Solution-3676 Environmental Pollution Assignment 2

Department of Home & Health Sciences
Block No. 06, Sector H-8,

Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (3676)

(Air Pollution due to Vehicular Emissions)
Assignment No. 02
Submitted to:
Husnain Afzal Sab
Office of RE WAPDA
Room No. 30, Block - C
Old Naval HQ, Sector G-6 Markaz,
ISLAMABAD, (0300-6732334)
Email: [email protected]
Submitted by:
Muhammad Hammad Manzoor
2nd Semester, Roll No. BN-523998
M. Sc Sustainable Environmental Design
OGIL, # 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC)
Block – 08, Clifton, KARACHI
[email protected] / (0332-527 2364)
Environmental Pollution (3676)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises to Almighty Allah, the creator of the Universe who blessed me with the
knowledge and enabled me to complete this research. I feel great pleasure and honor to
express my sincere gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my mentor and honorable Sir Husnain
Afzal (AIOU Faulty Member), for his guidance, encouragement and friendly attitude during
the semester.
I specially acknowledge the efforts of all the teachers and management of the AIOU for
their support and advice. I pay my thanks to all the Management Staff & Regional Director
of the AIOU Campus Karachi, for their kind support.
I wish to thank Mr. Rehan Farooqi, Mr. Waqas Ali Naqvi, Mr. Zia ul Haq, Mr. Anjum Taj, and
other M.Sc Sus. Env. Design Class Fellows for valuable discussions and knowledge
sharing (including data sharing) during the compilation of this assignment.
I further wish to record my thanks especially Mr. Saquib Ijaz (Manager, EMC) for sharing
his knowledge, experience to conduct this study.
M. Hammad Manzoor
2
By: M. Hammad Manzoor, M.Sc Sus. Env. Design, 514, 5th Floor, Continental Trade Centre (CTC), Clifton – 08, Karachi. (Roll No. BN-523998)
CONTENT LIST
S. NO TOPIC / DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION / SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE ISSUE 4
DISCUSSED
2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 12
3 METHODOLOGY 13
4 LITERATURE REVIEW 18
5 CONCLUSIONS OF THE STUDY 33
6 RECOMMENDATIONS 34
7 REFERENCES & RESEARCHES CITED 35
3
1. INTRODUCTION / SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE ISSUE DISCUSSED:

We have been assigned by Department of Home & Health Sciences to Prepare 15 slides
which can evaluate the air pollution due to vehicular emission. Identify the spots that are the
major sources of air pollution due to vehicular emission in your area/region. Take
photographs of it. Suggest control methods and provide your recommendations. And
present your findings and conclusions during workshop.
In fact, Awareness is the ability to directly know and perceive, to feel, or to be cognizant of
events. More broadly, it is the state of being conscious of something.
Air pollution can be defined as the presence of toxic chemicals or compounds (including
those of biological origin) in the air, at levels that pose a health risk. In an even broader
sense, air pollution means the presence of chemicals or compounds in the air which are
usually not present and which lower the quality of the air or cause detrimental changes to
the quality of life (such as the damaging of the ozone layer or causing global warming) Ref.
1.
According to WHO; Air Pollution is an invisible killer that lurk around us, preying on the
young and old. Learn how it slips unnoticed past our body’s defenses causing deaths from
heart attack, stokes, lung disease and cancer. (Ref. 2)
AIR POLLUTION DUE TO VEHICLES EMISSIONS - GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE:
The relationship between humans and vehicles probably began about 3000 BC with the
invention of the wheel. The first linking of wheels with engines occurred in the 18th century
with the appearance of steam power. However, it was not until the invention of the internal
combustion engine towards the end of the 19th Century that a practical horseless carriage
was invented.
In the early 20th Century the introduction of assembly line techniques put the motor car
within reach of many more people. Motor vehicles now include petrol and diesel-engined
cars, motorcycles, light vans, passenger service vehicles (buses and coaches) and heavy
goods vehicles (HGVs). (Ref. 3)
Air pollution is an important public health problem in most cities of the developing world.
Pollution levels in megacities such as Bangkok, Cairo, Delhi and Mexico City exceed those
in any city in the industrialized countries. Epidemiological studies show that air pollution in
developing countries accounts for tens of thousands of excess deaths and billions of dollars
in medical costs and lost productivity every year. These losses, and the associated
degradation in quality of life, impose a significant burden on people in all sectors of society,
but especially the poor.
4
According to WHO, Air Pollution affects nearly all of us;
Figure from Breath life 2030 organization under WHO. (Ref. 4)
5
AIR POLLUTION DUE TO VEHICLES EMISSIONS - PAKISTAN PERSPECTIVE:

