C:\Users\rafe\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python35-32\Scripts

Object and Data Structures Basics

first_col = row[0] for row in lst

dictionaries

my_dict= {'k1' : 'dog', 'k2' : 42 }

my_dict[ 'k1' ]

my_dict['k2'] += 11

my_dict['k3'] = 'new' // add new tuple

d={'k1': {'nest': { 'subnest': 'value' }}}

d['k1']['nest']

d.keys()

d.values()

d.items()

tuples

t= (1,2,3)

t.length()

t= ('ocdc', 2)

t[0] t[-1]

t.index(‘one’) index of item

t.count(‘one’)

t[0]=’s’ Error. Immutability

files
Pwd gives loction of current working directory

f-open(‘test.txt’)

f.read()

f.read() Returns ‘ ’ as file already read

f.seek(0) takes to file starting

f.readlines() reads line by line

%%writefile new.txt

First line

Seocnd line

for line/words in open('new.txt')

print (line/words)

Sets and Booleans

Sets: unordered collection of unique elements

x=set()

x.add(2)

Set(listName) Gives unique elements in list

a=True

b=None Just a placeholder

b=’anything’

Comparison Operators

Python Statements
 For Loops

l= [(2,4), (8,3), (4,9)]

for (t1, t2) in l:

print (t1)

d= {‘k1’: ‘gas’ , ‘k2’: 2 , ‘k3’: 3} prints keys only in unordered manner

for item in d:

print (item)

for k,v in d.iteritems(): use d.items() in python 3 to iterate through

print(k)

print (v)

While Loops

Break: Breaks out of current closest loop

Continue: goes to top of closest loop

Pass: does nothing at all

x=0

while x<10 :

print (‘x is currently: ’, x)

x +=1

if x==3:

print (‘x is 3’)

break

else:

print (‘continuing’)
 continue

range

range(10)

start=0

end=11

range(start, end, 3)

Generators: allows generation of generated objects

but doesn’t store in memory

xrange() generator in python2.in python 3, range() is

generator itself

for num in xrange(1,100):

print (num)

xrange(1,10) Doesn’t print list

x=xrange(1,10) prints. type casting into list

list(x)

List Comprehensions

l=[] l= [letter for letter in ‘ice cream’]

for letter in ‘ice cream’

l.append(letter)

print(l)

lst = [x**2 for x in range(1,11)]

list= [numb for numb in range(11) if numb%2==0 ]

ls=[x**2 for x in [x**2 for x in range(11)]] gives x**4 for 1-10

Methods and Functions

l= [1,2,5]

help(l.count) // HELP info abount count method

Functions

def: built-in keyword. tells you are about to create a function //check python built-in functions

def is_prime(num):

“”” // docStirng

input: a number

output: prime or not

“””

for n in range(2, num)

if um%2==0

print (‘not prime’)

break

else:

print (‘prime’)

Lambda Expression

// create anonymous functions. body similar to what we would put in def body’s return statement.

// check ‘python conquers the universe’

def square(num): return num**2 // lamda num: num**2

square2 = lambda num: num**2

first= lamda s: s[0]

 rev = lambda s: s[::-1]

adder = lambda x,y: x+y

Nested Statements and Scope

// a created variable name is stored in namespace

// Scopes: local enclosing function global built-in

x=50

def func():

global x

print (‘func is using the global x now’)

print (‘global x is ’, x)

x=2

print (‘func called, x is change now, x is: ’, x)

print (‘before calling func, x is: ’,x)

func()

print (‘x outside func: ’,x)

//use locals() and globals() function to check current local and global variables

// everything in python is an object

Object Oriented Programming

Objects

type(objectName) Ex: type({‘k1’:2}) type([1,2,3])

Everything is object in python

 Classes

class Dog(object): init initializes object attribute. every method in a

class must have ‘self’ with it.
species= ‘mammal’

def __init__(self, breed, fur=True)

self.breed = breed

self.fur= fur

sam= Dog(breed= ‘lab’) // instance creation

sam.breed

sam.species

Methods

class Circle(object)

pi=3.14

def __init__(self, radius=1):

self.radius= radius

def area(self):

return(self.radius**2)*Circle.pi

def setradius(self, newradius):

self.radius= newradius

def getradius(self):

return self.radius

Inheritance

class Animal(object):

def __init__(self):
 print (‘animal created’)

def whoAmI(self):

print (‘Animal’)

def eat(self):

print (‘Eating’)

