Teaching Foreign Languages in Inclusive Education:

(A teacher-trainee´s handbook)
Nitra: Constantine the Philosopher University, 2015

Pokrivčáková, S. et al. (2015). Teaching Foreign Languages to Learners with Special Educational Needs: e-
textbook for foreign language teachers. Nitra: Constantine the Philosopher University. 128 p.
ISBN 978-80-558-0941-0

Teaching English to Gifted Children

Eva Reid

Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia

1. Objectives
This chapter provides a brief description of characteristics and peculiarities of
gifted children and gifted education. There are two forms of educating gifted
children: integrated in regular classes and segregated in special classes. There are
certain tips concerning working with gifted children, what to do and what to
avoid. Teaching English as a foreign language to gifted children also has its
specifics and these are discussed, together with general tips, in this chapter.

2. Defining giftedness and identification characteristics

Silverman (2012) views giftedness as a psychological reality, which can be
observed in young children and documented on measures of general intelligence.
Characteristics such as abstract thought, insightfulness, compassion, sensitivity,
perfectionism, intensity, creative imagination, sophisticated sense of humour
accompany gifted individuals throughout their lives. Giftedness needs early
identification, intervention and accommodation to assure healthy development.
There is a common belief that gifted children make it on their own, that they
do well by themselves without any special intervention. However, it is a myth,
which should be avoided, as Silverman (ibid.) pointed out that most gifted
children hide or underachieve. Jurašková (2003) added that gifted children do
not develop their talents without the support of schools, families and society,
because they stand out from average population in cognitive and emotional areas.
According to Dočkal (1995, 2005) development of talent depends on the
environment. The more stimulating the environment is, the higher is the chance
of development of a talent. Renzulli (2011), one of the greatest scholars on gifted
education, emphasised the necessity of special education for gifted children, as
they exhibit specific needs. This idea is also supported by Milgram (1991) who
claimed that gifted children cannot maximize their abilities in regular school
programmes unless teaching is adjusted to their specific needs. According NAGC
Teaching Foreign Languages in Inclusive Education:
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Nitra: Constantine the Philosopher University, 2015

(2014), separate studies done in the last decades prove the need for gifted
education and more importantly the benefits of special education of the gifted
children. Very eloquent is an analogy is with developing sports talents. Even the
greatest sportsmen would not have been so great if their specific talents had not
been developed by specially trained coaches. In comparison, how do we expect
gifted children to train themselves to be outstanding in science, languages, etc. if
we do not develop their talents? As a result, we need special education for gifted
children with special approach in order to develop their abilities to maximum.
Many gifted education programs around the world set as a minimum
criterion an IQ score of 130 for admitting children to their special programs.
Gifted individuals are further divided based on the IQ scored they achieve
(Wasserman, 2003). Laznibatova (2007, 2012) adds that every gifted individual
is unique and the population of the gifted does not form a homogenous group.
Gifted individuals are a diverse group with various foundations and conditions
for development. This diversity influences the process of development, which
emerges in various levels and areas of giftedness. Even though the gifted children
are a heterogeneous group, there are certain identification characteristics, which
can apply to diverse socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. It is not a simple
task to identify gifted children, as many are hidden, or do not exhibit their talents.
These are some of the common identification characteristics of gifted children
(Laznibatová, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2008; Dočkal 2005; Silverman, 2012):
 excellent memory,
 good reasoning,
 extensive vocabulary,
 early reader,
 fast learning,
 long attention span (when interested),
 facility with numbers,
 mature judgement for the age,
 prefers older companions,
 compassion, concerned with justice,
 sensitivity (feels hurt easily),
 perfectionism, intensity,
 creative imagination,
 strongly curious,
 skilled with jigsaw puzzles,
 questions authorities
 humour, etc.
Silverman (2012) emphasised that although these characteristics can be
helpful in showing the possibility of giftedness, that each gifted child is an
 Teaching Foreign Languages in Inclusive Education:
(A teacher-trainee´s handbook)
Nitra: Constantine the Philosopher University, 2015

individual with unique set of traits that might not confirm any suggested
attributes. Therefore gifted children should be identified and assessed by
professionally qualified people.