The rapid urbanization in Pakistan has resulted in a terrific increase in the number of motor
vehicles. Current traffic scenario is causing multiple issues for its inhabitants.
Transportation is a major source of global pollutants and contributing 21% in greenhouse
gases worldwide (Gorham 2002, Ref-5).
Transportation contributes 37.1 million tons CO2 equivalent in 2008 and if it follows the
same pattern emissions will be 66.6 million tons CO2 equivalent in 2020 (Ministry P&D,
UNDP, Ref-6). The main pollutants are Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and
Particulate Matter (PM10). Data was used from 2001-2013 of motor vehicles registered and
on-road vehicles. It estimates the air pollutant emissions from different types of vehicles
and fuel used. (Ref. 7)
The increasing trend of vehicles of Pakistan is shown in Figures below from 2001 to 2010;
share of each province in vehicular population is shown respectively.
6
Provincial share in vehicles of Pakistan
Data regarding number of vehicles was gathered from Pakistan bureau of Statistics and
National Transport Research Station, emission factors, fuel efficiency and load factor were
estimated from published literature, for VKT ( average annual distance traveled in
kilometers by a vehicle type) a survey was conducted in different cities, using the surveys
and existing knowledge VKT was estimated. Diminishing factor for vehicles taken was 15%.
An emission factor used for the inventory is given Table 1.
Table. 1
Note:
Emission inventory of major pollutants S02, NOx, and PM10 was
developed by using following factors:
• Number of Vehicles
• Diminishing factor of vehicles
• Vehicle Kilometer traveled (VKT)
• Fuel efficiency
• Emission factors
• Load factor
The emissions can be calculated as follows:
Ej(t) = Vi (t) * DV * VKTi(t)* EFij(t) * Fi *Li
Ej(t) is the total emission in tones of emission type j in year t,

Vi is the total number of certain vehicle type in year t,
DV is the diminishing factor of vehicles,
VKTi(t) is the average annual distance traveled in kilometers by a
vehicle type i in year t,
Efij(t) is the emission factor of pollutant j of vehicle type I,
Fi is the fuel efficiency of vehicle type I in km/l
and
Li is the load factor for vehicle type i.
7
Due to increase in number of vehicles the emissions are also increasing in environment of
Pakistan. The criteria pollutants NOx, SO2 and PM10 exhibits a great increase in ten years
(2001 to 2011)as seen in Table 2.
Table. 2
In year 2001, NOx was 121767 million tons in Pakistan and rise up to 625789.1 million tons
in 2011. NOx exhibits a total of 67% increase in these 10 years.
Similar trend was seen in PM10 emission, a total of 67% increase from year 2000 to 2001,
PM10 emitted in 2001 was 4233.926 million tons, and in 2011, it increased up to 21293.55
million tons.
While SO2 shows 47% increase in this time period, in 2001 SO2 was 1700.59 million tons
and increased to 4749.33 million tons in 2011
8
(A) Share of light commercial vehicles (LCV) and Heavy commercial vehicles (HCV) in NOx .
(B) Share of LCV and HCV in SO2.
(C) Share of LCV and HCV in PM10.
(D) Percent contribution of main criteria pollutants NOx , SO2 and PM10 in total emission of
Pakistan.
In all provinces NOx contribution is highest than SO2 and PM10 , SO2 was 1% except in
KPK where it is 3% due to less NOx and the reason behind this is mainly it’s topography,
cars and motorcycles are in lesser number there as compare to Punjab and Sindh, which
reduces the overall ratio of contribution of pollutants. While PM10 share ranges between 2-
4%.
Percent contribution of criteria pollutants in provinces of Pakistan
9
KARACHI AIR POLLUTION DUE TO VEHICULAR EMISSION PERSPECTIVE:
Population 14,910,352
Karachi Population to 30%
total urban population
Towns 18
Union Councils 178
Cantonment Boards 06
Population 05% P/A
Registered Vehiclces Sindh
Registered vehicles Karachi 10,23,000

