7065 Ch 9 Cont.

UPDATED 8/18/03 12:07 PM Page 1

PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 9

TABLE OF CONTENTS
DESIGN EXAMPLES

NOTATION

9.0 INTRODUCTION

9.1 DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO BOX BEAM, BIII-48, SINGLE SPAN WITH
NON-COMPOSITE WEARING SURFACE. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.2 DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO BOX BEAM, BIII-48, SINGLE SPAN WITH
NON-COMPOSITE WEARING SURFACE. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AASHTO LRFD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.3 DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO-PCI BULB-TEE, BT-72, SINGLE SPAN

WITH COMPOSITE DECK. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.4 DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO-PCI BULB-TEE, BT-72, SINGLE SPAN

WITH COMPOSITE DECK. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO
LRFD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.5 DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO-PCI BULB-TEE, BT-72, THREE-SPAN WITH

COMPOSITE DECK (MADE CONTINUOUS FOR LIVE LOAD). DESIGNED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.6 DESIGN EXAMPLE - AASHTO-PCI BULB-TEE, BT-72, THREE-SPAN WITH

COMPOSITE DECK (MADE CONTINUOUS FOR LIVE LOAD). DESIGNED
IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO LRFD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.7 DESIGN EXAMPLE - PRECAST CONCRETE STAY-IN-PLACE DECK

PANEL SYSTEM. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS.

9.8 DESIGN EXAMPLE - PRECAST CONCRETE STAY-IN-PLACE DECK

PANEL SYSTEM. DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH AASHTO LRFD
SPECIFICATIONS.
Note: Each design example contains a thorough table of contents.

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES

A = cross-sectional area of the precast beam or section [STD], [LRFD]

A = effective tension area of concrete surrounding the flexural tension reinforcement
and having the same centroid as the reinforcement divided by the number of bars [STD], [LRFD]
Ab = area of an individual bar [LRFD]
Ac = total area of the composite section
Ac = area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the member [LRFD]
Acv = area of concrete section resisting shear transfer [LRFD]
Ao = area enclosed by centerlines of the elements of the beam [LRFD]
Aps = area of pretensioning steel [LRFD]
APT = transverse post-tensioning reinforcement
As = area of non-pretensioning tension reinforcement [STD]
As = area of non-pretensioning tension reinforcement [LRFD]
As = total area of vertical reinforcement located within the distance (h/5) from the end of the beam [LRFD]
Asf = steel area required to develop the ultimate compressive strength of the overhanging portions of the flange [STD]
Asr = steel area required to develop the compressive strength of the web of a flanged section [STD]
A*s = area of pretensioning steel [STD]
A´s = area of compression reinforcement [LRFD]
Av = area of web reinforcement [STD]
Av = area of transverse reinforcement within a distance 's' [LRFD]
Avf = area of shear-friction reinforcement [LRFD]
Avh = area of web reinforcement required for horizontal shear
Av-min = minimum area of web reinforcement
a = depth of the compression block [STD]
a = distance from the end of beam to drape point
a = depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block [LRFD]
b = effective flange width
b = width of beam [STD]
b = width of bottom flange of the beam
b = width of the compression face of a member [LRFD]
b´ = width of web of a flanged member [STD]
be = effective web width of the precast beam
bv = width of cross section at the contact surface being investigated for horizontal shear [STD]
bv = effective web width [LRFD]
bv = width of interface [LRFD]
bw = web width [LRFD]
CRc = loss of pretension due to creep of concrete [STD]
CRs = loss of pretension due to relaxation of pretensioning steel [STD]
c = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis [LRFD]
c = cohesion factor [LRFD]
D = dead load [STD]
D = strand diameter [STD]

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES

DC = dead load of structural components and non structural attachments [LRFD]

