=2) 0.3364

l.) Between 1.90 and 2.10 liters?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 2.10- 2.02/ 0.05 is 1.6

Z= 1.90- 2.02/ 0.05 is -2.4

From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal

Distribution

0.9452- 0.0082 = 0.937 or 94%

Probability for a Range

From X Value 1.9
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 1.9 -2.4
Z Value for 2.1 1.6
P(X<=1.9) 0.0082
P(X<=2.1) 0.9452
P(1.9<=X<=2.1) 0.9370
m.) Below 1.90 liters?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 1.90-2.02/0.05 is -2.4

Z= 0.0082

n.) Below 1.90 liters or above 2.0 liters?

Probability of that liters is between 1.90 and 2.0 is 0.3364, then

1-0.3364= 0.6636 or 66%

o.) Above 2.0 liters?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 2- 2.02/0.05 is -0.4; 0.3446

Complement is 1-0.3446 = 0.6555 or 66%

Probability for X >

X Value 2
Z Value -0.4
P(X>2) 0.6554

p.) Between 2.05 and 2.10 liters?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 2.10- 2.02/ 0.05 is 1.6

Z= 2.05- 2.02/ 0.05 is 0.6

From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal

Distribution

0.9452- 0.7257 = 0.2195 or 21%

Probability for a Range

From X Value 2.05
To X Value 2.1
Z Value for 2.05 0.6
Z Value for 2.1 1.6
P(X<=2.05) 0.7257
P(X<=2.1) 0.9452
P(2.05<=X<=2.1) 0.2195

q.) 99% of the bottles would be expected to contain at least

how much soft drink?
 X= µ+Z(sd) X= 2.02 + 2.33 (0.05)

X= 2.136 liters

Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.

Cumulative Percentage 99.00%
Z Value 2.326348
X Value 2.136317

r.) 99% of the bottles would be expected to contain an amount

that is between which two values (symmetrically
distributed)?

XL is 0.005, Z= -2.57 XU is 0.9950, Z= 2.58

XL = µ + Z(sd) XU= µ + Z(sd)

= 2.02 + (-2.57) (0.05) = 2.02 + (2.58) (0.05)

X L= 1.8915 liters X u= 2.149 liters

s.)Explain the difference in the results in g and h.

In (g), 99% of the bottles would be expected to contain at least

2.136 liters, whereas (h) explains that 99% of the bottles would be
expected to contain an amount that is between 1.8915 to 2.149
liters. The difference is that in the latter, it is assumed that the data
is symmetrically distributed.

If a random sample of 25 bottles is selected, what is the

probability that the sample mean will be

t.) Between 1.99 and 2.0 liters?

Z= X–μ = 2.0- 2.0

σ/√n .05/√25

=0

Z= X–μ = 1.99- 2.0

σ/√n .05/√25

= -0.001
 0.01
= -.1
From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal Distribution

0.5000- 0.4602 = 0.398 or 39.8%

u.) Between 1.99 and 2.01 liters?

Z= X–μ = 2.01- 2.0

σ/√n .05/√25

=1

Z= X–μ = 1.99- 2.0

σ/√n .05/√25

= -0.001
0.01
= -.1
From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal Distribution

0.8413- 0.4602 = 0.3811 or 38.11%

v.)Below 1.98 liters?

Z = X – μ = 1.98- 2.0
σ/√n .05/√25

= -0.02
0.01

= -2; or 0.0228 or 2.28% of the sample size 25 would be expected to have

means below 1.98L

w.) Below 1.98 liters or above 2.02 liters?

Z= X–μ = 1.98- 2.0

σ/√n .05/√25

= -0.02
0.01
 = -2 or 0.0228 or 2.28%

Z= X–μ = 2.02- 2.0

σ/√n .05/√25

= 0.02
0.01
= 2; or 0.9772 or 97.72%
Complement is 1- 0.9772 = 0.0228

0.0228 + 0.9772 = 1

x.)Above 2.01 liters?

Z= X–μ = 2.01- 2.0

σ/√n .05/√25

= 0.01
0.01
= 1; or 0.8413 or 84.13%
Complement is 1- 0.8413 = 0.1587 or 15.87% is above 2.01 liters

y.)Between 2.01 and 2.03 liters?

