HTML5 – NexTGen Web FAQ

(Frequently Asked Questions)

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Table of Contents
S# Question
1. What is WHATWG?
2. What is HTML5?
3. When to use DOCTYPE in XHTML?
4. Do all browsers support HTML5?
5. What is new in HTML5?
6 Why CSS1 to CSS3?
7. What is JavaScript?
8. What is a Single Page Application (SPA)?
9. Does HTML5 have any limitations?
10. Does HTML5 provide persistence?
11. Can HTML5 work with Audio and Video?
12. Are there elements in HTML 4 that are removed from HTML5?
13. Is the term HTML5 Video significant?
14. What happened to IE and HTML5?
15. What is the use of Autofocus in HTML5?
16. Does HTML5 have facility for creation of graphics?
17. Does HTML5 support adaptive streaming over HTTP?
18. What is Geolocation in HTML5?
19. What is a Wrapper Application?
20. Are there any new input type attributes in HTML5?
21. Is HTML5 supported in mobiles?
22. What are the tools available for creating HTML5 based mobile applications?
23. What are the issues of HTML5 in mobile devices?
24. Which scripting mistakes are frequently made by a developer?
25. Can we render a string value of a String object in bold?
26. Can we remove the underline of a hyperlink text?
27. Is there any difference between the id and class attributes?
28. How can one remove the blue border that surrounds the linked images?
29. Can there be multiple Submit buttons in a form?
30. Is it possible to keep a background image static when a page is scrolled?

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What is WHATWG?
The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) is an
emerging community of people involved in evolving the Web. Its efforts are focused
largely on the improvement and development of HTML and APIs required for Web
applications.

The WHATWG was set up in 2004 by individuals of the Mozilla Foundation, Apple,
and Opera Software, after conduction of a W3C workshop. Mozilla, Apple, and
Opera were concerned about W3C’s direction towards XHTML, lack of interest for
HTML and apparent neglect and disregard for the needs of real-world authors.
Hence, as a response, these organizations set out with an objective to address
these concerns and eventually gave rise to the Web Hypertext Application
Technology Working Group.

HTML5 is a cooperative project between the W3C and the Web Hypertext
Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG). W3C was busy working with
XHTML 2.0 and WHATWG was working with Web forms, new HTML features, and
applications. In 2006, the two groups decided to work together and develop a new
version of HTML.

What is HTML5?
HTML5 is a snapshot of HTML being developed by the WHATWG community and
also the W3C HTML Working Group.

HTML5 is a new version of HTML 4, XHTML1, and DOM Level 2 HTML that addresses
many of the issues related to these specifications. At the same time it enhances
(X)HTML to address Web applications more adequately. It defines a markup
language that can be written in both HTML and XML (XHTML) and also provides
many APIs that form the base of the Web architecture. Some of these APIs were
never acknowledged before and were known as ‘DOM Level 0’. Nevertheless, they
are very important for browser vendors to support existing Web content and also
for authors to develop Web applications.

The WHATWG is developing ‘HTML’, without bothering about version numbers.

Referring HTML5 in the context of the WHATWG usually just means ‘the latest work
on HTML’ and not necessarily a specific version.

HTML5 includes many features that Web browsers have supported for many years
but were never formally documented or standardized or were available only through
plug-in technologies such as Shockwave or Flash.

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When to use DOCTYPE in XHTML?

Generally, use of DOCTYPE in XHTML is not required. However, there are cases
when use of a DOCTYPE is considered reasonable:
1. The document is intended to be a multilingual document that may serve the
purpose of either HTML or XHTML, or both.
2. Entity references need to be declared for use within the document. However,
most browsers only read the internal subset and do not retrieve external
entities.
3. A custom DTD needs to be used for DTD-based validation.
Fundamentally, this is an XML issue, and is not specific to XHTML.

Do all browsers support HTML5?

Currently, no browsers have full HTML5 support as HTML5 has not yet been
introduced as the official standard.