DFD = distribution factor for deflection
DFM = distribution factor for bending moment
DFm = live load distribution factor for moment
DFV = distribution factor for shear force
DW = load of wearing surfaces and utilities [LRFD]
d = distance from extreme compressive fiber to centroid of the pretensioning force [STD]
db = nominal strand diameter [LRFD]
dc = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center
of the closest bar [STD], [LRFD]
de = distance from exterior web of exterior beam and the interior side of curb or traffic barrier [LRFD]
de = effective depth from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the tensile force in the
tensile reinforcement [LRFD]
dp = distance from extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the pretensioning tendons [LRFD]
dv = effective shear depth [LRFD]
E = width of slab over which a wheel load is distributed [STD]
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete [STD]
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete [LRFD]
Eci = modulus of elasticity of the beam concrete at transfer
Ep = modulus of elasticity of pretensioning tendons [LRFD]
ES = loss of pretension due to elastic shortening [STD]
Es = modulus of elasticity of pretensioning reinforcement [STD]
Es = modulus of elasticity of reinforcing bars [LRFD]
e = eccentricity of the strands at h/2
e = eccentricity of strands at transfer length
e´ = difference between eccentricity of pretensioning steel at midspan and end span
ec = eccentricity of the strand at the midspan
ee = eccentricity of pretensioning force at end of beam
eg = distance between the centers of gravity of the beam and the slab [LRFD]
Fb = allowable tensile stress in the precompressed tensile zone at service loads
Fpi = total force in strands before release
Fε = reduction factor [LRFD]
fb = concrete stress at the bottom fiber of the beam
f ´c = specified concrete strength at 28 days [STD]
f ´c = specified compressive strength at 28 days [LRFD]
fcdp = change of stresses at center of gravity of prestress due to permanent loads, except dead load acting
at the time the prestress force is applied (at transfer), calculated at the same section as fcgp [LRFD]
fcds = concrete stress at the center of gravity of the pretensioning steel due to all dead loads except
the dead load present at the time the pretensioning force is applied [STD]
fcir = average concrete stress at the center of gravity of the pretensioning steel due to pretensioning
force and dead load of beam immediately after transfer [STD]
f ´ci = concrete strength at release [STD]

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES

f ´ci = specified compressive strength of concrete at time of initial loading or pretensioning [LRFD]
fcgp = concrete stress at the center of gravity of pretensioning tendons, due to pretensioning force
at transfer and the self-weight of the member at the section of maximum positive moment [LRFD]
fd = stress due to unfactored dead load, at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused
by externally applied loads [STD]
fpb = compressive stress at bottom fiber of the beam due to prestress force
fpc = compressive stress in concrete (after allowance for all pretension losses) at centroid of cross
section resisting externally applied loads [STD]
fpc = compressive stress in concrete after all prestress losses have occurred either at the centroid of
the cross section resisting live load or at the junction of the web and flange when the centroid
lies in the flange. In a composite section, fpc is the resultant compressive stress at the centroid
of the composite section, or at the junction of the web and flange when the centroid lies with
in the flange, due to both prestress and to the bending moments resisted by the precast member
acting alone [LRFD]
fpe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective pretension forces only (after allowance for all
pretension losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is caused by externally
applied loads [STD]
fpe = effective stress in the pretensioning steel after losses [LRFD]
fpi = initial stress immediately before transfer
fpo = stress in the pretensioning steel when the stress in the surrounding concrete is zero [LRFD]
fps = average stress in pretensioning steel at the time for which the nominal resistance of member is required [LRFD]
fpt = stress in pretensioning steel immediately after transfer [LRFD]
fpu = specified tensile strength of pretensioning steel [LRFD]
fpy = yield strength of pretensioning steel [LRFD]
fr = the modulus of rupture of concrete [STD]
fr = modulus of rupture of concrete [LRFD]
fs = allowable stress in steel
f ´s = ultimate stress of pretensioning reinforcement [STD]
fse = effective final pretension stress
fsi = effective initial pretension stress
f *su = average stress in pretensioning steel at ultimate load [STD]
ft = concrete stress at top fiber of the beam for the non-composite section
ftc = concrete stress at top fiber of the slab for the composite section
ftg = concrete stress at top fiber of the beam for the composite section
fy = yield strength of reinforcing bars [STD]
fy = specified minimum yield strength of reinforcing bars [LRFD]
fy = yield stress of pretensioning reinforcement [STD]
f ´y = specified minimum yield strength of compression reinforcement [LRFD]
fyh = specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement [LRFD]
H = average annual ambient mean relative humidity, percent [LRFD]
H = height of wall [LRFD]
h = overall depth of precast beam [STD]
h = overall depth of a member [LRFD]

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hc = total height of composite section
hf = compression flange depth [LRFD]
I = moment of inertia about the centroid of the non-composite precast beam [STD]
I = moment of inertia about the centroid of the non-composite precast beam [LRFD]
I = impact fraction (maximum 30%) [STD]
Ic = moment of inertia of composite section
IM = dynamic load allowance [LRFD]
J = St. Venant torsional constant
K = longitudinal stiffness parameter [STD]
Kg = longitudinal stiffness parameter [LRFD]
k = factor used in calculation of distribution factor for multi-beam bridges [LRFD]
k = factor used in calculation of average stress in pretensioning steel for Strength Limit State
L = live load [STD]
L = length in feet of the span under consideration for positive moment and the average of two
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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES

