Name: Golo, John Emerald D.

Rating:
Course & Year: BSCE – 4
Laboratory Schedule: W1:30 – 4:30 PM
Date Performed: September 27, 2017
Date of Report Submitted: October 4, 2017 Instructor: Engr. Alex H. Melchor

EXPERIMENT NO. 9
HYDRAULIC JUMP

I. Objectives:

To observe the hydraulic jump in open channel flow by the use of control gates and weirs,
and to determine upstream and downstream flow conditions to obtain hydraulic jump phenomena.

II. Theory

The hydraulic jump phenomenon is an important type of rapidly varied flow. It is also an
example of a stationary surge wave. A hydraulic jump occurs when a supercritical flow meets a
subcritical flow. The resulting flow transition is rapid, and involves a large energy loss due to
turbulence. Shown in the figure below is a hydraulic jump in a horizontal rectangular channel. It
is shown that the kinetic energy is converted into potential energy.

Fig. 9.1 Hydraulic jump schematic diagram

III. Description of Apparatus/Equipment

The main equipment used in the presentation is the tilting flume. It consists of a pump that
circulates the water from the downstream tank into the head tank and flows through the flume. The
upstream and downstream portion of the flume is fitted with a control gate to regulate the flow in
the channel. The channel can be fitted with weirs to simulate the behavior of hydraulic structures.
The bed slope can also be set at a desired inclination depending on the problem investigated.

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IV. Measurements to be Made

The parameters to be measured during the experiment include the velocity, discharge, flow
depth, at the upstream and downstream portion of the hydraulic jump and channel slope.
Knowledge of such parameters is vital in the determination of the validity of sequent depths.

V. Experiment Procedure

The discharge valve was opened as much as the desired discharge and the slope of the
tilting flume was set to a negative value. Both the discharge and the slope were recorded. To
measure the length of the hydraulic jump, we had to locate the points where the velocity at the
upstream and downstream starts to be uniform. The depths were measured using a type of Vernier
caliper. This procedure was repeated for three trials using the same slope but with different flow
rates.

VI. Presentation of Results/Expected Output

Constants: Slope (%) = 0

Width (x) = 8.5 cm = 0.085 m

Table 9.1
Trial HL (m)
Obstruction Q (m3/s) V1 (m/s) V2 (m/s) Lj (m) y1 (m) y2 (m)
No. ∆E

Broad 1 2.22×10-3 1.0458 0.4508 0.0124 1.2000 0.0250 0.0580

Crested 2 1.94×10-3 1.0644 0.4575 0.0208 1.1175 0.0210 0.0500

Weir 3 1.67×10-3 1.0320 0.4085 0.0168 1.3200 0.0190 0.0480

Table 9.2.A
Hydraulic Radius
Froude No. Classification of Flow
Trial A/P (m)
Obstruction
No. Section Section
Section 1 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2
1 2
Broad 1 2.11166 0.5976 supercritical subcritical 0.015741 0.024527

Crested 2 2.3451 0.6533 supercritical subcritical 0.014055 0.022973

Weir 3 2.39037 0.5953 supercritical subcritical 0.01313 0.022541

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Table 9.2.B
Reynold’s Number Type of Flow
Trial
Obstruction
No.
Section 1 Section 2 Section 1 Section 2 y2/y1

Broad 1 32921.81 22111.66 Turbulent Turbulent 2.32

Crested 2 29920.54 21021.02 Turbulent Turbulent 2.38095

Weir 3 27100.27 18416.21 Turbulent Turbulent 2.52632

Collected Discharges, Q (m3/hr)