However, the major browsers, such as Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Safari, Internet
Explorer, and so on, are trying to add new HTML5 features to the latest versions of
the browsers at varying rates.

Apple (Safari) and Google (Chrome) are the two most aggressive browsers adapting
HTML5 features, followed by Opera and Firefox. Recently, Microsoft previewed
HTML5 in the IE upgrade Internet Explorer 9.

Apple and Google are facing some opposition for launching HTML5 ‘showcase’ sites
demonstrating HTML5 functionality optimized for their individual browsers. As a
result, the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) is
keeping a running note of which features are supported in which browsers.

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What is new in HTML5?

Some of the new features introduced in HTML5 are as follows:
 The <canvas> element is used for 2D drawing.
 New content-specific elements, such as <article>, <nav>, <header>,
<footer>, <section>, and so on helps to structure the document.
 HTML 5 has local storage support.
 The <audio> and <video> elements is available for media playback.
 New form controls, such as calendar, date, time, e-mail, URL, search, and so
on have been provided by HTML5.
 The Web workers API is added to support background processes without
disturbing the main process. The common problems faced by Web
applications are slow performance when a large set of data is processed. This
is due to the fact that all the processes are executed in a single thread. Web
workers help to solve this problem.
 The Web Sockets API provides a continuous connection between a server and
a client by using a specific port. Thus, the Web applications become efficient
as the data can be easily exchanged between client and server without
reloading the page constantly.
 A Geolocation API for easier access to location specific data which is made
available by devices having GPS capabilities.
 Offline Web applications: In other words, HTML 5 allows Web applications to
be executed offline by storing the files and other resources required in
application cache. Web application data is saved locally using Web SQL
databases.
 New input types such as date, email, link, and so on that allow user agents
to make entering and validating values easier.

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Why CSS1 to CSS3?

Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) is a style sheet language used for informing the
browser how to present a document. It uses markup language for describing the
presentation semantics of a document. In other words, an HTML document defines
the content of the file whereas the CSS file defines how HTML elements are to be
displayed.

CSS is used to add style such as colors, fonts, and spacing to Web documents. CSS
consists of many levels and profiles. Every CSS version is updated by adding new
features. The CSS versions are listed as CSS 1, CSS 2, CSS 3, and CSS 4, where
each version is identified with a version number.

HTML was never projected to format the entire Web page, but only the individual
elements. The formatting requirement is addressed by CSS which allows the
developer to create a style once and use it throughout the whole site or selected
Web pages. CSS3 is the latest version of CSS.

CSS 3 is divided into multiple documents called ’modules’. Each of these modules
has new capabilities or extends the features present in CSS 2. Drafting of CSS 3
started when publication of the original CSS 2 recommendation was released. The
first CSS 3 drafts were released on, June 1999. CSS 3 extends variety of new ways
to create an impact with any designs, with quite a few important changes.

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What is JavaScript?
Web programming is divided into sections that reside on the client browser and that
which reside on the server. JavaScript is an interpreted language used to program
interactivity into client browser Web pages such as displaying popping a dialog box
or displaying a dynamic table of data. Several JavaScript libraries and APIs are
provided by third party vendors provide to ensure their functionality is supported
and implemented consistently across the different browsers.

JavaScript is a scripting language that allows you to build dynamic Web pages by
ensuring maximum user interactivity.

JavaScript language is an object-based language, which means that it provides

objects for specifying functionalities. In real life, an object is a visible entity such as
a car or a table. Every object has some characteristics and is capable of performing
certain actions.

Similarly, in a scripting language, an object has a unique identity, state, and

behavior. The identity of the object distinguishes it from the other objects of the
same type. The state of the object refers to its characteristics, whereas the
behavior of the object consists of its possible actions.

The first version of JavaScript was developed by Brendan Eich at Netscape in 1995
and was named JavaScript 1.0. Netscape Navigator 2.0 and Internet Explorer 3.0
supported JavaScript 1.0. Over the period, it gradually evolved with newer versions
where each version provided better features and functionalities as compared to
their previous versions.

