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    CM Prep Course - Lecture 4 Concrete

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    rabeeabuahmad
    This document provides guidance on concrete design for an exam, including: - Developing two design schemes within the allotted time - Recommending one scheme and justifying the decision - Performing structural calculations - Producing drawings of the chosen scheme and details - Answering a final question It offers tips such as using reference materials, making assumptions clear, and practicing the tasks to improve efficiency. Initial member sizing guidance and considerations for foundations, reinforcement estimates, and water-retaining structures are also provided.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    CM Prep Course - Lecture 4 Concrete

    Uploaded by

    rabeeabuahmad
    553 views23 pages
    This document provides guidance on concrete design for an exam, including: - Developing two design schemes within the allotted time - Recommending one scheme and justifying the decision - Performing structural calculations - Producing drawings of the chosen scheme and details - Answering a final question It offers tips such as using reference materials, making assumptions clear, and practicing the tasks to improve efficiency. Initial member sizing guidance and considerations for foundations, reinforcement estimates, and water-retaining structures are also provided.

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    CM Prep Course - Lecture 4 ~ Concrete

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    CM Prep Course - Lecture 4 ~ Concrete

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    This document provides guidance on concrete design for an exam, including: - Developing two design schemes within the allotted time - Recommending one scheme and justifying the decision - Performing structural calculations - Producing drawings of the chosen scheme and details - Answering a final question It offers tips such as using reference materials, making assumptions clear, and practicing the tasks to improve efficiency. Initial member sizing guidance and considerations for foundations, reinforcement estimates, and water-retaining structures are also provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    553 views23 pages

    CM Prep Course - Lecture 4 Concrete

    Uploaded by

    rabeeabuahmad
    This document provides guidance on concrete design for an exam, including: - Developing two design schemes within the allotted time - Recommending one scheme and justifying the decision - Performing structural calculations - Producing drawings of the chosen scheme and details - Answering a final question It offers tips such as using reference materials, making assumptions clear, and practicing the tasks to improve efficiency. Initial member sizing guidance and considerations for foundations, reinforcement estimates, and water-retaining structures are also provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    The document provides guidance on designing concrete structures and preparing for the IStructE exam, including choosing structural schemes, performing calculations and drawings, and recommendations for robustness, foundations, and water-retaining structures.

    The document mentions that the designer should consider whether the building lends itself to a concrete solution and whether concrete is the path of least resistance. Other important factors include cost, buildability, adaptability, and aesthetics.

    When appraising potential structural schemes, the document recommends including considerations of structural arrangement, load transfer, stability, position of movement joints, fire resistance, serviceability for long spans and cantilevers, buildability, economy, and relationship to other structures.

    Rules of Thumb for Concrete Design

    Date March 8th 2011


    Lecture 4

    Chander Shahdadpuri
    Vice-Chairman UAE Division
    BEng CEng FIStructE MASCE PMP
    Are you sure you have a strategy?

    “Every Battle is Won or Lost Before It is Fought”


    - The Art of War by Sun Tzu

    • Does the building lend itself to a concrete solution?


    • Is this the path of least resistance?
    SAMPLE TIMETABLE
    9:00 am - Set up
    9:15 am - Choose the question

    Basic guidelines for choice could be:-


    - Can I formulate two solutions to the client’s requirements?
    - Is the structure similar to one that I have designed before?
    - Can I answer all the parts of the questions? (esp, letter & Final).

    9:30 am - Start. Read question. Think out two schemes.

    10:15 am - Write two schemes. 20 marks


    The appraisal should include:
    - structural arrangement
    - load transfer
    - stability
    - position of movement joints
    - fire resistance
    - serviceability (long spans and cantilevers)
    - buildability
    - economy
    - relationship to other structures
    11:15 am - Recommend a scheme 10 marks

    Reasons should include:-


    - Cost
    - buildability
    - adaptability
    - aesthetics

    12:00 am - Write the letter 10 marks


    The letter should be in the same form as a standard office letter – Brief and
    professional

    12:30 pm - Start the calculations


    The calculations should be scheme calculations to established the sizes of members in
    the structure – see ‘Concrete’ handout. Help the Examiner through your script with
    explanatory notes and clear calculations. Remember to state the Codes and materials
    used and be careful to allow for all the loadings and load and material factors.