Z= X–μ = 2.01- 2.0

σ/√n .05/√25

=1

Z= X–μ = 2.03- 2.0

σ/√n .05/√25

= -0.03
0.01
= -3
From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal Distribution

0.8413- 0.00135 = 0.83995 or 83.99%

 z.) 99% of the sample means would be expected to contain at
least how much soft drink?

2.023263

Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.

Cumulative
Percentage 99.00%

Z Value 2.326348

X Value 2.023263

aa.) 99% of the sample means would be expected to contain

an amount that is between which two values (symmetrically
distributed around the mean?)

XL is 0.05, Z= -2.58 XU is 0.995, Z= +2.58

XL = µ + Z(.40/ 25 ) XU= µ + Z(.40/ 25 )

= 2.0 + (-2.58) (0.08) = 4.70 + (+2.58) (0.08)

X L= 1.7936 liters X u= 2.2064 ounces

bb.) Explain the difference in results in q and r.

In (q), 99% of the bottles would be expected to contain at least

2.0232 liters, whereas (r) explains that 99% of the bottles would be
expected to contain an amount that is between 1.7936 to 2.2064
liters. The difference is that in the latter, it is assumed that the data
is symmetrically distributed.

Exercise 6.76

An orange producer buys all his oranges from a large orange grove.
The amount of juice squeezed from each of these oranges is approximately
normally distributed with a mean of 4.70 ounces and a standard deviation of
0.40 ounce.
a.) What is the probability that a randomly selected orange
will contain between 4.70 and 5.00 ounces?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 5.00- 4.70/ 0.40 is 0.75

Z= 4.70- 4.70/ 0.40 is 0

From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal

Distribution

0.7734- 0.5000 = 0.2734

Probability for a Range

From X Value 4.7
To X Value 5
Z Value for 4.7 0
Z Value for 5 0.75
P(X<=4.7) 0.5000
P(X<=5) 0.7734
P(4.7<=X<=5) 0.2734

b.) What is the probability that a randomly selected orange

will contain between 5.00 and 5.50 ounces?

Z= X - µ/sd Z= 5.50- 4.70/ 0.40 is 2

Z= 5.00- 4.70/ 0.40 is 0.75

From Table of Cumulative Standardized Normal

Distribution

0.9772- 0.7734 = 0.2038

Probability for a Range

From X Value 5
To X Value 5.5
Z Value for 5 0.75
Z Value for 5.5 2
P(X<=5) 0.7734
P(X<=5.5) 0.9772
P(5<=X<=5.5) 0.2039

c.)77% of the oranges will contain at least how many ounces of

juice?

X= µ+Z(sd) X= 4.70 + 0.74 (0.40)

 X = 4.996 ounces

Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage.

Cumulative Percentage 77.00%
Z Value 0.738846849
X Value 4.99553874

d.) Between what two values (in ounces) symmetrically

distributed around the population mean will 80 % of the
oranges fall?

XL is 0.10, Z= - 1.26 XU is 0.90, Z= +1.26

XL = µ + Z(sd) XU= µ + Z(sd)

= 4.70 + (-1.26) (0.40) = 4.70 + (+1.26) (0.40)

X L= 4.19 ounces X u= 5.212 ounces

Suppose that a sample of 25 oranges is selected:

e.) What is the probability that the sample mean will be at least
4.60 ounces?

_
Z = X – μ = 4.70- 4.60
σ/√n .4/√25

= 0.1
0.08

= 1.25; or 0.8944
89.44% of all the possible samples of size 25 have a sample mean of at least
4.60 ounces.

f.) Between what two values symmetrically distributed around

the population mean will 70% of the sample mean fall?

XL is 0.15, Z= -1.04 XU is 0.85, Z= +1.04

 XL = µ + Z(.40/ 25 ) XU= µ + Z(.40/ 25 )

= 4.70 + (-1.04) (0.08) = 4.70 + (+1.04) (0.08)

X L= 4.6168 ounces X u= 4.7832 ounces

g.) 77% of the sample means will be above what value?

X= µ+Z(sd) X= 4.70 + -0.74 (0.08)

X = 4.6408 ounces