What is a Single Page Application (SPA)?

A Single Page Application is a method of deploying Web code consisting of HTML,
CSS, and JavaScript into a tablet, desktop, or mobile browser. It is to ensure that
most of the elements and business logic runs properly on a local browser without
the need to request information from the server, as done by ‘normal’ Web pages.

With HTML5, the browser application can be made to look and behave just like a
native application. Most of the SPAs download all the client-side code on the first
request or use, and store it in a special area of the browser’s cache for later
requests. Communication to the server is made using JavaScript on an as-needed
basis, usually only for update-check purpose by using services.

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Does HTML5 have any limitations?

HTML5 technology is presented by using a browser app and has several features
and aspects which are not as optimized for user interaction as a native app. For
example, elements such as very long scrolling lists run slower in browsers even
with HTML5. The facility of accessing certain hardware such as cameras,
barometers, near field communication (NFC) chips and so on is not available at
present.

Also, the security of the locally-stored data is still not broadly accepted as being
fool-proof with HTML5. The interpreted JavaScript and rendered HTML and CSS
code provides a slower execution as compared to a compiled native app.

By trying different tactics with HTML5 deployment mixes such as SPA vs. server-fed
along with providing coverage by using wrapper, native, and hybrid apps helps to
improve HTML5 functionality.

Does HTML5 provide persistence?

HTML5 Web applications use Web Storage. It provides functionality for storage of
data on the client-side that is on user’s machine. This data can cater for both
temporary as well as permanent needs. Certain browsers also refer to it as 'DOM
Storage'. The advantage of such storage is that it offers more control than
traditional cookies, and is easy to work with.

Web storage was originally a part of the HTML5 specification, but now it is present
in a separate specification. It enables to store a maximum of 5 MB of information
per domain.

Local storage enables the user to save data for longer periods on the user’s
computer, through the browser. The data is persistent and can be retrieved when a
user revisits a site at a later date. In other words, local storage is used if you want
the data to be stored for more than a single session. A simple scenario would be to
count the number of times a person has visited a Web page.

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Can HTML5 work with Audio and Video?

Yes, HTML5 provides support for playing video and audio without using plug-in
specifications that were required by the previous HTML versions. It provides the
Web developers a direct method to call media without using third party plug-ins
such as Microsoft’s Silverlight or Adobe’s Flash Player. However, all HTML5 adapted
browsers do not support all types of video and/or audio types. It is the
responsibility of the developer to ensure proper functioning and coverage by
deploying and optimizing different types of video codec/containers. From the access
point of view, HTML5 yet does not support accessing the camera hardware of a
mobile device for still or video usage.

Are there elements in HTML 4 that are removed from HTML5?

Yes, but only few elements and these are not actually removed; they have been
marked as obsolete. The browser makers are at the liberty to continue support for
these elements in the new versions. The elements that have been marked as
obsolete in HTML5 are big, frame, center, frameset, strike, font, applet,
acronym, dir, and isindex.

Is the term HTML5 Video significant?

Not really. The term HTML5 video is mainly used to differentiate the method of
playing a video. That is, playing a video directly by a browser on encountering a
video element on a Web page, as opposed to the video being played by a third
party browser plugin by using an object or embed element. There is nothing
intrinsic about any video that makes it HTML5 oriented as opposed to Flash
oriented. The distinction is purely a matter of the way a Web page is coded to play
the video.

What happened to IE and HTML5?

Internet Explorer is a little late in implementing HTML5. There is no support for
HTML5 in IE8 or earlier versions. However, by including a JavaScript library such as
Modernizer or Google’s HTML5 shim allows IE 6, 7, and 8 to recognize the new
semantic level elements of HTML5 to style them using CSS. Support for HTML5 is
good in IE9 beta version which is available for Windows 7 and Vista. Unfortunately,
the Windows 7 mobile browser is largely built on the IE7 code base.

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What is the use of Autofocus in HTML5?