3. Gifted education in Slovakia and a place of English language teaching in

gifted education
Slovakia has quite a unique system of educating children with general
intellectual giftedness. There are two ways of educating gifted children:
 segregated education in special classes
 integrated education in regular classes.
Segregated education has been in existence for more than 20 years Nowadays,
there are 28 schools in Slovakia that offer segregated education for gifted
children (Laznibatová, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2008; Dočkal 2005). A School act
245/2008 § 2 letter j) and q) specifies gifted children (pupils) as children
with specific educational needs. Children with special educational needs have
to be identified by centres of pedagogical-psychological advisory services. The
national curriculum § 103 (1) letter a) number 1 specifies the key stages, core
subjects, expected standards of pupils’ performance for pupils with general
intellectual giftedness. The key competences, which pupils have to acquire, are
the same as for the regular pupils. The reason is the compatibility of all schools,
which is necessary in the case when pupils change schools (VÚDPaP, 2009). Apart
from the minimum requirements set in the national curriculum, there are certain
modifications concerning the contents (enriching, additional and widening
contents, additional books, elaboration of projects, etc.).
Concerning foreign language teaching in gifted education in Slovakia, there
are two foreign languages recommended with English being the first foreign
language which is taught from the first grade of primary school. English language
is recommended as the first foreign language because it is a global language and a
language of science and ICT (VÚDPaP, 2009). In the curriculum there are not any
specific recommendations on how to teach foreign languages to gifted children. It
is all left to the schools and individual teachers on how to deal with peculiarities
of gifted pupils. Even though there are additional books for gifted pupils for some
subjects, there is none for foreign languages. Therefore it appears that foreign
language education for gifted pupils is not given sufficient attention. In order to
make teaching English to gifted pupils more efficient, there should be a manual or
English language learning books created specifically for gifted pupils (Reid,
2014).

4. Principles for nurturing gifted pupils

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Certain principles should be always kept in mind in dealing with, nurturing

and educating gifted children. Nurturing environment and positive attitude
towards giftedness should be present as gifted children´s behaviour can be
demanding, wearing and even disruptive. Gifted children require time, attention
and patience and therefore careful time management and priority setting is a
need for successful education (Bevan-Brown, Taylor, 2008). The following tips
can be applied to teaching gifted children in general, including English language
education.
1. Developing creativity, divergent thinking and high level thinking
skills
Already Renzulli (2011) emphasised the importance of creativity in
giftedness. Skills like fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration, curiosity,
complexity, risk taking and imagination are needed for development of creativity.
Creative skills can be developed by asking open-ended questions, challenging
questions, various games, activities and everyday events that children go through.
In English classes creativity is mainly manifested through productive skills:
speaking and writing. Gifted children should be encouraged to talk freely about
various topics, such as their experiences, troubles, ideas, dreams, etc. Pair work,
group work, role plays, simulations, finishing unfinished stories, etc. would be
suitable techniques for practicing speaking activities. For practicing writing,
children could write self-invented stories, poems, plans, inventions, etc.
Elaboration of projects is an excellent technique for developing creativity and
high level thinking. Certainly age and level of proficiency must be considered.
2. Facilitating learning study skills
Study skills such as taking notes, knowing how to use library efficiently,
listening carefully, organizing time efficiently, constructing effective questions,
debating well, observing carefully, evaluating own and others´ work critically, etc.
are often assumed to be natural to gifted children. This is not necessarily true.
Gifted children need to be taught the missing skills in order to develop their
talents by establishing regular homework routine, encouraging them to make a
working plan for various activities, encouraging them to suggest solutions for
problems, discussing, praising and giving feedback to children´s work, etc.
(Dalton, Smith, 1986).
In English classes, it is recommended to have extra activities prepared as
gifted pupils are often very fast and manage more than regular pupils in the same
time. Teachers should always be prepared for such cases, so games, quizzes or
role plays should fill the spare time. Gifted children require rather challenging
activities than a great number of easy exercises. Teachers can push the
boundaries with challenging exercises using more difficult grammar, vocabulary
or topics and let gifted pupils to work them out.
3. Attending personal qualities, attitudes, values and feelings
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Many gifted children are more sensitive than their peers, having interest in
social, moral, and philosophical topics. Emotional giftedness can be developed by
discussing controversial news items, resolving peer conflicts, examining moral
issues on TV programmes, expressing opinions on games, books and movies, etc.
In ordinary classes where gifted children are integrated, they can be
“leaders/organizers” of a group work in making projects, etc. Also activities
dealing with moral dilemmas can be practiced in role plays, socio-dramas, mock
trials, simulations, etc. with the aim to develop decision-making skills, spiritual
sensitivity, ability to manage own thoughts, feelings and behaviour (Bevan-
Brown, Taylor, 2008).
The mentioned issues on moral dilemmas, controversial issues, etc. can be
addressed in English classes with more mature students having good command
of English. Gifted children enjoy discussing controversial news and sensitive
topics such as homelessness, immigration, etc. For discussing such issues, pupils
need to have good command of English (at least B1).

