PTW V7.0 Tutorial
PTW V7.0 Tutorial
PTW V7.0 Tutorial
for Windows ™
Tutorial
Electrical Engineering Analysis
Software for Windows
Power*Tools Tutorial
This tutorial describes the basic concepts required to operate PTW efficiently and provides
step-by-step instructions to create a power system model. There are 8 sections in the
tutorial and each section will require approximately 15 minutes to complete. You must
complete Part 1 first, but the remaining parts can follow in any order.
Table of Contents
Important Concepts.....................................................................................................5
Important Concepts
Project Files
All project related information is stored in a separate folder created for each project. The folder
is created automatically when you start a new project in PTW. All the one-line diagrams, report
files and project data files for each project are stored in the project folder.
Database
One of the most important concepts in PTW is that the database stores all of the
project information. An individual component may be displayed on any number of
one-line diagrams and TCC drawings, but it is a single entity in the database. You can
add components to the project database from a TCC drawing, a one-line diagram or the
Component Editor.
One-Lines TCCs
Project
Database
Harmonics Stability
Impedance
Bus
Impedance
Bus
Impedance
Bus
Impedance
Invalid Valid
7
0 In order to connect any two buses, you must use at least one impedance device. This
means that you cannot connect two buses with only a protective device (such as a fuse or
circuit breaker). Once you have an impedance device in the connection, though, you may
insert multiple protective devices into the connection.
No
No Impedance
(Breaker
Impedance
No and Relay)
(Relay)
Impedance
(Relay) Impedance Impedance
(Cable) (Cable)
Invalid Valid Valid
0 To simulate a tie breaker, you must use an impedance device such as a cable or a
pi equivalent impedance component. The pi equivalent usually works best:
Pi impedance
Component Editor; One-lines; TCC Drawings; Reports; Data Visualizer; and Libraries.
If you want to navigate to a different document that is already open, use the Window
menu to display a list of open documents. If you become out-of-step with the tutorial, use
these options to navigate back to the correct document.
The Window Menu lists the documents that are presently open and has a check mark next
to the document that is in focus (on top). The menu options in PTW will vary depending on
which type of document is in focus. It is important to know how to switch between open
documents in PTW to use the program efficiently.
9
Go-To Navigation
The Go-To navigation feature allows you to navigate through PTW by passing selected
components from one document to another automatically. For example, if you are on a
one-line diagram, you can select a group of components and use the Go-To-TCC function
to display the selected components on a Time Current Coordination drawing. Similarly,
you can use the Go-to-Component Editor function to display the selected components you
wish to edit in the Component Editor. In general, the Go-To option opens the selected
document (One-line, TCC, TMS Setup, Library, Arc Flash table) and transfers information
automatically.
Go to Component Editor
Go-To functions are available from the Windows menu or Right Mouse Click menu.
LVDist B
480 V
B-M1
nl 2 SQUARE D
GE KC CAP1
TFK 225A
225A Sensor/Trip 150.0 A
Sensor/Trip 150.0 A Settings
Settings Thermal Curve (Fixed)
Thermal Curve (Fixed) INST (5-10 x Trip) 8.43
INST (LO-HI x Trip) HI
Fdr2
M1
Size 1
RatedSize 100.00 hp
1/Phase
Load Factor 1.00
Type THWN
X"d 0.1700 pu
Length 100.0 ft
Panel-2
480 V Panel-3
480 V
More specifically, any change to the input data or output results are written to the
project database and updated instantly in the datablock display.
Link Tags
Link Tags allow users to dynamically link from a location on a one-line diagram to
another location on the same one-line diagram or to a different one-line diagram. User can
now also dynamically link from the one-line diagram to other document types in PTW
(TCC, *.rpt files) and outside of PTW(*.pdf, *.bmp, *.etc).
When the user clicks on the “See Drawing B2” “B2 Drawing”, this drawing shows the load
link tag, the B2 drawing will then open up. connected downstream of bus “B2”.
13
Output Forms
Output forms allow you to customize the format of your printed TCC drawings, One-
line diagrams and other output plots and graphs. A sample output form that includes a
TCC drawing, one-line diagram, title block and company logo follows:
Reports
In addition to graphical output, there are three types of output reports: study text reports,
enhanced text reports, datablock reports and Crystal reports. Study reports (*.RPT) are
fixed-format reports that are generated automatically when the studies are completed.
Enhanced Text Report (*.RP2) allows for image insertion along with enhanced text and
picture editing and formatting. Datablock reports and Crystal reports are both generated
from data stored in the project database. Datablock reports provide a quick way to generate
a custom list of data. Crystal reports provide custom formatting capabilities for the
experienced user.
Datablock Report showing selected load flow results from project database
15
Crystal Report format showing selected load flow results from project database
If you change the length of a cable in one of the scenarios, the change is stored only in
the scenario and highlighted in a different color
Values changed in a
scenario so that they
don’t match the base
project are color-
coded in light red.
Data Visualizer
The Data Visualizer is similar to a datablock report; however the fields displayed have a
direct 2-way link to the project database. Changes made to any data field displayed in the
Visualizer are updated in the project database.
The Data Visualizer can be used to make global changes to project data. By selecting a
group of cells and using the Visualizer>Global Change menu, you can replace or
scale values in the selected cells. This case for example will reduce the length of the
selected cables by 10% in Scenario 1.
To control the list of components displayed in the Data Visualizer, you can select
components from the list, or run a query. The attributes displayed in the Visualizer are
selected in the Datablock format specification.
19
Build a System
PTW provides two building tools you use to create Projects: the One-Line Diagram,
which you use to build the electrical system, and the Component Editor, which you use to
enter component data. Both tools appear automatically when you begin a new Project.
23 In the Project Name box type Tutorial_V65, as shown in Fig. 3, then click the Save
button. (You don’t have to add the prj extension because PTW will do it for you.)
PTW will create a new folder called Tutorial_V65and place the Tutorial_V65.prj
project file within that folder. Every project in PTW has its own folder because PTW
stores other project-related files, such as One-Line Diagrams and data files, in the
folder with the prj file.
26 The dashed lines are page guides that show where the page breaks will fall if
the One-Line Diagram is printed in tiled mode.
Drag the corners of the One-Line Diagram to increase its size until it covers nearly the
entire screen, as shown in Fig. 4. (You can also use the Maximize button, but we
discourage doing so when you’re just beginning because you cannot flip to the
Component Editor or other windows as easily.)
Fig. 4. Enlarge the One-Line Diagram window by dragging its borders, not by using
the Maximize button.
Fig. 5. Click one of the toolbar buttons to add a Fig. 6. Pause over a button
component to the Project. for a fast tip.
23 Let’s start by adding a bus to the One-Line Diagram. Click the bus toolbar button.
The mouse pointer picks up a new bus component. Move the mouse pointer over the
white viewport area of the One-Line Diagram and click the left mouse button again.
The mouse pointer puts down, or places, the bus component, as shown in Figure 7. A
bus name is automatically assigned (changing names is easy, as we will demonstrate
shortly).
Note: When adding components to a One-Line Diagram, the mouse button uses “push-
pin” behavior, not “drag-and-drop” behavior. Push- pin behavior allows your first click
to pick up the component and your second click to place the component, while drag-and-
drop behavior would require that you hold the mouse button down until placing the
component. This special "push pin" behavior makes component placement easier. Once
the component is on the one-line, the drag and drop behavior is used.
23 Add two more bus symbols using the same process. Separate the bus symbols by a
reasonable distance to leave room for components in between, as shown in Fig. 8. An
option alignment grid can be displayed from the One-line>Grid menu.
Tip: Just because a component has been placed on the one-line, its placement is not
permanent. At any time, you can move a component by clicking and dragging the
component. Also, if you ever click the wrong component button, you can get rid of the
component by placing the component on the One-Line Diagram, then clicking the
Component>Destroy command to delete the component. Don’t worry about the
message warning you that you’re about to delete from the project database—this is just
to make sure you really want to delete the component.
and dropping it on
the drawing. Connect the Utility component to BUS-0001 by dropping the connection
point on top of BUS-0001 while moving the Utility symbol or by dragging the connection
point to the bus. If the Utility is not connected, the connection point will be an open circle
and the cursor will appear as when over the Utility connection point. Don’t be
concerned if your symbols are a little different than the ones shown in the Tutorial. Custom
symbols can be added to the symbol library and each installation of PTW can specify a
different set of default symbols. Symbols can also be changed after they have been added
to the one-line. Selecting different symbols will be covered under a later section of the
tutorial.
Fig. 9. Drop the component connection point over the bus and the component will
automatically connect to the bus.
27
23 Next, repeat the process and add a new transformer between BUS-0002 and BUS-
0003, a new Cable off BUS-0003, and a new load attached to CBL-0001 as shown.
The new transformer, new cable and new load icons are highlighted as follows:
Fig. 13. Rotate the Utility Symbol and the Utility Bus 90 Degrees.
29
13. Move the rotated symbols until they appear as shown in Fig. 14.
When the one-line diagram is complete, save the one-line Diagram by clicking the Save
toolbar button (or click the Document>Save command), then type “Maindraw” as the
name for the one-line Diagram. For this tutorial, use the default name 1line001.drw. It is a
good idea to save the one-line diagram from time to time to avoid losing the one-line
formatting changes in case of a power outage or system error.
23 In the File name box, type in “UTILITY SIDE” as shown below and click on
the “New” button.
31
16. A new one-line Diagram will appear with “Utilit y” as the name.
This will copy the currently selected symbols to the Windows clipboard.
23 Now, make the “UTILITY SIDE.drw” one-line diagr am active and click on
the Edit>Paste command.
33
23 This will paste a copy of the “BUS-0001”, “UTIL -0001”, “XF2-0001”, and “BUS-
0001” symbols from the windows clipboard into the “ UTILITY SIDE.drw” one-
line diagram.
When the one-line diagram is complete, save the one-line Diagram by clicking the
Save toolbar button (or click the Document>Save command).
Notice that what we have done is copy a visual representation of the components
“BUS-0001”, “UTIL-0001”, “XF2-0001”, and “BUS-0001” from one single-line
drawing to another single-line drawing. Any changes in the visual representation from
a single-line, such as symbol ration or change of symbol will only be in affect for that
single-line drawing. However, any database changes from a single line on a particular
component, such as size of the utility or size of the transformer will be reflected in the
database and therefore for both single-line drawings.
24 Make active single-line diagram “UTILITY SIDE. drw”. With the “UTILITY SIDE.drw”
open, click on the One-line>Link>New Link command as shown below.
Link To Type
Specify the type of document to link to.
One-Line File
In this box, specify the one-line to dynamically link to.
Component (Optional)
In this box, specify the component in the one-line to zoom in to.
Text
In this box, users can provide their description for the link tags.
Attributes Button
Use this button to change the attributes of the link box.
37
23 For the “One-line File” field, specify “BUS-000 2.drw”. To do this, click on the
“...” button as shown below.
On the window that comes up, select “BUS-0002.drw” and then click on the
“Open” button as show below.
26. Now click on the “…” button for the “Component” field as shown below,
39
The “Find Component” window will come up. Select “ BUS-0003” and then click
on the “OK” button as shown below.
The “Textblock” attribute window will come up. In the textblock field, type in ‘To
"BUS-0002.DRW" drawing.’. Next, check the “Visibl e” checkbox for the leader.
Also, select “Bottom center” for the origin and “Cl osed arrow” for the type. Click
on the “OK” button. Then click on the “OK” button of the “Link” window.
41
28. The “UTILITY SIDE.DRW” window should now look l ike the one below.
Notice that the one-line will now have a tag with “ To Bus-0002.Drw drawing” text
and an arrow at the bottom center. You can move and re-arrange the “Link tag” so that
it looks like the one below.
Note that you can also dynamically link from the one-line to other document types
in PTW(TCC, *.rpt files) and outside of PTW(*.pdf, *.bmp, *.etc).
43
Legend Header
The text information entered in this field will show up as the legend tag header/title
of the legend when the lists of legend tags are enabled on the single-line drawing. On
a single-line drawing, the users can enable a list of the legend tags by selecting
View>Legend command on the drop-down menu.
New Button
Use this button to create a new tag definition. See New Legend Tag for
more information on creating a new tag style.
Edit Button
Use this button to edit existing tag definition.
Delete Button
Use this button to delete existing tag definition.
Leader Type
This allows user to specify if the tag that will be generated on the one-line will have
a leader. Users can select between the following options: None, Open Arrow, Closed
Arrow, and Circle.
Tag Size
This allows user to specify if the size of the tag that will be generated on the one-line.
Users can select between the following options: Small, Medium, and Large.
23 In the “New Tag” window, type in “ TUTORIAL PRO JECT” in the Legend Header
field. Next, click on the “New” button. Then on t he “New Legend Tag” window that
comes up, select “Diamond” for the tag style and ty pe in “1” for the Tag Text field.
In the “Legend Text” field, type in “Utility fault inf ormation are based on maximum
values.” Click the “OK” button.
33. In the “New Tag” window, click on the new butto n again. Then on the “New
Legend Tag” window that comes up, select “Hexagon” for the tag style and type in
“2” for the Tag Text field. In the “Legend Text” field, type i n “All conductors shall
be copper.” Click the “OK” button.
47
The “New Tag” window will now have the following in formation.
23 Let us now paste the “Diamond” tag on the one-l ine. To do this, in the “New Tag”
window, select the “Diamond” tag, and then click on the “Paste Tag” button
23 The user can then move Diamond tag next to the “UTIL-0001” component like
shown below.
49
23 Let us now paste the “Hexagon” tag on the one-l ine. To do this, click on the One-
line>Legend Tag>New Legend Tag.. command. In the “New Tag” window, select
the “Hexagon” tag, and then click on the “Paste Tag ” button
23 You can also put a list of the legend tags on the one-line. To do this, select the
View>Legend on the drop-down menu.
23 A list of legend tags will now be shown on the one-line similar to t the one below.
Note that this list of legend tags can also be resized by putting the mouse pointer on
the corner or on the side of the list.
23 Click on the “All” selection in the drop-down l ist box on the far left side of the
Component Editor window. This will display a list of all components stored in the
project database. You can navigate through the list to select each component rather
than picking each component from the one-line.
Use the “All” selection on the Component Editor win dow to list all
components in the project.
43. Enter 4160 in the Nominal System Voltage field for BUS-0002 as shown below.
23 Select the Copper Magnetic THHN 600V 60Hz 3 Wire+Grnd library reference as
shown. You can apply and close the library window by double-clicking on the Copper
Magnetic THWN selection, or by using the Apply and Close buttons.
23 Now select ‘2’ in the “Cable Size” field and en ter 100 in the “Length” field as
shown below.
Note that when the cable is “Linked to the Library” the description and impedance
fields are “gray” indicating that the values are re ferenced from the library. To edit
these values locally, you must break the link with the library by un-checking the
Link to Lib check box.
23 Select the Oil Air 60Hz transformer entry, then click on the Apply and Close buttons
to return to the Component Editor.
Note that the apply button links your transformer to the library. If you want to enter
custom impedance data after linking with the library, use the Deselect Button to break the
link. The data obtained from the library will still be displayed, but the data will be stored
with the component rather than referenced from the library, allowing you to edit the
component data without changing the library. Alternatively, you can uncheck the “Link to
Lib” checkbox on the Component Editor wind ow to break the library link.
57
23 Select 1000 in the Nominal kVA field. This is also the screen where we would change
the connections, taps, and voltage ratings. For this tutorial, we will keep the default
settings of Three-phase Delta-Wye Ground connections with nominal tap settings.