Earlier, Web developers were using JavaScript code to set the focus to the input
field on page load. The purpose was to force the focus over the input field, even if
the user selected some other element while page is still loading. As a result of the
JavaScript code, control moves to the input field upon completion of page load. This
way, regardless of what the user selected, the focus would always be on the input
field.

To provide an easier solution for this behavior, HTML5 has introduced autofocus
attribute for the form elements. The autofocus attribute will focus on the input field
on page load. However, depending upon the situation, it will not move the focus
away if the user has selected some other field. Only one element can be focused
with autofocus attribute on a particular page while loading.

Does HTML5 have facility for creation of graphics?

Yes, HTML5 provides the <canvas> element to draw much more than just
rectangles on Web sites - it can be used to dynamically draw graphics using
JavaScript. This improves the overall performance of Web sites and avoids the
requirement to download images from the sites. The <canvas> element is
represented like a rectangle on a page and allows the user to draw arcs, text,
shapes, gradients, and patterns. By using canvas, the user can draw many complex
shapes and also apply various effects and transformations.

The <canvas> in HTML5 is like the <div>, <table>, or <a> tag except that the
content used in it are rendered through JavaScript. The <canvas> element is
simple and easy to use with JavaScript. The <canvas> element does not contain
any drawing abilities; instead the drawing is done using a JavaScript code. To make
use of the <canvas> element, the user has to add the canvas tag on the HTML
page.

To draw a <canvas> element the user can use the context object. The context
object contains the drawing functions for a specific style of graphics. 2d
(Two-dimensional) context is used to work with two-dimensional operations. The
<canvas> element in DOM exposes the HTMLCanvasElement interface. This
interface provides the methods and properties for changing the presentation and
layout of canvas elements.

Does HTML5 support adaptive streaming over HTTP?

As per W3C, HTML5 has left it to the browsers to implement streaming. For
example, Safari provides an extension to handle streaming for the content specified
by the video element of HTML5.

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What is Geolocation in HTML5?

Geolocation in computing terminology determines the current location of the user
on devices. The location of a user is represented as a single point on a map. This
point comprises two components: latitude and longitude. The components can be
further used in the program to retrieve more information for the user, such as
businesses in the neighborhood or other users within the same coverage area.

The Geolocation API of HTML5 is a specification provided by W3C. It provides a

consistent way to develop location-aware Web applications. It provides a high-level
interface that can be used by developers to retrieve location information related to
the hosting devices. The interface hides the details, such as how the information is
gathered or which methods were used to retrieve the information. This helps the
developer to concentrate on geographic information rather than its processing
methods.

The object that holds the implementation of the Geolocation API is the Geolocation
Object. This object is used in JavaScript to retrieve programmatically the
geographic information about the devices. The browser processes the JavaScript
and returns the location to the Geolocation API. The Geolocation API is supported
on most of the modern browsers available on the desktop and mobile phones.

The location information can be retrieved using any of the properties of the position
object such as:

• coords.longitude
• coords.latitude
• coords.accuracy
• coords.altitude
• coords.altitudeAccuracy
• coords.speed
• coords.heading
• timestamp

What is a Wrapper Application?

Wrapper applications are native mobile applications wherein most of the interactive
functionality is handled by a Web page. The mobile Web page can be developed
using HTML5 or traditional, pre-HTML5 mobile Web technologies. Here, the
‘wrapper’ is native code usually sufficient to satisfy application store entry
requirements. Some companies create wrapper applications to reuse the existing
mobile Website and yet deploy native applications in the respective application
stores. This is to ensure coverage for discovery and an optimal user experience
(UX) design, and eventually to allow the potential consumers choose for
themselves.

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Are there any new input type attributes in HTML5?

Yes, HTML5 provides several new input type attributes. The input element is a data
field that allows the user to edit the data on the form. It has an attribute named
type which controls the data type and characteristics of the input element.

The new input types supported by HTML5 are listed in the following table that
specifies the kind of input expected from the users on the Web page.