5. Forms of educating gifted children

The most common forms for educating gifted pupils are:
 acceleration,
 enrichment,
 early entrance to primary school,
 skipping classes,
 absolving chosen subjects with higher grades,
 choice of more difficult optional subjects,
 creation of individual plans for subjects where the child is exceptional
(Hribkova, 2009).
Among these, acceleration and enrichment are the most frequent.
Acceleration is more spread in gifted education in many countries around the
world. Enrichment is the preferred approach in Slovakia (Reid, Boettger, 2015).
However, both varieties are often combined, as acceleration can be enriching and
enrichment can lead to acceleration.
The problem with acceleration is that even though the gifted children can
cope cognitively with older children, but they are at different levels of emotional
maturity. Enrichment aims to deepen the contents of existing subjects.
Enrichment can be carried out in both regular and segregated classes. In regular
classes, gifted children can manage in the same time greater amount of work
(deepening the topic) than other children. The key competences specified in the
national curriculum are the same for regular and gifted pupils. The same
standards should guarantee the compatibility of all schools (VÚDPaP, 2009). That
is why enrichment is the more common and preferred way of educating gifted
children in Slovakia.
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6. Teaching techniques in gifted education

Teaching techniques for gifted children should lead to discovering, active
searching, active acquiring and active formation of information, knowledge and
skills. All techniques should connect learning to real life situations, experiences
and humour should not be missing. Teaching gifted children should integrate
multi disciplines into the area of study with the aim to get complex information,
connect ideas, historical background, etc. CLIL (Content language integrated
learning) would be a very suitable method for teaching gifted pupils as it
promotes mixing mother language and foreign language in a lesson instead of
teaching subjects´ contents only in one language (Pokrivčáková, 2013).
Techniques such as drilling, application of many simple tasks, memorizing,
application of rules and knowledge without knowing the background, application
of non-creative and non-problematic tasks should be minimized or avoided
(Jurašková, 2003; Laznibatová, 2012; Bevan-Brown, Taylor, 2008). Here are some
suggestions for working with gifted pupils:
1. Discovery techniques – teachers do not explain to pupils everything, but
allow pupils to work out by themselves rules and solutions to the problem. Pupils
are encouraged to create their own constructs and answers. For solving the
problematic tasks, pupils need to apply previous knowledge, predict and elicit
new rules, apply intuition and risk taking. Teachers should create such situation
that would lead pupils to work out and acquire new rules, knowledge and skills.
In English lessons, the discovery techniques could be used for example for
teaching grammar (e.g. comparatives and superlatives “tall/taller/tallest”. Fourth
graders know the word “tall”, but do not know the comparative and superlative
forms. A teacher picks three pupils of a different height and asks the rest of pupils
“Who is the tallest?” (A pupil is the tallest.) Even though the pupils do not know
the form “tallest”, they can work out the meaning. The comparative form “taller”
is also applied in comparison with the other two pupils (Is A pupil taller than B
pupil? Is C pupil taller than B pupil? Are A and B pupils taller than C pupil?). With
this technique pupils discover the grammatical rule and figure out the pattern for
themselves. The teacher´s role is to guide pupils to their own discovery, not to
give them information on the grammatical rule. Such tasks satisfy the pupils´
needs to discover and work out rules by themselves. With regular pupils, teacher
arranges the pupils according to their height and explains “tall/taller/tallest”
showing the differences in their height.
2. Multi-stimulation techniques – mechanical drilling is reduced to
minimum. These techniques integrate cognitive, affective, intuitive and physical
components. Tasks for pupils are prepared by teachers with the aim to stimulate
their intellectual potential and satisfy their needs for variety. This can be done by
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giving pupils ambiguous assignments, exceptions, assignments which require

