Cylinders and quadratic surfaces (Sect. 12.

6)
I Cylinders.
I Quadratic surfaces:
x2 y2 z2
I Spheres, + 2 + 2 = 1.
r2 r r
x2 y2 z2
I Ellipsoids, + 2 + 2 = 1.
a2 b c
x2 y2 z2
I Cones, + − = 0.
a2 b2 c2
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
I Hyperboloids, + 2 − 2 = 1, − 2 − 2 + 2 = 1.
a2 b c a b c
x2 y2 z
I Paraboloids, + − = 0.
a2 b2 c
x2 y2 z
I Saddles, − − = 0.
a2 b2 c

Cylinders
Definition
Given a curve on a plane, called the generating curve, a cylinder is
a surface in space generating by moving along the generating curve
a straight line perpendicular to the plane containing the generating
curve.

Example
A circular cylinder is the particular case
when the generating curve is a circle. In
the picture, the generating curve lies on r y

the xy -plane. C
x
Cylinders z

Example
Find the equation of the cylinder given
r y
in the picture.
x

Solution:
The intersection of the cylinder with the z = 0 plane is a circle
with radius r , hence points of the form (x, y , 0) belong to the
cylinder iff x 2 + y 2 = r 2 and z = 0.
For z 6= 0, the intersection of horizontal planes of constant z with
the cylinder again are circles of radius r , hence points of the form
(x, y , z) belong to the cylinder iff x 2 + y 2 = r 2 and z constant.
Summarizing, the equation of the cylinder is x 2 + y 2 = r 2 . The
coordinate z does not appear in the equation. The equation holds
for every value of z ∈ R. C

Cylinders
z

Example r

Find the equation of the cylinder y

given in the picture.

x
Solution:
The generating curve is a circle, but this time on the plane y = 0.
Hence point of the form (x, 0, z) belong to the cylinder iff
x 2 + z 2 = r 2.
We conclude that the equation of the cylinder above is

x 2 + z 2 = r 2, y ∈ R.

The coordinate y does not appear in the equation. The equation

holds for every value of y ∈ R. C
Cylinders z

Example
Find the equation of the cylinder
1
given in the picture.
1 y
2
x parabola

Solution:
The generating curve is a parabola on planes with constant y .
This parabola contains the points (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 1), and (2, 0, 4).
Since three points determine a unique parabola and z = x 2
contains these points, then at y = 0 the generating curve is z = x 2 .
The cylinder equation does not contain the coordinate y . Hence,

z = x 2, y ∈ R.

Cylinders and quadratic surfaces (Sect. 12.6)

I Cylinders.
I Quadratic surfaces:
I Spheres.
I Ellipsoids.
I Cones.
I Hyperboloids.
I Paraboloids.
I Saddles.
Quadratic surfaces
Definition
Given constants ai , bi and c1 , with i = 1, 2, 3, a quadratic surface
in space is the set of points (x, y , z) solutions of the equation

a1 x 2 + a2 y 2 + a3 z 2 + b1 x + b2 y + b3 z + c1 = 0.

Remarks:
I There are several types of quadratic surfaces.
I We study only quadratic surfaces given by

a1 x 2 + a2 y 2 + a3 z 2 + b3 z = c2 . (1)

I The surfaces below are rotations of the one in Eq. (1),

a1 z 2 + a2 x 2 + a3 y 2 + b3 y = c2 ,
a1 y 2 + a2 x 2 + a3 x 2 + b3 x = c2 .

Cylinders and quadratic surfaces (Sect. 12.6)

I Cylinders.
I Quadratic surfaces:
x2 y2 z2
I Spheres. + + = 1.
r2 r2 r2
I Ellipsoids.
I Cones.
I Hyperboloids.
I Paraboloids.
I Saddles.
Spheres

Recall: We study only quadratic equations of the form:

a1 x 2 + a2 y 2 + a3 z 2 + b3 z = c2 .

Example
A sphere is a simple quadratic surface, the z

one in the picture has the equation

x2 y2 z2
+ 2 + 2 = 1. r y
r2 r r
x
(a1 = a2 = a3 = 1/r 2 , b3 = 0 and c2 = 1.)
Equivalently, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2. C

Spheres

Remark: Linear terms move the sphere around in space.