23 Select Transformer XF2-0002 in the Component Editor. Use the Library button to
choose a Dry Type transformer and enter 500 in the Nominal kVA field as shown in
the picture below.
23 Select the Utility component UTIL-0001 and enter the data as shown below. The
available utility fault contribution can be entered in MVA, KVA, Amps or as an
equivalent per unit impedance. The per unit voltage can be used to control pre-fault
voltage and load flow source voltage in front of or behind the utility impedance. The
equivalent per unit impedance display will be updated when the component is saved.
23 This completes the data entry for the first section of the tutorial. Return to the one-line
by closing the Component Editor (Document>Close) or by using one of the methods
discussed earlier for Navigating Between Windows and Documents.
24 Next we will use the datablock display to check our input data. With the One-line
displayed, select the Run>Datablock Format menu option as shown in below.
23 Select the Input Data format followed by the Apply and Close button on the
Datablock Format window shown in below. The datablock formats are user-defined
groups of input data and study results that can be displayed in any combination. The
sample Input Data format will display selected input data fields next to each
component on the one-line.
.
Toggle Datablock Icon
Note that the number of decimal places displayed for each datablock field is user-
controlled; so don’t be concerned if your values are rounded to less decimal places.
23 Once your data matches the data shown in the figure below, you are ready to run the
DAPPER Balanced system studies. Select the Run>Balanced System Studies menu
option as shown below. The A_FAULT and IEC_FAULT options are available under
the Run Balanced System Studies menu.
For more information about regarding the application for each study, refer to the
DAPPER reference manual on the PTW CD.
65
23 The Study Messages window, as shown in the figure below, will appear while the
studies are running and will remain on the screen after the studies are complete.
Review the study log to make sure there are no Fatal Errors reported. Fatal errors will
occur if some critical data are missing from the input data. Click on the Close button
to close the Study Messages window.
If errors are reported, click on the Edit Errors button to display the components
that caused the errors.
23 If the one-line diagram is open and is the active window, proceed. If the one-line is not
visible, use the Window menu or the Document>One-line menu command to open
the one-line. If you need more help navigating to the one-line, refer back to the section
“Navigation between Windows and Documents” (Page 8)
23 The load flow (or fault study) results should be displayed as shown below.
Another option to review study results is to view the standard reports generated when
a study is run. To view a report, go to the Document>Report menu as shown below.
Text Reports
Text reports are fixed-format reports that are generated automatically when the
studies are completed. These reports are fully editable and saved in .rpt format.
Crystal Report
Crystal Reports provide custom formatting capabilities for the experienced user.
Various Crystal Report templates have been developed and included.
Crystal Report XI
New Crystal Reports provide custom formatting capabilities for the experienced user.
A protective device library report is included.
23 The Open dialog window as show below will come up. There should be one report file
for each study you ran. Either double click on the report name or select it and click on
the Open button.
23 A third option to display input data or study results is to use the formatted Crystal
Reports. To view a report, go to the Document>Report menu. Next, click on the
“Crystal Report” button as shown below.
23 The available Crystal Report formats are displayed in a tree structure as shown in the
figure below. To display the Load Flow Report expand the load flow folder and
double-click on the Load Flow Report.rpt item. If you did not run the load flow report,
select a report format matching one of the studies that you ran.
12. The formatted Crystal Report will appear as shown below. The Crystal Reports are similar
to the Datablocks shown on the one-lines as they read and display data stored in the project
database. The reports will contain several pages with headings and sub-headings. The
report formats can be edited using The 3rd-party Crystal Reports Program Version 8.0 or
later, but some database and SQL knowledge is required. The reports can be printed
directly or saved in a variety of different file formats. Close the
report after viewing.
Next Page
Crystal Report showing load flow study results.
23 For the fourth reporting option, switch back to the Component Editor. You will
generate a datablock report from the Component Editor view. Go to the Component
Editor using the Document>Component Editor menu item as shown in the figure
23 Make sure that the “All” list option is selecte d so that all of the project components
appear in the Component Editor. Next select the Run>Datablock Format menu item as
shown.
15. Select the “Report – Load Flow Data” datablock format, as shown below, followed by
the Apply and then Close buttons. If you did not run the load flow study, select a
datablock format that applies to the input data or studies you have run.
3
1
Select the Report – Load Flow Data Format for the D atablock.
23 You can also output the datablock information in a spreadsheet format using
the Run>Datablock Report option, as shown in the figure below.
23 The datablock report can display any combination of input data or study results in
a spreadsheet format. A datablock report showing load flow study results is shown
in below.
The datablock reports can be printed directly and saved as Excel files. The datablock
reports provide a great way to generate cable lists, load lists, etc.
The next few steps demonstrate the procedure for generating TCC drawings for
protective device coordination. You can turn off the Legend if you wish by going to
View>Legend Tag command.
23 Add a new fuse to the one-line diagram by clicking on the new fuse icon and placing
it on the one-line.
Alternatively, you can use a short-cut Icon to rotate the fuse 90 degrees to the right.
79
Move the fuse symbol on top of the line that connects BUS-0001 and transformer
XF2-0001 and it will be connected as shown below.
23 Insert a new low-voltage circuit breaker symbol between XF2-0002 and BUS-0003
as shown below, using the New Low Voltage Breaker icon.
23 Double-click on the symbol for fuse PD-0001 and it will open the Component Editor
window as shown below. Remember to click on the symbol and not the name. If you
double-click on the name, a name change dialog window will appear instead of the
Component Editor.
Open the Component Editor with Fuse PD-0001 and select the Library button.
23 Verify that component PD-0001 is displayed in the Component Editor and Click on the
Library button (highlighted with an arrow in figure below). Double-click on the
Cutler-Hammer CX 15.5 kV 4C-40C fuse from the High Voltage Fuse category to
select the fuse as shown in the figure below.
23 Go back to the one-line and double-click on relay PD-0002. The Component Editor
will display PD-0002.
85
23 Click on the Library button on the Component Editor screen, select the Electronic
Relay category and pick the GE Multilin 745 Transformer relay with a 5 Amp
Secondary CT rating as shown in the figure below. You can either double-click on the
relay selection in the library or use the Apply and Close buttons.
23 The Overcurrent Pickup and Extremely Inverse time delay segments should appear as
shown in below. These segments and values represent the defaults set in the library and can
be changed. We will change these values later when we coordinate the devices.
23 Expand the Low Voltage Breaker category, select the Static Trip sub group, and the
Square D MX Micrologic LS 100-800 Amp breaker entry as shown in the figure
below.
23 Select breaker PD-0004 in the Component Editor and click on the Library button
as shown below.
23 Make the “Maindraw.drw” one-line diagram the ac tive window. This can be done
by clicking your mouse on any part of the one-line window that appears behind the
Component Editor window. It can also be done by using the Window menu item and
selecting the one-line document, or by using the Document>One-Line>Open menu
item if the one-line is closed. Once the one-line is open, select the area that includes
all of the components from PD-0002 down to and including CBL-0001. It is
acceptable to select BUS-0002 down to and including LOAD-0001 as shown below,
but buses and loads will not appear on the TCC drawings. Select the components by
placing the cursor arrow at the upper-left corner of the desired area, pressing the left
mouse button and moving the pointer to the lower-right corner of the desired area.
When the mouse button is released, the selected components will appear in “blue”,
the selected component color.
-----------
Note that you can add individual components to a selected set of components by holding
the SHIFT key when clicking on the components. The SHIFT key allows you to select new
components without losing deselecting components that are already selected.
91
23 Enter a name for the new TCC drawing (TCC1 for example), and click on the
“New” button as shown in the figure below.
Enter a name for the new TCC drawing and click the New button.
20. A window similar to the one below will appear. Click on the “Yes” button.
Notice that on the left side of the screen, on the one-line tab, the portion of the
single-line you have selected from the previous one-line also appears. The software
had automatically created a one-line drawing named “TCC 1.drw” which contains
that portion of the single-line you have selected from the previous one-line. The
software also automatically associated one-line “TCC1.drw” w ith the TCC1.TCC.
23 Select the label for cable CBL-0001 and move it next to the cable damage curve as
shown below. Note that components can be selected by clicking on the label or the
device curve. Data for each component can be changed on the left side of the window.
23 Select the downstream breaker PD-0004, click on the setting tab, and pick the
SFLA 480V, 250 Amp frame, 125 Amp trip and MIN trip setting as shown below.
Click Redraw to update.
3
1
23 Select feeder breaker PD-0003 and select “INST OR” for the 5 th segment as shown
in the figure below.
23 Select the transformer relay PD-0002 by clicking on the relay name or curve, or by
using the drop-down list box labeled TCC Device List. Drag the relay pickup, placing
it between the transformer FLA marker and the start of the transformer damage curve
as shown in the figure below.
23 Drag the time delay curve for relay PD-0002 until it is just below the
transformer damage curve as shown in below.
2
3
Change the OC Pickup to 0.8 and the Ext Inverse Time delay to 17.
29. The final TCC should look like the figure below.
97
23 When you are satisfied with the TCC drawing you can print it directly or in a custom
output form. The output forms allow you to print the TCC drawing together with title-
blocks, logos and other documents such as a reports or one-line diagrams. To print the
TCC directly, select the Document>Print function as shown in the figure below.
23 To print the TCC drawing in a pre-defined form, select Document>Form Print. Next
select the TCC & One-Line 8 ½ x 11 Portrait form asshown below.
The Form Print option can be used to print individual TCC drawings, send the output to
the clipboard or save the output to an enhanced metafile. The Group Print option can be
used to print all of the TCC drawings in your project with a single mouse click.
23 In addition to printing the TCC drawing, you can also print setting reports and tables
in a variety of different formats. First we will generate a setting report for a single
TCC drawing. Select the Run>TCC Report menu as shown below. Choose OK for
the default report name in the TCC Report window.
23 Select the TCC Name and click on the OK button. If the project had multiple TCC
drawings you could print reports for a group of TCCs. The standard TCC report can
be sorted four different ways. For this example, sort by Bus Voltage and click OK.
23 The report is automatically saved on the disk in the project folder. To close the report,
select the Document>Close menu.
24 To view and print the report, select the Document>Report menu and then click on the
“Text Report” button as shown below.
23 All of the reports associated with the project will appear in the window dialog. Select
the TCC1.rpt report file and click on the Open button.
5888 To generate a TCC setting report for the entire project rather than for a single
TCC drawing, you can repeat the process with the Component Editor in focus rather
than a TCC drawing. The first step is shown below. Notice that the Component
Editor is on top and the “All” option is selected to display all of the components in
the project. This will result in a TCC report that contains all of the components in the
project.
23 Select the TCC Settings datablock and click on Apply as shown below. To close the
Datablock dialog, click on the Close button.
23 Move the datablocks to empty areas on the TCC drawing as shown below. The
datablocks and name tags can be turned on and off individually, and font size can be
specified from the Settings>Selected Device Settings menu. The datablocks can be
toggled on or off from the View menu or by using the toggle datablock icon
.
23 Note that ‘Global Changes’ in the Settings Menu c an be used to hide component
names, turn on and off short circuit flags, pickup labels, and datablocks. Other TCC specific
changes such as reference voltage, current scale, axis range, grid density, fonts, and fault
current selection can be made in the Settings > TCC Settings Menu. User preference can be
set in Project>Options>TCC as defaults for new TCC or new curve to follow.
5888 The spreadsheet style datablock report, shown below, will appear for the
components displayed on the selected TCC drawing.
23 Another option for reporting the device settings is to prepare a Crystal Report using the
Document>Report menu. Next, click on the “Crystal Report” button a s shown below.
48. Select the TCC – Low Voltage Breakers – Static Trip.rpt format as shown below.
ProtDev_Multi_Functions.rpt
List all protective devices in one
table, each protection function is
listed as a separate row.
ProtDev_Multi_Functions_ByBus.rpt
List all protective devices by bus, each
protection function is listed as a separate
row.
ProtDev_Phase_Ground.rpt
List all protective devices in one table,
Phase and Ground functions are listed
as a separate row.
ProtDev_Phase_Ground_ByBus.rpt
List all protective devices by bus,
Phase and Ground functions are listed
as a separate row.
Select the Static Trip Breaker Report from Crystal Report Options.
5888 Using the Crystal Report option with both Phase and Ground functions in the
same row, a typical setting report with both Phase and Ground functions looks like below
Crystal Report for LV Breaker Settings with Phase and Ground functions
109
The next steps demonstrate how to use the Equipment Evaluation study module to evaluate
the protective device ratings against the calculated short circuit duties. Equipment
Evaluation also checks for missing input data and compares continuous ratings of
protective and non-protective devices to calculated design loads and load flow operating
conditions. Equipments that fail the evaluation are reported in table form and highlighted in
color on the one-line diagrams.
23 Select the Run Equipment Evaluation option as shown below. If the Equipment
Evaluation module is not available, skip to the next section of this tutorial. If you want
more information about the Equipment evaluation module, contact SKM.
The icon buttons allow you to choose between balanced and unbalanced study results,
protection and non-protection device type and ANSI, IEC or Comprehensive fault
analysis methods. A summary of the icons follows for reference:
Balanced Three-Phase Study Results (Select this option for the tutorial).
Options… button brings up the “Evaluation options” window where the user
can setup the Pass-Fail Limits, Evaluation Criteria, and Input Data Criteria
23 Click on the Report button to generate the spreadsheet-style report shown below. The
report can be printed or saved as an Excel spreadsheet file.
23 Close the Equipment evaluation window and navigate back to the one-line diagram.
You can display the results from the Equipment Evaluation module on the one-line
diagram using the Datablocks. Select the Run Datablock Format as shown below.
23 The datablock information including the protective device ratings and calculated
branch fault duties from the Comprehensive Fault module are shown below.
For this example, none of the equipment fails the input data checks or the equipment
rating limits. However if it had, the symbol for the failed equipment would be highlighted
in Red on the one-line. The Failed Input Data and Equipment Evaluation options are also
available from the Component Editor, whereby only the failed equipment appears in the
Component List.
115
Equipment evaluations are performed based on user-defined limits. The following table
found under Project>Options>Equipment Evaluation displays the default equipment
rating limits. You can adjust these limits to meet your specific design goals.
You can also control which evaluations are performed choosing from Short Circuit
Ratings, Continuous Ratings and Individual Circuits in Load Schedules.
If you are in the Equipment Evaluation module, you can access the three criteria
limits window by clicking the options button as show below.
117
The next steps demonstrate how to use the Arc Flash study module to evaluate the incident
energy and arc flash boundary for each bus location. Arc Flash calculations combine fault
calculations, protective coordination, and empirical equations to calculate arc energy
people may be exposed to when working on or near electrical equipment. Knowing the arc
energy, proper protective clothing can be specified to optimize safety with respect to arc
flash exposure.
Your tutorial one-line should look as follows with Comprehensive Fault Values displayed:
Alternatively, you can use a short-cut Icon to start the Arc Flash Evaluation module.
The Run>Arc Flash Evaluation option will produce a table as shown below:
Reading from left to right, the columns have the following definitions:
Bus Name
Fault location for bus report. For line side and load side report options the bus refers to the
equipment where the line side and load side protective devices are connected.
Bus kV
Bus voltage at the fault location.
Ground
Indicates whether the fault location includes a path to ground. Systems with high-
resistance grounds are assumed to be ungrounded in the Arc Flash calculations. (Available
for IEEE 1584 only)
Equip Type
Used only in the IEEE 1584 method to indicate whether the equipment is Switchgear,
Panel, Cable or Open Air. The equipment type provides a default Gap value and a distance
exponent used in the IEEE incident energy equations. The equipment type provides a
default Gap value and a distance exponent used in the IEEE incident energy equations.