Cars 39.6 %
Motor Cycles 31.9 %
Auto Rickshaws 17.1 %
Taxis 3.8%
Buses & Mini-buses 1.6%
Trucks 7.5%
Tractors 0.3%
Vehicle Growth 10% Per Annum
SHARE OF ON-ROAD VEHICLES IN KARACHI
Cars Motor Cycles

Rickshaws
Taxis Buses & Mini Busis
Trucks
Others Tractors
10
• Transportation has been the major source of urban pollution

• Major share of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC),
Sulpher dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) pollution is coming from Urban
Transportation
• Ambient air quality falling below air quality standards
• Growing as one of the major Green House Gas (GHG) contributors
• Alarming trends of vehicular growth in Karachi
Estimated Pollution Load from mobile Combustion
11
2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
The objectives of the study were as follows;
1- To Identify the spots that are the major sources of air pollution due to
Vehicular emission in your area/region
2- To collect the data (Primary & secondary) for analysis.
3- To capture that areas through photographs.
4- To evaluate the causes of the Air Pollutions in the selected Area / Region.
5- To Suggest & Recommend the Control Methods
12
3. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THIS STUDY:
Methodology:
The theme of the methodology was to select the different areas which really needs to high
light due to vehicular emissions to study the different problems which cause the air pollution
in the area.
Why 04 Area Selection:

Four (04) areas (Shireen Jinnah Tanker Area, I.I. Chundrigar Road, Shahr E Faisal & Aram
Bagh) were selected due to the following reasons;
• Traffic Jam
• Emission of Vehicular Emission
• Emission of Chemicals
• Less Awareness to Air Pollution Issue
Physical Visit:
A physical survey had been made to the different locations includes, Shireen Jinnah, tanker
area, I.I Chundrigar Road, Shahr E Faisal & Aram Bagh Sadder., Karachi. Interaction had
been made with the local people, office executives, workers, mechanics etc in order to seek
information in this regard.
13
TARGET GROUP:
During the planning phase we thought about which class students would best be able to
provide the information we want. As well as these questions there are many other decisions
we will need to make when selecting your participants.
• Method of Selection (Sampling):

There are many methods for selecting the participants, and the type of sampling will
depend on how you will use the information. The common (and simplest) method for
selecting participants for focus groups is called "purposive" or "convenience" sampling. This
means that you select those members of the school who we think will provide you with the
best information. By keeping in this view, local residents of the area, General Public and
drivers of the vehicles had been selected as Target Group.
Target Audience
General Public Drivers / conductors

Local Residents
(Male & Female) of Vehicle
Data Collection:
Two data collection techniques have been used in this study. The technique includes;
1. Primary Data Collection

2. Secondary Data Collection
Primary Data Collection:

• Primary data includes researcher physical visits to the selected four (04) areas to
physically gather the data in order to make this assignment more conclusive and
fruitful.
• Primary data was also collected by researcher by preparing questionnaire regarding

the air pollution addressed to the local residents, general public and driver /
conductors of public vehicles.
Questionnaire:
The Questionnaire was planned to ask from the participants by keeping in view the
respondents. It was worked out very carefully throughout, and we need to be ready
and willing to change it several times if necessary.
Questions were prepared as survey form which could help us to extract the
information as outcome / results.
14
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY VEHICLE