Example
Graph the surface given by the equation x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 4y = 0.
Solution: Complete the square:
h 4  4 2 i  4 2
2 2
x + y +2 y+ − + z 2 = 0.
2 2 2

z
 2
Therefore, x 2 + y + 24 + z 2 = 4. This is
the equation of a sphere centered at
−2
P0 = (0, −2, 0) and with radius r = 2. C y

x
Cylinders and quadratic surfaces (Sect. 12.6)

I Cylinders.
I Quadratic surfaces:
x2 y2 z2
I Spheres, r2 + r2 + r2 = 1.
x2 y2 z2
I Ellipsoids, + + = 1.
a2 b2 c2
I Paraboloids.
I Cones.
I Hyperboloids.
I Saddles.

Ellipsoids

Definition
Given positive constants a, b, c, an ellipsoid centered at the origin
is the set of point solution to the equation

x2 y2 z2
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a2 b c
z
2
Example
Graph the ellipsoid,
2 y2 z2 3
x + 2 + 2 = 1. C y
3 2 1

x
Ellipsoids
Example
y2 z2
Graph the ellipsoid, x2 + 2 + 2 = 1.
3 2
Solution: z
2

On the plane z = 0 we have the ellipse

y2
x 2 + 2 = 1.
3
1 y

3 x

On the plane z = z0 , with −2 < z0 <  2

2 z 2
we have the ellipse x 2 + y32 = 1 − 202 . z
2

Denoting c = 1 − (z02 /4), then 1 3

x2 y2 y

0 < c < 1, and + 2 = 1. C x

c 3 c

Cylinders and quadratic surfaces (Sect. 12.6)

I Cylinders.
I Quadratic surfaces:
x2 y2 z2
I Spheres, r2 + r2 + r2 = 1.
x2 y2 z2
I Ellipsoids, a2 + b2 + c2 = 1.
x2 y2 z2
I Cones, + 2 − 2 = 0.
a2 b c
I Hyperboloids.
I Paraboloids.
I Saddles.
Cones
Definition
Given positive constants a, b, a cone centered at the origin is the
set of point solution to the equation
r
x2 y2
z =± + 2.
a2 b

Example 1

Graph
rthe cone,
2
y2 3
z = x + 2. C −3
1 y
3
−1

Cones
Example q
2
Graph the cone, z = + x22 + y 2 .
z
Solution:
On the plane z = 1 we have the 1

x2
ellipse 2 + y 2 = 1. −2

2 1 y
2
x

On the plane z = z0 > 0 we have z

x2
the ellipse 2 + y 2 = z02 , that is,
2 1

x2 y2
+ 2 = 1. C −2

22 z02 z0 1 y
2
x
Cylinders and quadratic surfaces (Sect. 12.6)

I Cylinders.
I Quadratic surfaces:
x2 y2 z2
I Spheres, r2 + r2 + r2 = 1.
x2 y2 z2
I Ellipsoids, a2 + b2 + c2 = 1.
2
x2 y z2
I Cones, a2 + b2 − c2 = 0.
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
I Hyperboloids, + − = 1, − − + = 1.
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
I Paraboloids.
I Saddles.

Hyperboloids
Definition
Given positive constants a, b, c, a one sheet hyperboloid centered
at the origin is the set of point solution to the equation

x2 y2 z2
+ 2 − 2 = 1.
a2 b c
(One negative sign, one sheet.) z ellipse

Example hyperbola hyperbola

Graph the hyperboloid, 2

y
y2 1

x + 2 − z 2 = 1.
2 C x
2

hyperbolas
Hyperboloids z ellipse

Example hyperbola hyperbola

y2 2
y
x2 + 2 − z 2 = 1.
1

Graph the hyperboloid x

hyperbolas

Solution: Find the intersection of the surface with horizontal and

vertical planes. Then combine them into a qualitative graph.
I On horizontal planes, z = z0 , we obtain ellipses
y2
x + 2 = 1 + z02 .
2
2
I On vertical planes, y = y0 , we obtain hyperbolas
2 2 y02
x −z = 1− 2.
2
I On vertical planes, x = x0 , we obtain hyperbolas
y2
2
− z 2 = 1 − x02 . C
2

