Short Notes for Soil Mechanics & Foundation Engineering

Properties of Soils
Water content
W
 w  W 100
WS
WW = Weight of power
WS = Weight of solids

Void ratio
Vv
 e
Vs
Vv = Volume of voids
V = Total volume of soil

Degree of Saturation
V
 S  w  100
Vv
Vw = Volume of water
Vv = Volume of voids
0 ≤ S≤ 100
for perfectly dry soil : S = O
for Fully saturated soil : S = 100%

Air Content
Va
 ac   1  s Va = Volume of air
Vv
Sr + ac = 1
% Air Void
Volume of air V
%na  100  a 100
 Total volume V

Unit Weight
 Bulk unit weight
W Ws  Ww
 
V Vs  Vw  Va

 Dry Unit Weight

Ws
d 
V
o Dry unit weight is used as a measure of denseness of soil
 Saturated unit weight: It is the ratio of total weight of fully saturated soil sample to its total
volume.
Wsat
 sat 
V
 Submerged unit weight or Buoyant unit weight
  '   sat   w
 sat = unit wt. of saturated soil
 = unit wt. of water
 Unit wt. of solids:
Ws
s 
Vs
Specific Gravity
True/Absolute Special Gravity, G
 Specific gravity of soil solids (G) is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of solids to the
weight of an equivalent volume of water at 4℃.
Ws 
G  s
Vs . w  w

 Apparent or mass specific gravity (Gm):

W  or  d or  sat
Gm  
V . w w
where,  is bulk unit wt. of soil
 =  sat for saturated soil mass
 =  d for dry soil mass
Gm < G

Relative density (ID)

 To compare degree of denseness of two soils.
1
I D Shear strength
Compressibility
e e
% I D  max 100
emax  emin
1 1
-
 d
% I D  d min 100
1 1
-
 d min  d max

Relative Compaction
 Indicate: Degree of denseness of cohesive + cohesionless soil
D
Rc 
D max

Relative Density
 Indicate: Degree of denseness of natural cohesionless soil
Some Important Relationships
 Relation between  d , 

d 
1 w
V W
(ii) Vs  (iii) Ws 
1 e 1 w
  Relation between e and n
e n
n or e
1 e 1 n
 Relation between e, w, G and S:
Se = w. G
 Bulk unit weight ( ) in terms of G, e, w and  w  , G, e, Sr,  w
(G  eS r ) w

1 e
G (1  w)
 w {Srxe = wG}
(1  e)
 Saturated unit weight ( sat.) in terms of G, e &  w
G  e 
Sr = 1  sat   . w
 1  e 
 Dry unit weight ( d ) in terms of G, e and  w
G w G w (1   a )G w
Sr = 0  d   
1 e 1 wG 1  wG
S
 Submerged unit weight ( ') in terms of G, e and  w
 G 1 
   sat   w   '    . w
 1 e 
 Relation between degree of saturation (s) w and G
W
S
w 1
(1  W ) 
 G

 Calibration of Hydrometer

 Effective depth is calculated as

1 V 
H e  H1   h  H 
2  Aj 
where, H1 = distance (cm) between any hydrometer reading and neck.
h = length of hydrometer bulb
VH = volume of hydrometer bulb
Plasticity Index (Ip):
 It is the range of moisture content over which a soil exhibits plasticity.
Ip = WL - Wp
WL = water content at LL
Wp = water content at PL

Ip (%) Soil Description

0 Non plastic
1 to 5 Slight plastic
5 to 10 Low plastic
10 to 20 Medium plastic
20 to 40 Highly plastic
> 40 Very highly plastic

Relative Consistency or Consistency – index (Ic):

W  WN
IC  L
Ip
 For WN WL  I C  0 

For WN WP  I C  1 

Liquidity Index (IL)

WN  WP
IL 
IP
For a soil in plastic state IL varies from 0 to 1.