Type Description
email Represents an e-mail input field.
search Represents a text field with no line breaks.
url Represents a text field to accept Web addresses.
tel Represents a text field to accept telephone
numbers.
number Represents a numeric value in the input field.
range Represents a numeric value to be selected from
a range of numbers.
date Represents a calendar.

week Represents date in year-week format.

month Represents a value with year-month format.
time Represents a value in hours and minutes format.
datetime Represents a full date and time input field with a
time zone.
datetime- Represents a full date and time with no time
local zone.
color Represents a predefined interface for selecting
color.

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Is HTML5 supported in mobiles?

Yes, HTML5 provides richer Web applications to the mobile device users with
improved usability. The new features of HTML5 help to standardize the technologies
commonly used in smartphone-optimized mobile Web applications.

Today, in the Mobile World of WML, XHTML-MP, or HTML 4 documents, these

features are implemented using proprietary device and browser APIs. HTML5
provides advanced Web application features in all mobile browsers that support the
markup language. It uses and displays the same standard syntax and behavior. The
research by the firm Strategy Analytics in December 2011 forecasts the sales of
HTML5 compatible phones to reach 1 billion in 2013.

Offline support allows mobile browsers to cache static pages. Browsers depend
more on HTTP response headers sent by Web servers for fetching HTML, CSS, and
multimedia that is required to render the Web page. If all the required data to
render a page is cached, then a page loads quickly. However, if even one item does
not get cached then everything slows down dramatically.

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What are the tools available for creating HTML5 based mobile
applications?
With development of HTML5 and mobile Web development, new frameworks and
tools have come up to provide a more comprehensive and consistent HTML5
support in mobile browsers. Some HTML5 mobile Web frameworks are as follows:

 jQuery Mobile: It is a cohesive user interface system for all the popular and
commonly used mobile device platforms, built on jQuery and jQuery UI.

 Sencha Touch: It is the first HTML5 framework that allows building Web
applications that are user friendly for mobile devices. It provides a
comprehensive UI widget library, extensive data package, and a complete
touch event management with CSS transitions.

 ViziApps: It is a mobile application development platform supporting creation

of hybrid apps and HTML5 Web apps for Android phones, iPads, iPhones, and
Android tablets without having to code. Developers can use a drag-and-drop
approach for designing mobile apps with and access data by using Google
spreadsheets, SQL databases, Web services, SQL, and so on. Also, custom
JavaScript can be used to include 3rd party libraries.

 SproutCore: It is an open source HTML5/JavaScript used for creating mobile

and Web apps. By using PhoneGap, the SproutCore applications can be bundled
into native apps that can run on Blackberry, iOS, and Android platforms.

 M-Project: It is an HTML5/JavaScript framework targeting Android, iOS,

WebOS, and BlackBerry platforms. It uses jQuery on JavaScript and contains
all core files and UI features such as internationalization, offline support, and so
on.

 jQTouch: It is a jQuery plugin for mobile Web development on the iPod Touch,
iPhone, Android 2.3+, and other devices. This framework is more inclined
towards CSS and less on JavaScript.

 Jo: It is a JavaScript framework for HTML5 enabled browsers and devices. It

was originally developed to be used on mobile platforms as a light weight data
layer and GUI on top of PhoneGap. However, it has been successfully tested as
a lightweight framework for newer desktop browsers, mobile browsers, and
even dashboard widgets.

 DHTMLX Touch: It is an HTML5/JavaScript library for developing mobile Web

applications. It is not only provides UI widgets, but a complete framework for
creating attractive, cross-platform Web apps for mobile and touch-screen
devices. This framework is compatible with all the major mobile Web browsers.
DHTMLX Touch applications run smoothly on iPhone, iPad, Android-based
smartphones, and other commonly used devices.

 Worklight: It is a mobile application platform that allows developing hybrid,

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HTML5, and native mobile applications. The Worklight Studio IDE provides
mobile developers with full use of all existing HTML5 functionality as well as
enhancement of these features with utilities required by modern organizations
such as offline authentication, data encryption, third party library integration
with frameworks such as Sencha Touch, JQuery, and so on, and combined
HTML5 and native coding.

