Design of combined footing – Slab and Beam type-2

Design a rectangular combined footing with a central beam for supporting two columns
400x400 mm in size to carry a load of 1000kN each. Center to center distance between the
columns is 3.5m. The projection of the footing on either side of the column with respect to
center is 1m. Safe bearing capacity of the soil can be taken as 190kN/m2. Use M20 concrete
and Fe-415 steel.

Solution: Data
fck = 20Nlmm2,
fy= 415mm2,
f b (SBC)= l90 kN/m2,
Column A = 400 mm x 400 mm,
Column B = 400 mm x 400 mm,
c/c spacing of columns = 3.5,
PA = 1000 kN and PB = 1000 kN

Required: To design combined footing with central beam joining the two columns.

Ultimate loads
PuA= 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN, PuB = 1.5 x 1000 = 1500 kN

Proportioning of base size

Working load carried by column A = PA
= 1000 kN
Working load carried by column B = PB = 1000 kN
Self weight of footing 10 % x (PA + PB) = 200 kN
Total working load = 2200 kN
Required area of footing = Af = Total load /SBC=2200/190 = 11.57 m2
Length of the footing Lf = 3.5 +1 +1 =5.5m
Required width of footing = b= Af /Lf = 11.57/5.5 = 2.1m
Provide footing of size 5.5 x 2.1 m

For uniform pressure distribution the C.G. of the footing should coincide with the C.G. of
column loads. As the footing and columns loads are symmetrical, this condition is satisfied.

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 1000 kN 1000 kN

1m 3.5 m 1m

p=173.16 kN/m2
(safe)

The details are shown in Figure

Total load from columns = P = (1000 + 1000) = 2000 kN.

Upward intensity of soil pressure=Column loads, P/Af= 2000/5.5 x2.1 =173.16 kN/m2< SBC

Design of slab:
Intensity of Upward pressure = p =173.16 kN/m2
Consider one meter width of the slab (b=1m)
Load per m run of slab at ultimate = 173.16 x 1 = 173.16 kN/m
Cantilever projection of the slab (For smaller column) =1050 - 400/2 = 850mm
Maximum ultimate moment = 173.16 x 0.8502/2 = 62.55 kN-m. (Working condition)

1m
p=173.16
kN/m2
For M20 and Fe 415, Q u max = 2.76 N/mm2
Required effective depth = √ (62.15 x1.5 x 106/(2.76 x 1000)) = 184.28 mm
Since the slab is in contact with the soil clear cover of 50 mm is assumed.
Using 20 mm diameter bars, effective cover =20/2 +50 say 75 mm
Required total depth = 184.28 + 75 = 259.4 mm. However provide 300 mm from shear
consideration as well. Provided effective depth = d = 300-75 = 225 mm

To find steel
Mu/bd2 =1.5 x 62.15 x106/1000 x 2252 = 1.84 2.76, URS
Pt=0.584 %

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Ast = 1314 mm2
Use #20 mm diameter bar at spacing = 1000 x 314 / 1314 =238.96 mm say 230 mm c/c
Area provided =1000 x 314 / 230 = 1365 mm2. Hence safe. This steel is required for the entire
length of the footing.

Check the depth from one - way shear considerations

Design shear force=Vu=1.5 x173.16 x (0.850-0.225) = 162.33 kN
Nominal shear stress = τv= Vu/bd =162330/(1000x225) =0.72 MPa
Permissible shear stress
Pt = 100 x 1365 /(1000 x 225 ) = 0.607 %, τuc = 0.51 N/mm2
Value of k for 300 mm thick slab = 1
Permissible shear stress = 1 x 0.51= 0.51 N/mm2
τuc < τv and hence unsafe.