QUESTIONNAIRE
S. # Questions Categories Response

Male
1 Gender
Female
SpecifyKKKKK..
15 – 19
20 – 24
2 Age
25 – 29
30 – 34
35 and above
Driver (private/personal)
Conductor
3 Respondents
Local Resident
General Public
Cars of all types
Buses
Big Buses
4 Type of Automobile
Trucks
Rickshaw
Bike
Petrol
CNG
5 Type of Fuel
LPG
Diesel
1 – 3 hours
6 Duration of Exposure to Exhaust/day 6 – 10 hours
10 and above
Sleeplessness
Running nose
7 Effect on Individual Heavy eye
Asthmatic attack
Headache
8 Karachi has a problem with visible air pollution
Automobile emissions are adequately controlled in

9
Karachi
Emissions from my vehicle contribute to air

10
pollution
Air Pollution is bad enough to hurt the
11
environment
Air pollution in Karachi is bad enough to cause

12
human health problems
15
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY VEHICLE

QUESTIONNAIRE
S. # Questions Categories Response
I feel as strong personal obligation to help improve

13
the air quality in Karachi
14 It is the City’s responsibility to control air pollution
15 I feel my own actions can cause air pollution
Air quality education programs are an effective

16
way of getting residents to act responsibly
17 Suggest ways of reducing exhaust
18 Suggest ways you think government can help
Use my own vehicle less
Keep my vehicle tuned up

19 To help improve air quality would be willing to:
Travel by bus
Ride a bicycle for work
Develop economic incentives for repair of

high polluting vehicles
Improve traffic light timing to reduce

vehicle idling time at lights
Encourage drivers to turn off their vehicles

when waiting in a line (e.g., at a drive thru)
To help improve air quality, City air quality
20
programs should:
Improve convenience of bus service
Increase enforcement of anti-smoking

(exhaust) regulations for both diesel and
gas vehicles
Promote the use of alternative fuel

vehicles
Keep bike lanes clean and safe
16
Secondary Data Collection:

Numerous secondary data collection methods have been used to complete this study which
is as follows;
1. Interaction with Environmental Specialist:

A Telephonic interaction has been made with Manager, Environmental Management
Consults (EMC – Ref-8), Karachi. Telephonic discussion includes Air Pollution in
Karachi due to Vehicular Emission, so that study could be more conclusive and
fruitful.
2. International renowned reports:

Different international reports have been brought into consideration to review and
consider the international standards and methodologies used by developed
countries. The reports include;
• Urban Air Quality Management Coordinating Transport, Environment, and
Energy Policies in Developing Countries, Work Bank Technical Paper No. 8
(Ref. 9)
3. National Renowned Reports:

Different National reports have been reviewed and considered to study the local
scenarios w.r.t international publications.
• Urban transportation system for Karachi & other cities by USAID (Ref. 10)
4. Research Papers:
Different research papers from National & International authors have been also
studied to convene this study.
5. Government Policies:
Government Policies were also bring into consideration as data source to analyze
that which policies have been designed by the Government to handle the Air
Pollution issues.
17
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
The following two (02) research publications have been brought into consideration with
respect to national and global perspective;
1. VEHICULAR EMISSION INVENTORY OF PAKISTAN (Ref. 11)

By Zoya Tariq, Imran Shahid, Rizwan Bulbul
Published on National Centre for Atmospheric Research
The purpose of this paper was to discuss rapid urbanization in Pakistan which has resulted
in a terrific increase in the number of motor vehicles. Current traffic scenario is causing
multiple issues for its inhabitants. Transportation contributes 37.1 million tons CO2
equivalent in 2008 and if it follows the same pattern emissions will be 66.6 million tons CO2
equivalent in 2020 (Ministry P&D, UNDP). This research will be carried out to quantify the
pollution linked to vehicles for Pakistan.
2. Effect of air pollution on daily morbidity in Karachi, Pakistan (Ref. 12)