Gap
Used only in the IEEE 1584 method to define the spacing between bus bars or
conductors at the arc location.
Duration of Arc
The summation of Trip/Delay Time and Breaker Opening Time.
Arc Type
Identifies whether the fault location is in an enclosure or in open air. In open air the arc
energy will radiate in all directions whereas an enclosure will focus the energy toward
the enclosure opening. The In Box / Air selection is available when the NFPA 70E study
option is selected. For the IEEE 1584 study selection the In Box or In Air is determined
automatically from the Equipment Type specification.
Working Distance
The distance between the arc source and the worker’s face or chest.
Incident Energy
The amount of energy on a surface at a specific distance from a flash.
Label #
This allows the user to specify the prefix character that will go on the "Label #" column
in the Arc Flash spreadsheet report. This field can help in sorting out (organizing) the
label when they printed out.
3-Phase Multiplier
Specify here the 3-phase multiplier. This will affect the calculated incident energy. The
calculated incident energy from Table 410-1 and Table 410-2 of NESC 2007 is based
single-phase system.
Gap
Distance of the arc gap
Type of Work
Specify here the type of work: Com (for communications) or Sup (for supply). This will
affect the minimum approach distance.
LL/LG
Specify here whether the work being done is on a line to line (phase-to-phase) or line
to ground (phase-to-ground) system. This will affect the minimum approach distance
for supply type of work
Separation Distance
The distance at which the calculated incident energy from Table 410-1 and Table 410-2 of
NESC 2007 is based on.
In the Detail View, the program traces each connected branches to find the protective
device that trips first in the branch and lists it under the faulted bus. If the directly
connected branch doesn’t have a protective device, the program walks the branch until
it finds one.
If standard NFPA is followed, the incident energy is calculated using the bolted bus fault
current for all protective devices listed under the bus without consider the reduction of
fault current after some of the devices have been tripped. If IEEE 1584 is followed, the
incident energy is calculated by using the arcing bus fault current left at the bus which
consider the fact that some devices have tripped already and the one that trips later doesn’t
see as much current.
In the Summary View, only one device under each bus is listed, and that is the one after
it’s tripping a user defined percentage (ie… 80%) of the total fault current would have
been cleared. The user can define the percentage in the Arc Flash Study Options dialog
(see section 1.5.2).
The data associated with the device listed in the summary view will be used in the
Bus Detail report and Arc Flash Label.
125
Scenarios…
This button brings up a window where the user can specify to report Arc Flash results
based on the current scenario opened; or if the project has multiple scenarios, the user can
select Arc Flash results to report the worst case (the one with the highest incident energy)
out all of all the selected scenarios. Furthermore, the user can also select Arc Flash result to
report the "Best Case Scenario". The "Best Case Scenario" is the one with the lowest
incident energy out of all the selected scenarios.
For instance, if a project has four scenarios, in this window the user can select all of
the scenarios and select the "Worse Scenario" option button. When the user clicks on
the "OK" button, what will be reported by Arc Flash spreadsheet report for each bus is
the incident energy from the scenario with the highest value.
Similarly, if a project has four scenarios, in this window the user can select all of the
scenarios and select the "Best Scenario" option button. When the user clicks on the "OK"
button, what will be reported by Arc Flash spreadsheet report for each bus is the incident
energy from the scenario with the lowest value.
Selecting worst case will greatly help in printing out the arc flash label for the worst
case situation for those scenarios selected.
In the Arc Flash Report, the scenario where the incident energy being reported came from
is indicated by (*S0), (*S1), (*S3), etc. depending on the scenario number.
Work Permit
This button brings up the window to generates a work permit required for working
on energized equipment per NFPA 70E 2004
Re-Run Study
This button refreshes the Arc Flash display to reflect updated short circuit values caused
by system changes made since the last arc flash study was run.
Options…
This button will display Option menu for Arc Flash Study
The Arc Flash Options dialog box lets you select options for running the Study. The Arc
Flash Options dialog box is divided into 3 options tabs: Standard and Units, Fault
Current, and Report Options.
Standard allows the choice of NFPA 70E, IEEE 1584, or NESC 2007 methods. If NFPA
70E method is selected, the equations published in NFPA 70E – 2004 Annex D.6 will be
used to calculate the incident energy and flash boundary. If the IEEE 1584 method is
selected, the equations published in the IEEE 1584 2002 and NFPA 70E – 2004 Annex D.8
will be used to calculate the arcing fault current, incident energy, and flash boundary. The
IEEE 1584 method is based on more recent and expanded test data, and is the preferred
method. Since IEEE 1584 method is also part of the NFPA 70E 2004, using the IEEE 1584
method could be considered as comply with NFPA 70E as well. If NESC 2007 method is
selected, the tables from NESC 2007 are used to calculate the incident energy and
minimum approach distance.
5888 The first list box represents the Equipment Voltage range and the choices are
"<= 240 V" (equal to 240 V or below) referred to NFPA 70E Std Table
130.7.(C)(9)(a), or "< 240 V" ( less than 240 V) referred to IEEE 1584-2002 Std.
5890 Option3: Report as Category 0 if Bolted Fault < 10 kA or Transformer Size <
125 kVA.
5891 Option4: Report as Category 0 if Bolted Fault < 10 kA and Transformer Size
< 125 kVA.
5892 Option5: Report Calculated Values From Equations. Use normal incident
energy calculation methodology.
If the Metric units option is selected the incident energy can then be in Joules/cm 2 or
Calories/cm2. The working distances and flash boundary can then be in mm, cm, or m.
Fault Current
Maximum Arcing Time Duration allows you to specify a maximum (Trip Time +
Breaker Time) for the incident energy and flash boundary calculations. IEEE 1584 Annex
B.1.2 stated that “If the time is longer than two seconds, consider h ow long a person is
likely to remain in the location of the arc flash. It is likely that the person exposed to arc
flash will move away quickly if it is physically possible and two seconds is a reasonable
maximum time for calculations. A person in a bucket truck or a person who has crawled
into equipment will need more time to move away.”
The default for the Maximum Arcing Duration in PTW is set to 2 seconds, if the Trip Time
read from the TCC plus the Breaker Time is bigger than the Maximum Arcing Duration,
the Trip Time will be set to the Maximum Arcing Duration – Breaker Time.
Sound engineering judgment is always required when making reasonable arc flash
energy estimates.
129
23 Use Global Max Arcing Time: Allow user to enter different maximum arcing
during for system voltage > 240 Volts and system voltage <= 240 Volts.
24 Enter for each bus: When this option is selected, the user can click on the
“Max Arcing Time for Each Bus” button, and “Maximum Arci ng Duration for
Each Bus” window will come up. See picture below.
In this window, the user can specify the maximum arcing duration for each buses in the
system modeled. For convenience, the user can also sort the window by bus name, bus
voltage, or maximum arcing duration by selection one of the available options button.
Furthermore, user can change the maximum arcing duration of all the buses globally by
clicking on the “Global Change” button. This helps in modeling your system accurately for
arc flash study, since each bus location you are analyzing may have different maximum
arcing duration depending on the situation.
Transformer Tap
If this box is unchecked, all transformers appear without the effect on any taps, and the
pre-fault voltage is relative to the swing bus voltage. By selecting Transformer Tap, PTW
calculates the system pre-fault no load voltage profile based on the swing bus voltage and
transformer tap settings. You must check this box to analyze transformer off nominal
voltages properly.
Defined Ground as SLG/3P Fault in % - enter the single line to ground fault current / 3-
phase fault current at the bus in percentage. If the calculated SLG / 3P fault current at the
bus is higher than the value specified by the user, the bus is considered grounded. IEEE
1584 recommended different incident energy equation parameters based on whether a bus
is grounded or not.
Recalculate Trip Time using Reduced Current – use the decayed fault current from
the Generators and synchronous after the number of cycles to recalculate the trip time
and calculate the incident energy.
23 PTW uses the initial arcing fault current up to the specified number of cycles
to determine the first accumulation of incident energy.
24 If the protective device protecting the generator did not operate, the current is
reduced using the new bolted fault current value that corresponds to 300% of
the generators FLAs.
25 From that, a new arcing fault current is calculated and is used to determine
the second accumulation of the incident energy. Note that for this option, the
assumption is that protective device protecting the generator will start to
operate at the first current it sees. So the time used for the second portion of
the accumulation is the calculated trip time from the initial current minus the
number of cycles specified.
26 PTW adds the two incident energy values to get a total accumulated energy.
5888 PTW uses the initial arcing fault current up to the specified number of
cycles to determine the first accumulation of incident energy.
5889 If the protective device protecting the generator did not operate, the
current is reduced using the new bolted fault current value that corresponds to
300% of the generators FLAs.
133
0 From that, a new arcing fault current is calculated and is used to determine the
new tripping time. To determine the second accumulation of the incident energy,
the new arcing current is used along with the remaining time (new tripping time
minus the number of cycles specified).
1 PTW adds the two incident energy values to get a total accumulated energy.
2 This option assumes that the protective device protecting the generator did
not operate on the initial current.
0 Arc Flash Study Option "Apply To Generators" option is enabled only if there are
energized generators in the system.
0 Arc Flash Study Option "Apply To Synchronous Motors" option is enabled only if
there are energized Synchronous Motors in the system.
5888 "Recalculate Trip Time Using Reduced Current" option will be enabled only if
the "Apply To Generators" and/or "Apply To Synchronous Motors" options are
checked.
Induction Motor Fault Contribution – Specify the number of cycles to include the
induction motor contributions. PTW assumes a step change from the initial fault current
with induction motor contributions to the reduced fault current without induction motor
contributions. To include induction motors all the time, enter a large value as the cycles. To
ignores all induction motor fault contributions from the arcing fault current and the incident
energy calculations, enter 0 cycles. You can enter a specific induction motor hp size and
check or uncheck the Exclude if <??? hp independently to exclude motors less than the
given hp.
Notice that while ignoring motor contributions reduces the fault current value, it
may increase the trip time and result in higher incident energy.
Fuses treated as "All Current Limiting, All Standard Fuses, or Specified in Library"
When "All Standard Fuses" is selected, the arc duration is read from the total clearing curve
at the arcing fault current for all fuses in the project. If the fault current is above the 0.01sec
crossing point then 0.01 seconds is used as the trip time. The IEEE 1584 or NFPA 70E
standard equation and calculated tripping time are used to calculate incident energy.
When "All Current Limiting Fuses" is selected, the arc duration is read from the total
clearing curve when the arcing current is below the current-limiting threshold (below the
0.01sec crossing point). When the arcing current exceeds the current-limiting threshold
(above the 0.01sec crossing point) the trip time is reduced to either ½ or ¼ cycle based on
the amount of current.
When "Specified in Library" is selected, (recommended option) the software will check the
“Current Limiting” checkbox and “Use Arc Flash Equation” checkbox in the library to
determine if a device is current limiting or not. The incident energy calculation will be based
on its findings. If the "Use Equipment Specific Arc Flash Equation in Protective
The software will calculate the incident energy based on these equations. Otherwise, for
the case of breakers, the IEEE 1584 or NFPA 70E standard equation will be used and
calculated tripping time are used to calculate incident energy. For the case of Fuses, the
trip time will be reduced to ½ or ¼ cycles if current limiting conditions are satisfied. This
option is not available if ‘All Standard’ is chosen in the option above (Treat fuses as).
135
If the manufacturer’s equations are entered in the Arc Flash page, PTW will use these
equations instead of the standard incident energy equations from the IEEE 1584 or NFPA
70E. If no manufacturer’s equipment-specific equations are entered or could be matched
with the cartridge and bolted fault current range, the fuse will be treated as a current
limiting fuse without using the manufacturer’s equations.
If the "Current Limiting…" check box in the library is unchecked and the "Specified in
Library" option is selected, the fuses will be treated as standard fuses without having
the current limiting feature.
For all current limiting fuses and breakers, if the trip time of the TCC clearing curve at
the branch arcing fault current is less than ½ cycles, and the curve is defined below 0.01
seconds, the defined clearing time is used. Otherwise, the arcing fault current (I a) is
compared to the current (IL) where the total clearing curve drops below 0.01 seconds, and
the trip time is based on the following table:
For fuses with only the average melting time curve available, and the time read from
the average melting curve at the arcing fault current Trips less or equal to 0.03 seconds,
add 15% to Tr. If Tr is above 0.03 seconds, add 10% to determine the total clearing
time. If the arcing fault current is above the total clearing time at the bottom of the
curve (0.01 seconds), use 0.01 seconds for the time. (IEEE_P1584/ 4.6 Step5)
The protective device library alternatively allows you to enter current limiting equations
for fuses at each bolted fault current range. Arc Flash uses these equations to calculate the
Incident Energy and Flash Boundary instead of the standard IEEE1584 equations.
If the "Use Equipment-Specific Incident Energy Equations on the Arc Flash Tab" check
box is checked, but no equation on the Arc Flash tab has a bolted fault current range
that covers the calculated bolted fault current through the device, the Equipment-
Specific equation will not be used. Instead, the device will be treated as current limiting
a the following way:
If the trip time of the TCC clearing curve at the branch arcing fault current is less than ½
cycles and the curve is defined below 0.01 seconds, the defined clearing time is used.
Report Option
Three different report options are available. The report options are named Bus, Protective
Load Side, and Protective Line Side. The Bus report is the normal selection however the
load side and line side reports may be useful in specific situations. Refer to the following
diagram and descriptions.
137
UTIL-0001
R1
Line Side T1
MCC X
Main Bkr
MCC
B1 B2 B3 B4 B5
X
Load Side
C1
M2 M3 M4 M5
M1-Bus
M1
23 Bus option – The bus report assumes that the fault occurs at the equipment bus. If
the bus has multiple contributions, the devices that trip each branch contribution
will be listed in the order they trip, and incident energy will be accumulated until
a significant percentage of the fault current has tripped. The significant portion is
defined by the “Cleared Fault Threshold” percentage you specify.
24 Protective Device Load Side option – The load side report applies a fault at the
load side (To End) of each protective device whose line side (From End) is
connected directly to a bus without having an impedance device between the bus
and the protective device. The protective device being evaluated is the one that
clears the fault. The fault current through the device will be used to calculate the
arcing fault current and obtain the trip time from the TCC. You can then select to
include Line + Load Sides Contributions (to represent both ends hot) in
calculating the incident energy, or to include Line Side Contributions only in
which case the load side contributions are not included (now working as if the
load side is disconnected).
25 Protective Device Line Side option – The line side report applies a fault at the
line side (From End) of each protective device whose load side (To End) is
connected directly to a bus without having an impedance device between the bus
and the protective device. You can then selected to include Line + Load Sides
Contributions or to include Line Side Contributions only. The first case represent
both ends hot, this occur if the main breaker failed to open, and the next upstream
device is the one that must clear the fault. If there is more than one contribution
when there is a fault at the line side, incident energy will be accumulated up to
the fault contribution percentage specified. If Line Side Contributions Only is
selected, the load side contributions are not included and it is now working as if
the load side is disconnected.
23 Bus + Line Side option – This option combines the bus report option and t he line
side report option into one report. Calculated result for the bus and line side will
be listed next to each other for easier comparison of worse case scenario. A special
custom label is supplied by PTW to put both bus and line side results in one single
label.
23 If you select “Include Line + Load Sides Contribu tions”, software will then
include Line + Load Sides Contributions (to represent both ends hot) in
calculating the incident energy.
24 If you select “Include Line Side Only”, the softw are will include Line Side
Contributions only in which case the load side contributions are not included
(now working as if the load side is disconnected).