The depth may be increased to 400 mm so that d = 325mm

Mu/bd2 =1.5 x 62.15 x106/1000 x 3252 = 0.883 2.76, URS

Pt=0.26 %, Ast = 845 mm2
Use #16 mm diameter bar at spacing = 1000 x 201 / 845 =237.8 mm, say 230 mm c/c
Area provided =1000 x 201 / 230 = 874 mm2.
Check the depth from one - way shear considerations
Design shear force=Vu=1.5 x 173.16 x (0.850-0.325)= 136.36 kN
Nominal shear stress = τv = Vu/bd =136360/(1000x325) = 0.42 MPa
Permissible shear stress
pt = 100 x 874/(1000 x 325 ) = 0.269 %, τuc = 0.38 N/mm2
Value of k for 400 mm thick slab = 1
Permissible shear stress = 1 x 0.38= 0.38 N/mm2
Again τuc < τv and hence slightly unsafe.
However provide steel at closure spacing, #16 @150 mm c/c.
Ast=201 x 1000/150 =1340 mm2 and pt =0.41% and hence τuc=0.45 MPa and safe.

Check for development length

Ldt= 47 times diameter = 47x16=768 mm
Available length of bar = 850 - 25 =825mm > 768 mm and hence safe.

Transverse reinforcement
Required A st = 0.12 bD / 100 = 0.12 x 1000 x 400/100 = 480mm2
Using 10 mm bars, spacing = 1000 x 79 / 480 = 164.58 mm
Provide distribution steel of #10 mm at 160 mm c/c

Design of Longitudinal Beam

Two columns are joined by means of a beam monolithic with the footing slab. The load from the slab will
be transferred to the beam. As the width of the footing is 2.1 m, the net upward soil pressure per meter
length of the beam under service.
= w = 173.16 x 2.1 = 363.64 kN/m

Shear Force and Bending Moment at service condition

VAC = 363.64 x 1 = 363.14 kN, VAB = 1000-363.14 = 636.36 kN
VBD = 363.14 kN, VBA = 636.36 kN

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Point of zero shear is at the center of footing at L/2, i.e., at E
Maximum B.M. occurs at E
ME = 363.64 x 2.752 / 2 - 1000 (2.75 - 1) = -375 kN.m

Bending moment under column A = MA = 363.64 x 12 / 2 = 181.82 kN.m

Similarly bending moment under column B = MB = 181.82 kN-m
Let the point of contra flexure be at a distance x from C
Then, Mx= 363.63x2/2 – 1000(x-1) = 0
Therefore x = 1.30 m and 4.2m from C

Depth of beam from B.M. Considerations:

The width of beam is kept equal to the maximum width of the column i.e. 400 mm. Determine the
depth of the beam from absolute maximum BM. This is in the central part where T- beam action is
available. Assume the beam as rectangular at the center of span where the moment is maximum,
we have,

d =√ (375 x 1.5 x 106/ (2.76 x 400)) = 713.8 mm

Provide total depth of 800 mm. Assuming two rows of bars at an effective cover of 75 mm, the
effective depth provided = d= 800-75 = 725 mm.

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Check the depth for Two-way Shear:

The column B can punch through the footing only if it shears against the depth of the beam along its
two opposite edges, and along the depth of the slab on the remaining two edges. The critical section
for two-way shear is taken at distance d/2 (i.e. 680/2 mm) from the face of the column. Therefore, the
critical section will be taken at a distance half the effective depth of the slab (ds/2) on the other side as
shown in Fig.

1000 kN 1000 kN

363.64 kN/m

MC=375 kN-m

0.3 - 0.3

MA=181.82 kN-m BMD at MB=181.82 kN-m

V2=636.36 kN

V4=363.63 kN

+ -

_
+

V1=363.63 kN SFD
V3=636.36 kN

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 0.85m

4000 x 400 400 400 x 400 2100

0.8m mm
1.75m 1.75m
a=1 m 3.5m b=1

5500 mm

db/2

400

400 D+ds 2100

D+db

In this case b = D = 400 mm, d b = 725 mm, d s = 325 mm

Area resisting two - way shear
= 2(b x d b + d s x d s) + 2 (D + d b)ds
= 2 (400 x 725 + 325 x 325) + 2 (400 + 725) 325 = 1522500 mm2
Design shear=Pud= column load – W u x area at critical section
= 1500 – 173.16 x1.5 x(b + d s) x (D + d b)
=1500-173.16 x 1.5 x (0.400+0.325) x (0.400+
0.725)
=1288.14 kN
τv=Pud/bod= 1288.14x1000/1522500=0.845 MPa

