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EE 741-Power Quality & System Reliability

This document discusses power quality and system reliability. It defines power quality as the "goodness" of the electric power supply in terms of voltage, current, continuity and frequency. It describes different types of power quality disturbances such as harmonic distortion, sags and swells, imbalance, transients and power outages. It also discusses harmonic filtering techniques and reliability indices used to measure distribution system reliability such as SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIFI. Finally, it provides examples of calculating failure and repair rates for series and parallel systems with repairable and unrepairable components.

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Andrey Lopes
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328 views21 pages

EE 741-Power Quality & System Reliability

This document discusses power quality and system reliability. It defines power quality as the "goodness" of the electric power supply in terms of voltage, current, continuity and frequency. It describes different types of power quality disturbances such as harmonic distortion, sags and swells, imbalance, transients and power outages. It also discusses harmonic filtering techniques and reliability indices used to measure distribution system reliability such as SAIFI, SAIDI and CAIFI. Finally, it provides examples of calculating failure and repair rates for series and parallel systems with repairable and unrepairable components.

Uploaded by

Andrey Lopes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EE 741

Power Quality & System


Reliability
Definition
• Power Quality can be defined as the goodness
of the electric power supply in terms of its voltage
and current wave-shapes, its voltage regulation,
continuity of power supply and its frequency.
• Perfect Power refers to an ideal case where the
voltage and current waveforms are balanced and
sinusoidal, with constant amplitude and constant
frequency.
• Power Quality Problem refers to deviations of
the above variables that result in failure or
unsatisfactory operation of the customer’s
equipment.
Types of Disturbances: Harmonic Distortion

u (t )   u (t ) i
i 1, 3, 5,....
U i
2

U rms  U
i 1.3.5,...
i
2
TDDu 
i 3, 5,...

UL

 i
U 2

i 3, 5,... U 
2 UL = peak demand current
THDu    rms   1,
U1  U1 
Impact of Harmonics
• Source of Harmonics: Mainly modern electronic loads
• Impact of Harmonics: capacitor overload by harmonic
currents, additional losses (heat) in transformers, motors,
cables, etc…, neutral conductor overloading, ….
• Transformer Derating: (  i 2 I i2 )
– K-Factor K i 1, 3,...
( I
i 1, 3,...
i
2
)

(1  Pec )
TD 
– Derating Factor (1  KPec )
Pec = transformer eddy current loss
– K-factor transformers: The K-factor rating is an index of the
transformer's ability to withstand harmonic content while operating
within the temperature limits of its insulating system (see UL1561).
• Harmonic Amplification (resonance): Parallel resonance
of shunt capacitors with source impedance magnifies can
cause excessive distortion in the voltage.
Harmonic Currents Cause Harmonic Voltages

Vh  I h Z h , i  3,5,7...
Power Definitions in Non-Sinusoidal Cases

P V I cos(
i 1, 3, 5,...
i i i  i )

Q V I sin(
i 1, 3, 5,...
i i i  i )

S  Vrms I rms  (  Vi 2 )(
i 1, 3, 5,...
i
I 2
)  P
i 1, 3, 5,...
2
 Q 2
 D 2

P
TPF  ,
S
P1
DPF   cos(1  1 )
S1
Harmonic Distortion Limits (IEEE Std. 519)
IEEE Standard 519-2014
Compliances, Updates, Solutions and Case Studies

• See link below.


http://www.schneider-
electric.com.tw/documents/Event/2016_electrical_engineering
_seminar/IEEE_STD_519_1992vs2014.pdf
Types of Disturbances: Sags & Swells

• Allowable magnitudes
sags and swells –
depends on duration:
see (ITI Curve) to the
right.
Types of Disturbances: Imbalance

% voltage imbalance = Maximum deviation from the


average ÷ average × 100
Other Disturbances: Momentary Transients
Harmonic Filtering (Passive)
Harmonic Filtering (Active)
Worst Type of Disturbance: Power Outage

Causes of outages: Lightning, tree contact, animals, ice/snow, vandalism,


construction activity, vehicle accident, wind, equipment failure, etc…

Sustained interruption: lasting more than 5 min


Momentary interruption: lasting less than 5 min
(Sustained) Distribution Reliability Indices

– SAIFI (System Average Interruption Frequency Index). This is


the average frequency of sustained interruptions per customer.


 N i

NT

– SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index). Average


time the customers are interrupted.


 rN i i

NT
Where ri is the restoration time of i-th interruption

- ASAI (Average Service Availability Index)


N T  8760  r N i i

N T  8760
(Sustained) Distribution Reliability Indices
– CAIDI (Customer Average Interruption Duration Index). Average
time required to restore service to the average customer per
interruption.

r N i i

SAIDI
N i SAIFI

– CAIFI (Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index)


N i

CN
Example

Let total number of customers served NT = 50,000

SAIDI = 356.8*60/50000 = 0.43 min


CAIDI = 356.8*60/1014 = 21.1 min
SAIFI = 1014/50000 = .02
CAIFI = 5/1014 = .005
ASAI = 99.97%
Series Unrepairable Components

n
Rsys   Ri
i 1
Unrepairable Parallel Components

n
Rsys  1   (1  Ri )
i 1
Repairable Series Components

r: mean time to repair


1/r: repair rate = µ
m: mean time to failure
1/m: failure rate = λ

n
Failure rate : sys   i
i 1
n
1
Mean time to repair: rsys 
sys
 r
i 1
i i
Repairable Parallel Components

Failure rate: sys


12 (r1  r2 )

1  1r1  2 r2

r1r2
Mean time to repair: rsys 
r1  r2

Use binomial distribution for n > 2

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