The document discusses pyrolysis as a sustainable way to convert waste biomass into energy. Pyrolysis involves thermally decomposing organic material at high temperatures without oxygen to produce bio-oil, biochar and syngas. Key points covered include:
- Pyrolysis parameters like temperature and catalysts affect product yields
- Bio-oil can be used as fuel but needs upgrading due to low stability; biochar has uses as process heat or soil amendment
- Analyzing biomass feedstock and pyrolysis products involves various techniques to determine composition
- Producing biochar through pyrolysis has environmental benefits when stored in soils in the long term
The document discusses pyrolysis as a sustainable way to convert waste biomass into energy. Pyrolysis involves thermally decomposing organic material at high temperatures without oxygen to produce bio-oil, biochar and syngas. Key points covered include:
- Pyrolysis parameters like temperature and catalysts affect product yields
- Bio-oil can be used as fuel but needs upgrading due to low stability; biochar has uses as process heat or soil amendment
- Analyzing biomass feedstock and pyrolysis products involves various techniques to determine composition
- Producing biochar through pyrolysis has environmental benefits when stored in soils in the long term
The document discusses pyrolysis as a sustainable way to convert waste biomass into energy. Pyrolysis involves thermally decomposing organic material at high temperatures without oxygen to produce bio-oil, biochar and syngas. Key points covered include:
- Pyrolysis parameters like temperature and catalysts affect product yields
- Bio-oil can be used as fuel but needs upgrading due to low stability; biochar has uses as process heat or soil amendment
- Analyzing biomass feedstock and pyrolysis products involves various techniques to determine composition
- Producing biochar through pyrolysis has environmental benefits when stored in soils in the long term
The document discusses pyrolysis as a sustainable way to convert waste biomass into energy. Pyrolysis involves thermally decomposing organic material at high temperatures without oxygen to produce bio-oil, biochar and syngas. Key points covered include:
- Pyrolysis parameters like temperature and catalysts affect product yields
- Bio-oil can be used as fuel but needs upgrading due to low stability; biochar has uses as process heat or soil amendment
- Analyzing biomass feedstock and pyrolysis products involves various techniques to determine composition
- Producing biochar through pyrolysis has environmental benefits when stored in soils in the long term
Waste to Energy Assoc. Prof. Basak Burcu UZUN FOREBIOM Turkish Partner
Anadolu University, Faculty of Engineering,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Iki Eylul Campus,26470, Eskisehir, TURKEY [email protected] Outlines • Energy, Consumption of Fossil Fuels • Environmental Effects of Fossil Fuel Consumption • Renewable Energy • Biomass, Types, Advantegeous and Limitations • Thermochemical Conversion Methods • Pyrolysis • Pyrolysis Parameters • Bio-oil, Products from bio-oil • Economic Aspects of bio-oil production • Bio-char production • Application of Bio-char • The future The situation of ENERGY
Demand for energy and its resources, is increasing continuously due to the rapid outgrowth of population and urbanization.
Present sources of energy are not sufficient to overcome the increasing needs.
The major energy demand is fulfilled from the conventional energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas.
The huge amount usage of fossil fuels creates environmental threads.
H.B. Goyal, Diptendu Seal and R.C. Saxena, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2008, 504-517,Vol 12 More than 85 % of energy demands are supplied by fossil fuels.
http://ourfiniteworld.com/2011/11/30/thoughts-on-why-energy-use-and-co2-emissions-are-rising-as-fast-as-gdp/ Effects of Fossil Fuel Consumption
Greenhouse Effect Global Warming Climate Change
Actual world carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, as shown in BP’s 2012 Statistical Review of World Energy. Fitted line is expected trend in emissions, based on actual trend in emissions from 1987-1997, equal to about 1.0% per year.
http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/09/17/the-close-tie-between-energy-consumption-employment-and-recession/ Renewable Energy •BIOMASS •GEO-ENERGY •HYDROELECTRIC •SOLAR •WIND •WAVE
A renewable energy system converts the nature energy (sun, wind, wave etc.) into a form we can use, such as heat or electricity. Using renewable sources of energy promotes sustainable living due to being pollution free and economically feasible. Approximately, 23 % of energy needs are supplied by biomass.
http://www.current2current.com/CURRENT2CURRENT_new_site/World_Renewable_Energy_2005.html Solid biomass primary energy production for the EU since 2000 (in Mtoe)
http://www.biomassenergy.gr/en/articles/technology/biomass/901-increase-utilization-of-solid-biomass-in-europe What is biomass? All organic material produced by plants or any conversion process involving life is called biomass.