 MobileNationHQ: It is a Web based tool using a visual programming

methodology to allow creation of HTML5 mobile applications for android and
iOS. It also supports custom JavaScript integration.

 Google Web Toolkit: It is a Web app framework used for developing HTML5-
based mobile apps in Java in combination with mobile widget libraries such as
m-gwt.

 KonyOne: It is a multi-channel mobile application development platform from

Kony Solutions supporting all browsers including HTML5 across channels such
as phone, kiosks, tablets, and desktops.

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What are the issues of HTML5 in mobile devices?

Yes, HTML5 faced several issues with the earlier versions of the major popular
devices as follows:

 With iPhones and iPads

Apple's operating system iOS 3.2 powering iPod Touches, iPhones, and iPads
has several issues with HTML5 video as follows:

 If a poster attribute is included, iOS does not recognize the video. The
poster attribute of the <video> element helps to display a custom image
while the video is loading or till the user presses ‘play’. This problem has
been resolved in iOS 4.0.

 When there are multiple source elements, iOS recognizes only the first one.
Since iOS devices support only H.264+AAC+MP4, it means MP4 has to be the
first. This problem has also been resolved in iOS 4.0.

 With Android phones

Versions before 2.3 of Google’s operating system Android powering different

mobile and handheld devices had several issues with HTML5 video:

 Android faced a lot of confusion in resolving the type attribute on source

elements. The only way to make it recognize a video source was to
altogether omit the type attributer and ensure that the name of the
H.264+AAC+MP4 video file ends with an .mp4 extension. One can still use
the type attribute on other video sources, Android 2.2 only supports H.264.
This issue is resolved in Android 2.3.

 It did not support the controls attribute. Though, there were no issues in
including it, but Android did not display any user interface controls for a
video. It was required to provide your own user interface controls. At a most,
one could provide a script that started playing the video when clicked. This
issue is also resolved in Android 2.3.

 The video element did not load the video source when transferred over
HTTPS. This issue was resolved in Android 3.1.

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Which scripting mistakes are frequently made by a developer?

Some of the scripting mistakes frequently made by the developer include missing or
mismatched quotation marks and curly brackets, wrong use of ‘=’ (assign) and ‘==’
comparison operators, incorrect nesting of if-else statements, and infinite loops that
halts the functioning of the browser.

Can we render a string value of a String object in bold?

Yes, you can display a string value in bold by using the bold() method of the
String object. The following code demonstrates how to make a value of a String
object bold:

var studName = new String(“Welcome to our Institute”);

document.write(name.bold());

Can we remove the underline of a hyperlink text?

Yes, you can remove the underline of the hyperlinked text by using the text-
decoration property of CSS. The following code demonstrates how to remove the
underline:

<A HREF=”Welcome.htm” STYLE=”text-decoration: none”> Welcome </A>

Is there any difference between the id and class attributes?

The id attribute applies the specified style only to a single occurrence of an
element, whereas the class attribute applies styles to all those elements that have
this attribute set to a specified value.

How can one remove the blue border that surrounds the linked
images?
The blue border surrounding the linked image can be removed by using the border
shorthand property. The following code demonstrates how to remove the blue
border:

<A href=”sample.jpg”><IMG src=”demo.jpg” style=”border:none”></A>

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Can there be multiple Submit buttons in a form?

Yes, one can provide multiple Submit buttons in a single form. Forms having
multiple Submit buttons are identified by the values assigned to name and/or value
attributes of the INPUT element. The following code demonstrates how to use two
Submit buttons for two different purposes on a form:

<INPUT id=”play” type=”submit” value=”Play” />

<INPUT id=”stop” type=”submit” value=”Stop” />

Is it possible to keep a background image static when a page is

scrolled?
Yes, one can specify a background image such that it does not move when the user
scrolls the page. The following code demonstrates how to specify such a
background image in such a manner:

body
{
background-attachment: fixed;
background-image: url(“nature.jpg”);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
}

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