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Smart Urban Traffic Management System

Working Paper · January 2016

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3414.6324

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II2202, Fall 2015, Period 1-2 2016-01-18

Smart Urban Traffic Management System

Sarjo Das Priyankar Roychowdhury

KTH Royal Institute of Technology Independent Research Scholar
Stockholm, Sweden Kolkata, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract— In recent years the ownership of private vehicles has

increased many folds, which is causing difficulty in management
of urban traffic. Traffic management is the focus area for most
urban dwellers and planners. Some of the main concerns for
traffic management of big cities is traffic congestion and
avoidance, as these issues cause huge damages on both personal
and environmental level. Moreover, in many cities traffic signal
lights at crossing points are timer based which is inefficient
method of controlling traffic. This paper presents a more efficient
approach of managing urban traffic with the help of intelligent
traffic management system which uses internet of things to
achieve this. This method of intelligent traffic management uses
components like RFID and detection technologies to sense the
presence and movement of tagged objects, the traffic will be
monitored and managed automatically using this system. The
data collected from this system will be sent to a centralized
system for further analysis. Moreover the traffic signal lights at
crossing points are based on traffic density of roads intersecting
at that point. The paper proposes an architecture which
integrates Internet of things and other moving components like
data management techniques to create a model for traffic
management and monitoring. The model will constitute of a
single platform where this platform will communicate with the
large number of decentralized heterogeneous components.

Keywords: RFID, Single Board Computer, IOT, Cloud, Intelligent

Transport, Road management, Road planning, City planning

I. Introduction
Fig.1. Number of cars sold worldwide from 1990 to 2015
Smart City [1] is a term which is associated with various (Source:
innovative technologies in order to make a city ―smarter‖ to http://www.statista.com/statistics/200002/international-car-
improve the quality of life of people. Among the different sales-since-1990/
dimensions that make a city smart, one of the very important on 13 Jan, 2015)
one is transportation. Smart Transportation deals with creation
and implementation of an intelligent traffic management As seen from Fig.1. the number of cars being sold continues to
system that deals with congestion detection and avoidance, increase around the world. This gradual increase in the
emergency management, car safety and accident prevention number of cars sold has already put a huge strain in the
etc. It also tries to make transportation greener by helping to infrastructure of current roads. Moreover, the increase in total
reduce gas emissions, fuel or energy consumption in vehicles. road area is much slower compared to the number of cars
Transport sector contributes to 27% of energy related to CO2 being purchased and registered. The problem of traffic
emissions and is the fastest growing sector in terms of congestion and long waiting queues are quite common along
greenhouse emissions in developing countries [2]. with the significant rise in the number of mishaps and traffic
accidents.

There is an urgent requirement of a Smart System for traffic

management by employing smart monitoring of road systems
that will automatically manage the traffic signalling system in
order to reduce congestion to the minimum taking into account

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the traffic density, volume and informing drivers about which the sustainability and ethics related to our model and its
route is best at any given time of the day. Moreover, economic value.
government in different countries like India are planning smart
cities and smart transportation system is one of the most II. LITERATURE STUDY
important part of any smart city [3].
A lot of researches have come up with the solutions to
Fig. 2. Explains the economic impact due to Congestion which implement Smart Road Traffic Management system and as a
is more than trillions of dollars for Europe and US combined result several approaches have been developed.
in time period of 2013-2030.
Zeng, et Al. [4] discussed the design, framework and
functional modules of an intelligent transport management
system in important traffic hubs inside of a city or for external
transport by means of integration of multiple technologies in
order to automate decision making and increase the utilization,
safety and comfort level. On the other hand, Al-Sakran [5]
proposes a low cost highly scalable and compatible intelligent
traffic administration system framework that is based on
internet of things. The framework uses RFID, wireless sensors
technology, cloud computing, GPS and other advanced
technologies to implement the intelligent traffic management
system. To reduce traffic congestion, road accidents and
increase traffic productivity and efficiency, Bitam, et Al. [6]
explains a cloud computing model that can be added to
intelligent transportation system to improve traffic
management.