Consist. Description IC IL
Liquid Liquid <0 >1
Plastic Very soft 0-0.25 0.75-1.00
soft 0.25-0.5 0.50-0.75
medium 0.50-0.75 0.25-0.50
stiff 0.75-1.00 0.0-0.25
stiff
Semi- Very stiff
solid OR Hard >1 <0

Solid Hard OR
very hard >1 <0

Flow Index (If)

W1  W2
If 
log10( N 2 / N1 )

Toughness Index (It)

IP
IT 
IF
 For most of the soils: 0 < IT < 3
  When IT < 1, the soil is friable (easily crushed) at the plastic limit.

 Shrinkage Ratio (SR)

V1  V2
100
Vd
SR 
w1  w2
V1 = Volume of soil mass at water content w1%.
V2 = volume of soil mass at water content w2%.
Vd = volume of dry soil mass
 V1  Vd 
  100 
 SR   
Vd
(W1  Ws )
If w1 & w2 are expressed as ratio,
(V1  V2 ) / Vd (V  V ) /  w
SR  But , w1  w2  1 2
W1  W2 Ws
W 1 d
 SR  s . 
Vd  w  w

Properties Relations Governing

hip Parameters
Plasticity ∝ Plasticity Index
Better ∝ Consistency
Foundation Index
Material upon
Remoulding
Compressibility ∝ Liquid Limit
Rate of loss in ∝ Flow Index
shear strength
with increase in
water content
Strength of ∝ Toughness
Plastic Limit Index

Compaction of Soil

Optimum moisture content


( d )max imum 
1  woptimum
( d )max imum = Maximum dry density
 = Density of soil
woptimum = Optimum moisture content
Comparison of Standard & Modified Proctor Test
Inference

G w
 d  for, rd max' S = 1, ha = 0 correspond to 100% saturation or zero air void line.
wG
1
S
(a  na )G w
d 
 1  wG
 Ratio of total energy given in heavy compaction test to that given in light compaction test
4.9  g  (5  25)  450
  4.5
2.6  g  (3  25)  310
Compaction Equipments

Type of Suitability Nature of

Equipment for soil type project

1. Rammers or All soils In confined

Tampers areas such as
fills behind
retaining
walls,
basement
walls etc.
Trench fills.

Road
construction

Smooth
2. wheeled Crushed
rocks,
rollers Base, sub-
gravels
base and
sands
embankment
Pneumatic Sand, compaction
tyred rollers gravels silts, for highways,
3. clayey soils air fields etc.
Earth dams.

Core of earth
dams.

Embankment
for oil storage
Clayey soils
tanks etc.
 Sheep foot Sands
Rollers
4.
Vibratory
Rollers
5.

Compaction Tests

Standard proctor test Modified proctor test

(Light compaction (Heavy compaction

test) test)

 Volume of mould  Volume of mould

942cc 942 cc
 No. of layers -3  No. of layers -5
 No. of blows per  No. of blows per
layer - 25 layer -25
 Height of free fall -  Height of free fall -
304.8 mm (12 457.2 mm (18
inches) inches)
 Wt. of hammer -  Wt. of hammer -
2.495 kg (5.5 /b) 4.54 kg (10 /b)

Indian standard light Indian standard heavy

compaction compaction

V – Volume of mould  Volume of mould

1000 cc 1000 cc

H – Height of free fall  Height of free fall

310 mm 450 mm

W – Wt. of hammer  Wt. of hammer 4.9

2.6 kg kg

N – No. of layers 3  No. of layers 5

N – Blows per layer 25  Blows per layer 25

Stress Distribution in The Soil

Boussinesq's Theory
Vertical stress at point 'P'. ( Z )
 5/2
 
3Q  1 
 Z    where, Q = Point load in newton
2 z 2  r 2 
1
 z 2 

Q
 Z  kB .
 z2
5/2
 
3  1 
kB =   
2  r 2 
1 2
 z 
3
kB |max   0.4775
2
 ' Z ' below the point load at depth z,
Q
 z  0.4775.
Z2

