PSY4701/101/0/2018

Tutorial Letter 101/0/2018

Power Systems IV (Theory)

PSY4701

Year module

Department of Electrical and Mining

Engineering

This tutorial letter contains important information

about your module.

BARCODE
 CONTENTS
Page

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3
2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES ...................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Outcomes ..................................................................................................................................... 3
3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS................................................................................... 3
3.1 Lecturer(s) .................................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 Department ................................................................................................................................... 3
3.3 University ...................................................................................................................................... 4
4 RESOURCES ............................................................................................................................... 4
4.1 Prescribed books .......................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 Recommended books ................................................................................................................... 4
4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)................................................................................................. 4
4.4 Library services and resources information ................................................................................... 4
5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES ................................................................................................ 5
6 STUDY PLAN ............................................................................................................................... 5
7 PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING ..................................................... 5
8 ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................. 5
8.1 Assessment criteria....................................................................................................................... 5
8.2 Assessment plan .......................................................................................................................... 5
8.3 Assignment numbers .................................................................................................................... 6
8.3.1 General assignment numbers ....................................................................................................... 6
8.3.2 Unique assignment numbers ........................................................................................................ 6
8.3.2 Assignments due dates ................................................................................................................. 6
8.4 Submission of assignments .......................................................................................................... 6
8.5 The assignments .......................................................................................................................... 7
8.7 Other assessment methods ........................................................................................................ 15
8.8 The examination ......................................................................................................................... 15
9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ........................................................................................ 15
10 SOURCES CONSULTED ........................................................................................................... 15
11 IN CLOSING ............................................................................................................................... 15
12 ADDENDUM ............................................................................................................................... 15

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1 INTRODUCTION
Dear Student
Welcome to the subject Power Systems IV (Theory) (PSY4701) at UNISA. This tutorial letter
serves as a guideline to this subject. It provides you with general administrative information as
well as specific information about the subject. Read it carefully and keep it safe for future
reference. We trust that you will enjoy this course.

2 PURPOSE AND OUTCOMES

2.1 Purpose
The purpose of the module is to provide an introduction to power system analysis.

2.2 Outcomes
 Students will be able to perform per unit calculations.
 Students will be able to analyse single phase and three phase circuits.
 Students will be able to determine transmission line constants and analyse
transmission lines under steady state operation.
 Students will be able to understand various matrix manipulations related to power
system analysis.
 Students will be able to perform load flow analysis.
 Students will be able to analyse power systems under balanced fault conditions.
 Students will be able to perform load – frequency control calculations.
 Students will be able to perform studies pertaining to transient stability in power
systems.

3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS

3.1 Lecturer(s)

You can contact Mr Bokoro for any theoretical questions at the following number:

Tel: 011 559 6114

Fax: 011 559 6119
Email: [email protected]
16h00to 19h00 every Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday.

3.2 Department
Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering: electrical&[email protected]

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3.3 University

If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this module,
please consult the publication My studies @ Unisa that you received with your study material.
This brochure contains information on how to contact the University (e.g. to whom you can write
for different queries, important telephone and fax numbers, addresses and details of the times
certain facilities are open).Always have your student number at hand when you contact the
University.

4 RESOURCES
4.1 Prescribed books
Power System Analysis & Design, Glover, Sarma and Overbye, 2008, 4th Edition,
International Student Edition, CENGAGE Learning 0495295965
OR
Power System Analysis & Design, Glover, Sarma and Overbye, 2018, 5th Edition,
SI Edition, CENGAGE Learning 101111425795

4.2 Recommended books

There are no recommended books for this module.

4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)

There are no electronic reserves for this module.

4.4 Library services and resources information

For brief information, go to www.unisa.ac.za/brochures/studies

For detailed information, go to the Unisa website at http://www.unisa.ac.za/ and click on
Library.
For research support and services of personal librarians, go to
http://www.unisa.ac.za/Default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=7102.