Report Last Trip Device vs. Report Main Device – This option is applicable for the Bus
Report option only and it affects the device reported in the Summary View, Bus Detail and
Bus Label. The last trip device is defined as the protective device that would trip last, when
the percentage of fault current cleared reaches the Cleared Fault Threshold. The “Main
Device” is the one that carries the biggest percent age of the fault current contributing to
the bus.
Check Upstream devices for mis-coordination, evaluates trip times for backup
protective devices beyond the branch containing the first protective device. Two conditions
must be satisfied for the upstream backup protective device to be reported instead of the
immediate protective device:
Condition 1: The immediate protective device must carry 5% or more of the Cleared
Fault Threshold value (default as 80%) multiplied by the total bus fault current.
Condition 2: The upstream backup protective device must trip faster and carry a fault
current that is bigger or equal to the Cleared Fault Threshold value multiplied by the
fault current through the immediate device.
Upstream mis-coordination is checked by branch, all devices within the branch containing
the immediate protective device will be evaluated and the fastest one will be used to
compare with the fastest device in the upstream branch. If the first valid protective device
is found in an upstream branch and the trip time is slower than the immediate device, the
search stops there and the immediate device will be reported.
The definition of a valid device is one with a trip curve that is not a Ground Fault type and the
protection function name does not include "Ground", "Earth", "Neutral" or "AF_EX".
If the upstream mis-coordination is not checked, all devices within the branch containing
the first protective device will still be evaluated, and the one with the fastest trip time
will be used in the Arc Flash calculation.
Label Options
Default Label # Prefix - This allows the user to specify the default prefix character that
will go on the "Label #" column in the Arc Flash spreadsheet report. This field can help in
sorting out (organizing) the label when they printed out. Note that if a bus already has a
label prefix assigned, changing the default label prefix will not change the label prefix
already assigned to that bus. The Default Label # Prefix will only be assigned to buses
newly created in the project.
Cleared Fault Threshold determines the portion of the Total Arcing Fault current at the
Bus that needs to be interrupted by protective devices to extinguish the arc. Therefore the
remaining portion of Arcing Fault current, if any, can not sustain the arc and will not be
considered in the accumulated incident energy. Enter a value in percent of the total bus
fault current, the default value is 80%, which means that the final arc fault trip time is
based on when 80% or more of the total fault current at the bus has been cleared. In the
Summary View, the last device to trip that reaches the cleared fault threshold is the only
protective device that will be listed under the bus, and the data from the device will be
used in the Bus Detail report and Bus Label. The cleared fault threshold value is also used
to determine which branches are searched for mis-coordination.
This button brings up a dialog box that allows the users to enter additional
working distances for PTW to calculate the incident energies.
141
This information could be used to determine the PPE required at the given additional
working distance. You can also specify five incident energies for PTW to calculate the flash
boundaries.
This information could be used to determine the distance from exposed live parts within
which a person could receive a 2nd degree burn for the given additional incident energy.
The additional working distances and the calculated incident energies and PPE at each
bus could be displayed in the datablock and the data fields are available in the Custom
Label Designer. The incident energies entered and the calculated flash boundaries are also
available in the datablock and Arc Flash Label.
This window allows the user to customize the Shock approach boundary table. Note that
the voltage range is in unit of voltage and boundaries are in units of inches.
The Shock Approach Boundaries Table information is project specific. (It will look in the
information from the “ShockBoundary.ss6” file locat ed in the project's directory).
For new projects created, it will copy and use the “ShockBoundary.ss6” file information
from the LIB directory (specified in the miscellaneous files options group).
If there is no “ShockBoundary.ss6” file existing in the LIB directory, it will copy and
the “ShockBoundary.ss6” file in the Bin directory o use f PTW32.
Add Row
This button lets you insert a row in the table.
Save As Default
If you had customized this table and want to keep the changes as your default, use the
"Save As User Default" button. This will save the changes you’ve made to the
“ShockBoundary.ss6” file in the LIB directory (spec ified in the miscellaneous files options
group).
Reset Default
If you make changes to this table and don’t want to keep them, use the Reset button to
re-store the defaults from ShockBoundary.ss6 file in the LIB directory (specified in the
miscellaneous files options group).
This button brings up a window that will allow the user to specify which of the twenty
available fields will be displayed in the Arc Flash spreadsheet report. Furthermore, the user
can also specify the order in which they will appear in the Arc Flash spreadsheet report.
For instance, if you don’t want to show the equipment type, you can simply uncheck the
display checkbox next to that field. If you want the “Bus kV” field to show up on the
first column, you can just type in the number “1” in the column order next to that field
and the bus voltage will them show up on the first column of the report.
Bus Name: Fault location for bus report. For line side and load
side report options the bus refers to the equipment
where the line side and load side protective devices
are connected.
Protective Device Name: Refers to the protective device that clears portion
or total of the arcing fault current.
Bus Bolted Fault: The current flowing to a bus fault that occurs
between two or more conductors or bus bars, where
the impedance between the conductors is zero.
Prot Dev Bolted Fault: The portion or total of the bolted fault current,
that flows through a given protective device.
Prot Dev Arcing Fault: The portion or total of arcing current flowing through
each protective device feeding the electric arc fault.
Note that the total arc fault current may flow through
several parallel sources to the arc location.
Trip/Delay Time: The time required for the protective device to operate
for the given arcing fault condition. In the case of a
relay, the breaker opening time is entered separately
from the relay trip time. For low voltage breakers and
fuses, the trip time is assumed to be the total clearing
curve or high tolerance of the published trip curve.
Breaker Opening Time: The time required for a breaker to open after receiving
a signal from the trip unit to operate. The combination
of the Trip/Delay time and the Breaker Opening time
determines the total time required to clear the fault.
For low voltage circuit breakers, the total clearing
time displayed on the Manufacturer’s drawing is
assumed to include the breaker opening time.
Arc Flash Boundary: The distance from exposed live parts within which
a person could receive a 2nd degree burn.
Working Distance: The distance between the arc source and the
worker’s face or chest.
Cable Length From Trip Device: Reports the total cable length from the
protective device that trips to clear the fault to
the faulted bus. If there is no cable in
between, nothing will be reported.
Incident Energy at Low Marginal: This will report an incident energy value of
the bus, if the incident energy on the bus
meets the low marginal criteria value entered
in the PPE.
Incident Energy at High Marginal: This will report an incident energy value of
the bus, if the incident energy on the bus
meets the high marginal criteria value entered
in the PPE.
Re-arrange
The purpose of this button is to prevent user from having duplicate column number when
they are re-ordering the fields manually. Furthermore, it there is any missing columns
(columns chose not to be displayed) it will use the number after the missing column.
Reset
The purpose of this button is to reset the order of the table to its default setting.
147
PPE Table
If you press the “PPE Table” button, the following dialog will be displayed with
the Personnel Protection Equipment table.
The PPE table defines the Personal Protective Equipment Categories and clothing
descriptions used in the reports and labels. Different label colors may be assigned for each
PPE Category, the Bus Detail and Arc Flash Label will apply the colors based on the PPE
Categories calculated.
The PPE table defines the Personal Protective Equipment Categories and clothing
descriptions used in the reports and labels. Different label colors may be assigned for each
PPE Category; the Bus Detail and Arc Flash Label will apply the colors based on the PPE
Categories calculated.
The data supplied as default is taken from NFPA 70E, 2004 edition, Page-61. Four default
Categories of FR Clothing are defined based on the applicable range of the incident energy.
Modify these values or add new Categories to this table if needed.
The Notes, Head & Eye Protection, Hand & Arm Protection, Foot Protection, PPE Others
1 to 5 provides user defined additional protections for each category. The Warning Label
Text could be user defined as well. All user defined additional protection fields are
available in the Custom Label.
You can also choose a background and a foreground color for each of the PPE Category.
These colors will be used as the background and foreground color for the SKM Label
Title 1, 2, and 3 in the Arc Flash Label.
A row is reserved in the PPE table for the Dangerous category. This allows the users the
flexibility to add descriptions for the Notes, Head & Eye Protection, Hand & Arm
Protection, Foot Protection, and other columns for the PPE Dangerous category.
The PPE Table information is project specific. (It will look in the information from the
FR_Clothing.ss3 or FR_Clothing_Metric.ss3 file located in the project's directory).
If there is no PPE table file(s) existing in the project directory currently opened, it will
copy and use the PPE table file information from the LIB directory (specified in the
miscellaneous files options group).
If there is no PPE table file(s) existing in the LIB directory, it will copy and use the
PPE table file(s) in the Bin directory of PTW32.
Four dynamic pictures for each PPE Category can also be specified. Switching
pictures among the categories is done automatically.
In the PPE table, there are now four new picture columns where the user can specify
different pictures or logos for each PPE Category. This allows the users the flexibility to
add up to four different pictures or logos for each PPE category in their custom arc flash
label.
Add Row
This button lets you insert a row in the PPE table.
Save
If you had customized a PPE table and want to keep the changes to a file for future use,
or to use the file on a different project, use the "Save" button. This will save the changes
you’ve made to a *.ppe file in a directory chosen by the user (by default it is save in the
directory of the project that is currently open).
Load
If you had a customized PPE table and had saved it to *.ppe file and want to use it for
the existing project, use the "Load" button. This will load the contents of the selected
*.ppe file to the current PPE table.
149
Save As Default
If you had customized this table and want to keep the changes as your default, use the
“Save As User Default” button. This will save the change s you’ve made to the
FR_Clothing.ss3 or FR_Clothing_Metric.ss3 file in the LIB directory (specified in the
miscellaneous files options group).
Reset Default
If you make changes to this table and don’t want to keep them, use the Reset button to
re-store the defaults from the FR_Clothing.ss3 or FR_Clothing_Metric.ss3 file in the
LIB directory (specified in the miscellaneous files options group).
Print
Use the Print button to print out this table.
The “All” or “From Go To/Query” radio buttons contr ol the buses displayed in the
Evaluation Table. The “All” selection will display all buses in the project. The “From Go
To/Query” option will display buses that meet user- defined Query criteria or were
selected on the one-line before using the Go-To-Arc Flash option.
When the Arc Flash window is open the “ArcFlash” pu ll-down menu can be accessed
with following submenus. Some of these submenus are also available from the right-click
menu on the Arc Flash Window.
Link/Unlink with Fault Study You can highlight a bus or multiple buses
from the Arc Flash table and select the Unlink
with Fault Study option to allow you to enter
user-defined values for bolted fault current.
Remember to re-link the rows if you want
fault currents to be updated from the project
database.
Link/Unlink with TCC You can highlight a bus or multiple buses
from the Arc Flash table and select the Unlink
with TCC option to allow you to enter user-
defined Trip Times for the protective device.
Remember to re-link the rows if you want the
trip times to be updated from the project
database.
Link/Unlink Equipment Type You can highlight a bus or multiple buses from
the Arc Flash table and select the Unlink
Equipment Type option to allow you to select
your own equipment type from the list.
User defined Arc Flash Table This option selection displays the user “User
defined Arc Flash Table” where the user can
enter any user-defined bus voltage, fault
current, and arcing duration and it will
calculate the incident energy and flash
boundary results. You can also click on the
“Custom Label” button it will produce arc
flash label based on those results.
Include non 3-phase system Includes non 3-phase system buses to the Arc
Flash display and report
The same menu items are available by clicking the Right Mouse button.
Notes Section
(*N1) - Out of IEEE 1584 or NFPA 70E Ranges. LEE equation is used in this case and
applicable for Open Air only.
(*N2) - Percentage of fault current cleared is less than the Cleared Fault
Threshold specified in the study options
(*N3) - Arcing Fault Current Low Tolerances Used.
(*N4) - Equipment Specific Incident Energy and Flash Boundary Equations Used.
(*N5) - Mis-coordinated, Upstream Device Tripped.
(*N6) - Special Instantaneous Protection in Use. Refer to Bus Equipment & Arc Flash
subview.
(*N7) - Trip Time Unlinked with TCC.
(*N8) - Fault Current Unlinked with Fault Study results.
(*N9) - Max. Arcing Duration Reached. The time taken for the protective device to clear
the fault is longer than the Max. Arcing Duration is specified in the study options.
You may wonder why is there no protective device bolted fault or arcing fault current
reported for protective “BUS-001” of the Arc Flash Evaluation table in the Tutorial project.
From the one-line, you can see fuse “PD-001” is con nected to this bus, why didn’t any
fault current show up?
Careful inspection of the fault study result from the following picture shows that for a fault
at BUS-001, the bus fault current is 8367 Amps, but the current from the down stream
branch through fuse PD-0001is zero. This is because the load down stream is a non-motor
load. All of the contribution therefore comes from the Utility. Since there are no protective
devices specified between the utility and the bus, the fault can’t be cleared. The PPE
requirement is listed with the (*N2) indicates that the Cleared Fault Threshold percent
specified in the Study Setup was not reached.
Note that where a protective device is not found or where the trip time is longer than a few
seconds that additional review may be required to account for how much energy is
released before the worker can move to a safer distance. For example, you may want to
check the energy generated over the first few seconds to see if the worker would be
capable of moving out of the way, or if most of the damage is already done. This check
can be done by setting the Maximum Arcing Duration to 2 seconds. In the example above,
(*N9) indicates that the time taken for the protective device to clear the fault is longer
than the Max. Arcing Duration is specified in the study options.
Note that when this change was made, the Arc Flash calculation was updated to reflect the
new trip time for an arcing fault at Bus-0003. The trip time changed from 0.158 seconds to
0.494 seconds, the flash boundary increased from 25 inches to 51 inches, and the incident
energy increased from 2.11 cal/cm2 to 6.6 cal/cm2. The higher energy results in a clothing
class change from 1 to 2.
155
According to the results above, if the fault is on “Bus-0003”, “PD-0003” will see an
arcing fault current of 4.31 kA and will trip at 0.494 seconds. To verify this we can go to
the TCC. Open or make “TCC1.TCC” active. Select “PD-0 003” and then click on the
Settings>Selected Device Settings.. command. A window, similar to the one below will
show up. Click on the “Arcing Fault and UDF Flags” and then, check on the “Show
Arcing Fault current for Worse case Incident energy” and ” Show Other Arcing Fault
Current (dash-dot)” check boxes. Also make sure to highlig ht the “Bus-0003” bus.
A TCC window should now be similar to the one above. The TCC will now show two
vertical lines. One showing the arcing fault current for worse case incident energy (dark
line) and the other showing the non-worse case arcing fault current (dashed line). With the
arcing fault flags shown on the TCC, we can easily see and verify that at 4.31 kA, “PD-
0003” will trip at 0.494 seconds.
On the TCC, you can also plot the C-lines. Constant incident energy line (C-Line) is a sloped
line on a TCC that describes the relationship of a finite series of time and current combinations
for which energy remains constant. For buses or system with single source of contribution, this
C-Line can then be used as an aid in overcurrent device coordination to demonstrate visually
which setting regions might be adjusted to reduce the arc flash hazard.
157
In our example, select the “PD-0003” curve on the T CC. Right-mouse click and then
select “Selected Device Setting” option. On the window th at comes up select the “Arcing
Fault and UDF Flags” tab.
In this window click on the checkboxes for the “Sho w User Constant Category Line or
User Define C-line”, “Extend to Pickup”, and the “Catego ry C-Lines.” For the current
“From” and “To” field, enter in 10 and 100,000.0consecutiv ely. Click the “OK” button.
The C-lines on the example above represents the top incident energy range of each PPE
category per NFPA 70E standard PPE table. With the “PD-0003” STD setting = 0.32, you
can see from the TCC above that the worst case arcing current flag hits the trip curve
between Category 2 and Category 1 C-line. From here, we can visually see from the TCC
that the resulting incident energy for this particular setting will result in a Category 2
situation. This matches the result of the software for “Bus-0003”.
