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2 Lua Scripts

Lua scripts can be used to automate calculations in FEMm. Various border/boundary conditions like Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin can be set in FEMm to simulate the behavior of unbounded domains. Forces and torques can be calculated in FEMm using methods like Lorentz force, weighted stress tensor volume integral, and Maxwell stress tensor line integral.

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120 views29 pages

2 Lua Scripts

Lua scripts can be used to automate calculations in FEMm. Various border/boundary conditions like Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin can be set in FEMm to simulate the behavior of unbounded domains. Forces and torques can be calculated in FEMm using methods like Lorentz force, weighted stress tensor volume integral, and Maxwell stress tensor line integral.

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Dago España
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lua, Boundary Conditions

and ect..

Some further informations about calculating in


Femm M. Rad

27.04.2018
Outline

• Lua scripting
• Border conditions
• About torque and force calculation in
Femm
Lua scripts

• To automate calculation in Femm we can


use Lua scripts
• Lua is a language which is used also in
some other applications (eg. Adobe
Photoshop Lightroom)
• More informations about the language it
self you can find on:
http://www.lua.org/about.html
Automating the calculations

• Almost all activities related to the calculation of


the field can be written as a macro in LUA
scripting language.
• This is especially useful when performing the
same calculations repeatedly, for example by
setting the field and force versus displacement
of armature of an electromagnet.
• By the Lua scripts we can also export results in
various format
• In this way, even hours of calculations can be
realized automatically, for example at night.
After its completion, we have access to the final
results in the form of drawings or ASCII files.
Lua in Femm

• Lua language instructions are


described in "manual.pdf" for
Femm program (page 82)
• Lua language instructions can
be entered by loading the text
file with Lua procedures or using
the Lua console commands.
• Script file could be selected by
pressing the button 1.
• Lua console could be activated
by the button 2
Lua - how to start

• First, it is good idea to make a separate


empty folder for script calculations
• It is good to remember that Lua script
from file is started just after loading
• A very good practice is to perform
modifications on a copy of the model
instead on the initial model. For this
purpose at the beginning of the script you
can put eg .:
open("initial_model.fem")
mi_saveas("model_automated.fem")
Model preparing

• The model for calculations using the Lua


script has to be prepared firstly and tested
• Elements for modification should be
assigned to one group. It helps to operate
on them.
Notes on calculations

• If you are planning calculations where the


transfers or turnovers are performed, it is
a good idea to determine whether extreme
positions of all elements are correct (eg.
whether the items or materials do not
overlap each other)
• This can be achieved by running the
procedure with a few big steps (just to
calculate at the beginning only two or
three cases, but on whole range)
Sample Lua script

• in Lua:
• Comments we can put
after '--'
• Line is ended only by the
'enter'
• Variables are defined by
giving them a value

• Functions can return a few


values (not only one)
The meaning of commands:

• mi_analyze()
– runs calculations
• mi_loadsolution()
– load ans display results for model
• mo_savebitmap(nazwa)
– save results as a bitmap
• mo_groupselectblock(1)
– select block number 1
commands ...

• fx=mo_blockintegral(18)
– perform integral calculations for the selected
block. The type of calculated value depends on
the parameter. Here, parameter 18 means: „x
(or r) part of steady-state weighted stress
tensor force” For others meanings: page 94 in
„manual.pdf”
• c,V,Fl = mo_getcircuitproperties("circ_1")
– returns values connected to electrical circuit
by the given name:
c – current, V – voltage drop, Fl – flux linkage
Commands ….

• print(shift," ",fx," ",Fl," ",V)


– prints values in Lua console
• write(outfile,shift," ",fx," ",Fl," ",V,"\n")
– write values to previously opened file
– (variable 'outfile' is a handler to file,
returned by 'openfile(..)' function )
• mo_close()
– Closes active postprocessor window (results
window)
Commands …..

• mi_seteditmode("group")
– Sets the edit mode to “group” as it is in
Femm program (it could be also: "nodes",
"segments", "arcsegments", "blocks",
"group")
• mi_selectgroup(1)
– select group number 1
• mi_movetranslate(step,0)
– Move active element or group by the vector
(here the vector is (step,0))
Commands ...

• mi_moverotate(0,0,step_ang,4)
– Turn selected group by the angle (here: 'step_ang') about point
(here: (0,0)). Value 4 here means that command operates on groups
• closefile(outfile)
– Close the file where results was saved
• mo_showdensityplot(legend,gscale,upper_B,lower_B,type)
– Shows the flux density plot with options:
• legend set to 0 to hide the plot legend or 1 to show the plot legend
• gscale set to 0 for a colour density plot or 1 for a grey scale density plot.
• upper_B sets the upper display limit for the density plot.
• lower_B sets the lower display limit for the density plot.
• type - type of density plot to display. Valid entries are "bmag", "breal",
and "bimag" for magnitude, real component, and imaginary component
of flux density (B), respectively; "hmag", "hreal", and "himag" for
magnitude, real component, and imaginary component of field intensity
(H); and "jmag", "jreal", and "jimag" for magnitude, real component,
and imaginary component of current density (J).
Border conditions