Westergaard's Theory
3/2
 
Q  1 
z  2  
 z  2r 2 
1 2
  z 
Q
 z  kW .
 Z2


kw |max  0.3183

Boussinesq's Result
Q
 z |max  0.0888
 r2

Q2
 z |max  0.1332
 22

Westergaard's Results
 Vertical Stresss due to Live Loads
2
 
2q '  1 
z   
z  X2 
1 2
 z 
where,  z = Vertical stress of any point having coordinate (x, z)

 Vertical Stress due to Strip Loading

2q  X sin 2  
z    
 B 2 
where,  z = Vertical stress at point 'p'

q
Z  [   sin  ]
 

 Vertical stress below uniform load acting on a circular area.

 Z  q(1  cos3  )
z
where, cos  
r  z2
2

Newmark's Chart Method

 Influence of each area
1
= = 0.005
Total no. of sectoral area
 Z  0.005qN A where, NA = Total number of sectorial area of Newmark's chart.

Equivalent Load Method

 Z   Z1   Z2   Z3  ...

2
Q1 Q
where,  Z1 = k B1 2
 Z2 = kB2 . 22 ...
z z

Trapezoidal Method
q ( B  L)
  z at depth ' z ' 
( B  2 z )( L  2 z )
q ( B  L)
z 
 ( B  2 z )( L  2 z )
q ( B  L)
z 
 ( B  4 z )( L  4 z )

Shear Strength of Soil

Shear Strength
   max imum
 c   where,  max. = Angle between resultant stress and normal stress on
4 2
critical plane.
= Friction angle of soil = ∅
 
c  
4 2
↓
for clay ∅ = 0

c 
4
    tan    C    tan 
 (iii) , for C-∅ soil.

   C , for C-soil (clays).

 
 1   3 tan 2 (45  )  2C tan(45  ),
 2 2 for C-∅ soil.

  1   3 tan 2 (45  ) , for  -soil.
2

 1  2C , for C-soil.

Mohr Coulomb's Theory


  s  C '  n tan  '

C' = Effective cohesion

 n = Effective normal stress
and ∅' = Effective friction angle

Drained condition Effective stress

analysis and post
construction stability
is checked.

Undrained Total stress analysis

condition with and stability should be
positive pole water checked immediately
pressure after construction.

Undrained Effective stress

condition with analysis and long term
 negative pore stability should be
water pressure checked.

Direct Shear Test


  s  C '  n tan  '

Results of Direct Shear Test

 1   3   d
P
 ( d ) failure  ( 1   3 ) failure
A
   S  C   n tan 

  3 = Cell pressure or all-round confining pressure

  d = Deviator stress A = Area of failure
A (1 v )
A 0 where, A0 = Area of beginning
(1 L )
∈v = Volumetric strain
v  0 forU  U  test
where, V = Volume of water escaped out
V
v  forC  Dtest
V

V D 2 L = Initial Volume
4
∈ = Axial strain

Unconfined Compression Test

 qu  ( 1 ) f where, qu = unconfined compressive strength.
Here,  3 =0
 
 ( 1 ) f  2C tan  45  , forC   soil
 2
 ( 1 ) f  2C , forC  soil.
q
   S  C  u , for clay's or c-soil.
2
  For clays as sand/coarse grained soil/can't sland in equipment with no lateral pressure.
 Used to rapidly assess clay consistency in field.
 To get sensitivity values of clay.

Vane Shear Test

Lab Size Field Size

Height of 20 mm 10 to 20 cm
vane (H)

Dia of vane 12 mm 5 to 10 cm
(D)

Thickness of 0.5 to 0.1 mm 2 to 3 cm

vane (t)

Shear Strength
T
S  
H D
 D2   
 2 6
When top and bottom of vanes both take part in shearing.
T
 S  
H D
 D2   
 2 12 

When only bottom of vanes take part in shearing.