more rules or steps, puzzles, riddles, tongue twisters and brainteasers.
In English lessons, for example, teaching grammar – comparatives and
superlatives. Pupils apply the rule they worked out themselves on any adjectives
they know (short, big, small, pretty, happy, sad, etc.) and show it on examples of
items or mime the feelings. Irregular words “good/better/best” should be given
as examples for pupils to work out the meaning and applications. TPR, group
work, observing, touching/handling objects, elaboration of projects are suitable
techniques requiring multi stimulation and multi sensors. The aim is to stimulate
gifted pupils to search, discover, acquire and apply. The regular pupils apply the
learnt rules to given examples and forms.
3. Self-learning techniques – are convenient and effective ways of learning
and they should maximize the pupils´ potential. Work sheets (including problem
solving tasks, creative tasks) can be suitable for self-learning as pupils work their
own speed and apply their own processes and solutions. Projects encourage
pupils to work by themselves from start to the end. They search, analyse,
evaluate, synthesize information and then present the outcome of their work in
the class. Self-learning is very well supported by multimedia, as there are many
internet activities, quizzes, tests, games, etc. (English grammar, vocabulary,
pronunciation, reading, listening comprehension activities for different age
groups and proficiency levels) where pupils can learn and practice new
knowledge and skills. These self-learning techniques are especially suitable in
mixed classes with pupils of different abilities.
4. Dialogue, discussion and argumentation techniques – allow pupils to
express their opinions, accept opinions of others, solve problems, practice
functions as agreeing, disagreeing, negotiating, summarizing, putting forward and
argument, etc. Such techniques are especially suitable for mature students.
For example, a topic of housing can be discussed in an English class. The
teacher creates an atmosphere by asking questions about living in the UK and
Slovakia, types and standard of houses, furnishing, etc. Practicing is carried out by
giving arguments, predicting or acting out the task – pupils discuss the known
facts about housing in the UK. New information is given to pupils - pictures of
differences: bathroom taps, carpets everywhere, thick curtains, small parts of
windows that open, gardens, hedges, etc. Pupils are divided in groups and discuss
advantages and disadvantages of British houses in comparison with Slovak
houses (one group is the supporter of English houses and the other group is the
supporter of Slovak houses). The groups should give arguments for and against
and come to the solution which types of housing they prefer. The use of internet
for more information is allowed. This kind of activity encourages pupils to
discover, learn in greater depth about the topic, develops intercultural
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competences, but it also develops affective components such as accepting

different opinions, self-reflection, tolerance and virtue.