Class Dog(Animal):

def __init__(self):

Animal.__init__(self)

print (‘Dog created’)

def whoAmI(self):

print( ‘Dog’)

def bark(self):

print (‘Bhoo bhoo’)

d= Dog()

d.eat()

d.bark()

Special Methods

Errors and Exeption Handling

try:

f=open(‘test987’,’r’)

f.write(‘hfiu hjsdk’)

except:

print (‘error in reading’)

else:
 print (‘successs’)

def askint():

try:

val= int(raw_input(‘enter integer: ’))

except:

print (‘not integer’)

val= int(raw_input(‘try again: ’))

finally:

print ‘finally executed’

print (val)

def askinteger():

while True:

try:

val= int(raw_input(‘enter integer: ’))

except:

print (‘not integer’)

continue

else:

print (‘correct’)

break

finally:

print (‘finally executed’)

print val

Modules and Packages

import math

math.sqrt(4)

from math import sqrt

sqrt(4)

Pip install pkgname

// github , google search

Built-in Functions
map()

def fahrenheit(T):

return(9.0/5)*T+32

temp[0, 22.5, 36]

map(fahrenheit, temp)

map(lambda T: (9.0/5)*T+32, temp)

reduce()

lst= [1,3,45,878,45,65]

maxfind = lambda a,b: a if (a>b) else b max(lst)

def max_find(a,b):

if a>b:

return a

else:

return b

max_find(12,100)
reduce(max_find, lst)

filter()

evencheck(num): filter out elements for which function returns True

if num%2==0

return True

else:

return False

ls= [1,45,76,2,4,5]

filter(evencheck, ls)

filter(lambda num: num%2==0, lst)

zip()

Aggregates elements from each iterables

a= [1,6,4,85,3,9,0]

b= [2,54,6,9,1,54,23]

zip(a,b)

for pair in zip(a,b):

print(max(pair))

map(lambda pair: max(pair), zip(a,b))

d1= {‘k1’:2, ‘k2’:3}

d1= {‘k3’:4, ‘k4’:6}

zip(d1,d2) returns pair of keys only

zip(d1, d2.itervalues())
def switch(d1, d2)

dout= {}

for d1key, d2val in zip()d1, d2.iteritems()):

dout[d1key]: d2val

return dout

switch(d1,d2)

enumerate()

for i,item in enumerate(lst)

if i>2:

break;

else:

print (item)

l= [True, True, False]

all(l) and any(l)

complex(2,8)

Python Decrorators
s= 'akjhk skjnc kjv'

def fu():

print(locals())

print(globals())

print(globals()['s'])
def fu(name= 'arfe'):

print('hello '+ name)

greet = fu

fu()

greet()

del fu

greet()

% functions within functions

def fu(name= 'arfe'):

print('hello '+ name)

def hello():

print('inside hello fn')

def welcome():

print('inside welcoem fn')

welcome()

hello()

if name= 'arfe':

return hello

else:
 return welcome

x= fu()

print(x())

#function as argument

def nd(func):

def wf():

print('code before fn')

func()

print('code after fn')

return wf

def fnd():

print('this fn needs deco')

fnd= nd(fnd)

fnd()

@nd

def fnd():

print('this fn needs deco')

fnd()

python Generators
def gencubes(n):
 for num in range(n):

yield num**3

for x in gencubes(10):

print(x)

def gencubes(n):

out=[]

for num in range(n):

out.append(num**3)

return out

for x in gencubes(10):

print(x)

s= 'hello'

for let in s:

print(let)

next(s)

s= 'hello'

s_iter = iter(s)

next(s_iter)

next(s_iter)

next(s_iter)

Advanced Python modules

#Collections module

#counter

from collections import Counter

s='he he ho ka jndj'

lst= [1,1,2,1,1,3,2,4,5,5,3,2,32,4]

Counter(lst)

print(Counter(s))

words=s.split()

print(Counter(words))

c=Counter(words)

print(c.most_common(2))

# check other methods also

#defaultdict