By Khwaja HA, Fatmi Z, Malashock D, Aminov Z, Kazi A, Siddique A, Qureshi J,
Published in: Journal of Local and Global Health Science 2012:3
The purpose of this paper has been worked out Levels of daily particulates (PM2.5) were
monitored at two sites in Karachi, Pakistan. One site (Korangi) is an industrial and
residential neighborhood, while the other (Tibet Center) is a commercial and residential
area near a major highway. Monitoring was done daily for a period of six weeks during
spring, summer, fall and winter. Particulate levels were extraordinarily high, with the great
majority of days falling into the “unhealthy for sensitive groups” or “very unhealthy”
categories.
18
CASE STUDIES
Air Pollution due to Vehicular Emission in Karachi;

1)- Shireen Jinnah Colony Tanker Area
2)- Aram Bagh Area
3)- Shahr e Faisal Area
4)- I.I. Chundrigar Road
Shireen Jinnah Colony Tanker Area:

Shireen Jinnah Colony is located in close vicinity of the sea harbor, in this area number of
oil tankers used to be parked. The oil tankers get the oil filled from oil piers from harbor and
distribute among the country and even to Afghanistan.
These oil tankers are playing a key role in emission of effluents to the Air, since most of the
oil tankers are old and number of tankers participates to pollute the Air with their emissions.
The week engines of the oil tankers are participating to pollute the Air. Due to extensive
traffic jam in the area, the oil tankers are playing a major role due to fuel combustion to the
air.
Due to the extensive diesel emission from the oil tankers, the residents in front of Shireen
Jinnah Tanker terminal are also been affected by the different diseases.
19
Tanker Terminal, Shireen Jinnah Colony, Karachi

20
I. I. Chundrigar Area:
I. I. Chundrigar Area is an area, where most of the bank head offices are located and road
is very narrow for extensive traffic. The road gets jam during the morning office time and
evening office off timing.
Due to this rush time, the traffic jam is very often and the cars, rickshaws and other vehicles
are mainly responsible for emission of the PM, SO2 & NOX to the Air.
I. I. Chundrigar Road, Karachi
21
Shahr e Faisal Area:

Shahr e Faisal is main road of Karachi,, which extends from one end to another of Karachi.
Maximum of Karachi residents travel from North Karachi to South Karachi by using this
road and go to their office and same road is being used at the evening time after office
hours. Due to exclusive use of this road, there is a bottle neck at PAF Faisal Base entrance,
which really causes a bad traffic Jam during the day time.
Shahr e Faisal Road, Karachi

22
Aram Bagh Area:

Aram Bagh area is very thickly populated and old area of Karachi. Many whole sale
markets are located in Aram Bagh. Traffic load is at peak during day time from 1000 hrs till
1900 hrs. The road gets jam during the day time. Rickshaws and old buses very major
contributor in this area.
Aram Bagh Road, Karachi
23
Response to Questionnaire:
Twenty Samples (Annexure-A) has been collected by using the questionnaire form at the
different locations. The response from Twenty Samples is as follows;
24
25
Male: 65 %
Females: 35%
15-19: 2 (10%)
20-24: 4 (20%)
25-29: 3 (15 %)
30-34: 4 (20%)
35 & Above: 7 (65%)
Driver: 5 (25%)
Conductor: 1 (5%)
Local Resident: 7 (35 %)
General Public: 7 (35%)
Buses: 5 (25%)
Big Buses: 1 (5%)
Cars of all types: 7 (35 %)
Bike: 4 (20%)
Rickshaw: 4 (20%)
26
27
28
29
Secondary Data Usage:

Concentration of Total suspended particles TSP & measure of the mass
concentration of particulate matter PM10 at different Sites of Karachi
AREA (Karachi) TSP PM10