Mmax = maximum factored moment at section due to externally applied loads [STD]
Mn = nominal moment strength of a section [STD]
Mn = nominal flexural resistance [LRFD]
Mn/dc = non-composite dead load moment at the section
Mr = factored flexural resistance of a section in bending [LRFD]
Ms = maximum positive moment
Ms = unfactored bending moment due to slab and haunch weights
MSDL = unfactored bending moment due to super-imposed dead loads
Mservice = total bending moment for service load combination
MSIP = unfactored bending moment due to stay-in-place panel
Mu = factored bending moment at section [STD]
Mu = factored moment at a section [LRFD]
Mws = unfactored bending moment due to wearing surface
Mx = bending moment at a distance (x) from the support
m = material parameter
m = stress ratio = (fy/0.85f ´c )
Nb = number of beams [LRFD]
NL = number of traffic lanes [STD]
Nu = applied factored axial force taken as positive if tensile [LRFD]
n = modular ratio between deck slab and beam materials
P = diaphragm weight concentrated at quarter points
P = load on one rear wheel of design truck (P15 or P20) [STD]
Pc = permanent net compression force [LRFD]
Peff = effective post-tensioning force
Pi = total pretensioning force immediately after transfer
Ppe = total pretensioning force after all losses
Pr = factored bursting resistance of pretensioned anchorage zone provided by transverse reinforcement
Ps = prestress force before initial losses
Pse = effective pretension force after allowing for all losses
Psi = effective pretension force after allowing for the initial losses
P20 = load on one rear wheel of the H20 truck [STD]
Q = total factored load [LRFD]
Qi = specified loads [LRFD]
q = generalized load [LRFD]
RH = relative humidity [STD]
Rn = coefficient of resistance
Ru = flexural resistance factor
Rw = total transverse resistance of the railing or barrier [LRFD]
S = width of precast beam [STD]
S = average spacing between beams in feet [STD]
S = spacing of beams [LRFD]

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES

S = span length of deck slab [STD]

S = effective span length of the deck slab; clear span plus distance from extreme flange tip
to face of web LRFD]
Sb = section modulus for the extreme bottom fiber of the non-composite precast beam [STD]
Sbc = composite section modulus for extreme bottom fiber of the precast beam (equivalent to
Sc in the Standard Specifications)
SH = loss of pretension due to concrete shrinkage [STD]
SR = fatigue stress range
St = section modulus for the extreme top fiber of the non-composite precast beam
Stc = composite section modulus for top fiber of the deck slab
Stg = composite section modulus for top fiber of the precast beam
s = longitudinal spacing of the web reinforcement [STD]
s = length of a side element [LRFD]
s = spacing of rows of ties [LRFD]
T = collision force at deck slab level
t = thickness of web
t = thickness of an element of the beam
tf = thickness of flange
ts = cast-in-place deck thickness
ts = depth of concrete deck [LRFD]
Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete [STD]
Vc = nominal shear resistance provided by tensile stresses in the concrete [LRFD]
Vci = nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from combined
shear and moment [STD]
Vcw = nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results from excessive
principal tensile stress in web [STD]
Vd = shear force at section due to unfactored dead load [STD]
Vi = factored shear force at section due to externally applied loads occurring simultaneously
with Mmax [STD]
VLL = unfactored shear force due to lane load per beam
VLL+I = unfactored shear force due to live load plus impact
VLL+I = unfactored shear force due design vehicular live load
VLT = unfactored shear force due to truck load with dynamic allowance per beam
Vmu = ultimate shear force occurring simultaneously with Mu
Vn = nominal shear resistance of the section considered [LRFD]
Vnh = nominal horizontal shear strength [STD]
Vp = vertical component of effective pretension force at section [STD]
Vp = component in the direction of the applied shear of the effective pretensioning force, positive
if resisting the applied shear [LRFD]
Vs = nominal shear strength provided by web reinforcement [STD]
Vs = shear resistance provided by shear reinforcement [LRFD]
Vu = factored shear force at the section [STD]

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES

Vu = factored shear force at section [LRFD]