159
U1 G1
Utility Fuse Generator Fuse
LVB1 LVB2
C1 C2
MCC1 Bus
LVB3
Motor Contribution
Decays within first
6 cycles
M1
For this example, the worker is exposed to all three contributions for the first 0.07
seconds, the motor and generator for the next 0.03 seconds, and the generator contribution
for another 0.4 sec.
If the Labels and Summary View Report Option is set to “Report Last Trip Device”, the
Summary View will list the last device to trip whereby the accumulated current tripped
meets or exceeds the specified Cleared Fault Threshold percent (for example when at
least 80% of total fault current has cleared).
If the Labels and Summary View Report Option is set to “Report Main Device”,
the Summary View will list the device that carries the largest percentage of the
fault contribution to the bus.
In the following example, 3 branches contribute current to the bus as the location of
the fault.
UTIL
R-Util
GEN
TX1 R-Gen
Gen-Bus
R-M1
Arcing Fault
0.67 kA
C1
M1
161
The Detail View for the bus report lists all 3 contributions, the trip time for each branch,
and the cumulative energy when each branch clears. For this example, the Utility
Contribution clears in 0.23 seconds, the Generator Contribution clears in 1.12 seconds,
and the Synchronous Motor clears in 7.21 seconds (assuming no AC decay), but displays
the 2 seconds maximum time specified in the study setup. When the Utility branch clears,
the incident energy is 2.84 cal/cm2 (Class 1). When the Generator Branch clears 0.89
seconds later, the accumulated energy is 5.54 cal/cm2 (Class 2).
The Utility contribution is 73% and the generator is 21% of the total arcing fault current at
Gen-Bus. With the Cleared Fault Threshold option set to 80%, the Summary display and
Labels will report the energy accumulated up to the time when at least 80% of the total
fault current is cleared. This occurs when the Generator contribution is cleared. The
Summary View lists only the generator branch protective device since when the generator
trips, 94% of the fault current has cleared. This means that the arc will be diminished and
the remaining contribution (6%) cannot sustain the arc.
Accumulated
Energy at Bus
10.67kA
The Summary View displays the generator branch protective device as the last tripped
device with the total accumulated incident energy up to interruption of this device.
It’s important to consider both minimum and maximum fault conditions when performing arc
flash calculations. The reason why both are important is illustrated below:
CURRENT IN AMPERES
100 0
Arcing
10 0 Panel Main
Fault
Current
based on
Minim um
Fault
TIME IN SECONDS
10 Arcing
Fault
Current
based on
Maxim um
Fault
Trip tim e of
1.05 seconds
23 for M inim um
Fault
Trip tim e of
0 .1 0
0.07seconds
for M axim um
Fault
0 .0 1
0.5 1 10 100 1K 10 K
On the TCC drawing you can see that the trip time remains in the instantaneous trip region (0.07
seconds) for a maximum arcing fault. Using a smaller minimum fault current due a different
mode of operation for the network results in a lower fault current that takes slightly more than
one second to trip (1.05 seconds). Using the maximum fault current, the incident energy is
calculated as 1.22 J/cm2 resulting in a Class 0 FR Clothing Class. Using the minimum fault
current, the incident energy is 11.9 J/cm2 resulting in a Class 1 FR Clothing Class. For this case,
the lower fault current results in a longer trip time producing higher incident energy exposure to
the worker. Making conservative assumptions regarding both the minimum and maximum fault
currents will provide higher certainty in specifying the proper clothing class and selecting
conservative protective device settings.
163
The equations used to calculate the magnitude of an arcing fault are relative to the available 3-
phase bolted fault current. Single-line to ground and line-to-line faults are not directly considered
when calculating arcing fault or incident energy. While it’s recognized that many arcing faults
are initiated by a line to ground fault, the arc flash equations in the IEEE 1584 standard are
relative to the available bolted-3-phase fault current for the following reasons:
233-phase faults give the highest possible short circuit energy in AC equipment.
24 Arcing faults that begin as line-to-line or line-to-ground faults quickly escalate into 3
phase faults as the air ionizes across the phases. The high-speed video photography of
arc flash tests show the arc rotating between the phases and the metal box. The tests were
performed on grounded and ungrounded systems and the arc fault equation includes a
grounded/ungrounded variable.
PTW will ignore ground fault devices. When using multi-function devices, make sure that
the first function is defined as “Phase”. If a sep arate relay component is used as a ground
fault device, make sure that the function name is set to “Ground” or “Earth”. Relays with
the function name set to Ground or Earth will be ignored in the Arc Flash calculations.
Important Assumptions:
23 Arc Flash searches the entire system topology, starting from the faulted bus out, to
find the first protective device with an over-current trip curve. When the first
device is located, the search is discontinued (i.e. assumes coordination with
upstream branches). The next upstream protective device may be included in the
search by selecting the “Check upstream devices for mis-coordination” option.
If there are multiple contributions to the faulted bus, the search process will be
repeated until each contribution is cleared by it’s protective device, or the search
reaches the end of the topology. Protection functions with a name of “Ground”,
“Earth”, or “AF_EX” will be excluded from the prote ctive device search and
the next upstream device is used instead. Upstream refers to the flow of power
from the primary sources of power to the faulted location from the perspective
of standing at the fault location.
23 The trip time is determined for all protective devices located in the branch that
contains the first trip device and the device with the fastest trip time for the
given arcing fault current is used.
27 Interrupting device is rated for the available short circuit current (no
equipment damage is considered).
29 Ground fault and motor over load devices are not included.
31 Reports only the larger incident energy based on low or high tolerances applied
to the calculated arcing fault current.
32 When the total fault current cleared is less than the threshold percent specified
in the study setup, or no protective device is found, the bus is labeled as
Dangerous and the incident energy and flash boundary are not reported.
33 If the trip time obtained from the time current curve is larger than the maximum
protection trip time defined in the study setup, the maximum protection trip time
is used.
This section demonstrates how to simulate motor starting effects. We will look at a
simplified “snap-shot” impact motor start study usi ng the load flow study module and a
more detailed time-based simulation using TMS. If you have not completed the CAPTOR
protective coordination tutorial, your one-line will not display the protective device
symbols. The protective devices are not required for this part of the tutorial.
To begin the motor starting calculations, we need to add a motor to our base tutorial
project. Although we can connect multiple components to a bus-node, it’s easier to
work with a regular bus. To change the bus-node between cable CBL-0001 and load
LOAD-0001, select the node by clicking on it or by drawing a selection box around
it as shown below.
Stretch BUS-0004 by positioning the cursor just past the right edge of the bus until the
cursor changes to a Left and Right arrow. When you have the correct cursor displayed,
hold down your left mouse button and drag the cursor to the right. This will extend the
bus. Next select the New Induction Motor icon and attach the new motor to BUS-0004
as shown in the figure below.
169
Now that we have added a 100 HP motor, we need to re-run the load flow analysis to
evaluate the steady-state current, power and operating voltage. Select the
Run>Balanced System Studies menu item.
Check the Load Flow study option (uncheck other studies) and click on the Run button.
Under normal circumstances, when adding a motor you should re-run the demand load
analysis and sizing study to evaluate the cable and transformer sizes and re-run the
short circuit and equipment evaluation modules to determine the impact on equipment
ratings. However for this example we will focus only on motor starting.
Check the Study Messages Window to make sure there are no errors and close the
Dialog Window.
Select the Load Flow Power Data format and click the Apply button followed by the
Close button as shown in the figure below
The power flows and voltage drops from the steady-state load flow study will be displayed
on the One-line as shown in the figure below. Notice that the voltage drop at BUS-
0004 is just over 4%. Next we will switch the motor to a “snap-shot” starting
condition and compare the voltage drop. The number of decimal places shown can be
controlled in the datablock format, so don’t be concerned if your display shows more
or less decimal places than the data shown in the figure below.
Re-run the steady-state load flow solution by selecting the Run>Balanced System
Studies option.
11. Check the Load Flow option and click on the Run button as shown in the figure below.
Review and Close the Study Messages dialog window shown in the figure below. Notice
that the voltage drop at BUS-0004 is now approximately 14% representing the initial
voltage drop when the motor starts. This is compared to a 4% voltage drop when the
motor is running. Switching the motor from Running to Starting instructed the load
flow to use the Fault Contribution Xd” and X/R to c alculate an equivalent starting
current. The model was also switched automatically from Constant kVA to Constant
Impedance to better represent the motor starting characteristics.
In the next window that comes up click on the “ Motor” tab. Select the motor to be
started. Move the motor to the column on the right.
Motors in the left column will be modeled as Constant kVA if their status is
“ Running” and Constant Z if their status is “ Starting”. Note that for TMS, you do
not need to add any source or buses. However it's a good idea to add any
downstream buses, which may suffer a voltage drop due to the motors starting. If a
source is not assigned, it will assume an infinite source (a generator or utility with
very low impedance with perfect exciter and governor).
177
If the “TMS – Select Components” window does not co me up, right-mouse click
on “Case1” as shown below and the window will come up.
Choose the Bus Tab on the TMS – Select Componen ts window and select the busses
where you want to store voltage plots from the simulation. For our example transfer all
of the busses to the Selected Busses list by double-clicking on each one or by using
the transfer button >>. When finished selecting the buses, click on the Close button.
Double-click on motor MTRI-0001 and the TMS – M otors window will appear as
shown below. This is where you can specify the motor model, load model, current
base, torque base, moment of inertia, and controller type of the motor. The data
entered here normally will come from motor nameplate data.
Here, notice that the “Link with Rated” checkbox is checked. If this check box is
checked the software will calculate the current base and torque base value based on
data entered in the induction motor sub view. If you uncheck this checkbox, you can
specify your own torque base and current base. For this example, make sure that the
link with rated checkbox is check.
For the “WK2” field value, the value there is an ap proximate value, calculated by PTW
based on the motor’s size, rpm, and so on. If you do not know the motor’s moment of
179
inertia, you may use this default value. Otherwise, enter the motor’s moment of inertia.
In this example use the default value of 34.8915 lbs-ft2.
For the controller, select “Full Voltage”.
The “Save As Default” and “Get Default Setting” functions are designed to make
the process of assigning motor, load, and controller for multiple TMS cases easier.
“Save As Default” button
When the user clicks on this button, all the information in the "Models" tab page will
be save as the default settings for the selected motor. These values will be used
whenever the user assigns the same motor to an existing case or onto a new case for
the project.
“Get Default Setting” button
When the user clicks on this button, all the information in the "Models" tab page
will be filled in by the default settings.
We now need to assign the motor model and load model. To do this, click on the
“Library” button.
Select 100 HP 1800 RMP Fan load from the Exponential Load library as shown below and
click on the “Apply” button.
Now, click on the “Dynamic Events” tab. When y ou click on “Dynamic Events” tab the
following window will show up. This is where you can specify also the dynamic
event for the motor selected.
Each motor represented dynamically in TMS can be assigned its own initial status
and starting or tripping event. For this example, verify the initial status is “Off Line”,
enter 1.0 for the Event Time (in seconds), select the Start Motor radial button under
Time Dependent Event, and press the Create Event button. Click on the “Apply” and
then the “OK” button to continue.
You should now have one event showing for Case1 in the TMS – Study Case View
windows as shown in figure below. Click on the Run button at the bottom of the
window to run the TMS study.
Review the Study Messages to verify that there are no errors. If errors exist you may
need to review the steps used to assign the motor and load models or to define the
event. When successful, select the Close button and proceed with the tutorial.
Select the Plot button at the bottom of the TMS – Study-Case View Windows and click
New on the TMS – Plot dialog as shown in the figure below.
A real handy function to compare different conditions is to copy the case, make minor
changes and run the new case. For this example we will make a new Case to start the
motor using a different type of starter. To begin the process, change the name of Case1
to Full Voltage as shown in the figure below. This can be accomplished by clicking on
the name twice (slowly), or using the Case>Rename menu option.
185
With the Full Voltage Case selected, click on your right mouse button and select the
Copy function as shown in the figure below.
Click on the Study Folder, Study1 first with the left mouse button then with the right
mouse button, and select the Paste option as shown in the figure below.
On the window that comes up select the “Auto Tr ansformer” as the controller. As
shown below, set the tap to 0.85, the control function to Time, and the time to 15
seconds.
Click on the “Apply” button and then click on the “ OK” button.
187
With the “Auto TX” case selected, click on the Run button. TMS will run the case that is
selected. Accept the default report name and setup options.
When the study is complete, review the Study Messages dialog to make sure there are no
errors. If there are errors, review the previous steps related to input and setup. Close
the Study Messages dialog to view the results.
This completes the Transient Motor Starting tutorial. For more information on
selecting different starter types or adding new motor and load models to the
library, refer to the TMS Reference Guide on the PTW CD.
189
This section demonstrates how to simulate harmonic content and distortion within
the power system.
Before we begin the Harmonic analysis simulation, we need to make sure your tutor1
project is in the correct state. If you have not completed the CAPTOR protective
coordination tutorial, your one-line will not display the protective device symbols. The
protective devices are not required for this tutorial. If you have not completed the
Transient Motor Starting (TMS) tutorial, follow the first two steps in the TMS section
to add a 100 HP Induction motor to your one-line.
To begin our Harmonic Analysis simulation, we first need to assign a harmonic source
profile to motors or loads. For our example we will add the harmonic source profile to
motor MTRI-0001 as if we were evaluating the impact of using a variable-speed drive.
1
2
Select the Typical 6 Pulse IGBT harmonic source model and click on the Apply button.
This model defines the harmonic content for MTRI-0001 used in the harmonic
analysis. The selected library model should appear in the Component Editor as shown
in the figure below. Close the Select Model window to continue.
1 2
3
193
The Select Components dialog window will appear. This dialog is used to select the Buses
where you want to store harmonic voltage distortion results; and branches where you
want to store harmonic current distortion results.
Follow the same process for the Branches. Since this is a small project, select all of the
branches as shown in the figure below. When selections are complete, click OK.
The HIWAVE Study-Case-Plot Window will appear with the selected buses and branches
listed under Case1. With Case1 selected, click on the Run button at the bottom of the
Window. This will run the harmonic analysis for the current system and store the
results in Case1.
Review the Study Messages Window to confirm there are no fatal errors. If errors
exist, review the previous steps to help identify what you may have missed. To
continue, close the Study Messages Window by clicking on the Close button.
197
After the study runs and results are stored in Case1, each bus and branch listed under
Case1 will have a check box. Double-Click on the check box for transformer XF2-
0002 and cable CBL-0001 and the distortion plot will appear as shown below. Notice
that the current through cable CBL-0001 is shifted with respect to the current through
transformer XF2-0002. This is caused by the 30 degrees phase shift of the Delta-Wye
transformer connection.
Next we will make another case to compare results for the system with and without a
capacitor. Click on Case1 first with the left mouse button, then with the right mouse
button. Select the Copy function in the pop-up menu as shown below.
Copy Case1
Return to the one-line diagram. Stretch BUS-0002 by positioning the cursor just past the
right edge of the bus. Move the cursor until it changes to a Left and Right arrow (re-
size cursor). When you have the re-size cursor displayed, hold down your left mouse
button and drag the cursor to the right. This will extend the bus. Next, select a new
capacitor symbol from the toolbar and attach it to BUS-0002 as shown below. If you
cannot locate the capacitor symbol, make sure the Filter toolbar is enabled on the
View>Toolbars menu.
After you have attached the capacitor to BUS-0002, double click on the capacitor
symbol to recall the Component Editor. From the Component Editor, click on the
Filter Design button as shown in the figure below.