Baloch Colony 279 156
F.B. Area 286 188
Nazimabad 280 184
G. Jauhar 247 202

Shireen Jinnah 287 216
Korangi Ind. Area 346 228
K. Creak 252.9 203.3

SITE 296 201
Aram Bagh. 227.8 151
Garden Rd. 331 203

Shahr e Faisal 342.2 213.2
West Wharf 367.8 261.4
500
USEPA Commercial Centers
USEPA Limit (24h)
450 Industrial Sites /Major Intersections
Limit (24h) for PM10 is
for TSP is 150 ug/m3
400 Residencial Areas 260 ug/m3
350
Con. in ug/m3
300
250
200
150
100
50
TSP PM10
Max level of TSP & PM10 at Various Sites at Karachi
Source: Suparco Study for Air Pollution in Karachi

30
Concentration of SO2, NOx, Ozone & CO at different Sites of Karachi
SO2 NOx Ozone CO

Baloch Colony 36 37 42 14
F.B. Area 35 43 43 16
Nazimabad 32 35 40 20
G. Jauhar 38 34 43 16
Shireen Jinnah 41 38 43 22
Korangi Ind. Area 38 37 46 25

SITE 37 38 43 20
Aram Bagh 45 54 48 18
I.I.Chundrigar Rd. 38 43 46 24
Shahr e Faisal 43 54 48 24
Commercial Centers
Conc. Of SO2, Nox,Ozone in ppb and CO in ppm
60 Industrial Sites /Major Intersections

Residencial Areas
50
40
30
20
10
SO2
WHO standard for (8 hrs )CO id WHO standard for (24 hrs )SO2 NOx
8.7 ppm is 34 ppb
Ozone
Max levels of SO2, NOx, Ozone, CO at Various Sites at Karachi
CO
31
KARACHI AIR POLLUTION MAP

t
32
CONCLUSIONS
The conclusions are based on the cases discussed above are as;
• Primary data analysis reveals that 14 (70%) out of 20 samples have headache
problem due to this air pollution issue.
• Data analysis reveals that 14 (70%) individuals believe that automobiles emissions
are adequately controlled in Karachi.
• 95 % individuals from sampling hold the opinion that Air Pollution is bad enough to
hurt the environment
• 60 % individuals realize that it is their personal obligation to help improve the air
quality in Karachi
• 60% individuals realize that their own actions can cause air pollution.
• 40% people believe that their vehicle tuning will help to improve the air quality
• Lack of Awareness of Air Pollution to the people of the Study Area.
• Shireen Jinnah Tanker Area lies in the Low Air Pollution Area.
• Shireen Jinnah Tanker Area imparting a major effect on the lives of residents
residing close to the area.
• I.I Chundigar Study area lies in the High Concentration Air Pollution Zone.
• Aram Bagh Study Area lies in the High Concentration Air Pollution Zone.
• Shahr E Faisal Study Area lies in the Low Concentration Air Pollution Zone.
• Rapid vehicle growth results that the fleet is getting poor condition.
• Many of the motorcycles and rickshaws have 2-stroke engines, which causes the
generation of SO2 & NOx.
• 2-5% of all deaths in developing countries due to exposure to particulates.
• Partial Monitoring of procedures and operations followed in discharging the industrial

effluent
33
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
• Implementation of National Environment Quality Standards (NEQS) by

Government to improve the Air Pollution.
• Public Awareness programs should be initialized as Top Priority to equip the

people of Pakistan with Air Pollution Knowledge.
• Control on the entry of older & polluting vehicles in to urban areas
• Unleaded and low sulphur motor fuels should be introduced.
• Conversion of Vehicles to CNG.
• Improved road network by means of a network of flyovers
• Implementation of Public Transport System
• Catalytic Converters should be introduced for Vehicles
• Adopt suitable best practices from other cities
• Identify and reduce air pollution loads.
• Encourage public Transport use.
• Make cleaner fuel use mandatory - stop leaded gasoline and high sulphur
diesel.
• Encourage Alternative Energy Sources such as Wind Power.
• Gasoline Lead Phase out Program should be implemented
• Diesel Sulphur Phase out program should be implemented
• Subsidiary should be introduced on Fuel Usage which is beneficial for public