• Finite element method can not be used for


issues whose field extends to infinity.
• To be able to analyze such problems as
electromagnetic field we have to limit the
analysis area by the border and set
imposed boundary conditions.
• To simulate on artificial border the physical
phenomena occurring there in fact, the
boundary procedures are used.
• Thus the analysis is limited to a given
area, but the field outside of the area is
also taken into account.
Border conditions, procedures

• Standard FEM method can be used only for


simply connected regions - introduction of a
procedure also allows us to analyze the
areas which are not simply connected. For
example areas with fragments which are
excluded from the analysis.
Types of border conditions in Femm

• Dirichlet:
In this type of boundary condition, the
value of potential A or V is explicitly
defined on the boundary, e.g. A = 0. The
most common use of Dirichlet-type
boundary conditions in magnetic problems
is to define A = 0 along a boundary to
keep magnetic flux from crossing the
boundary. In electrostatic problems,
Dirichlet conditions are used to fix the
voltage of a surface in the problem
domain.
Border conditions ...

• Neumann:
This boundary condition specifies the
normal derivative of potential along the
boundary. In magnetic problems, the
homogeneous Neumann boundary
condition, ∂A/∂n =0 is defined along a
boundary to force flux to pass the
boundary at exactly a 90o angle to the
boundary. This sort of boundary condition
simulates an interface with a very high
permeable metal.
Border conditions ...

• Robin:
The Robin boundary condition is sort of a mix
between Dirichlet and Neumann prescribing a
relationship between the value of A and its normal
derivative at the boundary. An example of this
boundary condition is:
∂A
+cA=0
∂n
– This boundary condition is most often in FEMM to define
“impedance boundary conditions” that allow a bounded
domain to mimic the behavior of an unbounded region.
In the context of heat flow problems, this boundary
condition can be interpreted as a convection boundary
condition. It means the setting the rate of spatial
change of temperature just near the border which is
depending on the temperature difference between the
surface and the environment.
Border conditions ...

Periodic,
• A periodic boundary conditions joins two
boundaries together. In this type of
boundary condition, the boundary values
on corresponding points of the two
boundaries are set equal to one another.
Border conditions ...

Antiperiodic
• The antiperiodic boundary condition also
joins together two boundaries. However,
the boundary values are made to be of
equal magnitude but opposite sign.
Using the BC

• On the previous picture the coil was shown


modelled in axisymmetrical mode with
Robin BC to simulate open space behavior
• To do it in Femm we have to select “mixed”
type of BC, and write c1=0, c0=1/uo*R
– Where R was the radius in
meters, and 'uo' means in
program constant of μo
After closing the window,
program calculates the coefficients
Calculating the forces in Femm

• Lorentz Force/Torque
If we want to compute the force on a collection of
currents in a region containing only materials with a unit
relative permeability, the volume integral of Lorentz
torque is always the method to employ. Lorentz force
results tend to be very accurate. However, again, they
are only applicable for the forces on conductors of with
unit permeability (e.g. coils in a voice coil actuator).
F = B*I*l*sin(α)
Force calculating

• Weighted Stress Tensor Volume Integral


This volume integral greatly simplifies the computation of
forces and torques, as compared to evaluating forces via the
stress tensor line integral of differentiation of coenergy.
Merely select the blocks upon which force or torque are to be
computed and evaluate the integral. No particular “art” is
required in getting good force or torque results although
results tend to be more accurate with finer meshing around
the region upon which the force or torque is to be computed.
• One limitation of the Weighted Stress Tensor integral is that
the regions upon which the force is being computed must be
entirely surrounded by air. In cases in which the desired
region abuts a non-air region, force results may be deduced
from differentiation of Coenergy
Maxwell Stress Tensor Line Integral

• This method calculate the force from Maxwell Stress


Tensor Line Integral, according to formula:

F =∮ ( H ( n∗B)+ B ( n∗H )−n ( H ∗B)) ds


S

– where n denotes the direction normal to the surface at


the point of interest.
• First we have to set integration path
• Results depend on mesh density and could be
inaccurate sometimes
• Generally, you should not use the Stress Tensor line
integral to compute forces and torques if it can be
avoided (i.e. use the volume integral version instead).
Frequency setting in problem definition

• Default value is 0.
• If we put another value ALL field values
will alternate with this frequency
• Therefore mixing problems with permanent
magnet and frequency given do not lead to
the sensible results
Eddy currents

• Femm can simulate eddy currents in


materials with non zero conductivity.
• It assumes that all regions where the eddy
currents may be inducted are connected in
“infinity”
• If we want to avoid this, we can set the
parallel circuits with zero current, which
are connected similar to the real case.
Some parts are based on “manual.pdf”:
Finite Element Method Magnetics
Version 4.2
User’s Manual
August 25, 2013

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