The Library has compiled numerous library guides:

 finding recommended reading in the print collection and e-reserves –

http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/undergrad
 requesting material – http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/request
 postgraduate information services – http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/request/postgrad
 finding , obtaining and using library resources and tools to assist in doing research –
http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/Research_Skills

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 PSY4701/101/0/2018

 how to contact the library/finding us on social media/frequently asked questions –

http://libguides.unisa.ac.za/ask

5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES

Important information appears in your my Studies @ Unisa brochure.

6 STUDY PLAN
Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills.

7 PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING

The practical part of this module will be covered in the module OPEPRA4.

8 ASSESSMENT
8.1 Assessment criteria
Your final mark will be calculated by using a ratio of 20% year mark and 80% examination mark.

8.2 Assessment plan

You will find your assignments for this subject in this Tutorial Letter. Assignment 1, 2
and 3 are compulsory and all assignments will be used in the calculation of your year
mark. Please send the completed assignments to UNISA before the closing dates stated
in this section.

Assignment 1 must be completed on a mark reading sheet.

The mark for Power Systems IV (Theory) (PSY4701) is calculated as follows:

 The year mark contributes to 20%.
 The examination mark contributes to 80%

The year mark is based on all the assignment marks obtained and their contribution towards the
final year mark are as shown in the table below:

ASSIGNMENT CONTRIBUTION
NUMBER TOWARDS YEAR
MARK
1 (Compulsory) 10%

2 (Compulsory) 45%

3 (Compulsory) 45%

TOTAL = 100 %

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8.3 Assignment numbers
8.3.1 General assignment numbers
Assignments are numbered consecutively per module, starting from 01.

8.3.2 Unique assignment numbers

Assignment 1: 815003
Assignment 2: 814705
Assignment 3: 819290

8.3.2 Assignments due dates

THE CUT-OFF SUBMISSION DATES FOR THE ASSIGNMENTS ARE :

Assignment 1: 22 May 2018
Assignment 2: 18 July 2018
Assignment 3: 5 September 2018

8.4 Submission of assignments

ALL ASSIGNMENTS (submitted) HAVE TO BE ATTEMPTED!!!!!!!

THE SUBMISSION OF AN EMPTY ASSIGNMENT COVER IS UNACCEPTABLE.

IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING POINTS :

 NO LATE ASSIGNMENT SUBMISSIONS WILL BE ACCEPTED.

 KEEP A CLEAR COPY OF THE ASSIGNMENT FOR YOUR OWN REFERENCE.

THIS IS IMPORTANT, AS ASSIGNMENTS DO GET LOST.

 SUBMISSIONS OF ASSIGNMENTS MUST BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH “MY

STUDIES @ UNISA”.
Please note that model answers for the assignments will be dispatched to all
students within 1 week of the closing date of the assignment. This implies that
you cannot submit your assignment later than the stipulated submission date.

For detailed information and requirements as far as assignments are concerned, see the
brochure my Studies @ Unisa that you received with your study material.

To submit an assignment via myUnisa:

 Go to myUnisa.
 Log in with your student number and password.
 Select the module.
 Click on assignments in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen.
 Click on the assignment number you wish to submit.
 Follow the instructions.

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8.5 The assignments

THE CUT-OFF SUBMISSION DATES FOR THE ASSIGNMENTS ARE :

Assignment 1: (Compulsory) 22 May 2018
Assignment 2: (Compulsory) 18 July 2018
Assignment 3: (Compulsory) 5 September 2018
ASSIGNMENT 1
To be completed on mark reading sheet
Question 1:

A three-phase, star-connected, 6.25 kVA, 220 V synchronous generator has a reactance of 8.4
Ω per phase. Using the rated kVA and voltage as base values, determine the per-unit reactance
of the synchronous generator.

1) 0.84 pu
2) 1.08 pu
3) 0.276 pu
4) 0.627 pu

Question 2:

A three-phase, 13 kV transmission line delivers 8 MVA of load. The per-phase impedance of the
line is (0.01 + j0.05) pu, referred to a 13 kV, 8 MVA base. What is the voltage drop across the
line?