health.
•
34
6. REFERENCES & RESEARCHES CITED:
1. https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/air/
2. http://www.who.int/airpollution/en/
3. http://www.air-quality.org.uk/08.php
4. http://breathelife2030.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/80-OF-COUNTRIES
english.png
5. http://www.un.org/esa/gite/csd/gorham.pdf
6. http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home.html
7. https://www.acom.ucar.edu/webt/ACAM/2015/Tariq.pdf
8. http://emc.com.pk/
9. web.worldbank.org/archive/website01029/WEB/IMAGES/DESIGN__.PDF
10. climateinfo.pk/frontend/web/attachments/data-type/pga_058672.pdf
11. https://www.acom.ucar.edu/webt/ACAM/2015/Tariq.pdf
12. www.qscience.com/doi/pdf/10.5339/jlghs.2012.3
Researches Cited:
• Roger Gorham: The Global Initiative on Transport Emissions Division for Sustainable
Development,. (2002). Air Pollution from Ground Transportation. Division for
Sustainable Development Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
• United Nation Development Program,. (2010). Pakistan Sustainable Transport
Project (pp. 5-11). Islamabad: UNDP/GEF.
• Bureau of Statistics, Government of Punjab,. (2007-2012). Transportation (pp. 337-
342). Lahore: BOS, Govt. of Punjab.
35

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Department of Home & Health Sciences

Block No. 06, Sector H-8,

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (3676)

S. NO TOPIC / DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION / SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE ISSUE DISCUSSED:

AIR POLLUTION DUE TO VEHICLES EMISSIONS - GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE:

According to WHO, Air Pollution affects nearly all of us;

Figure from Breath life 2030 organization under WHO. (Ref. 4)

AIR POLLUTION DUE TO VEHICLES EMISSIONS - PAKISTAN PERSPECTIVE:

Provincial share in vehicles of Pakistan

The emissions can be calculated as follows:

Ej(t) = Vi (t) * DV * VKTi(t)* EFij(t) * Fi *Li

Ej(t) is the total emission in tones of emission type j in year t,

Percent contribution of criteria pollutants in provinces of Pakistan

KARACHI AIR POLLUTION DUE TO VEHICULAR EMISSION PERSPECTIVE:

Registered Vehiclces Sindh

Registered vehicles Karachi 10,23,000

SHARE OF ON-ROAD VEHICLES IN KARACHI

Cars Motor Cycles

• Transportation has been the major source of urban pollution

Estimated Pollution Load from mobile Combustion

2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

The objectives of the study were as follows;

2- To collect the data (Primary & secondary) for analysis.

3- To capture that areas through photographs.

5- To Suggest & Recommend the Control Methods

3. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR THIS STUDY:

Why 04 Area Selection:

• Method of Selection (Sampling):

General Public Drivers / conductors

1. Primary Data Collection

Primary Data Collection:

• Primary data was also collected by researcher by preparing questionnaire regarding

AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY VEHICLE

S. # Questions Categories Response

Cars of all types

6 Duration of Exposure to Exhaust/day 6 – 10 hours

7 Effect on Individual Heavy eye

8 Karachi has a problem with visible air pollution

Automobile emissions are adequately controlled in

Emissions from my vehicle contribute to air

Air pollution in Karachi is bad enough to cause

AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY VEHICLE

S. # Questions Categories Response

I feel as strong personal obligation to help improve

14 It is the City’s responsibility to control air pollution

15 I feel my own actions can cause air pollution

Air quality education programs are an effective

17 Suggest ways of reducing exhaust

18 Suggest ways you think government can help

Use my own vehicle less

Keep my vehicle tuned up

Ride a bicycle for work

Develop economic incentives for repair of

Improve traffic light timing to reduce

Encourage drivers to turn off their vehicles

Increase enforcement of anti-smoking

Promote the use of alternative fuel

Keep bike lanes clean and safe