7. Twice exceptional children

There are certain myths and beliefs about gifted children, which are not
necessarily true, such as that gifted children should manage twice or three times
as much as regular children, that they are gifted in every area of learning, that
they are ambitious, self-confident, socially and emotionally stable, that they do
not have learning difficulties and disorders, etc. (Laznibatová, 2012). However, it
is not rare for gifted children to have learning difficulties, social, emotional and
behavioural disturbance, or disorders such as Asperger syndrome or ADHD.
These children are called twice exceptional and they are gifted and have
disabilities at the same time (Silverman, 2012; Trail, 2010). Gifted children with
learning difficulties may be often viewed as underachievers, or in a better case as
average, because they use compensating strategies to hide their difficulties. In
such cases, their abilities nor disabilities are recognized.
Strategies for teaching children with learning difficulties, gifted children and
gifted children with learning difficulties need challenges that can be built on the
children´s interests and strengths and they require more support to overcome
difficulties. The following strategies should be used (Bevan-Brown, Taylor, 2008):
 explicit teaching - thinking aloud, visualising, self-questioning,
 compensatory strategies – computer spellchecks, dictation recorders,
reader/writer assistance, other aids,
 encouraging to develop coping strategies – working with a mentor, using
relaxation techniques, finding out how others cope, developing excapes such as
music, painting
 teaching multisensory approaches - looking for patterns in reading and
spelling, making pictures of words and phrases, working with CDs, visualising,
tracing, etc.
 encouraging reasonable expectations – doing less, giving more time, doing
only what is important, prioritising things, etc.

8. Model activities
Two tips for an English class lesson developing fluency, creativity, originality
and flexibility are given. Both activities are recommended for pupils to work in
small groups. When taught in a regular class, there should be similar
representation of pupils in each group with a gifted child in each group. In
segregated classes, gifted children could work both, individually or in a group.
Both activities are taken from online magazines for children (authentic print
materials), which can bring reality and real language to the classroom.
Finishing a story
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The first example is a fiction story from a Creative Kids magazine. The activity
is suitable for a lower secondary grade gifted pupils (age 13-15), whose English is
on A2 level. The title and a beginning of a story is given. Pupils work in groups
and create a story based on given starting sentences. Pupils should be given
sufficient time to write the story. The next lesson they should read their stories in
front of the class. At the end the teacher presents them the full story that was
written in the magazine. They discuss all the stories and vote for the best one.
Further suggestions can be dramatizing and performing the best story.
The Monster in the Closet
Meet Jimmy. Jimmy just turned off his lights and tried to go to sleep. He fell asleep
after about 20 minutes. When he woke up, it was about 1:30 in the morning.
Something happened that night. Something Jimmy would never forget. Something . .
. well, you'll see what I mean . . .
(http://www.ckmagazine.org/prose/2015/2/19/the-monster-in-the-
closet.html)

Figure 1: The Monster in the Closet (Bailey, 2015)

Predicting a story
The second example is a factual article from the Time for Kids magazine. This
magazine is children´s version of the Time magazine and it is full of serious and
factual articles. The activity is suitable for secondary grade gifted pupils, whose
English is on B1-B2 level. The title, starting sentence of the article and points for
reference are given. Pupils work in groups and predict what could refer to the
given points. Pupils should be given sufficient time to discuss and write their
predictions. Groups present their predictions in front of the class and discuss
them. The teacher presents pupils the full article from the magazine. They discuss
the real information and their predictions.
The article is about children and technologies. Information in the article is
based on research done on tweens (8-12 years old children) and teens (13-18
year old teenagers).
The Truth About Kids and Tech
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A new study reveals some surprises about kids and technology...

(http://www.timeforkids.com/news/truth-about-kids-and-tech/304976)
The points of reference are: 1. How many hours a day children spend looking
at screens. 2. Is reading affected by computers? 3. Connection between boys/ girls
and playing video games/social media. 4. Is watching TV and listening to music
affected by technology? 5. Playing PC games and going out?