1) 382.7 V
2) 78.4 V
3) 650.01 V
4) 663.1 V

Question 3:

The power plant utilisation factor is defined as the ratio of:

1) The power delivered to the power generated

2) The minimum demand to the installed capacity
3) The energy distributed to the energy produced
4) The maximum demand to the installed capacity

Question 4:

Bundling of conductors mainly preferred in Extra High Voltage (EHV) or Ultra High Voltage
(UHV) transmission lines is important because of the following:

1) It increases the effective radius of the line’s conductors

2) It maintains the reactance of the conductors
3) It increases corona power loss
4) It increases the electric field near the conductors

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Question 5:

The load factor or the usefulness indication of a power plant is defined as the ratio of:

1) The average load to the peak load

2) The system voltage to the load voltage
3) The energy consumed to the energy stored
4) The power delivered to the power generated

Question 6:

In a balanced three-phase system, the delta-connected impedances are 1230 . What would
be the current on line c if Vbc  38090 V.?

1) 31.667 30A
2) 31.667 60A
3) 31.667   30A
4) 31.667   60A

Question 7:

A single-phase transformer has 2000 turns on the primary winding and 500 turns on the
secondary. Winding resistances are: r1 = 2.0Ω and r2 = 0.125Ω. Leakage reactances are x1 =
8.0Ω and x2 = 0.50Ω. The resistance load Z2 is 12Ω. If the applied voltage at the terminals of
the primary winding is 1200 V, find the percentage voltage regulation.

1) 4.03%
2) 1.02%
3) 2.42%
4) 0.08%

Question 8:

The plant factor is defined as the ratio of:

1) The power generated to the power delivered

2) The maximum power generated to the maximum power delivered
3) The annual energy produced to the energy capacity
4) The maximum energy produced to the maximum energy delivered

Question 9:

A three-phase transformer is rated 400 MVA, 220 Y/ 22 Δ kV. The Y-equivalent short-circuit
impedance measured on the low-voltage side of the transformer is 0.121 Ω, and because of the
low resistance, this value may be considered equal to the leakage reactance. Determine the
per-unit reactance of the transformer and the value to be used to represent this transformer in a
system whose base on the high-voltage side of the transformer is 100 MVA, 230 kV.

1) 0.05 pu and 0.010 pu

2) 0.15 pu and 0.07 pu
3) 0.10 pu and 0.0228 pu
4) 0.020 pu and 0.10 pu

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Question 10:

For economical operation of a power station, the load factor must be:
1) Less than 50%
2) Higher than 80%
3) Less than 80%
4) Higher than 50%

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 Assignment 2
QUESTION 1
For a given single-phase circuit, the instantaneous voltage and current are
and respectively. Determine:

1.1 The maximum value of the voltage and current respectively. (2)
1.2 The expression of the instantaneous power equation. (2)
1.3 The active and reactive powers. (2)

QUESTION 2

2.1 A three-phase transmission line is designed to deliver 250 MVA at 230 kV over a
distance of 50 km. The total transmission line loss should not exceed 5 % of the
rated line MVA. If the diameter of the conductor is 15 mm, calculate the total AC
line resistance and the resistivity of the conductor. (5)

2.2 A 50 Hz, three-phase, bundled transmission line of 200 km length consists of three
ACSR rail conductors as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
2.2.1 Determine the inductance per meter and the total inductive reactance of the
line if the conductor size is 109 mm2. (6)

2.2.2 For the same arrangement in Figure 1, calculate the capacitance per meter
and the total capacitive reactance of the line. (4)

2.2.3 If the bundled conductors are replaced by three single conductors (ACSR
rail conductor) as in Figure 2, with the same spacing between conductor
centres and the sameconductor size, calculate the new line capacitance.
(2)

Figure 2
QUESTION 3

A 300 km 250 kV, 50 Hz three-phase uncompensated line has a positive sequence

series reactance x = 0.31 Ω/km and a positive sequence shunt admittance y = j2.5 x
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10-6 S/km. neglecting losses, calculate:

3.1 The characteristic impedance (2)

3.2 The propagation constant (2)
3.3 The ABCD parameters (4)
3.4 The wavelength of the line in kilometres (2)
3.5 The surge impedance loading (SIL) in MW. (2)