    1:00 pm Lunch

    1:30 pm - Complete the calculations 20 marks


    2:15 pm - Draw the scheme
    20 marks
    The drawings must be clear and well laid-out. Practice drawing on graph paper and laying out
    plans, elevations, sections and details. Also practice drawing the scheme in an hour and a quarter.
    Remember a border and a title help make the drawing look good and first impressions count.
    Stencils for rectangular bases and circles for piles are also useful.

    3:30 pm - Draw the details


    10 marks
    The details, added to the drawing, show how the structure fits together. Structures are more than
    a pile of elements because of their joints, and so a prior study of connections is worthwhile. If
    three details are required, each will only generate a few marks – so make sure all the details are
    attempted rather than going into one in too great a depth.

    4:15 pm - Final question / exercise 10 marks


    Total 100 marks
    The end question, like the letter, requires a broad general knowledge with background reading. It
    must be answered properly and not as an after-thought. A file of general references, including
    building detail books, and papers on general topics will prove a help.

    4:45 pm - Check through

    5:00 pm - Finish
    State your assumptions

    Green Book (new) – Appendix B

    Mention the codes


    References – Must Have!
    • Codes – extract summaries and make a file
    • Manual of Reinforced Concrete Design - Green book
    • Economic Concrete Frame Elements – Reinforced Concrete Council
    • Concrete Buildings Scheme Design Manual
    • Mosley & Bungey, 4th Edition
    • Reynolds, 10th Edition
    • Structural Engineer’s Pocket book (Red book)
    • Soil Mechanics by Craig
    • IStructE Guide on Multi-storey car parks
    • Manufacturers’ data e.g hollowcore slabs, waterproofing details, etc.
    • Weights of materials
    Problems/Potential Solutions
    PROBLEMS POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
    ADJACENT STRUCTURES • UNDERPINNING
    • SHORING
    • BALANCED ECCENTRIC BASES
    NOISE • SOUND INSULATION
    • WORK OUTSIDE NORMAL HOURS
    VIBRATION • WORK OUTSIDE NORMAL HOURS
    SAFETY • SITE PROTECTION PROCEDURES, PPE
    • INSURANCES
    LIMITED ACCESS/STORAGE • IN-SITE CONSTRUCTION
    FAST TRACK CONSTRUCTION • PRECAST CONSTRUCTION/STEELWORK
    DEMOUNTABLE CONSTRUCTION • PRECAST CONSTRUCTION/STEELWORK
    LARGE CANTILEVERS • TIEBACKS
    Problems/Potential Solutions - II
    PROBLEMS POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
    BASEMENTS/STRUCTURES IN HIGH • CHECK FOR FLOTATION
    WATER TABLE • DESIGN FOR UPLIFT
    • CONCRETE PROTECTION
    DEWATERING • WELL-POINTS
    FOUNDATIONS ON DIFFERENT STRATA • ALLOW FOR DIFFERENTIAL
    SETTLEMENT
    • PROVIDE MOVEMENT JOINTS
    CONTAMINATED GROUND • EXCAVATION
    • BLENDING
    • ISOLATION
    • PHYSICAL TREATMENT
    POOR GROUND • VIBRO-COMPACTION
    • REPLACE WITH WELL-COMPACTED
    GOOD SOIL
    • PILING
    Problems/Potential Solutions - III
    PROBLEMS POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
    ADJACENT/EXISTING FACADE • KEEP COLUMNS AWAY BY PROVIDING
    CANTILEVERS
    RIVER/CULVERT/TUNNEL BELOW • ARRANGE COLUMN LAYOUT TO SUIT
    BUILDING • PROVIDE TRANSFER STRUCTURE
    Initial Member Sizing
    • Table in Green book – good starting point