To study efficiency of moving vehicle detection by RFID,

Lee, et Al. [7] investigates about RFID read latency and thus
the effectiveness of on-vehicles reader installations for a wide
range of speeds. The impact of readers and tags‘ relative
positions on read errors and read rates are studied
experimentally. The road experiments are conducted at
varying speeds. The results reveal the influence of critical
factors on on-vehicle RFID read performance, and provides
guidance to identify and pursue directions for improvement.

From commutator point of view, for finding out the most

appropriate roads for the motorists, Mbodila, et Al. [8]
discussed in their paper about the implementation of a model
for vehicle traffic monitoring between Johannesburg and
Pretoria in South Africa. Wireless Sensor Network is used as a
tool to to control traffic signals along the roadsides while the
RFID scanner is used to identify vehicles in the congestion
Fig.2. Economic impact due to road congestion in Europe and areas so that the traffic officer at the Traffic Monitoring
USA: 2013-2030 (Source: Centre (TMC) can make use of Global Positioning System
http://inrix.com/economic-environment-cost-congestion/ on 1 (GPS) by establishing the position of the vehicle at any point
Dec, 2015) on the roads and determine appropriate road for motorists.

This paper consists of the following sections: ―Literature From the big picture view-point, Djahel, et Al. [9] in their
Study‖ which describes the related studies, ―Problem publication presents an up-to-date review of the different
Statement‖ section illustrates the problem we address in this technologies used in the different phases involved in a Traffic
paper. ―Methodology‖ section portrays the methods and Management System and discuss the potential use of smart
approach followed to develop the proposed model, cars and social media to enable fast and more accurate traffic
―Framework and Design‖ section explains the functional block congestion detection and mitigation. The security threats that
diagram of the proposed model. ―Result and Analysis‖ section can jeopardize a traffic management operation are also
contains our proposed Smart Road Management System discussed here. Some open challenges are discussed and their
Model and its advantages. The ―Discussion‖ section contains

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own vision is also stated to develop robust Traffic V. Framework and Design
Management System for future smart cities.
The framework and design of our proposed system is as
III. Problem Statement follows:

The fact which encouraged us to conduct this research is that The RFID readers acquire the data and send it to the Cloud
in many cities of the world, signal allocation is still based on [11]. In the place of Crossing Server, single board computer is
timer. The timer approach has a drawback that even when used which is also connected to the cloud. Instead of data-base
there is less traffic on a road, green signal is still allocated to of each road stored in the corresponding Crossing Server, in
the road till its timer value falls to 0 while traffic on another this work Cloud Database [12] is used. Each light of a traffic
road which is more, faces red signal at that time which causes signal is connected to an output port of the corresponding
congestion and time loss to commutators. Most of the present single board computer and no micro-controller needs to be
systems are not automated and are prone to human errors. The used.
main objective of this paper is to create a better road network
system within the city for smoother transition of traffic to As proposed the model has various components in conjugation
increase the overall productivity of a city. with internet of things. The model has a core system which
constitutes of various parts. Below is the figure which shows
IV. Methodology the component involved in this model.

In this paper, a method has been proposed in which the traffic

signal light controlling decision is performed based on the
traffic density of the roads which intersect each other at a
crossing point. We are influenced to propose this new model
of traffic management system from the works of
Roychowdhury P. and Das S. which is published as
‗Automatic Road Traffic Management System in a City‘,
‗Trends in Transport Engineering and Applications‘, Vol 1,
Issue 2.

To track a vehicle, a sensor is required and in our work to

identify a specific vehicle, a vehicle ID is required. RFID can
effectively meet our requirements and the work of
Viswanathan. B. and Sukhadha. V. published as ‗Intelligent
Traffic Control and Vehicle Tracking System Using RFID‘ in
‗International Journal of Electronics Communication and
Computer Engineering‘ Volume 4, Issue 5 has encouraged our
decision to use RFID for tracking vehicles. While the current
trend is moving towards Internet of Things and Cloud
Computing, Al-sakran‗s work published as ‗Intelligent Traffic
Information System Based on Integration of Internet of Things
and Agent Technology‘ in ‗International Journal of Advanced
Computer Science and Applications‘, Vol. 6, No. 2 has
influenced us to use Cloud Database and RFID and Single
Board Computer (SBC) [10] interfacing to Cloud to propose
our model based on traffic management by Internet of Things.

