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02 Instalare SO

The document discusses the process of installing an operating system. It describes the key components of an OS including the kernel, modules, shell, tools and hardware. It explains that the kernel links hardware and software and is the first code loaded. Modules provide OS services while dynamically loading only what is needed. The shell acts as the interface between users and kernel. Distributions package these components along with installers, bootloaders and applications. The installation process includes selecting a distribution, partitioning disks, configuring the bootloader, installing packages and configuring settings.

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56 views17 pages

02 Instalare SO

The document discusses the process of installing an operating system. It describes the key components of an OS including the kernel, modules, shell, tools and hardware. It explains that the kernel links hardware and software and is the first code loaded. Modules provide OS services while dynamically loading only what is needed. The shell acts as the interface between users and kernel. Distributions package these components along with installers, bootloaders and applications. The installation process includes selecting a distribution, partitioning disks, configuring the bootloader, installing packages and configuring settings.

Uploaded by

Traxler Csilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2.

Installing the OS
 User
◦ You and me
 Applications
◦ OpenOffice Writer, Mozilla Firefox
 Operating System
◦ Kernel – Linux, GNU Hurd
◦ Modules – pcnet32, cdrom, ip_nat, ext3
◦ Shell – bash, sh, csh, zsh
◦ Tools – cp, mv, rm
 Hardware
◦ CPU, Memory, GPU, HDD
 Kernel

◦ Core of the system

◦ Links hardware and software

◦ First piece of code of the OS to be loaded into


memory
 The Linux Kernel
◦ Monolithic
◦ Runs in kernel space (supervisor mode)
◦ Offers an interface to the hardware via a set of
primitives (system calls)
◦ Non-critical software (e.g. GUI) does not run in the
kernel, but in user space
 Modules

◦ Each module offers a service to the OS (e.g.


memory management, process management)

◦ Modules are dynamically loaded  only the


necessary modules are loaded at any given time

◦ Modules interact through the kernel, via system


calls
 Shell
◦ The interface between user/applications and the
kernel
◦ Can be a CLI (command line interface), or a GUI
(graphical user interface)

 Examples:
◦ CLI: Bourne shell (sh), Bourne Again Shell (bash),
Korn shell (ksh), C shell (csh)
◦ GUI: Gnome, KDE, CDE, XFCE
 Tools
◦ Small applications used for basic functions
 cp, rm, mv
 C compiler
 Assembler
◦ Used directly by the user (at the shell prompt), by more
complex programs, or by the shell (shell script)

 The first tools were written by the GNU


community.
 Linux Kernel + modules + shell(s) + other
software  a GNU/Linux Distribution
 Distribution
◦ Operating system (kernel, shell, tools)
◦ Installer
◦ Bootloader
◦ Package manager
◦ Applications – web browser, e-mail client, office
suite

 Hundreds of different distributions at the


moment -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_linux_di
stributions
The one that you are
familiar with!
MBR /boot
POST – Hardware BIOS – Look up Load bootloader Load rest of
Power on Kernel
Test boot order in memory bootloader
(stage1) (stage2)
 First 512 bytes
◦ MBR (Master Boot Record)
◦ Partition Table (64B = 4x16B)
 4 primary partitions
 One partition can be an Extended Partition
 First sector contains the EBR (Extended Boot Record)
 Number of logical partitions is limited by the SO (for
Linux, 59 on IDE drives and 11 on SCSI)

512B Primary Primary Primary Ext

EBR Logical Logical


 Choose the right distribution based on:
◦ Needs:
 Workstation or server?
 Stability, or cutting-edge features?
 Home, or enterprise?
◦ Hardware:
 GUI, or CLI-only?
 I386? PowerPC? X64?
 Drivers?
◦ Administrator (remember the “best distribution”
rule!)
 Choose the right installation type
◦ CD/DVD
 With or without a LiveCD
◦ Network install
◦ Update vs. fresh install
 Basically the same for most distributions (not
necessarily in the same order):
◦ Choose language, keyboard, mouse
◦ Create partitioning scheme
◦ Configure bootloader
◦ Select and install software packages
◦ Configure root password and create users
◦ Configure X
◦ Configure network
◦ Other configs (sound, firewall, automatic updates,
etc.)

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