    • Which floor system? – Economic Floor Spans – Page 8

    • Economic Concrete Frame Elements by RC Council – numerous


    ready reckoner tables covers:
    – Traditional systems
    – Precast systems
    – Post-tensioned systems
    – Column sizing
    – Rebar estimates

    • Whatever you select will need to be substantiated by “sufficient”


    calculations for “principal” elements
    Initial Member Sizing - II
    • Suspended slabs – generally not less than 125 mm
    • Slab on grade – generally not less than 150 mm
    • Beams – generally not less than 250 mm
    • Beams in contact with soil – generally not less than 300 mm
    • Walls – generally not less than 200 mm except when required to
    anchor beams with rebar greater than 25 mm
    • Walls in contact with earth – generally not less than 250 mm
    • Columns – not less than 250 mm generally and 300 mm when in
    contact with earth
    Initial Member Sizing - III
    Structural System Span/Effective Depth Ratio
    Beam Slab
    Simply supported beam 14
    One-way/two-way spanning simply 20
    supported slab
    End span of:
    Continuous beam 18
    One-way continuous slab; or two-way 26
    spanning slab continuous over one long
    side
    Interior span of:
    Beam 20
    One-way or two-way spanning slab 30
    Flat slabs 24
    Cantilevers 6 8
    Initial Member Sizing - IV
    • Transfer Beams

    If b = d/2 then,

    d = sqrt (V) for limiting shear stresses to less than 2 Mpa

    d = sqrt (V/2) for limiting shear stresses to less than 4 Mpa

    CIRIA Guide on Design of Deep Beams – Section 2.0


    Economies of Scale

    • Ribbed slabs or waffle slabs have a premium of relatively


    expensive formwork (e.g GRP moulds)

    • Economical when there is repetitive use of the formwork


    Approximate Analysis

    • Portal Method (suitable for low-rise frames)

    • Cantilever Method (suitable for multi-story frames –


    example given in Mosley & Bungey – Chapter 3)

    • Reynolds – Table 74
    Approximate Analysis - II

    • Groups of Shear Walls – Formulae in Stafford & Smith


    Book for redistribution of forces – Spreadsheets best
    suited for a quick analysis.

    • Vierendeel Girders – Steel Designer’s Manual (4th


    edition)

    Practice, Practice, Practice!!!


    Robustness Provisions
    • In-site construction generally satisfies the code requirements
    inherently

    • Nevertheless, a statement in the script will demonstrate that the


    candidate has appreciation of the requirements

    • Ties – Vertical and Horizontal


    Horizontal ties – peripheral, internal & column/wall ties
    Guidance in Mosley & Bungey – Section 6.7

    • Key elements & avoiding them IStructE Magazine Verulam Flow


    Chart (based on 8110-95) Vol 66 No. 2/10 - 1988
    Foundations
    • BS 8004 has a table giving indicative range of capacities for different
    types of strata. Good for initial sizing.

    • Simple equations given in the Structural Engineers’ Pocket Book by


    Fiona Cobb

    • Clay related issues

    • Remember that the examiner is looking for safe solutions


    – do not over-complicate!

    • Durability requirements – cover, cement replacement, low


    water/cement ratio, protection
    Reinforcement Estimates

    • Old Green Book – Section 3.9, Method 2, Appendix A


    Water-retaining Structures

    • Limit crack-width to 0.2 mm – BS 8007 & CIRIA-91

    • Crack-control in immature concrete vs mature concrete

    • Durable concrete mix

    • Non-toxic protection such as Xypex


    The Letter

    • Use plain English when writing to a client

    • Try to give a positive spin when offering advice

    • Offer viable solutions, when required

    • Stay anonymous with your signature


    Drawing & Presentation
    • Be neat in your work – avoid overwriting

    • Think about logical progression of your answer-book

    • Use symmetry to save time when drawing

    • Use single line diagrams to explain initial concepts at


    Part 1 stage – saves time!

    • Details should try & address a problem rather than just a


    “standard detail”

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