Enter 100 kVAR in the Capacitor Bank Design window and click on OK. This will
convert the capacitor kVAR entry into micro-farads on the Filter subview.
In practice, you may want to change the report name to match the case description,
however for this sample accept the default report names and press the Run button
to run the simulation for Case2.
Review the Study Messages dialog to make sure there are no errors and press the close
button to continue.
Select BUS-0002 from Case1 and from Case2 to compare the two cases. Notice that the 13 th
harmonic is much more pronounced in Case2 than it is in Case1. This is caused by the
capacitor that was added in Case2. Deselect any other components that may be displayed
so that only BUS-0002 in Case1 and BUS-0002 in Case2 are shown.
1
2
As the final exercise we will change the capacitor to a single-tuned filter. Return to the
Component Editor and select the capacitor FLTR-0001. Change the Type field from
Capacitor Bank to Single Tuned Filter as shown in the figure below.
Click on the Filter Design button and change the Harmonic Order to Tune to 4.8. It is
common to tune the filters to a value just below the most dominant frequency.
Although our system has a resonance at the 13th harmonic, our 6-pluse harmonic
source has predominantly 5th and 7th harmonics. After entering 4.8 in the harmonic
order, click the OK button.
Return to the HIWAVE Study Window, Copy Case2 and Paste the copy into folder Study1.
The copy/paste function will create a new case called Case3. If you need help, refer
back to steps 12 and 13. Select Case3 as shown below, and click on the Run button.
Click Run on the HIWAVE Study Setup screen and close the Study Messages Window
after the study is complete.
Run Case3.
Results from the harmonic simulation can also be displayed on the one-line diagram
using the datablock feature. Navigate back to the One-line diagram and select the
Run>Datablock Format menu item as shown in the figure below.
Select the Harmonics Datablock Format as shown below, click on the Apply button to
apply the datablock and click on the Close button to continue.
The results from the last harmonic simulation will be displayed and your screen should be
similar to the one shown in the figure below.
The report will display the total voltage and current distortion throughout the system in
different levels of detail. The total voltage distortion summary format is shown the
figure below.
This completes the tutorial for the Harmonic Analysis module, HIWAVE. For a discussion
on the HIWAVE program and how to add new harmonic sources to the library, refer to the
HIWAVE reference manual on the CD.
This section demonstrates how to use the I*SIM transient stability module. The primary
focus of transient stability is to evaluate the performance and stability of local generation
under changing loads, operating configurations, and other system disturbances.
Before we begin the Transient Stability simulation, we need to make sure your tutorial
project is in the correct state. If you have not completed the CAPTOR protective
coordination tutorial, your one-line will not display the protective device symbols. The
protective devices are not required for this tutorial. If you have not completed the Transient
Motor Starting (TMS) or HIWAVE tutorial, follow the first two steps in the TMS tutorial
section to add a 100 HP Induction motor to your one-line.
If you already completed the HIWAVE harmonic analysis tutorial, you will first need
to delete the filter/capacitor FLTR-0001 by following steps 1 – 2. If you have not run
the HIWAVE harmonic analysis tutorial, you can skip to step 3.
Navigate to the One-line and select the filter/capacitor FLTR-0001. Use the
Component>Destroy menu item as shown in the figure below, to delete
the component from the project database.
Stretch BUS-0002 to make room to add a generator by positioning the cursor just past the
right edge of the bus. Move the cursor until it changes to a Left and Right arrow (re-size
cursor). When you have the re-size cursor displayed, hold down your left mouse button
and drag the cursor to the right. This will extend the bus. Next, select the New Generator
icon and attach the generator to BUS-0002 as shown in below.
Change the Generator Schedule to PQ and enter 40 kW and 30 kVAR as shown in the
figure below. For the transient simulation, the kW and kVAR entries are only initial
conditions. The actual generator performance will be controlled by detailed models of
the generator, governor, and exciter.
1
2
3
The first time into ISIM, the Select Component Window will automatically appear. If it
does not appear use the Case>Select Components menu item until the Select
Components window shown in the figure below.
Select Gen-0001 and UTIL-0001 and transfer them from the Available Sources column to
the Selected Sources column. You can transfer them by double-clicking on each, or by
selecting them and using the [>>] transfer button.
Select the Motor tab and transfer Motor MTRI-0001 to the Selected Motors column as
shown below. This identified that we will be assigning a dynamic model to this motor
rather than representing the motor as a constant load in the simulation.
Select the Branch tab and transfer all of the cables and transformers to the Selected
Branches column as shown below. In a larger system, select only the branches where
you want to report and store current and power flows during the simulation.
When finished selecting components, close the Select Components window by clicking on
the Close button. The ISIM Study-Case View menu will appear as shown in the figure
below. This is primary ISIM interface where we will assign dynamic models and
events and display the simulation results.
Double-click on Generator GEN-0001 from the Case1 list. The Source Model Setup &
Dynamic Events windows will appear as shown below. Click on the Library button to
select the machine, exciter and governor models for this generator.
Click on the Exciter Model and Apply the 1979 IEEE Type 1 Exciter as shown in the
figure below.
Select the Turbine Governor Model and Apply the General Use entry as shown below.
After applying the Governor Model, close the selection window by clicking on the
Close button.
2
1
The three library selections you made should now appear on the ISIM Source Model
Setup Window. Click on the OK button to continue.
Double-click on Utility UTIL-0001 from Case1 to assign a dynamic model and click on
the Library button as shown in the figure below.
Verify that the Infinite Machine selection is displayed as the Machine Model for UTIL-
0001 as shown below. Press the OK button to continue.
For the motor in this tutorial, we are going to create a custom model. Select the
Document>Library menu item as shown in the figure below.
Open the Ptw.lib file stored in the \PTW32\LIB folder by selecting it from the list, then
click on the Open button as shown below.
Select the Induction Motor Model category from the ISIM Library list as shown in the
figure below.
Click your right mouse button on the right half of the Library window and select the
New option from the pop-up menu shown below.
26. Select the Double Cage flux level induction motor model and press OK to continue.
Enter the desired values for motor current, torque and power factor as shown below and
press the Calculate button. This estimating tool generates motor model parameters,
and calculates current, torque and power factor values from the model. Weighting
factors can be used to help match the desired values. For our example, the estimated
model is sufficient without adjusting the weighting factors. Verify that your Actual
values are similar to those shown below and press OK to continue.
29. Change the name for your model to 100 HP Motor as shown below.
Change the Inertia constant for your motor to 3.0, the Load damping factor 2.0, and the
Nominal Torque to –0.9 as shown in below. The load damping factor controls the
shape of the load torque curve, the Inertia constant defines the inertia of the motor and
the load, and the nominal torque defines the rated load torque. For more details, refer
to the on-line help or ISIM reference manual. Close the window to continue.
Select the 100 HP Motor model we added to the library and click on the Apply button.
Click on the Close button to continue.
Double-click on BUS-0001 in Case1 to open the Bus Model Setup & Dynamic Events
window. Click on the Apply Fault radial button and enter 0.1 seconds in the Event
Time field. Click on the Create Event button to save the event.
Click on the Clear Fault radial button and enter 0.233 seconds in the Event Time field to
represent an 8-cycle fault at 60 Hz. Select the Create Event button to save the event.
Select the OK button to close the Setup window and continue.
1
2
5
2
4
Add Event to Trip Utility at 0.233 Seconds.
Double-click on MTRI-0001 in Case1 to open the Model Setup and Event Window. Click
on the “Dynamic Events” Tab. Click on the Of f Line radial button under Initial
Status. Click on the Start Motor radial button and enter 5.0 seconds in the Event Time
Window. This event will simulate starting or re-starting the motor after losing the
Utility. Press the Create Event button to save the event. Press the OK button to
continue.
1 2
Select Case1 and verify that the 4 events appear as shown below. Put checks in the plot
channels for GEN-0001 and UTIL-0001 as shown at the bottom of the figure
below. These selections represent the parameters that will be saved during the ISIM
simulation.
Select the Motor tab and add checks to the motor parameters as shown at the bottom of the
figure below.
Change the Maximum Simulation Time to 50 Seconds as shown below. Click on the
Run button to begin the simulation.
Review the Study Messages dialog to confirm there are no errors and close dialog to
continue.
Select the Graph button and check the GEN-0001 Speed Deviation option as shown in the
figure below.
You can define any number of graphs and plot any number of different variables on a single
plot. You can also compare plot results from different cases on a single plot. Refer to the I*SIM
Users guide and Reference manual on the PTW CD for additional information.
231
Before we begin this section, you need to make sure your tutorial project is in the correct
state. If you have not completed the CAPTOR protective coordination tutorial, your one-
line will not display the protective device symbols, which is okay. You should destroy any
extra components added specifically for the HI_WAVE or I*SIM portions of this tutorial.
Remember to use the Component>Destroy function rather than Component>Remove,
which simply hides components on the one-line and doesn’t delete them from the project
database. The system should contain only the following components:
Check the Demand Load (DL), Load Flow (LF), and Comprehensive Fault (SC) study
options, and click on the Run button.
From the One-line, select the Run>Datablock Format menu option as shown.
Results from the Unbalanced Load Flow study will be displayed. Since the system is
balanced, phase A, B and C are equal and match the results from the balanced study.
To simulate an unbalanced condition, let’s assume that we lose one phase of cable CBL-
0001. The load remains constant but power from phase A is lost. Uncheck Phase A for
cable CBL-0001 as shown below.
10. Check for fatal errors in the Study Dialog Output Window.
237
11. With the one-line diagram active, select the Run>Datablock Format menu item.
Select the UB_LF Current format then click on the Apply button followed by the Close
button. This will apply the selected datablock to the one-line and close the selection
window.
Select the UB Sequence Currents format then click on the Apply button followed by the
Close button. This will apply the selected datablock to the one-line and close the
selection window.
The Unbalanced/Single Phase studies can be used to simulate any combination of single-
phase, two-phase and three-phase distribution systems. In addition to applications in
Rural Utilities, City Distribution, and unbalanced industrial operating conditions, it is
useful for single phase distribution in commercial and light industrial applications. For
a simple example, we will expand the existing project to include a single-phase
transformer where we can evaluate the impact from the single-phase loads and
calculate the fault currents. Stretch BUS-0002 and add a transformer (XF2-0003), bus
(BUS-0005) and load (LOAD-0002) as shown.
Click on the Library Button and select the Typical Pole Mount Single-phase
Transformer from the Transformer Library. Click on the Apply button to apply the
selection and the Close button to close the library window.
Select the Single Phase Mid Tap Option and enter the secondary transformer and bus
voltage as 240 Volts (L-L). This will provide 120 V L-N volts on the secondary. The
same mid-tap transformer can be used to provide 240 V L-L volts.
Select Single Phase Mid Tap Option and enter 240 L-L Voltage.
Select the Demand Load, Load Flow and Comprehensive Fault Options and click the
Run button.
Review the Output dialog window to make sure there are no fatal errors then click the
close button. If errors are reported, click the View Error button, correct the errors and
re-run the studies before continuing.
Select the UB_LF Current format, click on the Apply button to display the selection and
click on the Close button to close the window.
The phase currents given the unbalanced open-line condition and the new single-phase
transformer and load should be displayed.
Repeat the process to display the Unbalanced Single-line to ground fault currents.
Select the UB_SC-SLG format, click on the Apply button to display the selection and
click on the Close button to close the window.
The phase currents given the unbalanced open-line condition and the new single-phase
transformer and load should be displayed.
Select the Unbalanced-Single Phase / Load Flow / Load Flow A,B,C Phases Report.
Double clicking on Load Flow A,B,C Phases.rpt will open the report as shown.
Use the button to move to the next page, and the following report will appear.
The Crystal Reports can be printed directly or saved in a variety of formats. This
completes the Single-Phase/Unbalanced module Tutorial.
The Load Point Reliability includes the following indices for each load and motor in
the system:
o MTBF mean time between failure, MTBF = MTTF + MTTR
o Failure Rate λ failures per year
o MTTF mean time to failure (1/ λ), or years per failure
o Annual Outage Time total hours of downtime per year
o MTTR average outage time, or average downtime per failure
o Annual Availability% (1 - total outage hours per year / 8760) * 100
o EENS expected energy not supplied per year
o ECOST total damage cost in k$ per year due to failures
The Protection Zone Reliability includes the following IEEE indices for each
protection zone in the system:
The Utility System Evaluation includes the following aspects of the utility portion of
the system:
o Installed Cost equipment costs
o Operation switching and lockout complexity
o Reliability probability of failure and mean time to repair
o Expansion process that must be shutdown for maintenance and expansion
o Recovery capacity to isolate from supply line faults
capacity to recover from equipment and bus faults
capacity to recover from breaker failures
o Evaluation overall system evaluation
To predict the system reliability at a future time, the program estimates the failure rate and
restoration time at the year of evaluation based on historical data. Enter the historical
failure rate and restoration time in the Customer Reliability Data library and Year
Installed for the components of interests in the Component Editor, and Evaluation Year in
the study setup. The program will come up with a mathematical representation of failure
rate and restoration time as a function of (Year Evaluate – Year Installed). The predicted
failure rate and restoration time at the evaluation year will be used in the calculation of
reliability indices and cost evaluations.
Similar to TMS, ISIM, and HIWAVE, the reliability analysis module has its own Study-
Case Tree to manage different studies for easy evaluation of alternatives. One scenario
could be as simple as running the study with the intent to repair a motor at failure, while
another scenario could be to keep a spare motor and replace it at failure. The calculated
reliability indices and costs from two different scenarios can be compared and
quantitative trade-off can be made.
Since a fuse without a switch can not be the primary zone protection, the first step is to
add a switch as shown below (PD-0005). Also add a MV/HV Breaker (PD-0006).
Select the Reliability Data sub-view of Transformer, XF2-0001 from the Component
Editor, press the Library button and double click the “Transformer (IEEE)-601-15000V”
from the Customer Reliability Data library. The Permanent Failure Rate and Repair Time
will be filled in from the library. Alternatively, you can type in the values directly. Enter
the Replace Time, Equipment Cost, and the Year Installed as shown.
257
Select the Reliability Data sub-view of XF2-0002 from the Component Editor, press the
Library button and double click the “Transformer, 3 00 KVA –10 MVA, ERM RAM” from
the customer reliability data library. The Permanent Failure Rate and Repair Time will be
filled in from the library. Alternatively, you can type in the values instead of using the
library data.
Enter the Replace Time, Equipment Cost, and enter the Year Installed as shown.
The cable has another permanent failure rate and restoration time for each termination of
each phase. In the following example, the permanent failure rate is 0.004 and the cable
termination (each end) data is entered as 0.0001 f/yr. For example, if the cable is 3 phase
with 5 conductors per phase, the total permanent failure rate of the cable would be (0.004
+ 3 * 2 * 0.0001).
The switching time is used to simulate a disconnect switch. It is assumed that there is a
disconnect switch for each branch. When there is a fault somewhere in the zone, the main
protection device for the zone will trip, then the disconnect switch will open to isolate the
fault. After that, the main protection device will close to restore power for the rest of the
zone. The switching time represents the total time it takes for these actions to take place.
For branches where no disconnect mechanism is present, enter a switching time equal to
the repair time.
259
Select the Reliability Data sub-view of LOAD-0001 from the Component Editor, press the
Library button for Customer Damage Function (CDF) and double click the “Type2,
Industrial” from the library. A table listing the cost related to each failure duration will be
filled in from the CDF library. Move to the reliability data section and press the library
button to select “Heater, Electric, General” from t he Custom Reliability Data library,
enter the number of customers as 1.