Figure 2: The Truth About Kids and Tech (Jones, 2015)

Mock Trial
The activity Mock Trial addresses pupils personal qualities, attitudes, values
and feelings. The activity is suitable for secondary school students, whose
command of English is B1-B2. Gifted students are sensitive and enjoy expressing
opinions on moral and controversial issues. Mock trials give a chance for the
whole class to get involved.
This activity takes more than one class. Students are taught needed
vocabulary: court, judge, jury, trial, attorney, prosecution, defense, evidence,
argument, cross examination, verdict, sentence, etc. They are divided into three
groups (numbers in each group can vary depending on number of students): jury,
prosecution group A defense group B and the judge. The groups are given
information with their roles beforehand with the aim to prepare arguments for
the court. The Mock trial lesson should be arranged as a court room - judge being
in the middle, next to him a witness box, A and B groups being on opposing sides
of a room facing the judge and the jury should be on the side. Both groups give
their arguments defending their cases. Judge controls the discussions.
Discussions should not take more than 30 minutes. After all the evidence is
presented, the judge and jury leave the room (10 minutes before the end of the
class) to decide on the verdict. Once the jury has decided which attorney group is
innocent, the judge reads the verdict.
The best topics for Mock trials are known and contemporary criminal cases,
which students are aware of from news, blogs, newspapers or magazines. The
 Teaching Foreign Languages in Inclusive Education:
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disadvantage of this activity is difficult preparation, which cannot be reused

much, as the topics should always be contemporary. However, students always
enjoy Mock trials especially if they are given props to help them to get into
characters. Concerning English language learning, students develop fluency and
public speaking skills in a foreign language.

Figure 3: Courtroom (S.J. Quinney College of Law, n.d)

To conclude, the above were mentioned principles, strategies, techniques

and teaching tips can be followed and applied to teaching gifted children.
However, gifted children are individuals who require individual approach and it
is more the matter of approach rather than methods, techniques and activities
when it comes to working with gifted pupils. Activities should arouse interest and
challenge intellectual abilities of gifted children. Working with gifted children
requires proficient teachers in language pedagogy with a high degree of
tolerance, patience, flexibility to adjust to the fast and demanding pupils.

9. References
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Bevan-Brown, J. & Taylor, S. 2008. Nurturing Gifted and Talented Children.

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Naglieri (eds.): Handbook of Psychology, Volume 10: Assessment psychology. (p.
417-442). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. ISBN: 9780470891278.

10. Author´s bio, photo and contact address

Eva Reid teaches at the Department of Language Pedagogy and Intercultural
Studies at the Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra. Her specialization is
developing intercultural communicative competences in English language
education and teaching English to gifted children. She is also the author of three
English language school books for primary school children.

Contact Data:
Eva Reid, Mgr., PhD.
Teaching Foreign Languages in Inclusive Education:
(A teacher-trainee´s handbook)
Nitra: Constantine the Philosopher University, 2015

Drazovska cesta 4
94974 Nitra
[email protected]
 Teaching Foreign Languages in Inclusive Education:
(A teacher-trainee´s handbook)
Nitra: Constantine the Philosopher University, 2015

Editor
Prof. Silvia Pokrivcakova (Department of Language Pedagogy and Intercultural Studies,
Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia; [email protected])

Publisher
This handbook is scheduled to be published by Constantine the Philosopher University
in Nitra, Slovakia) and is anticipated to be released in October 2015. It is a part of the
project KEGA 036UKF-4/2013 funded by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak
Republic.
There are no submission or acceptance fees for manuscripts submitted to this
publication and the book will be published on-line as an Open Access Publication.

Important Dates
May 15, 2015: proposal submission deadline
May 31, 2015: notification of acceptance
September 30, 2015: full chapter submission
October 31, 2015: review results returned
November 30, 2015: final chapter submission
December 20, 2015: online publishing

Objective
The publication Teaching Foreign Languages in Inclusive Education is planned as
a handbook for future non-native teachers of English. Its aim is to provide – in an easily
understandable and practice-oriented manner – a basic framework and information on
development of foreign language communicative competence of learners with special
educational needs or vulnerable learners. Moreover, it should provide a vehicle for the
dissemination of the latest research, knowledge and examples of good practice among
future teachers of English as a foreign language. Finaly, we believe that the best way to
capture the current trends in inclusive foreign language pedagogy is by inviting
researchers, authors and teacher-trainers from several countries to share their
knowledge and experience.