(qu )undisturbed
 St 
(qu ) remolded
where sf = Sensitivity

Pore Pressure Parameter

U c U c
B 

 c  3
o 0≤B≤1
o B = 0, for dry soil.
o B = 1, for saturated soil.

A  A.B where A = Pore pressure parameter

U d
 A
 d

U d = Change in pore pressure due to deviator stress.

 d = Change in deviator stress
U = Change in pore pressure
 U  U c  U d
U  B[ 3  A(1   3 )]

Deep Foundation

Bearing capacity of piles

 Analytical Method
Qup  Qeb  Qsf
Qup  qb Ab  qs As
Qup = Ultimate load on pile
Qeb = End bearing capacity
Qsf = Skin friction
qb = End bearing resistance of unit area.
qs = Skin friction resistance of unit area.
Ab = Braking area
As = Surface area

 qb 9C ,C = Unit Cohesion at base of pile for clays

 qS   C ,  = Adhesion factor
  C = Ca = Unit adhesion between pile and soil.
 C = Average Cohesion over depth of pile.
Qup
 Qsafe  where, Fs = Factor of safety.
Fs
Qeb Qsf
Qsafe  

F1 F2

Dynamic Approach
 Engineering News Records Formula
WH
Qup 
S C
Q WH
Qap  up 
6 (S  C )
Qup = Ultimate load on pile
Qap = Allowable load on pile
W = Weight of hammer in kg.
H = Height of fall of hammer in cm.
S = Final set (Average penetration of pile per blow of hammer for last five blows in cm)
C = Constant
= 2.5 cm → for drop hammer
= 0.25 cm → for steam hammer (single acting or double acting)

 Hiley Formula (I.S. Formula)

h .b .WH
Qap 
C
S
2
 Qup
Qap 
Fs
Fs = Factor of safety = 3
 h = Efficiency of hammer
b = Efficiency of blow.
h  0.75to0.85 for single acting steam hammer
h  0.75to0.80 for double acting steam hammer
h  1 for drop hammer.
Energy of hammer after impact
b 
Energy of hammer just before impact
W  e2 P
b  when w > e.p
W P
2
 W  e2 P   W  e2 P 
b     .. when w < e.p
 W P   W P 
w = Weight of hammer in kg.
p = Weight of pile + pile cap
e = Coefficient of restitutions
= 0.25 for wooden pile and cast iron hammer
= 0.4 for concrete pile and cast iron hammer
= 0.55 for steel piles and cast iron hammer
S = Final set or penetrations per blow
C = Total elastic compression of pile, pile cap and soil
H = Height of fall of hammer.

Under-Reamed Pile
An 'under-reamed' pile is one with an enlarged base or a bulb;

As1   bL1 qs1   C

  < 1.
As2   bu L2 qs2   C
 =1
.
Qup  qb Ab  qs1 As1  qs2 As2
  For Cohesive soil
Qnf  Perimeter.L1 C for Cohesive soil.
Qnf = Total negative skin frictions
Qup  Qnf
Fs  where, Fs = Factor of safety.
Applied load

 For cohesion less soils

1
Qnf = P x force per unit surface length of pile  P  K  Dn2 .tan 
2
1
Qnf PDn2 K .tan  . (friction force = μH)
2
where  = unit weight of soil.

Group Action of Pile

 Group Efficiency (  g )
Qug
g 
n.Qup
o For sandy soil →  g >1
 
o For clay soil → g <1 and g >1
o Minimum number of pile for group = 3.
o Qug  qb Ab  qs As where qb = 9C for clays
A  B 2 qs  C
o b As =4 B.L
 For Square Group

 Qug   .Qup
Qug
 Qug  where, Qug = Allowable load on pile group.
FOS
Sg
 Sr 
Si
 When Piles are Embended on a Uniform Clay
Cc H 0     
S g  H  log10  0  and
1  e0  0 
Q
0 
( B  z )2

 In case of Sand
 4 B  2.7 
2
Sg
Sr    where, B = Size of pile group in meter.
Si  B  3.6 
 Sheet Pile Walls

Sheet Pile Walls Embedded in Sands

d (H  d )
Pp .  Pa
 3 3 … without factor of safety.
Pp d (H  d )
  Pa …. with factor of safety.
Fos 3 3
1 1
Pp  k p d 2 Pp  k p ( H  d ) 2
 2 2

Sheet Pile Walls Embedded in Clays

 Active earth pressure at depth H.

