ΣFx = ma x = 0 FA cos18° − FK = 0 FK = FA cos18° = (58 N) cos18° FK = 55.161 N
The coefficient of kinetic friction is:
F µK = K FN 55.161 N = 628.88 N µK = 0.088 The normal force is 6.3 ¯ 102 N, and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the toboggan and the snow is 0.088. (b) W = ? W = ( F cosθ )∆d = (55.161 N)(cos180°)(38 m) W = −2.1× 103 J The work done by kinetic friction is –2.1 ¯ 103 J. (c) The normal force, the gravitational force, and the vertical component of the applied force do no work on the toboggan. (d) ∆d = 25 m W=? W = ( F cos θ )∆d = (58 N)(cos18°)(25 m) W = 1.4 × 103 J The work done by the parent is 1.4 ¯ 103 J.
Applying Inquiry Skills
8. As shown below, the graph indicates that the work done on a object is positive for angles less than 90º, zero for angles equal to 90º, and negative for angles between 90º and 180º.
Making Connections 9. Work done by friction has the effect of heating up the environment. Most forms of energy usually end up as thermal energy.
4.2 KINETIC ENERGY AND THE WORK–ENERGY THEOREM
PRACTICE (Pages 186–187)
Understanding Concepts 1. The kinetic energy of a moving object is related to both the mass and the velocity. If the mass of the truck is large enough, a slow moving truck can have more kinetic energy than a fast moving car.
2. The kinetic energy is proportional to the speed, so if the speed increases by (a) 2, the kinetic energy will increase by a factor of 22, or 4 (b) 3, the kinetic energy will increase by a factor of 32, or 9 (c) 37%, the kinetic energy will increase by a factor of 1.372, or 1.9 3. Assume a 75-kg student running at 8.0 m/s: 1 EK = mv 2 2 1 = (75 kg)(8.0 m/s) 2 2 EK = 2.4 ×103 J The kinetic energy at maximum speed is 2.4 kJ. 4. m = 45 g = 4.5 ¯ 10–2 kg vi = 0 m/s vf = 43 m/s (a) W = ? W = ∆E K 1 = m(vf2 − vi2 ) 2 1 ( = (4.5 × 10−2 kg) ( 43 m/s ) − (0 m/s ) 2 2 2 ) W = 41.6025 J, or42 J The work done by the club is 42 J. (b) ∆d = 2.0 cm = 2.0 ¯ 10–2 m F=? W = F ∆d W F= ∆d 41.6025 J = 2.0 ×10 −2 m F = 2.1 × 103 N The average force exerted by the club is 2.1 × 103 N. 5. m = 27 g = 2.7 ¯ 10–1 kg F = 95 N ∆d = 31 cm = 3.1 ¯ 10–1 m vf = ?
W = ∆EK 1 2 F ∆d = mvf (since the initial speed is zero) 2 2 F ∆d vf2 = m 2 F ∆d vf = m 2(95 N)(3.1 ×10 −1 m) = 2.7 × 10 −1 kg vf = 47 m/s The final speed of the arrow is 47 m/s. 6. m = 4.55 ¯ 104 kg vi = 1.22 ¯ 104 m/s F = 3.85 ¯ 105 N ∆d = 2.45 ¯ 106 m vf = ?
W = ∆EK 1 2 1 2 F ∆d = mvf − mvi 2 2 1 2 1 2 mvf = F ∆d + mvi 2 2 2 F ∆d vf = + vi2 m 2(3.85 × 105 N)(2.45 × 106 m) = + (1.22 × 10 4 m/s) 2 4.55 × 10 4 kg vf = 1.38 × 10 4 m/s The final speed of the probe is 1.38 ¯ 104 m/s. 7. m = 28.0 kg G FA = 95.6 N [35° above the horizontal] FK = 75.5 N vi = 0 m/s ∆d = 0.750 m vf = ?