After going through these publications, it was decided that we

should take the qualitative approach because our proposed
model is based on taking the best features of some of the
existing models and additional features from our own
research. The model proposed in this paper is purely
theoretical and we hope to run some simulations using this
model in the future to get quantitative data. However, for this
paper we decided to follow the qualitative approach due to the
availability of limited time and resources.
Fig. 3. Functional Block Diagram of our system

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the road at some height greater than the maximum possible

A. Data Sources: Data gathering will be done via the height of a vehicle in that country. Patch angle of RFID
help of RFID sensors, these sensors will be Reader antennas=70 degree from horizontal [7] because area
embedded in the roof of the vehicles. Data gathering
interrogators will be placed on the entry and exit that can be read will be maximum at this angle.
points of a path way. These entry and exit points will
serve as the data sources for the system.
B. Cloud: The data is sent to the cloud that
is responsible for processing the data and taking the
major decisions in regards to determining if the road
is congested or there are some other issues with the
traffic flow.
C. Data aggregation and processing: Data aggregation
and processing is connected closely with data
storage. Before storage of data it will be processed
within the cloud.
D. Data storage: Data gathered from data sources will
then be moved to a cloud database after data
processing. This data can be used on demand for
further analysis and planning of future roads.
E. Data analysis: This component is used for analysis
of existing data present on the system. Relevant data
is picked up for analysis and fed it to data analytical
component of the model for analysis. Analysis can
help plan a better system for the existing
infrastructure or help us in designing new
infrastructure.
F. Single Board Computer: It will be used to fetch real
time traffic information from the cloud for
controlling the traffic lights.
G. Consumers: The end product after processing of data
is delivered to the customer. The consumer can get
on demand access to real time traffic data. The
consumer can be the Traffic Control Room or any
commuters who wishes to see the traffic conditions in
his/her smartphone.

VI. Result and Analysis

Fig. 4. Sample RFID Reader
A. Our Proposed Model (Source:
http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/fhwahop12016/sys_design.htm
At the entry and exit of a road and at entry and exit of a on 1 Jan, 2016)
parking lot, fixed RFID readers [13] are placed to detect
movement of vehicle at the respective points. The readers Data is gathered via RFID tags, each vehicle has a far field tag
which are placed at entry and exit of a road are called embedded in it. As soon as the tag crosses an interrogator it
Crossing Readers (CRs) [14] and which are placed at the entry transfers the data on it to the interrogator. RFID tag has a
and exit of parking lots are called Parking Readers (PRs). CRs transponder which wakes up as soon as it gets in contact with
are of two types: a) Exit CRs which are placed at the positions the transceiver present in the interrogator as transceiver
of road from where vehicles are exiting out of the road b) provides it with necessary power to work with [16]. This point
Entry CRs which are placed at the positions of road where of time the tag supplies interrogator with all the required data
vehicles are entering into the road. In case of parking lots, of the entity it is embedded with. The data which is present
there are two possibilities: (i) entry and exit points can be with the RFID interrogator is sent to the cloud based servers
same, (ii) entry and exit points can be different. For case (i), a using the internet. Each node within an area connects to a
single type of PR has to be used to detect entry and exit of a wireless router which acts as a natting device connecting a
vehicle which is cat-1 PR while for case (ii), there will be two cluster of RFID‘s to a server. The data is processed and stored
PRs: entry PR at the entrance of parking lot and exit PR at the in a readable format. Data Stored on the cloud system is
exit point of a parking lot which constitutes cat-2 PR. processed on the cloud and supplied to a single board
computer using routing via Internet. Single board computer
In our model, active RFID tag is placed on the roof of the has direct connection to the traffic signal, which in the end
vehicle at 0 degree to the horizontal [7]. This tag is coded with supplies traffic lights with the required information.
registration number of the vehicle which is then read by the
RFID Readers as the vehicles approach the reader points [15].
On the other hand, the RFID readers has to be placed above

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database, the ID of the vehicle which already exists being

received from entry type CR is deleted on receiving the same
ID from exit type CR. The traffic density is then decreased by
one.