Pp  q  2C
 Passive earth pressure at depth 'H'.
Pp  2C
 Resultant earth pressure of depth H. is
(Pp – Pa)
Pp  Pa  4c  q
 Resultant earth pressure at base i.e. at depth (H + d) is (Pp – Pa)
Pp  Pa  (4c  q)
 Resultant earth pressure of base i.e. of depth (H + d) is (Pp – Pa)
Pp  Pa  (4c  q)

Shallow Foundation & Bearing Capacity

Bearing Capacity
 The load carrying capacity of foundation soil or rock which enables it to bear and transmit
loads from a structure.
Gross Pressure Intensity
 It is the total pressure at the base of the footing due to the weight of the super structure,
self weight of the footing and weight of the earth fill.

Net safe bearing capacity

q
 qns  nu where qns = Net safe bearing capacity
Fs
Fs = Factor of safety

Safe bearing capacity

qs  qns   where, qs = Safe bearing capacity.

Method to determine bearing capacity

 Rankines Method (∅ - soil)

 
qu   D f tan 4  45   2

  2  or q   D  1  sin  
f  
 1  sin  
u

 Bells Theory (C - ∅)

 qu  CN c   D f N q where, Nc and Nq are bearing capacity factors.

Fellinious Method: (C-soil)

W .I r  CR
qult  qult  5.5C
b.I 0
Prandtl Method: (C - ∅)
1
qu  CN c   D f N q   BN  For strip footing
2
For C-soil N c  5.14, N q  1, N   0

Terzaghi Method (C - ∅)
 For strip footing
1
qu  CN c   D f N q   BN
2
 For square footing
qu  1.3CN c   D f N q  0.4 BN
 For rectangular footing
æ Bö
qu = çç1 + 0.3 ÷
÷CNC +
çè L÷
ø
1 æ 0.2B ÷
ö
g D f Nq + çç1- ÷
÷g BN g
2èç L ø
  For circular footing
qu  1.3CN c   D f N q  0.3 DN
Skemptons Method (c-soil)

qnu  CN c
Df
 If  0i.e. of the surface.
B
Then NC = 5 For strip footing
NC = 6.0 For square and circular footing.
where Df = Depth of foundation.
Df
 If 0   2.5
B
 D 
NC  5 1  0.2 f  , for strip footing
 B 
 Df 
NC  6 1  0.2  , For square and circular footing.
 B 
 B  Df 
NC  5 1  0.2  1  0.2  for rectangular footing
 L B 
Df
 if  2.5 NC =7.5
B
for strip footing
NC =9.0 for circular, square and rectangular footing.

Meyorhoff's Method → (C - ∅ soil)

1
qu  CN c .sc .d c .ic   D f N q .sq .d q .iq   BN s .d .i
2
Plate Load Test
quf Bf

qup Bp
quf  qup
 If plate load test carried at foundation level then
2
Sf  B ( B  0.3) 
 f p 
S p  B p ( B f  0.3) 
0.5
 
 1 
S f corrected  Sf  
1  D2 
 B 
 f 
2
Sf  B ( B  0.3) 
 f p 
S p  B p ( B f  0.3) 
 Sf Bf

Sp Bp
n 1
Sf B 
 f 
S p  B p 
Housels Approach
QP  mAp  nPp
Q f  mAf  nPf
QP = Allowable load on plate m and n are constant
P = Perimeter Ap = Area of plate
Af = Area of foundation