The total work done on the box will become kinetic energy. Since the initial speed is zero: 1 W = mvf2 2 1 2 FA cos 35.0°∆d + FK cos180°∆d = mvf 2 2∆d 2 vf = ( FA cos 35.0° + FK cos180° ) m 2 ∆d vf = ( FA cos 35.0° + FK cos180° ) m 2(0.750 m) = ((95.6 N)(0.81952) + (75.5 N)(−1) ) 20.8 kg vf = 0.45 m/s The final speed of the box is 0.45 m/s. 8. W = 1.47(cos 38º ) = 1.16 The toboggan would have increased its kinetic energy by 16%.
Applying Inquiry Skills
9. W = F ∆d 1 2 EK = mv = N⋅m 2 kg ⋅ m m 2 = ⋅m = kg ⋅ s2 s kg ⋅ m 2 kg ⋅ m 2 W= EK = s2 s2 The base units for both are the same.
Making Connections 10. m = 6.85 ¯ 103 kg vA = 2.81 ¯ 103 m/s vB = 8.38 ¯ 103 m/s W=?
(a) The work done is equal to the change in kinetic energy W = ∆E K 1 2 1 2 = mvB − 2 mvA 2 1 = m(vB2 − vA2 ) 2 1 ( = (6.85 × 103 kg) (8.38 × 103 m/s) 2 − (2.81× 103 m/s) 2 2 ) W = 2.13 × 1011 J (b) The work done by Earth to move the satellite from A to B is 2.13 × 1011 J. W = ∆E K 1 2 1 2 = mvA − mvB 2 2 1 = m(vA2 − vB2 ) 2 1 ( = (6.85 × 103 kg) (2.81× 103 m/s) 2 − (8.38 × 103 m/s) 2 2 ) W = −2.13 × 1011 J The work done by Earth to move the satellite from B to A is –2.13 × 1011 J.
Section 4.2 Questions
(Page 188)
Understanding Concepts 1. The first doubling will require much less energy than the second doubling of the speed. This can clearly be shown using: 1 W = m(vf2 − vi2 ) 2 W ∝ vf2 − vi2
To go from v to 2v: W = vf2 − vi2 = (2v )2 − (v) 2 = 4v 2 − v 2 W = 3v 2
To go from 2v to 4v: W = vf2 − vi2 = (4v )2 − (2v) 2 = 16v 2 − 4v 2 W = 11v 2 The first doubling of speed will require work proportional to 3 times the square of the original speed. The second doubling will require work proportional to 11 times the square of the original speed.
2. m = 1.50 ¯ 103 kg G v = 18.0 m/s [E] EK = ? 1 2 EK = mv 2 1 = (1.5 × 103 kg)(18.0 m/s)2 2 EK = 2.43 ×105 J The kinetic energy of the car is 2.43 ¯ 105 J. 3. (a) v = 1.150 × 18.0 = 20.7 m/s EK = ? 1 EK = mv 2 2 1 = (1.5 × 103 kg)(20.7 m/s) 2 2 EK = 3.21× 105 J The new kinetic energy of the car is 3.21 ¯ 105 J. (b) The increase in EK is: 3.21× 105 J = 1.32 2.43 × 105 J We can verify this with (1.15)2 = 1.32 This represents an increase in the kinetic energy of 32%. (c) W = ? W = ∆E K = 3.21× 105 J − 2.43 × 105 J W = 7.8 × 104 J The work done to speed up the car was 7.8 ¯ 104 J. 4. m = 55 kg EK = 3.3 ¯ 103 J v=? 1 EK = mv 2 2 2 EK v= m 2(3.3 ×103 J) = 55 kg v = 11 m/s The speed of the sprinter is 11 m/s. 5. v = 12 m/s EK = 43 J m=? 1 EK = mv 2 2 2E m = 2K v 2(43 J) = (12 m/s)2 m = 0.60 kg The mass of the basketball is 0.60 kg.
6. m = 0.353 kg ∆d = 89.3 cm = 0.893 m (a) W = ? W = (mg cos θ )∆d = (0.353 kg)(9.80 N/kg)(cos 0°)(0.893 m) W = 3.0892 J The work done by gravity is 3.09 J. (b) Using the work energy theorem, W = ∆EK . Since vi = 0: 1 W = mvf2 2 2W vf = m 2(3.0892 J) = 0.353 kg vf = 4.18 m/s The speed of the plate just before it hits the floor is 4.18 m/s. 7. m = 61 kg θ = 23° FK = 72 N vi = 3.5 m/s ∆d = 62 m vf = ?