In case of cat-1 PR, the PR detects a vehicle and sends its ID

to the corresponding road database.

a) If the ID is present in database of the road to which the PR

is associated, it implies that the vehicle is exiting from road
towards parking areas. Its ID is deleted from the road database
and Traffic density of the road is decreased by one.

b) If the ID is not present in database of the road to which the

PR is associated, it implies that the vehicle is entering road
from parking areas. Its ID is added in the road database and
traffic density of the road is increased by one.

In case of cat-2 PR, when an entry type PR detects a vehicle, it

indicates a vehicle is leaving the road and entering the parking
lot. The PR sends the ID of vehicle to the road database. This
ID is already present in the database of the road, since it was
added to the database of the road when the vehicle entered the
road. Now, on receiving the same ID from entry type PR, it is
deleted from the road database and the road density is
Fig. 5. A sample model of an urban four point road crossing decreased by 1. When an exit type PR detects a vehicle, it
indicates a vehicle is entering the road from the parking lot
The above diagram represents sample portion of a city road and its ID is added to the road database and the road density is
where there is a crossing point. Entry type CRs are placed at increased by 1.
the entry positions of roads which are 2, 4, 6, 8, 22, 24, 18, 20.
Exit type CRs are placed at exit positions of roads which are 1, 1. Data-analysis, processing and aggregation
3, 5, 7, 21, 23, 17, 19. The white boxes with the letter ‗P‘
written inside represent parking lots. PRs are placed at In a crossing, signals have to be provided to roads with Exit
positions 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. At position 14, the PR is CRs to control the vehicles that exits from these roads and
entry type PR while in position 15, the PR is exit type as they enters roads which have Entry CRs at the crossing.
are entry and exit points of a single parking lot respectively.
PRs at positions 14 and 15 constitute cat-2 PRs while the The following data operations are performed at the beginning
remaining PRs are cat-1 PRs. of signalling cycle at the crossing point:

[17] Each CR and PR are assigned to a definite road. In this a. Traffic Density of each road with exit CRs is checked
diagram, the following are the associations of CRs and PRs and arranged in descending order.
with the roads: b. Green signal is allocated to the road which is first in
a) road A: 3, 4, 13 the order till its Traffic Density decreases by a certain value or
b) road B: 1, 2, 9, 10 reaches 0 whichever is earlier (This certain value is the
c) road C: 5, 6, 11, 12 number of vehicles from the road that are allowed to pass
d) road D: 7, 8, 14, 15, 16 through the crossing at a single signalling cycle).
e) road E: 17, 18 c. Repeat step no. b for the remaining roads placed in
f) road F: 21, 22 the order.
g) road G: 19, 20 d. Repeat step a.
h) road H: 23, 24
2. Detection of a Vehicle Violating Signal
In the Cloud, for each road, there is a specific database.
[18] When the signal of a road with entry CR at the crossing
[17] Whenever a vehicle enters a road, the entry type CR point is Red, if it (entry CR) detects any vehicle at that time,
sends its ID to the road database and the Traffic Density of the its ID is sent to the Vehicle Violation Database contained in
road is increased by 1. Whenever a vehicle exits a road, the the Cloud Database.
exit type CR sends its ID to the road database. In the road

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3. Detection of an anomaly VII. Discussion