Shear stress resisted by concrete = τuc = τuc x K s

where, τuc = 0.25 √ f ck= 0.25√ 20 = 1.11 N/mm2
K s = 0.5 + d / D = 0.5 + 400/400 = 1.5 ≠ 1 Hence K s = 1
τuc = 1 x 1.11 = 1.11 N/mm2 , Therefore safe

Area of Reinforcement
Cantilever portion BD and AC
Length of cantilever from the face of column = 0.8 m.
Ultimate moment at the face of column = 363.64x1.5 x 0.82 / 2 = 177.53 kN-m
Mumax = 2.76 x 400 x 7252 x 10 -6 = 580.29 kN.m >177.53 kN-m
Therefore Section is singly reinforced.

Mu/bd2 =177.53x106/(400x7252) =0.844 2.76, URS

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Pt=0.248%, A st =719.2 mm2
Provide 4 - 16 mm at bottom face, Area provided = 804 mm2, pt=0.278%
Ld = 47x16 =752 mm

Curtailment: All bottom bars will be continued up to the end of cantilever for both columns. If
required two bottom bars of 2-16mm will be curtailed at a distance d (= 725 mm) from the point
of contra flexure in the portion BE as shown in figure.

Region AB between points of contra flexures

The beam acts as an isolated T- beam.
bf = [ L o /( L o /b + 4 )] + b w, where,
L o = 4.2-1.3=2.9 m = 2900 mm
b= actual width of flange = 2100 mm, b w = 400 mm
bf = [2900 / (2900 / 2100) + 4] + 400 =938.9mm < 2100mm
D f = 400 mm, Mu = 1.5 x 375=562.5 kN-m
Moment of resistance Muf of a beam for x u = D f is :
(Muf) = [0.36 x 20 x 938.9 x 400 (725 - 0.42x400)] x10-6
= 1506 kN.m > Mu ( = 562.5 kN-m)
Therefore Xu <Df
Mu=0.87fyAst(d-fyAst/fckbf)
Ast= 2334 mm2
Provide 4 bars of 25 mm and 2 bars of 16 mm,
Area provided = 2354 mm2 >2334 mm2
pt = 100 x 2334/(400x725) = 0.805 %

Curtailment: Curtailment can be done as explained in the previous problem. However extend
all bars up to a distance ‘d’ from the point of contra flexure i.e up to 225 mm from the outer
faces of the columns. Extend 2-16mm only up to the end of the footing.

Design of shear reinforcement

Portion between column i.e. AB
In this case the crack due to diagonal tension will occur at the point of contra flexure because
the distance of the point of contra flexure from the column is less than the effective depth d(=
725mm)
(i) Maximum shear force at A or B = Vumax = 1.5 x 636.36 =954.54 kN
Shear at the point of contra flexure = 954.54-1.5x 363.64x0.3 = 790.9 kN
τv=790900/(400x725) =2.73 MPa  τc,max.(2.8 MPa)
Area of steel available = 2354 mm2, 0.805 %
τc=0.59MPa, τv > τc
Design shear reinforcement is required.
Using 12 mm diameter 4 - legged stirrups,
Spacing = 0.87 x 415 x (4 x 113) /(2.73-0.59)x400 =190.6 mm say 190 mm c/c
Zone of shear reinforcements is between τv to τc
= m from support B towards A

Cantilever portion BD and AC

Vumax = 363.64 x 1.5 = 545.45 kN,
Shear from face at distance d = VuD = 545.45-363.64 x1.5(0.400 / 2 + 0.725) = 40.90 kN
τv=40900/(400x 725) =0.14 MPa  τc,max. This is very small

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Steel at this section is 4 – 16 mm, Area provided = 804 mm2, pt=0.278%
τc =0.38N/mm2 (Table IS:456-2000). No shear steel is needed.
Provide minimum steel.
Using 12 mm diameter 2- legged stirrups,
Spacing = 0.87 x 415 x (2 x 113) /(0.4x400) =509.9 mm say 300 mm c/c

400x400 400x400

1 m 3.5 m 1m

Side face
2-#16 4-#25 + 2-#16 2-#16 2-#12

4-#16

2-#16

#12@300, #12@190, #12@300, #12@190, #12@300,

2L Stp 4L Stp 2L Stp 4L Stp 2L Stp

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