Standard Penetration Test

350
N1  N 0 and   280
(  70)
N1 = Overburden pressure correction
N0 = Observed value of S.P.T. number.
 = Effective overburden pressure at the level of test in kM/m2.
 For Saturated  fine sand and silt, when N1 > 15
1
N2  ( N1  15)  15
2
N2 = Dilatancy correction or water table correction.
N q  N related to N value using peck Henson curve or (code method)

Pecks Equation
qa net  0.44 NS  Cw kN / m 2
 Dw 
Cw  0.5 1 
 D  B 
 f 

Teng's Equations
 B  0.3 
2

qns  1.4( N  3)   SCwCD kN / m

2

 2B 
 D 
CW  0.5 1  w 
 B 
 D 
CD   1  f   2
 B 
Cw =Water table correction factor
Dw = Depth of water table below foundation level
B = Width of foundation
Cd =Depth correction factor
S = Permissible settlement in 'mm'.

I.S Code Method

  B  0.3 
2

qns  1.38( N  3)   SCw

 2B 
qns =Net safe bearing pressure in kN/m2
B = Width in meter.
S = Settlement in 'mm'.

I.S. Code Formula for Reft:

qns  0.88 NSCw
Cw : Same as of peck Henson.

Meyer-hoffs Equation
 qns  0.49 NSCwCd where, qns = Net safe bearing capacity in kN/m2.
B < 1.2 m
 Df  1  Dw 
Cd  1    2 Cw   1  
 B  2 B 
 B  0.3 
2

qns  0.32 N   .S .Cd .Cw

 2B 
B ≥ 1.2 m (where qns is in kN/m2.

Cone Penetrations Test

q 
C  1.5  c 
 0 
qc = Static cone resistance in kg/cm2
c = Compressibility coefficient
 0 = Initial effective over burden pressure in kg/cm2.
H0     
S  2.3 log10  0 
C  0 
where, 'S' = Settlement.
qns  3.6qs Rw B > 1.2 m.
where, qns = Net safe bearing pressure in kN/m2.
qns  2.7qc .Rw B < 1.2 m.
where, Rw = Water table correction factor.

Retaining Wall/Earth Pressure Theories

Earth Pressure at Rest

h 
 h  K0 . .z, K 0  , K0  ,
v 1 

 h = Earth pressure at rest

K0 = Coefficient of earth pressure at rest
μ = Poissons ratio of soil 0.4
K0 = 1 – sin ∅ → for ∅ soil.
where, ∅ = Angle of internal friction.
(K0 ) = ( K 0 ) normally consolidation OCR
over consolidation

where, OCR = Over Consolidation Ratio.

Active Earth Pressure

Length of
 Failure block
 
= Hcot  45  
 2

 H  0.2% of H for dense sand

H  0.5% of H for loose sand
H  0.4% of H for clay's
1  sin   
 ka  ka  tan 2  45  
1  sin   2
where ka = Coefficient of active earth pressure.

Passive Earth Pressure

Length of
 
 Failure block = Hcot  45  
 2
 H  0.2% of H for dense sand
H  15% of H for loss sand
1  sin  2 
 kP  or ka  tan  45  
1  sin   2
kP = Coefficient of passive earth pressure.

 K a .K P  1
 Pa  P0  PP
Pa = Active earth pressure.
P0 = Earth pressure at rest.
PP = Passive earth pressure.

Active Earth pressure by Rankine Theory

1 H
Pa  K a H 2
 2 acts at 3 from base.
where, Pa = Active earth pressure force on unit length of wall.
 1 1 H
Pa  K a ' H 2   w H 2
 2 2 acts at 3 from base
where  = Submerged unit weight of soil.