The component of gravity along the slope is mg sin 23º. Using the work energy theorem: 1 1 mg sin 23°(cos 0°) ∆d + FK (cos180°) ∆d = mvf2 − mvi2 2 2 1 2 1 mvf = mg sin 23°(1)∆d + FK (−1) ∆d + mvi2 2 2 2 F ∆ d vf2 = 2 g sin 23°∆d − K + vi2 m 2 FK ∆d vf = 2 g sin 23°∆d − + vi2 m 2(72 N)(62 m) = 2(9.8 m/s 2 )(sin 23°)(62 m) − + (3.5 m/s) 2 61 kg vf = 18 m/s The speed of the skier after travelling 62 m downhill is 18 m/s. 8. m = 55.2 kg ∆d = 4.18 m µK = 0.27 vi = ?
Using the FBD to calculate FN, ΣFy = ma y = 0 FN − mg = 0 FN = mg = (55.2 kg)(9.80 N/kg) FN = 540.96 N
To calculate FK: FK = µ K FN = (0.27)(540.96 N) FK = 146.06 N
Using the work-energy theorem:
W = ∆EK 1 FK (cos180°)∆d = m(vf2 − vi2 ) 2 Since vf = 0, 1 FK (cos180°)∆d = − mvi2 2 −2 FK (cos180°)∆d vi = m −2(146.06 N)(−1)(4.18 m) = 55.2 kg vi = 4.7 m/s The initial speed of the skater was 4.7 m/s.
1 2 To calculate the energy of the car and the truck, use the equation EK = mv . 2 To convert tonnes to kilograms, multiply by 1000: m = 1.2 t = 1.2 ¯ 103 kg (for the car) m = 5.0 ¯ 102 t = 5.0 ¯ 105 kg (for the truck) (b)
(c) A vehicle with a much larger mass has a much larger kinetic energy. As the speed of a vehicle increase, the kinetic energy increases proportional to the square of the speed.
Making Connections 10. (a) The kinetic energy is used to permanently deform the object as energy is transformed into heat. (b) The kinetic energy of a vehicle is transmitted (at least in part) to the occupants of the vehicle, and anything it contacts. The high kinetic energy of a fast moving vehicle is more than sufficient to damage the human body beyond its limit, causing death.
4.3 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY AT EARTH’S SURFACE
PRACTICE (Page 191)
Understanding Concepts 1. The total work done by gravity is zero. The work on the way down is positive and is equal to the work done on the way up, which is negative. At the end, the pen has not lost or gained gravitational potential energy. Alternatively, you could argue that because the ∆d = 0 (25 cm – 25 cm), the work done must be equal to zero. 2. m = 62.5 kg ∆y = 346 m (using the ground as y = 0) Eg = ? ∆Eg = mg ∆y = (62.5 kg)(9.80 N/kg)(346 m) ∆Eg = 2.12 × 105 J Relative to the ground, the gravitational potential energy is 2.12 ¯ 105 J. 3. m = 58.2 g = 5.82 ¯ 10–2 kg ∆y = 1.55 m (a) ∆Eg = ?
∆Eg = mg ∆y = (5.82 × 10−2 m)(9.80 N/kg)(0.00 m) ∆Eg = 0.00 J The gravitational potential energy when the ball is above the court is 0.884 J, and as it strikes the court surface is 0.00 J. (b) W = ? W = ( F cosθ )∆d = (mg cos θ )∆d = (5.82 × 10−2 kg)(9.80 N/kg)(cos 0°)(1.55 m) W = 0.884 J At the instant the ball strikes the court surface, the force of gravity has done 0.884 J of work on the ball. (c) The work done in (b) is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the ball. 4. m = 68.5 kg m = 2.56 km = 2.56 ¯ 103 m θ = 13.9° Eg = ?