Biomass, also known as biofuels or bioenergy, is obtained from organic matter either directly from plants or indirectly from industrial, commercial, domestic or agricultural products.
Why Biomass?
Biomass is a green house gas emission neutral energy source!!
http://crf.sandia.gov/index.php/thermochemical-integration-key-to-improving-the-efficiency-of-bio-ethanol-production/ Types of Biomass Forest Residues Tree branches, tops of trunks, stumps, branches, and Leaves
Agricultural Residues Primarily stalks and leaves, not harvested or removed from the fields, includes corn stover, wheat husk and rice straw
Energy Crops Switch grass, miscanthus, bamboo, sweet sorghum, tall fescue, kochia, wheatgrass, and others Conversion Methods
Biomass can be converted into heat and electricity in a number of ways. Depending on its source, these processes include: combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, liquefaction, anaerobic digestion or fermentation.
Thermo-chemical processes convert biomass into higher-value or more convenient
products. The process releases a gas (~6 MJ/kg), a liquid (~17-22 MJ/kg) and/or a char (~18MJ/kg), and depending on the technology one of these is the final product.
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material at
temperatures between 400 °C and 900 °C without the presence of oxygen or other reagents. The pyrolytic breakdown of wood produces a large number of chemical substances. Some of these chemicals can be used as substitutes for conventional fuels. The distribution of the products varies with the chemical composition of the biomass and the operating conditions.
A.V. Bridgwater et al. / Organic Geochemistry 30 (1999) 1479-1493
Slow Pyrolysis : Primarily to produce Char through Carbonization Utilizes low temperatures around 400 ⁰C over a long period of time to
maximize char formation.
Product yields from slow pyrolysis are approximately
35% biochar,
30% bio-oil, and
35% gaseous products.
Rapid/Fast Pyrolysis : Primarily to produce Bio- Oil and Gas
-Biomass is very rapidly heated (~1000-10,000 ⁰C/s) to a temperature
around 650 ⁰C-1,000 ⁰C depending if bio-oil or gas products are desired.
-Product gases are quickly removed and quenched (t<2s)
Fast pyrolysis product yields are typically 50–70% bio-oil, 10–30% bio- char, and 15–20% syngas by mass.
Biomass must first be dried and ground to <2 mm particle size before entering a fast pyrolyzer. Pyrolysis Parameters
•Biomass type and preparation of feeding
•Pyrolysis temperature
•Catalyst
•Sweeping gas velocity
•Particle size
•Reactor geometry
•Heating rate Bio-Oil Bio-Oil is not stable as conventional fuels.
• Highly oxygenated compounds
• High density • High viscosity • Low pH • Low heating value • CO2 neutral • No SOx and low NOx
Bio-Oil can be combusted directly in boilers,
gas turbines and slow and medium speed diesels for heat and power applications. Comparison of pyrolysis liquid and conventional fuel oil characteristics*
Pyrolysis liquid Diesel Heavy fuel oil
Density kg/m3 at 1220 854 963
15°C Elementel Composition
%C 48.5 86.3 86.1
%H 6.4 12.8 11.8 %O 42.5 --- --- %S --- 0.9 2.1 Viscosity cSt at 13 2.5 351 50°C Flash point °C 66 70 100 Pour point °C -27 -20 21 Ashwt.% 0.13 0.01 0.03 Sulphur %wt ---- 0.15 2.5 Water %wt 20.5 0.1 0.1 LHV(MJ/kg) 17.5 42.9 40.7 Acidity 3 --- ----
*Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 6 (2002) 181–248
APPLIED ANALYSES
Drying, Grounding, Milling, sieving
Proximate Analysis
Ultimate Analysis
Content Determination Raw material •Cellulose •Hemicellulose •Lignin •Extractives •Oil •Protein
Thermal Analysis To determine the thermal behaviour of the material or kinetic study Analyses Applied on Products
Nitrogen compounds, Furans, Syringols, Sugars, Miscellaneous oxygenates Inorganics such as Ca, Si, K, Fe, Al, Na etc. Composition of gaseous products CO, CO2 ,CH4, H2,propane, propylene, butane, butenes, C5, ethane, etc.
Composition of Char Char contains elemental carbon along with hydrogen and various inorganic species. BIO-CHAR
Biochar carbon-rich solid produced at low pyrolysis temperatures.
• process heat activated carbon soil amendment
