Basis Stator Earth Fault Protection
Basis Stator Earth Fault Protection
Standard application
L1
L2
L3
Voltage without earth fault Voltages at the point of an earth fault at phase L1
UE = -UL1,E
M
M
UL1,E UL1,E = 0
Model:
IE/3 Equivalent voltage UE at the point of fault
L1
L2 IE =3 . IE/3 = 3 . UE/ZE
L3
ZE IE/3 ... earth fault current in one phase
~ ~ ~ IE
UE
ZE ... earth impedance at one phase
L1
UL3,E
L2
L3
IC 3
3U0 =3UE
IC,2
IC,3
3U0
IE = 1
= 3U0 . jωCE
jωCE
UL2,E
=
3 UE IE
ZE
Correlation from Earth fault Location
Displacement voltage UE (U0) and earth current IE (3I0) as a function of the fault
location of an earth fault in the machine winding.
UE ZE
UL1,E UL2,E
UL1,E UL2,E
UE
UE
UE
IE= 3
ZE
At faults close to the star-point the displacement voltage and the earth
currents become small
Generators Connected via an Unit Transformer
G G G
CG CL CTr UN
UEO ≈
3
CK
Example: 220 kV
CK = 10 nF UEO =
UR,prim Rprim UEO 3
CE. UN,G = 10.5 kV R=5Ω
üTr = 36.4
2
üTR
RPrim = R ⋅ = 735Ω
3
CG+CL+CTr neglected
⇒ UR,prim = 293V
UEO displacement voltage on the high voltage side
⇒ U
CK three phase coupling capacitance R,sek ≈ 24V
Rprim primary load resistor ⇒ 24V ⇒ 4.83% disturbance
üTr earthing transformer ratio 500V influence
Unit Connection with Neutral Transformer
This design is very often used outside Germany, mostly on small generators
R
UGen
ÜTR = UR
3
UR
G G G M
L1 L2 L3
Network
L1
L2
CE L3
IC + IR
Earthing
transformer 3U0
ICL2
IC
ICL1
Fault Currents - Direct Connection
G1
IMess
G2
IMess
Fault Currents - Direct Connection with Earthing Transformer
G1
IMeas
Earthing transformer
G2
Ohmic current
RB
IMeas
Earth Current Detection - Toroidal and Holmgreen Connection
• magnetic addition
IE of earth currents,
per phase
3
• principle is sensitive
I´E
Holmgreen
Holmgreen connection
L1 L2 L3 connection
(separate cores) (common
neutral return
connector
IE IE
3 per phase
L1 Sensitivity is
limited
L2
L3
3~ ∆I
Problem:
I´E Large CT ratio
leads to small
currents on the
secondary side
(IE = 3 I0)
Directional Stator Earth Fault Protection - Characteristic
Directional Stator Earth Fault Protection - Logic