Hyperboloids
Definition
Given positive constants a, b, c, a two sheet hyperboloid centered
at the origin is the set of point solution to the equation

x2 y2 z2
− 2 − 2 + 2 = 1.
a b c
(Two negative signs, two sheets.) z ellipse

Example hyperbola

Graph the hyperboloid,

y2
−x − 2 + z 2 = 1.
2 C x 1
2
y
2
hyperbola
Hyperboloids z ellipse

Example hyperbola

y2
Graph the hyperboloid −x 2 − 2 + z 2 = 1. x 1
2
y
2 hyperbola

Solution:
Find the intersection of the surface with horizontal and vertical
planes. Then combine all these results into a qualitative graph.
I On horizontal planes, z = z0 , with |z0 | > 1, we obtain ellipses
y2
2
x + 2 = −1 + z02 .
2
I On vertical planes, y = y0 , we obtain hyperbolas
2 2 y02
−x + z = 1 + 2 .
2
I On vertical planes, x = x0 , we obtain hyperbolas
y2
− 2 + z 2 = 1 + x02 . C
2

Cylinders and quadratic surfaces (Sect. 12.6)

I Cylinders.
I Quadratic surfaces:
x2 y2 z2
I Spheres, r2 + r2 + r2 = 1.
x2 y2 z2
I Ellipsoids, a2 + b2 + c2 = 1.
x2 y2 z2
I Cones, a2 + b2 − c2 = 0.
x2 y2 z2 2 y2 z2
I Hyperboloids, a2 + b2 − c2 = 1, − xa2 − b2 + c2 = 1.
x2 y2 z
I Paraboloids, 2
+ 2 − = 0.
a b c
I Saddles.
Paraboloids
Definition
Given positive constants a, b, a paraboloid centered at the origin is
the set of point solution to the equation

x2 y2
z = 2 + 2.
a b

z ellipse

Example
Graph the paraboloid,
2 y2
z = x + 2. C parabola
2
2
1 y
x

Paraboloids.
z ellipse

Example
y2
Graph the paraboloid z= x2 + 2. parabola
2
2
1 y
Solution: x
Find the intersection of the surface with horizontal and vertical
planes. Then combine all these results into a qualitative graph.
I On horizontal planes, z = z0 , with z0 > 0, we obtain ellipses
2 y2
x + 2 = z0 .
2
2 y02
I On vertical planes, y = y0 , we obtain parabolas z = x + 2 .
2
2 y2
I On vertical planes, x = x0 , we obtain parabolas z = x0 + 2 .
2
Cylinders and quadratic surfaces (Sect. 12.6)

I Cylinders.
I Quadratic surfaces:
x2 y2 z2
I Spheres, r2 + r2 + r2 = 1.
x2 y2 z2
I Ellipsoids, a2 + b2 + c2 = 1.
x2 y2 z2
I Cones, a2 + b2 − c2 = 0.
2
x2 y z2 2 y2 z2
I Hyperboloids, a2 + b2 − c2 = 1, − xa2 − b2 + c2 = 1.
x2 y2 z
I Paraboloids, a2 + b2 − c = 0.
x2 y2 z
I Saddles, − − = 0.
a2 b2 c

Saddles, or hyperbolic paraboloids

Definition
Given positive constants a, b, c, a saddle centered at the origin is
the set of point solution to the equation

x2 y2
z= − 2.
a2 b

Example
Graph the paraboloid,
2 y2 y
z = −x + 2 . C
2 x
Saddles
z

Example parabola

Graph the saddle

2 y2 y

z = −x + 2 . x
2
parabola hyperbola
Solution:
Find the intersection of the surface with horizontal and vertical
planes. Then combine all these results into a qualitative graph.
y2
I On planes, z = z0 , we obtain hyperbolas −x 2
+ 2 = z0 .
2
2 y02
I On planes, y = y0 , we obtain parabolas z = −x + 2 .
2
y2
I On planes, x = x0 , we obtain parabolas z = −x02 + 2 .
2