There are six protective devices in this project. The data for all six devices follows:
Device Library Failure Repair Equipment Year
Rate Time Cost Installed
(failures/year) (hours) (k$)
PD-0001 Fuse, 5-15kV-PREP 0.0007 0.5 0.22 1990
PD-0002 Protective Relays-IEEE 0.0002 5 7.5 1990
PD-0003 Circuit Breaker LV-IEEE 0.0027 4 8.7 1990
PD-0004 Circuit Breaker LV-IEEE 0.0027 4 1.4 1990
PD-0005 Disconnect Switch-IEEE 0.0061 3.6 0.5 1990
PD-0006 Circuit Breaker MV-IEEE 0.0036 83.1 10.0 1990
Select each protective device and enter the reliability data for each. This completes the
data entry portion of the tutorial. The next section will outline the study setup options.
261
Once you start the Reliability Analysis module, the following study manager appears with
a default study named “Study1”. You can rename it to a more descriptive name.
Selecting each different folder/icon on the left hand side will bring up its corresponding
context on the right hand side. For example, selecting the root of the tree will show a list
all major aspects of study results for all studies in this project, selecting the Study folder
will show major results in the current study only, selecting Reliability Analysis under the
study will lists all reliability related indices, and selecting Cost Evaluation under the study
will lists all cost related evaluation results. Since we haven’t run the study yet, there are
no results listed under the Load Point Indices Results or IEEE Indices Results folders.
Disconnect Switches
Disconnect switches allows restoration of all load points between the supply
point and the point of isolation before the repair process has been completed. The
option assumes that you have a disconnect switch that can isolate each problem
area and can re-energize the unaffected areas. Additional control can be achieved
by setting the repair and switching times appropriately for each branch.
Fuse Settings
Fuses allow disconnection of its load point until the failure is repaired. Thus will
not affect or cause the disconnection of any other load point. The Failure
Probability of fuse is the chance of fuse not being able to operate successfully. If
the failure probability is 0.1, the fuses operates successfully 9 out of 10 times
when required. The Isolation Time of fuse is the time it takes for all failures to be
isolated.
263
Alternative Supply
In the event of a system failure, the normally open tie-breaker can be closed
in order to recover loads that have been disconnected.
Age Factor
The Customer Reliability Data library allows you to enter the historical data for
failure rate and restoration time for each year in the past. A curve fitting program
is used to define a mathematical representation for failure rate and restoration time
as a function relative to the year installed. If the Include Age Multiplying Factor is
checked, the Evaluation Year field can be entered
and the Reliability Analysis program will use the evaluation year and year
installed to adjust the failure rates and repair times. See Reliability Data Library
for more information.
Evaluation Year
Enter a current or future year you want to calculate reliability and related costs.
To run a study, select any folder under the study name you would like to analyze and
simply press the “Run” button on the bottom left co rner of the reliability study tree.
Alternatively, you can select “Run Study” under the Reliability menu or the right
mouse menu.
The load point indices and IEEE indices will be calculated and the study progress/log report
will be listed under the study setup output window. Any input data errors and warnings will
be reported in this window for your review. It is highly recommended that you resolve all
errors and understand all warnings before proceeding to the indice results.
If you make change on the system topology from the one-line or change data from the
component editor from one study to another, then you are using different studies just to
keep track of output results. In this case, you should run each study right after the changes
are made and do not run all studies in one action.
The Load Point Reliability includes the following indices for each load and motor in the
system. Definitions for the indices follow. Most of them come from the IEEE Standard 493-
1997 Gold Book - “Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power Systems”:
time. Usually exposure time is expressed in years and failure rate is given in
failures per year.
o MTTF Mean time to failure (1/ λ), or years per failure
Annual Outage Time: Total hours per year when a component or system is not
available to properly perform its intended function due to some event directly
associated with that component or system.
o ECOST Total damage cost in thousands of dollars (k$) per year due to
failures.
c(r): cost which depending on the outage time ($/kW), this can be obtained
from Customer damage function (CDF) of each load.
267
The IEEE Reliability Indices include the following indices for each protective device in
the system.
where li is the failure rate and Ni is the number of customers of load point i.
where Ui is the annual outage time and Ni is the number of customers of load
point i.
c(r): cost which depending on the outage time ($/kW), this can be obtained
from Customer damage function(CDF) of each load.
269
Refer to John E. Propst and Daniel R. Doan’s paper for more detail on the cost-
reliability trade-off for these configurations.
Each type of default weighting factor emphasizes different aspects that affect the decision.
The default weighting factors come from Tables 1, 3 and 7 of John E. Propst and Daniel R.
Doan’s paper.
Adjust the “Value” and “Weights %” for each aspect that affects the system evaluation,
based on the particular needs of your business or system. The total system value is 140 in
the configuration. This is a relative value to be compared with other proposed
configurations.
Utility System Installed Cost - Dual Source, Dual Transformer with Ring
Bus
Click on the “Config.” button and select the “Dual Source, Dual Transformer with Ring Bus”
utility system configuration for the new study , and overwrite the old evaluation data.
273
You can see that the total utility system cost changed from $880,000 for the single
source, single transformer case to $ 2,670,000 for the dual source, dual transformer with
ring bus case.
Once again, select the “Reliability Dominated Weigh ting” as the default weighting
factors for the new study and press OK.
For more in-depth discussion on the weighting factors and financial risk using this evaluation
model, refer to IEEE paper No. PCIC 2000-02 “Improvements in Modeling and Evaluation of
Electrical Power System Reliability” by John E. Propst and Daniel R. Doan.
275
The Distribution System Installed Cost folder will show all equipments/devices in this
project with the cost of each (including whether there is a spare or not) reading from the
components you entered in the project database. If you choose to let the program
automatically synchronize the data, the distribution installed cost list becomes read
only. Any changes made to project (add/destroy components, or change cost data from
component editor) will be updated to the distribution installed cost list automatically.
277
Also click on the “Config.” Button and select “Simp le Radial”. The following distribution
system evaluation results will appear. Again, you can customize the distribution installed cost
list or the distribution system evaluation Value and Weights % in each default configuration
by making your modifications and choosing “Save As Template”.
You will get the following distribution system evaluation results. Comparison of the two
distribution system configurations “Single Radial” and “Dual Supply Radial with Tie
Breaker” show that the installed cost jumps from k$ 2310 to k$3088, and the overall
system evaluation value improved from 128 to 268.
279
Al l library related features you have learned from other library types apply here. These
include copy, paste with in the same library or between different libraries, etc.
The advantage of having such a user definable library allows you to model your plant
accurately. You can select the same library for all loads with the same characteristic. If
you need to modify or update your damage function, you can simply change the library
without changing any of the loads.
281
The Failure Rate Units are useful only for cables and transmission lines that have a length
in the component. Pi-equivalents using a single core or pipe type library also have a length
in the component to adjust the selected failure rate unit. For all other components, choose
no unit, which simply means failures per year for the component.
The parameters C5, C4, C3, C2, C1, C0 are disabled because they are calculated from
historical data entered on the “Failure Rate Aging Factor” page, and “Repair Time
Aging Factor” page. If no historical data are entered on the 2nd and 3rd pages, these
parameters will be enabled for the user to enter.
283
This section describes functions that will increase your efficiency with the PTW software.
Topics include Customizing the One-line diagrams; Running Queries; Applying Custom
Datablocks; Making Custom Symbols; Adding User-Defined Fields; Project Backup,
Managing Multiple Scenarios, Cloning and Copying Component Data, Using Project
Templates, and Exporting One-Lines and TCC Drawings. This section provides a simple
over-view of several important features and concepts. For more detailed information about
any of the topics, refer to the Users Guide and Reference Manuals supplied on the PTW
CD.
Project Options
The Project menu lets you set project-related options. There is a function to make a copy of
your project. There is another option to make a backup copy of your project.
Project>Copy As copies only the project files, whereas Project>Backup makes a
copy of your project, library, datablocks and custom forms necessary for someone else
to use your project. There is also an option to merge two projects together. To explore
additional options, select the Project>Options menu item.
Project Options.
The Project>Options Library group is used to specify the libraries used for each project.
Each project can reference its own custom libraries or share common libraries.
The TCC Option Group is used to specify default colors, time and current axis ranges,
reference voltage and current scale, use of fault current, grid density, color and line
style as shown in the figure below. Most of these options are default settings that can
be over-ridden for each individual TCC drawing.
Document Export
Any one-line diagram or TCC drawing can be exported to WMF and DXF files for
inclusion in Word documents and CAD drawings. To export a drawing, open the one-
line or TCC drawing you wish to export and choose the Document>Export option as
shown in the figure below
Document>Export Option
Form Print
Another important feature to understand is the Form Print capability. This feature allows
you to print multiple documents on a single pre-defined form. For example, you can
print a one-line diagram, TCC drawing, Title block and Company Logo all on the same
page with a single function. To define a new form or change an existing form, select
the Document>Form Layout option shown below.
289
To edit an existing form, select the form description. Buttons are also available to add new
forms, delete existing forms, rename forms, copy forms, and import forms.
The tabs across the top of the Form Edit window are used to define the page size,
assign the document types and areas on the page, and custom settings for each
document type. The print form shown in Error! Reference source not found.
includes areas for a TCC drawing, One-line diagram and Title block.
An example of the Print Form output is shown in the figure below. In this form, the TCC
drawing, One-line diagram and Title-block are specified. Datablocks are turned-on for
the TCC drawing and.
291
Enter a new format name, for example, type My Format as shown below. The datablock
format can display any combination of data fields for each component type. For this
example, we will display the initial symmetrical three-phase fault current at each
bus.
Select Bus under Component Type (this is the default). Next select the InitSymRMS 3P
option in the Available Attributes column. Click on the “Add to End” button to transfer
the field to the Displayed Attributes column. With InitSymRMS 3P selected in the
Displayed Attributes column, change the Attribute Template to Isc 3P %1.0 %2mps.
This will display the description Isc 3P in front of the fault value at each bus. The
%1.0 will display the fault value with no digits beyond the decimal place, and the units
will be displayed as Amps. %2 is the placeholder for the Units of the selected
293
field. %a will append multiple datablock fields on a continuous line rather than
plotting each field on a separate line. When complete, click on the OK button.
With your new format definition selected, click on the Apply button to apply your
datablock to the one-line. Click on the Close button to close the Datablock Format
selection window.
For datablock fields that are calculated from the unbalanced calculations, such as load
flow current, you can choose vector specifications from Phase Summation,
Maximum phase, ABC Phases, AB, BC, CA, A, B, or C Phases.
You can also choose from Real and Imaginary, Magnitude and Angle, Magnitude and
Power Factor, or Magnitude only formats.
Select the pre-defined query “All 2 Winding Tran sformers”. Click on the Run button to
run the query and the Close button the close the Query window.
All of the transformers in the project will appear in the Component Editor list as shown in
the figure below. The queries allow you to select any group of components that match
a specific set of criteria. For large projects, the queries are very useful. Note that you
can run a query on a one-line diagram as well.
Next we will use the results from the query with a datablock format to create a
transformer list. Select the Run>Datablock Format menu item as shown below.
Select the Run Datablock Report option to generate a spread-sheet style report for the
selected transformers. The datablock report will display information only the
components listed in the Component Editor
The fields specified in the datablock format appear in a spreadsheet format as shown in the
figure below. In practice, you will make your own datablock format to include
Component Name and Connected Bus when generating a transformer list, cable list or
transformer list. The datablock format we selected was designed for the one-line or
Component Editor display where you visually see the component name and connected
bus.
Datablock Report
User-Defined Fields
User-Defined Fields
301
Component Clone
One of the most useful time-saving features in PTW is the Component Clone option.
Component Clone makes a copy of a selected group of components, assigning new
names to the components and copying the data assigned to the original components.
To use the clone feature, select the group of components you want to clone as shown
in the figure below.
With the new components highlighted, position your cursor over the top of one of the
symbols (until the 4 arrow cursor appears), depress the left mouse button and drag the
selected components to an empty space on the one-line. Once the components are in
position, you can release the left mouse button. Connect the new group of components
as shown in the figure below.
Template Example
Let’s say from the Demo project you wanted the “CBL 1 B” branch to be a template so
that you can use all the components in that branch to other projects.
Open up the “Demo” project and open the “Overall .drw” one-line file.
The template window similar to the one below will come up.
You can now use this template to any other project that you have.
To use the newly created template, you can open up any project (Plant from our
example)
In the “Plant” project, you can open up the “Mai ndraw.drw” one-line file.
Select the template named “CBL1B Branch” and th en click on the paste button.
This new “CBL1B Branch” will have the same info rmation as the one from the
Demo project
What is a Scenario?
To explain what a “Scenario” is, we’ll offer a typi cal situation you might find yourself in:
Let’s say you’ve finished a PTW project that repres ents a small manufacturing plant. One
day, the plant manager says he’d like to add a new motor to the system, but has 4 different
possible places for it, and wants you to run a Load Flow/Voltage Drop Study analyzing the
effects of the motor in each of these 4 different places. Ideally, he’d like to install the
motor in the place where it’ll cause the least amount of voltage drop. One way to do this
would be to use PTW’s Project>Copy As command and create 4 different copies of your
existing PTW project, then add the motor in each spot within each of those 4 different
projects, and run the Load Flow/Voltage Drop study within each of those 4 projects. This
approach would certainly work, but would be very unwieldy—ea ch time you want to run
the Load Flow/Voltage Drop study on one of those 4 different projects, you’d need to
close the project you’re in, open the different project, run the study, print out the study
results, and repeat the process for the next project.
Another way you might approach this problem would be to add the motor within your
current project at Possible Spot 1, run the study and print its results, then destroy the
component and add the motor again at Possible Spot 2, run the study and print its results,
then destroy the component, and so on. This method alleviates having to repeatedly open
and close projects, but it still requires the repeated data entry of component data, and
leaves the possibility that you may inadvertently mess up the original system you worked
so hard to design.
In both approaches to the problem, you’re able to get the data you want, but after a fairly
tedious and lengthy process. Wouldn’t it be nice if you could try out all these different
scenarios within your existing project? To be able to see the Load Flow/Voltage Drop
results of the 4 different motor locations without having to make changes to the existing
system, and without having to switch between 4 different projects? And best of all, be
able to see the Load Flow/Voltage Drop results in a single spreadsheet with the results
side-by-side, rather than having to compare 4 separate sheets of paper?
This is exactly what Scenarios enable you to do. Scenarios are just like copies of a PTW
project, except that they exist within your current project. Because they exist within your
current project, they’re optimized for easy comparison of study data, and for updating
one another with changes made to the system. They’re called “Scenarios” because they
enable you to perform “what if” scenarios on your current project to study the effects, but
without forcing you to make any changes whatsoever to your existing project.
them, and switching between them. The second tool, the Data Visualizer, provides a way
to view the differences in data between the Scenarios. In our previous example, where we
wanted to see the effects of adding a motor in each of 4 different locations, the Data
Visualizer lets us see the Load Flow/Voltage Drop results in a spreadsheet, so that the
results of each of the locations appears in a column. The Data Visualizer lets us easily see
the differences among these scenarios at a glance
Let’s begin by opening the Scenario Manager. To open the Scenario Manager,
click the Projects>Scenario Manager command:
Scenario1
Now we will create a Scenario:
Let’s create our first Scenario by cloning the Base Project. To do so, click the
“Clone” button. Notice how the Scenario Manager now shows two Scenarios,
the “Base Project” and a new one called “Scenario1”:
After we clone the Base
Project, we see the clone appear
with the name “Scenario1.”
