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Health Maintenance

This document discusses health maintenance, health promotion, and wellness. It defines health as seeking equilibrium and stability, and notes it encompasses physical, emotional, social, intellectual and spiritual aspects. Illness is when one cannot maintain balance, while wellness is optimal functioning. Health is influenced by culture, family, and involves balancing needs of the body, mind and spirit. The document also discusses health behaviors, variables influencing health, and nursing roles in health maintenance, promotion and addressing different needs.

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Johnjohn Mateo
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311 views5 pages

Health Maintenance

This document discusses health maintenance, health promotion, and wellness. It defines health as seeking equilibrium and stability, and notes it encompasses physical, emotional, social, intellectual and spiritual aspects. Illness is when one cannot maintain balance, while wellness is optimal functioning. Health is influenced by culture, family, and involves balancing needs of the body, mind and spirit. The document also discusses health behaviors, variables influencing health, and nursing roles in health maintenance, promotion and addressing different needs.

Uploaded by

Johnjohn Mateo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Health Maintenance, Health Promotion, and Wellness

Health, Illness, and Wellness


 Health is the process through which a person seeks to maintain an equilibrium that promotes
stability and comfort.
 Health is a dynamic process that varies according to a person’s perception of well-being.
 Health, Illness, and Wellness
 Health refers to all aspects of a person’s life.
• Physical status
• Emotional well-being
• Social relationships
• Intellectual functioning
• Spiritual condition

Health, Illness, and Wellness


 Illness is the inability of an individual’s adaptive responses to maintain physical and emotional
balance, which results in an impairment of functional abilities.
 Wellness is the condition in which an individual functions at optimal levels.

Models of Health
 Health is the maintenance of harmony and balance among body, mind, and spirit.
• Balance or homeostasis is equilibrium among psychological, physiological, sociocultural,
intellectual, and spiritual needs.

Models of Health
 Clinical model
 Health-belief model
 High-level wellness model
 Social learning theory
 Host-agent-environment model
 Health promotion model

Cultural Influence on Health


 Culture affects how an individual views health and illness.
 One’s cultural background influences health-related behaviors and expectations of treatment when
illness occurs.

Family Influences on Health Care


 Families help determine the following:
• Whether or not to seek treatment.
• What type of treatment is appropriate.
• Who should provide the treatment or care.
• Where the treatment or care should be provided.
 Families are often the major caregivers for their relatives.
 Extended families and communities have traditionally acted as a buffer against excessive stress and
illness.
 Lack of social support from family or significant others results in psychological and spiritual
isolation, which may negatively impact a person’s physiological state.

Illness Perspectives
 Illness is the result of a disease or injury that affects functioning and occurs when there is an
inability to meet one’s needs.
 An acute illness is usually characterized by a rapid onset, intense manifestations, and a relatively
short duration.
 A chronic illness is usually characterized by a gradual, insidious onset with lifelong changes, usually
irreversible.

Wellness Perspectives
 Wellness places health on a continuum, from one’s optimal level (wellness), to a maladaptive state
(illness).
 High-level wellness means functioning to one’s maximum health potential while remaining in
balance with the environment.

Health Behaviors and Variables Influencing Health


 Behavior is defined as the observable response of an individual to external stimuli.
 All behavior has meaning.
 Variables Influencing Health
• Lifestyle
• Locus of Control
• Self-Efficacy
• Health Care Attitudes
• Self-Concept
• Cognition
 Variables Influencing Health
• Age and Developmental Levels
• Gender
• Previous Experiences with the Health Care System
• Environment
• Economic Resources

Health Maintenance
 Behavior directed toward maintaining a current level of health
 Health maintenance activities are the activities/behaviors an individual performs to maintain or
improve a current level of health.
 Characteristics of Health Maintenance
• Perception
• Motivation
• Maintenance

Health Promotion and Disease Prevention (Health Protection)


 Health Promotion
• Behavior motivated by the desire to shape a health lifestyle.
• Process of enabling people to increase control over their health and to improve their health.
• Includes avoidance of unhealthy behaviors.
• Health promotion efforts intervene with healthy, rather than ill populations.
 Disease Prevention
• Activities/behaviors that protect people from the ill effects of actual or potential health
threats
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
Health Promotion on a Global Level
 World Health Organization
• Organizes international conferences and meetings and disseminates successful health
promotion strategies, programs, and policies.
 Fifth Global Conference on Health Promotion
• Established Priorities for Health Promotion in the 21st Century
 “Healthy Cities” Movement
• A vehicle to stimulate local-level health promotion
• Public, private, and nonprofit responsibility

Health Promotion in the United States


Healthy People Initiative
• Promote healthy behaviors.
• Promote healthy and safe communities.
• Improve systems for personal and public health.
• Prevent and reduce diseases and disorders.

Assessment
 Risk Factor Identification in Health Maintenance
• Physical, environmental, psychological behaviors that increase the vulnerability of an
individual to disease or injury
 Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests and Health Maintenance
• Laboratory data includes cholesterol levels, blood glucose, urine studies.
• Health maintenance behaviors may be measured with varieties of diagnostic tests and
equipment.
• Client education about what to do with results obtained from these tests is given.

Nursing Diagnosis
 Ineffective Health Maintenance
 Health-Seeking Behavior
 Noncompliance
 Deficient Knowledge
 Ineffective Therapeutic Regimen Management

Planning and Outcome Identification


 In many ineffective health maintenance situations, desired outcomes of care are best accomplished
in small increments.

Implementation
 Health Promotion and Vulnerable Populations
• Children
• The Elderly
• Economically Disadvantaged
• Homeless
 The Individual as a Holistic Being
• The client with health maintenance considerations is a holistic being.
• Individuals function as complete units that cannot be reduced to the sum of their parts.
 Needs and Health
• The entire person (mind, body, and spirit) is influenced by satisfaction of needs.
• Basic human needs are those that are necessary for every person’s survival.
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological Dimension
• Focuses on achievement of the basic needs of a client.
• The nurse must assess for system alterations and then provide interventions to meet these
needs.
• Physical Self-Examination Techniques
• Health Maintenance in Nutrition- Management Behaviors
• Health Maintenance and Alterations in Sleep Patterns

Psychological Dimension of Needs and Health


 Treating the client as a unique individual.
 Protecting confidentiality.
 Using touch and personal space in a therapeutic manner.
 Recognizing and respecting cultural differences.
 Decreasing anxiety through stress management techniques.

Sociocultural Dimension of Needs and Health


 Empowerment is a process of enabling others to do for themselves.
 Nurses empower clients by teaching them and their families how to develop skills for self-care and
for healthier living.

Intellectual Dimension of Needs and Health


 Cognitive function and development can be impaired by multiple factors.
• Infection
• Exposure to toxins
• Substance abuse
• Trauma
• Psychological problems
Spiritual Dimension of Needs and Health
 Spirituality assists a person in determining the sense of meaning or purpose in one’s life.
 Spirituality is multidimensional.
• A sense of one’s self
• A sense of connection with others
• A relationship with a higher power or divine source

Sexual Dimension of Needs and Health


 Sexuality refers to all aspects of being male or female, including feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and
behavior.
 Sex roles are culturally determined patterns associated with being male and female.

Evaluation
 The client and nurse together measure how well the client has achieved the goals specified in the
plan of care.
 Factors that contribute to a goal achievement are identified.
 Certain goals may need to be reevaluated.

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