Many things have been considered to analyse the viability of A. Sustainability and Ethics
this model, for example we have integrated timer values for
the counters. If a car stays for too long between entry and exit The model which we are implementing provides an optimized
CR and don‘t enter any parking PR, administrators of the traffic system which in the end delivers a transportation
system will be alerted by the core system. system producing lesser CO2 emissions. The road transport
vehicles will have better infrastructure to use and in the end it
B. Analysis will result in lesser driven kilometres [20]. The sustainability
aspect of this model is one of the key features associated to it
Our model provides an advantage over the model in the paper as this System also helps in reduction of time consumed for
‗Intelligent Transport Management System for Urban Traffic travel. Traffic management system proposed in our model
Hubs Based on an Integration of Multiple technologies‘ [4] in system enable us in planning of future road infrastructure and
the sense that we have proposed a model which is versatile helps us to create a sustainable ecosystem.
and can be implemented in any city and country around the
world. Also, it has an automatic traffic management system The data gathering and monitoring system will be designed in
which requires no monitoring but the traffic condition can be such a way that it will not have any conflict of interests with
tracked by anyone, commutator or authority. While Zeng et al. an individual i.e. data gathering RFID will not contain any
[4] in their paper has proposed a system which is based only information about an individual, it will just contain
on traffic hubs inside a city. It also uses a number of information in regards to the identity of the vehicle not the
technologies which will increase cost to a great extent while owner. Authorities can correlate this information with their
our model only uses RFID Readers and Tags on vehicles and own system in order to attach an owner's identity to a vehicle.
Single Board Computers at each crossing point of roads which The data collection servers will be located in a secure location
are not an expensive infrastructure. Also Cloud Computing is in order to maintain data integrity.
cost-effective than any existing connected computing
technology because Cloud can be leased or hired from Cloud B. Economic Value
Service Providers and no new infrastructure for this purpose is
even required. A critical part of developing a smart city is Traffic
management. Traffic management and road planning are very
Al-Sakran [5] in the paper ‗Intelligent Traffic Information much required by the city planners to keep the city free from
System Based on Integration of Internet of Things and Agent traffic congestion and also to make the road infrastructure
Technology‘ has proposed an intelligent system for traffic future proof to accommodate increasing number of vehicles.
monitoring while our proposed system is not only for traffic
monitoring but it is mainly for traffic controlling of the whole The relevant model discussed above can play a vital role in
city. traffic management. The system can be deployed at various
road crossings of the smart city with interconnected central
Mbodila, et Al [8]. In their publication ‗Implementation of server system. The conceived system will yield greater return
novel vehicles' traffic monitoring using wireless sensor in the long run both in terms of ROI (Return on Investment)
network in South Africa‘ have described about the and TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) because of the following
implementation of a model for vehicle traffic monitoring reasons:
between Johannesburg and Pretoria in South Africa. This
system can find out appropriate road for motorists. However, 1. Number of deployed persons required to manage traffic is
in our model we are not doing any research about appropriate much less. As the system is fully automated, only a handful of
road for motorists because Google Maps [19] already exist people can manage the entire traffic of the city.
which in navigation mode can do the same function for a 2. Less waiting time and reduction in traffic congestion will
motorist and we have decided not to research something that help people to save fuel and will reduce pollution.
already exists. 3. There is no room for human errors, so the number of road
accidents will be reduced considerably.
The framework explained here is in preparatory stage. There
are numerous degree for changes. The framework must be VIII. Conclusion
adjusted to meet the logistical necessities which contrast from
street to street and city to city. A testing environment can be The paper gives a real time traffic monitoring and
developed under ideal conditions for testing and development management model to solve the problem of traffic congestion
of the model as well as addition of a manual override. in urban areas. The proposed model uses technologies like
IOT, RFID, cloud computing and other advanced technologies
to collect and analyse real time traffic data.

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II2202, Fall 2015, Period 1-2 2016-01-18

The proposed system can help reduce traffic jams and waiting Software and Networks (ICCSN), 2015 IEEE International
times at traffic lights and achieve traffic fluency. By entirely Conference on (pp. 282-286). IEEE.
automating the control of traffic lights by relying on the
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implemented in cities like New York [21]. There is huge scope Software Capabilities for Real-Time Processing.
in the field of intelligent traffic management system. The
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