With “Scenario1” highlighted, click the Activate and Exit button. The Component
Editor reappears, and initially it might seem like we’ve just returned to the project
we were working on. In actuality, though, we’re in a copy of the entire project,
and any changes we make to Scenario1 will only appear in Scenario1 and not in
the Base project.
To prove this, let’s try changing some data in Scenario1. In the Component Editor,
switch to the cable component C1:
To summarize what we’ve done here, we’ve changed the length of the cable
component C1 from 100 feet to 105 feet within Scenario1 only. If we go back to
the Base Project, we’ll see that the cable component C1 still shows a length of
100 feet. To switch back to the Base Project, click the Project>Scenario
Manager command again:
315
Next, highlight “Base Project” and click the “Ac tivate and Exit” button:
Go to the cable component C1 in the Component Editor and you’ll see that it still
shows its length as 100 feet:
Let’s make one more change to the data in Scenario1. First, open the Scenario
Manager again, highlight “Scenario1,” and click the “Activate and Exit ” button:
Change its Voltage from 1.000 to 0.95. Once again, notice how the field changes
color after you change the data, to indicate that its data now differs from the
data in the Base Project.
16. Select the “Load Flow” study option and click R un:
This runs the Load Flow/Voltage Drop study on Scenario1. Now let’s the run theLoad
Flow/Voltage Drop study on the Base Project. To do so, switch to the Base Project
by clicking Project>Scenario Manager, selecting “Base Project,”
Run the Load Flow/Voltage Drop study again as we did above. Since we’ve run the
Load Flow/Voltage Drop study on both the Base Project and on Scenario1, we
now have Load Flow/Voltage Drop Study data available to be compared. We do
the data comparison using the Data Visualizer.
The data which appears in the Data Visualizer window is determined by the
datablock which is currently applied. Since we want to see the results of the
Load Flow/Voltage Drop study, we’ll apply the Load Flow datablock.
In the Datablock window, select the “Load Flow Data” datablock format and click
Apply, then Close:
The Data Visualizer window will now show Load Flow/Voltage Drop data for the
Base Project:
However, we want to compare the results between the Base Project and Scenario1. To
display both of them, click the Scenarios button
Now we’re getting somewhere! When the Data Visualizer reappears, we can see the
results of the Load Flow study side by side, making it easy to compare the
results:
Right now, we’re just viewing the results for the cable component C1. If we want
to show all the components, click the Components button .
321
In the window that appears, click the first bus B1, hold down the Shift key, and
select the last component in the list, then click OK:
The Data Visualizer window will now show all the components and their study
data:
If we wanted to sort the data by the field instead of by the component name, we
click the Options button .
When the Data Visualizer window reappears, the data will now be sorted by the
Field instead of by the component, and we can easily see all the % Voltage
Drop fields together:
323
Scenario 2
34. Now let’s create another scenario.
With “Scenario1” selected, click the Clone butt on. This creates a
new Scenario named “Scenario2”:
Now select our new “Energy Conservation Plan” s cenario and click Activate and
Exit, as shown following:
325
Switch to the Component Editor. At this point, we only want to see the components
whose data differs from the data in the Base Project. The Component Editor
gives us a filter feature to do this. To filter the component list for just the
different components, select “Diff” from the drop-d own list:
As you might recall, the cable component C1’s length was 100 feet in the Base
Project, and we changed it to 105 feet in Scenario1. In this scenario, we’ll
change it to 95 feet:
44. Click the “Scenarios” button, hold down the Ctr l key, and select all 3 names:
Open up the “Plant” project. Let’s begin by op ening the Scenario Manager. To open
the Scenario Manager, click the Projects>Scenario Manager command:
Let’s create our first Scenario by cloning the Base Project. To do so, click the
“Clone” button. Notice how the Scenario Manager now shows two Scenarios,
the “Base Project” and a new one called “Scenario1”:
The data which appears in the Data Visualizer window is determined by the
datablock which is currently applied. Since we want to see the cable data
input information, we’ll apply the “Input Data” datablock .
In the Datablock window, select the “Input Data ” datablock format and click
Apply, then Close:
331
Next click on the “Query” button and select “Al l cables” and click on the “Run”
button.
This will list all the cables along with its input data block information.
Now click on the “Options” button and select “a ttributes” options. This will sort the
results by attributes
Click on the “Scenario” button and select both the “Base” and “scenario 1”.
Select all the cables lengths in scenario 1, right-click your mouse and then select
“Global Change”
Select “Replace with” option and type in “100” in the new value field and click on the
“OK” button.
This will replace the length of the cables in “Scen ario1” to 100 feet.
These innocent-looking options is actually quite important, because they have a profound
effect on what will happen to your scenarios when you make changes to the Base Project.
Earlier in this tutorial we made the statement that “changes made to Scenarios won’t affect
your Base Project.” This is true, but the converse, that changes made to your Base Project
won’t affect your Scenarios, isn’t necessarily true . Here’s how the 3 choices work:
335
feet and the size to 225, the size of Cable 1 in Scenario1 will
change to 225, because its size has been unmodified from the
value in the base, but the length will not change to 30, because
its length had already been modified from 100 to 50.
Promote All When you make a If you have
Fields in the change to a Cable 1 (in Base Project)
Base component in the Length: 100 ft., Size: 600
Component Base Project, that
to All data will populate
Scenarios up to all Scenarios
even if the data has Cable 1 (in Scenario1)
been changed.
Length: 50 ft., Size: 600
and you change the length of Cable 1 in the Base Project to 30
feet and the size to 225, the size of Cable 1 in Scenario 1 will
change to 225, and the length will change to 30 feet, because
the selected option automatically pushes up all changes
regardless of whether they were modified in the Scenario or
not.
Do Not When you make a If you have
Promote change to a Cable 1 (in Base Project)
Base component in the Length: 100 ft., Size: 600
Changes to Base Project, that
Scenarios data will not
populate up to any
Scenarios. Cable 1 (in Scenario1)
Length: 50 ft., Size: 600
feet and the size to 225, the size of Cable 1 in Scenario 1 will
not change, and its length will not change either. This is
because this option prevents any changes made in the Base
Project to populate to any of the Scenarios.
Components
The Components button will bring up the Component Existing Dialog for you to
select components from any scenarios.
Scenarios
The Scenarios button will bring up a list of all the existing scenarios in this project, you
can multiple select the scenarios to be displayed for comparison and reporting. If a
component doesn’t existing in all scenarios, the data fields will be blank out for the
scenario in which the component doesn’t exists.
Options
The Options button will bring up a dialog for you to choose how the data will be layout –
By Component or By Attribute. If By Component is the choice, all data field selected from
the Datablock format will be listed together under the same component, then move to the
next component. If By Attribute is the choice, one attribute/data field of all components of
the same component type will be listed together, and then move to the next attribute/data
field of the same component type. Furthermore, you can also specify group color and color
for differences between base and scenarios.
Group Data By
Component
If By Component is the choice, all data field selected from the Datablock
format will be listed together under the same component, then move to the next
component component type.
Attribute
Group Color
The Group Color section allows for easy distinguishing of groups by the use of
user selectable colors. The two colors will alternate between groups.
Distinguish differences between the base project and scenarios through user selectable
colors. Selected Difference Color will apply to corresponding Group Color.
Datablock
The Datablock button will bring up the Datablock Format dialog for you to select an
existing datablock format to apply or to create a new format Format Editor dialog box.
Query
The Query button will bring up the standard Query Using the Query Editor Dialog for
you to select an existing query or to create a new query. Components that matched the
query criteria can be merged with the ones already in your view, or you could choose to
replace what you already have in the view.
Format
The scenarios, components, datablock format, and display layout selected can be saved as
a Data Visualizer format. All saved formats are listed under the Format list, the last applied
one will be re-applied once the Data Visualizer is closed and re-opened.
Show Difference
When "Show Difference" checkbox is checked, those field values that are different from
the base will have a different color. The colors can be specified in the "Options" window of
the Data Visualizer. See also Options (Data Visualizer)
Additional Tips
Deleting a Scenario does NOT touch the Base Project¾If you find that a particular
scenario is of no use anymore, you can delete it in the Scenario Manager by
selecting it and clicking the Delete button. This will not affect your Base Project
or any of your other scenarios; it only deletes the selected scenario.
Components added in a scenario are indicated using the same “Diff” color Just as
you can change component data in a scenario and those changes won’t affect the
Base Project, you can also add and delete components in a scenario and those
added or deleted components also will not affect your base project. You can tell if
a component has been added in a scenario because its symbol in the Component
Editor will display a box around its symbol, using the “Diffs” color (peach by
default) that’s set in the Project>Options>Application>Diffs option:
In the Data
Visualizer, a
component that
only exists in
some Scenarios
will appear as a
blank column in
the others. In this
example, cable
“CBL-0026”
exists in
Scenario1 and
Scenario3, but not
in Scenario2 or
the Base Project.
The “Promote to Base” button in the Scenario Manage r will replace the Base
Project with a Scenario¾When you click this button, it gives you the option of
making a backup copy of your Base Project. This is because this option will actually
replace your Base Project with the selected scenario. Proceed with caution when using
this option! It’s useful in those cases where you’re absolutely certain that a Scenario
fits your needs best, or the existing Base Project is irrelevant or out-of-date, and you
want to promote a Scenario to be your new Base Project.
339
Database Utilities
In the rare event that a project database becomes corrupted, database utilities are available
to recover and re-index the database files. To access the database utilities, close all projects
and use the Project>Database Utilities Option:
Let’s say you have the one-line as You then accidentally destroyed the
shown above. highlighted components.
You are then left with just the following You can click on the edit drop-down menu
components. and then select “Undo Destroy 5
components”.
The 5 objects that were accidentally destroyed will be returned to the one-line and database.
341
Let’s say you are searching for a certain component in a project that you know exists on
several one-lines and you want to quickly find it on one of the one-lines. You can do the
following steps.
1) From the component editor, select the component you are searching for.
2) Click on the Edit drop-down menu and then select “Find in One-line”
A window similar to the one below, which lists the one-line the component
belongs to, will then show up. From here, you can select the one-line that you
want to see the component in and then select the “O K” button.
You can do the steps above similarly on any TCC by selecting below:
You can also find any devices not in any one-line by selecting below:
343
Data State
New “Data State” drop-down list in Component Editor and TCC to identify data entry
status including: Incomplete, Estimated, Complete and Verified. Users can query
components with "Incomplete" Data State and continue work; or globally change the 'state'
of all selected components in the Data Visualizer. A toggle switch is provided on the One-
line Toolbar and View menu so the Data State Colors can be turn on or off. Symbol Colors
will take effect when the Data State Colors is off.
Let’s say you are entering data for a couple of motor components on a large project based
on estimated values. You then want to flag these motors as estimated values so that later on
you can quickly find them on the one-line and come back to them to enter in the exact
values. You can do the following steps.
In the component editor of the component that you want to flag, in the “Data
State” field, select “Estimated”.
3) While the one-line that has the component you want is active, click on the “Toggle
In the one-line, the color of the component you have flagged as “Estimated” will show up with the same
color that matches with what is specified in the “D ata State Color” section, in the Project Options
One-line Current Project Colors window.
4) The following dialog will prompt you with a choice to create a new one-line.
Answer YES to allow PTW to automatically create a small one-line with the same
name as the TCC with the selected components from the main one-line. It will also
associate it with the new TCC. The new one-line will have a .drw extension.
347
Then go to the Component menu, click “Existing” and select the same protective
device.
1
2
Now, notice that on the left side of the TCC, the function name is now set to
“Ground”.
7) You will see both the phase and ground functions in the same TCC.
To turn off any function plotted on the TCC, you can go back to the “Protection
Functions” window and uncheck the corresponding “Pl otted in TCC” column.
A separate set of Registry Settings is stored for each PTW installation. The settings can
be found under HKEY_CURRENT_USER : Software : SKM Systems Analysis, Inc. The
two important items to be familiar with are the ProjectStartup and Protection Settings.
ProjectStartup=1 remembers the state of the project when you closed PTW. In rare
circumstances the remembered state may not be valid and will cause an error on startup. If
you cannot open PTW and no meaningful message is displayed, set ProjectStartup=0 to
open PTW without any project. Protection=1 is for a hardware key and Protection=2 is for
a software key. If you ever need to switch from one type of key to another, the Protection
setting must be changed.
An alternative to editing the Registry is to use a utility program supplied with PTW that
deletes the PTW Registry entries and returns them to default values. The utility program is
called REGDEL.EXE and can be found in the PTW32\BIN folder. The “Delete PTW32
Registry Key” utility program is also available und er the Start>Power*Tools for
Windows menu. The RegDel utility has options to reset several common settings.
353
On-Line Help
Familiarize yourself with the on-line help options. The on-line help can provide
guidance in the efficient use of PTW. The on-line help icon displays an arrow
and question mark as shown in the figure below.
On-Line Help
The on-line help can be called from anywhere in the program and tries to bring up relevant
information to your location in the program. In the following example, clicking the
On-line help button while displaying a motor in the Component Editor and clicking
the mouse anywhere on the Component Editor retrieves information about the entry
fields available for motor specification.
Managing Libraries
The key to managing libraries is the knowledge that you can have multiple libraries open
and can copy and paste between them. As you add new entries to a library or modify
an existing library, you should mark the entries with your initials or an identifier. If
you add a ~ at the beginning of the Catalog Number field, clicking on the Catalog No.
heading will sort the entries by this field. Entries beginning with ~ will appear at the
bottom of the list. This process makes it easier to identify the library entries you’ve
modified and copy them to other libraries.
To copy library entries from one library to another, open the source library and a
destination library, highlight the library entries you want to copy and use the
Device>Copy function as shown below. Next, position the destination library to the
category that matches the copied devices and use the Device>Paste menu item.
Upon completion of each project and at intermediate stages, you should use the
Project>Backup function to make a backup copy of your project. The Project Backup
feature copies your project and library files to a new folder that can be backed-up to a
different drive, floppy disk, CD, or other backup media. The backup library contains
only the library entries used in the project.
Project Backup.
357
H
B Harmonic Analysis, 191
Build a System, 21 Harmonic Source, 192
C I
Cable, 27 I*SIM, 208
Capacitor, 198, 199 IEC_FAULT, 63
CAPTOR, 77 Important Concepts, 153, 154, 159, 160-
Clone Components, 301 163
Comprehensive Short Circuit, 63
Copy Data, 304
Crystal Report, 13, 71 L
Current distortion, 193
Legend Tag, 35
Libraries, 355
D Link Tag, 12, 35
Load, 27, 60
DAPPER, 63 Load Flow, 64
Database, 5
Database Utilities, 339
Datablock, 10, 11, 59, 291 M
Datablock Report, 13, 74
Motor Starting, 167
Data State, 343
Multiple One-line Diagrams, 6
Default values, 305
Multiple Scenarios, 16
Demand Load, 64
Document Export, 287
N
E Navigation between Windows
and Documents, 8
Equipment Evaluation, 109
Error on startup, 353
Export, 287, 288 O
F On-Line Help, 354
Output Forms, 13
Filter, 198
Filter Design, 199
Find Component, 341
Form Print, 97, 288
Q
Queries, 296
R
Reference Manuals, 354
Registry Entries, 353
Report, 8, 13
Rotate, 28
S
Scenarios, 16, 125, 310
Scenario Manager, 310
Stability, 209
Start Power*Tools for Windows, 20
Study menu, 64
Study Messages, 65
Symbol Creation, 291
Symbol Rotation, 28
T
TCC Report, 99
Template project, 306
TMS, 167
TMS Study dialog, 182
Transformer, 27
Transient Motor Starting, 167
Transient Stability, 209
U
Undo Command, 340
User Defined Database Fields, 299
User's Guide, 354
Utility, 26