Trial 1 = 8 m3/hr Trial 2 = 7 m3/hr Trial 3 = 6 m3/hr

Jump Height vs. Upstream Froude Number

2.55

2.5

2.45
Jump Height

2.4

2.35

2.3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Upstream Froude Number

Graph 9.1

Sample Computations:
𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝒎𝟑
𝑄= 8 × ( ) = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑠 𝒔
3
𝑚
𝑄 𝑄 2.22 × 10−3 𝑠 𝒎
𝑉1 = = = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟓𝟖
𝐴 𝑥𝑦1 (0.085 𝑚)(0.0250 𝑚) 𝒔
𝑚3
𝑄 𝑄 2.22 × 10−3 𝑠 𝒎
𝑉2 = = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟖
𝐴 𝑥𝑦2 (0.085 𝑚)(0.0580 𝑚) 𝒔
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
𝐻𝐿 = 𝑦1 + [ − 𝑦2 − ]
2𝑔 2𝑔

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 𝑚 2 𝑚 2
(1.0458 𝑠 ) (0.4508 𝑠 )
= 0.0250 𝑚 + [ 𝑚 − 0.0580 𝑚 − 𝑚 ]
2 (9.81 2 ) 2 (9.81 2 )
𝑠 𝑠
𝐻𝐿 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟒 𝒎
𝑚 2
(1.0458
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) =
𝑉1
= 𝑠) = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟔
√𝑔𝑦1 𝑚
√(9.81 2 ) (0.0250 𝑚)
𝑠
𝑚 2
(0.4508
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) =
𝑉2
= 𝑠) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟓
√𝑔𝑦2 𝑚
√(9.81 2 ) (0.0580 𝑚)
𝑠
𝐴 𝑥𝑦1 (0.085 𝑚)(0.0250 𝑚)
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) = = =
𝑃 𝑥 + 2𝑦1 (0.085 𝑚) + 2(0.0250 𝑚)
𝑅𝐻1 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟒𝟏 𝒎
𝐴 𝑥𝑦2 (0.085 𝑚)(0.0580 𝑚)
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) = = =
𝑃 𝑥 + 2𝑦2 (0.085 𝑚) + 2(0.0580 𝑚)
𝑅𝐻2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟕 𝒎
𝑚
𝑉1 (2𝑅𝐻1 ) 1.0458 𝑠 (2 × 0.015741 𝑚)
′
𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) = =
𝜈 𝑚2
1.00 × 10−6 𝑠
𝑅𝑒 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1) = 𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟏. 𝟖𝟏
𝑚
𝑉 (2𝑅 ) 0.4508 (2 × 0.024527𝑚)
𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑′ 𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) =
2 𝐻2
= 𝑠
𝜈 𝑚2
1.00 × 10−6 𝑠
𝑅𝑒 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2) = 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔

VII. Discussion of Results

Based from our data and results, we have observed that an increase in Froude’s
number resulted in a decrease of the characteristic length of hydraulic jump. Thus, there is
an inverse relationship between these two parameters. It was observed that the bed
roughness reduces the sequent depth and length of hydraulic jump; the observed reductions
were related to the Froude number and the bed roughness. The length of jump, is reduced
as the bed roughness increases, for all Froude number

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VIII. Concluding Remarks

Hydraulic jump occurs when a high velocity supercritical flow drops to that of a
subcritical flow, the rapid following flow is abruptly slowed and increases its height,
converting some of the kinetic energy into potential energy. The condition of occurrence
of a hydraulic jump is to change flow suddenly from supercritical flow (low depth with
high velocity) to subcritical flow (high depth with a low velocity). The experiment
demonstrated was a transition from a steep channel slope with supercritical flow to a
smaller slope that will only sustain a subcritical flow. The fluid height went from low to
high and the flow was typically smooth and turbulent. If the Froude number is less than
one, gravitational forces dominate and the flow is subcritical, and if greater than one,
inertial forces dominate and the flow is supercritical. Errors could be very much present
and could be of significant amounts since an error in finding the length of the hydraulic
jump was not very easy to find. This is very important since the length of the jump is a
significant factor when considering the design of structures like settling basins.

IX. Documentation

Figure 9.2 Adjusting the flow rate (mm/hr)

Figure 9.4 Flow through Broad-Crested

Weir

Figure 9.3 Positioning the tip level to the

water surface