Vuh = factored horizontal shear force per unit length of the beam [LRFD]
Vx = shear force at a distance (x) from the support
v = factored shear stress [LRFD]
W = overall width of bridge measured perpendicular to the longitudinal beams [STD]
w = a uniformly distributed load [LRFD]
w = width of clear roadway [LRFD]
wb = weight of barriers
wc = unit weight of concrete [STD]
wc = unit weight of concrete [LRFD]
wg = beam self-weight
ws = slab and haunch weights
wws = weight of future wearing surface
X = distance from load to point of support [STD]
x = the distance from the support to the section under question
yb = distance from centroid to the extreme bottom fiber of the non-composite precast beam
ybc = distance from the centroid of the composite section to extreme bottom fiber of the precast beam
ybs = distance from the center of gravity of strands to the bottom fiber of the beam
yt = distance from centroid to the extreme top fiber of the non-composite precast beam
ytc = distance from the centroid of the composite section to extreme top fiber of the slab
ytg = distance from the centroid of the composite section to extreme top fiber of the precast beam
Z (or z)= factor reflecting exposure conditions [LRFD], [STD]
α = angle of inclination of transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis
β = factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to transmit tension (a value indicating
concrete contribution) [LRFD]
βD = load combination coefficient for dead loads [STD]
βL = load combination coefficient for live loads [STD]
β1 = factor for concrete strength [STD]
β1 = ratio of the depth of the equivalent uniformly stressed compression zone assumed in the
strength limit state to the depth of the actual compression zone [LRFD]
∆beam = deflection due to beam self-weight
∆b+ws = deflection due to barrier and wearing surface weights
∆fcdp = change in concrete stress at center of gravity of pretensioning steel due to dead loads except
the dead load acting at the time of the pretensioning force is applied [LRFD]
∆fpCR = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to creep [LRFD]
∆fpES = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to elastic shortening [LRFD]
∆fpi = total loss in pretensioning steel stress immediately after transfer
∆fpR = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to relaxation of steel [LRFD]
∆fpR1 = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to relaxation of steel at transfer [LRFD]
∆fpR2 = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to relaxation of steel after transfer [LRFD]
∆fpSR = loss in pretensioning steel stress due to shrinkage [LRFD]

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 9

NOTATION
DESIGN EXAMPLES

∆fpT = total loss in pretensioning steel stress [LRFD]

∆D = deflection due to diaphragm weight
∆L = deflection due to specified live load
∆LL+I = deflection due to live load and impact
∆LL = deflection due to lane load
∆LT = deflection due to design truck load and impact
∆max = maximum allowable live load deflection
∆p = camber due pretension force at transfer
∆SDL = deflection due to barrier and wearing surface weights
∆slab = deflection due to the weights of slab and haunch
εx = longitudinal strain in the web reinforcement on the flexural tension side of the member [LRFD]
γ = load factor [STD]
γ* = factor for type of pretensioning reinforcement, 0.28 for low relaxation strand [STD]
γi = load factor [LRFD]
η = load modifier (a factor relating to ductility, redundancy, and operational importance) [LRFD]
φ = strength reduction factor for moment = 1.0 [STD]
φ = strength reduction factor for shear = 0.90 [STD]
φ = resistance factor [LRFD]
λ = parameter used to determine friction coefficient µ [LRFD]
µ = Poisson’s ratio for beams [STD]
µ = coefficient of friction [LRFD]
θ = angle of inclination of diagonal compressive stresses [LRFD]
ρactual = actual ratio of non-pretensioned reinforcement
ρb = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain condition [STD]
A *s
ρ* = , ratio of pretensioning reinforcement [STD]
bd
ψ = angle of harped pretensioned reinforcement

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PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 9
DESIGN EXAMPLES
9.0 Introduction

DESIGN EXAMPLES

9.0 Design examples included in this chapter illustrate the step-by-step procedure used
INTRODUCTION in the design of precast, prestressed concrete bridges. Some of the design examples are
for simply supported bridges for dead and live load and some examples are carried
out for bridges simply supported for dead load but made continuous for live load and
subsequent superimposed dead loads. The examples represent several types of
bridges. Each type of bridge in this chapter is designed twice. One design conforms
with the provisions of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 16th
Edition, 1996. The second design conforms with the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications, 1st Edition, 1994, and 1996 Interim.
Examples 9.5 and 9.6 are designed to be continuous for superimposed dead loads,
live loads and impact. Sections at the piers were designed as reinforced concrete
members to resist flexure at ultimate. No attempt was made to calculate the positive
moment that might develop at the piers, instead the readers are directed to Chapter
8, where forces due to creep and shrinkage and their effects on continuity are dis-
cussed in depth.

SIGN CONVENTION
For concrete:
Compression positive (+ ve)
Tension negative (− ve)
For steel:
Compression negative (− ve)
Tension positive (+ ve)
Distance from center of gravity:
Downward positive (+ ve)
Upward negative (− ve)

LEVEL OF ACCURACY:
Item Units Accuracy
Concrete Stress ksi 1/1000
Steel Stress ksi 1/10
Prestress Force kips 1/10
Moments ft-kips 1/10
Shears kips 1/10
For the beam:
Cross-Section in. 1/100
Section Properties in. 1 in.
Length ft 1/100
Area of Pretensioning Steel in.2 1/1000
Area of Mild Reinforcement in.2 1/100

OCT 97
PCI BRIDGE DESIGN MANUAL CHAPTER 9
DESIGN EXAMPLES
9.0 Introduction

Some calculations were carried out to a higher number of significant figures than
common practice with hand calculation. Depending on available computation
resources and designer preference, other levels of accuracy may be used.

OCT 97