QUESTION 4
Voltage from a DC source is applied by closing a switch to an overhead transmission line of a
characteristic impedance of 400 Ω. If the overhead line is terminated to a 200 Ω resistance,
evaluate the following quantities, if the switch closes at t = 0 and the voltage transferred to the
line is 270 kV:

4.1 The coefficients of reflection at both the sending and receiving ends of the
transmission line. (2)

4.2 The travelling voltage waves ( from instants: t = T to t = 5T, where T is the
time for a voltage wave to travel the full length of the line (Incorporate your results in
the Bewley Lattice). (6)

4.3 The reflected voltage in a voltage versus time diagram until t = 5T. (4)

QUESTION 5
A DC source of 240 kV with negligible resistance is connected through a switch to a loss less
line of characteristic impedance of 360 Ω. If the line is terminated in a resistance of 120 Ω and
the switch closes at t = 0, sketch the Bewley Lattice of the travelling voltage waves ( )
from to where is the time for a voltage wave to travel the full length of the line.
(5)

TOTAL MARKS : [52]

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 Assignment 3

QUESTION 1

Given the 3-bus power system in Figure 1 with impedances expressed in per unit values.
Analyse this power network in order to achieve the following:

1.1 Determine the bus equations corresponding to the power network. (6)

1.2 Determine the corresponding 3 x 3 admittance bus matrix (Y-bus). (9)

j0.50
j0.20
j0.40

1 2

j0.20 j0.25

Gen 1 Gen 2
+ +
- -

Figure 1

QUESTION 2

For the power network shown in Figure 2 below, the line charging susceptances are negligible.
The active and reactive powers are indicated in per-unit on 100 MVA base.

2.1 Apply the Gauss-Seidel iterative method to compute the per-unit voltage at
bus 3 (second iteration). (4)

2.2 Determine the per-unit voltage at bus 2 (second iteration). (4)

2.3 Use the per-unit values of bus voltages 2 and 3, obtained in 2.1 and 2.2, to
calculate the line flows in MVA. (6)

2.4 Calculate the line losses in MW and MVAr. (3)

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V1  1.05

Slack Bus 1

y 12  10  j20

y 13  20  j40 V2  1.04

P2  2.0

y 23  16  j32
3

P3  2.0 Q3  0.5

Figure 2

QUESTION 3
An area of an interconnected 50 Hz power system consists of three turbine-generator units
rated 200, 300 and 500 MVA, respectively. The regulation constants of the units are 0.03, 0.04
and 0.05 per unit (p.u), respectively based on their ratings. When the load suddenly decreases
by 150 MW or 0.15 p.u, determine the following:
3.1 The unit area frequency response characteristic β on 100 MVA base. (5)
3.2 The steady-state increase in area frequency. (2)
3.3 The decrease in mechanical power output of each turbine (Assume that the
reference power setting of each turbine-governor remains constant, and all losses
are neglected). (3)
QUESTION 4
For a large, 50 Hz interconnected electrical system assume that following the loss of two 1400
MW generators (for a total generation loss of 2800 MW) the change in frequency is - 0.12 Hz. If
all the on-line generators that are available to participate in frequency regulation have regulation
constant of 0.04 p.u (on their own MVA base), estimate the total MVA rating of these units.
(5)
QUESTION 5
A three-phase 50 Hz, 500 MVA/15 kV, 32 pole hydro-electric generating unit has an H constant
of 2.0 p.u and D = 0.
5.1 Determine the synchronous angular velocity in rad/s and the electrical radian
frequency . (2)
5.2 Use the power swing equation to describe the stability conditions of this unit at any
point in time as well as at initial conditions (initial operating conditions of this :
). (4)

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5.3 If a three-phase to ground bolted short circuit at the generator terminals causes
to drop to zero for , determine the power angle 3 cycles after the short-circuit
has started (assume remains constant at 1.0 p.u, and . (4)

TOTAL MARKS: [57]

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8.7 Other assessment methods

None

8.8 The examination

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination
preparation guidelines.

9 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study
information.

10 SOURCES CONSULTED
None

11 IN CLOSING
Please ensure that you have all the tutorial letters and prescribed book available before starting
with your studies.

12 ADDENDUM
None

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