1  H 
Pa1  K a H12 --- acts of  H 2  1  from base  H1
2  3 
H 
Pa2  K a 1 H1 H 2 --- acts of  2  from base  H 2
 2 
1 H 
Pa3  K a ' H 22 --- acts at  2  from base  H 3
2  3 

1 H 
Pa4   w H 22 --- acts of  2  from base  H 4
2  3 

Active Earth Pressure for Cohesive Soil

  1 1
 K a  tan 2  45     where N  = Influence Factor.
 2 2   N
tan  45  
 2
 Active Earth Pressure of Any Depth z
Pa  ka z  2c ka
 Active Earth Pressure of Surface. i.e., at z = 0 Pa  2c ka
 At z  zc  Pa  O
2c  
Zc  tan  45  
  2

4c  
H c  tan  45  
  2
 When Tension Cracks are not Developed
1
Pa  ka H 2  2CH ka
2
 When Tension Cracks are Developed
1
Pa  (ka H  2C ka )( H  Z c )
2
1 2C 2
Pa  ka H  2CH ka 
2

2 
1  H  Zc 
or Pa  (ka ( H  Z c ) 2 acts at  
2  3 
Passive Earth Pressure for Cohesive Soil

 Passive Earth Pressure at any depth 'z',

1
Pp  k p Hz  2C k p
2
 Total Pp on Unit Length
1
Pp  k p H 2  2C k p H
2

Coulombs Wedge Theory

2
 sin(   ) 
 
ka   sin  
 sin(   ).sin(   ) 
 sin(   )  
 sin(   ) 
2
 sin(   ) 
 
kp   sin  
 sin(   ) sin(   ) 
 sin(   )  
 sin(   ) 

Special points:
  Retaining wall are designed for active earth P.
 Ranking theory
 Overstimate → Active earth pressure
Underestimates → Passive earth pressure

Stability Analysis of Slopes

Factor of safety w.r.t. shear strength (Fs)

C   tan 
 Fs 

 = Developed shear strength.
(C   tan  ) = Developed or mobilized shear stress
C = Effective cohesion
∅ = Effective friction
 = Effective normal stress
   Cm   tan m
Cm = Mobilized Cohesion
∅m = Mobilized Friction Angle
C tan 
Cm  and tan m 
Fs Fs
Factor of Safety w.r.t. Cohesion (fC)
Hc C
Fc  and Fc 
H Cm
Hc = Critical depth
H = Actual depth
4C  
Hc  tan  45  
  2

Stability Analysis of Infinite Slopes

 Cohesionless dry soil/dry sand
W   z cos 
W sin 
     Z sin  cos 
(b 1)
W cos 
n    n   Z cos 2 
(b 1)

 = Developed shear stress or mobilized shear stress

 n = Normal stress.
 tan  S C   n tan 
Fs where, Fs = Factor of safety against sliding  
tan   
 For safety of Slopes
 
↓
Fs  1

 Seepage taking place and water table is parallel to the slope in Cohesionless soil

 h = Height of water table above the failure surface.

     h   tan  '
Fs  1   w    
     z   tan 
 ' is effective friction angle
  avg. total unit weight of soil above the slip surface upto ground level.
 h  h
 11 2 2
h1  h2
 If water table is at ground level: i.e.,
 ' tan  1 tan 
h = z Fs  . Fs .
 Sat tan  2 tan 
 Infinite Slope of Purely Cohesive Soil
C Hc
Fs  Fc Fc 
 z sin  .cos  H
C C C
S   sin  .cos   
 Hc  Fc H  Fc z
S =Stability Number.
 C-∅ Soil in Infinite Slope
C tan 
Fs 
 H sin  .cos  tan 
 Taylor's stability no.
C
S   sin  .cos  (for cohesive soil)
 .H c
S  [tan   tan  ]cos2  (for C-∅ soils)

Stability Analysis of Finite Slopes

 Fellinious Method
 Cr 2
 F where, F = Factor of safety
we

Cr 2 1
F
 we

 Swedish Circle Method

Cr   w cos  .tan 
F
 w sin 

 Friction Circle Method

C tan  tan 
FC  F  
Cm tan  tan m

 Taylor's Stability Method (C-∅ soil)

C C
S  
 H c  FC H
'
w  . where ∅w = weight friction angle.
 Sat