Linux Commands

(These cmds r exec on my terminal try it)

To set/display terminal characterstics

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ stty
speed 38400 baud; line = 0;
eol = M-^?; eol2 = M-^?; swtch = M-^?;
ixany iutf8

--to see all

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ stty -a
speed 38400 baud; rows 24; columns 80; line = 0;
intr = ^C; quit = ^\; erase = ^?; kill = ^U; eof = ^D; eol = M-^?; eol2 = M-^?;
swtch = M-^?; start = ^Q; stop = ^S; susp = ^Z; rprnt = ^R; werase = ^W;
lnext = ^V; flush = ^O; min = 1; time = 0;
-parenb -parodd cs8 hupcl -cstopb cread -clocal -crtscts
-ignbrk brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr icrnl ixon -ixoff
-iuclc ixany imaxbel iutf8
opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0
isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt
echoctl echoke

--to change
vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ stty kill \^k
vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ stty -a
speed 38400 baud; rows 39; columns 125; line = 0;
intr = ^C; quit = ^\; erase = ^?; kill = ^K; eof = ^D; eol = M-^?; eol2 = M-^?; swtch = M-^?; start =
^Q; stop = ^S;
susp = ^Z; rprnt = ^R; werase = ^W; lnext = ^V; flush = ^O; min = 1; time = 0;
-parenb -parodd cs8 hupcl -cstopb cread -clocal -crtscts
-ignbrk brkint -ignpar -parmrk -inpck -istrip -inlcr -igncr icrnl ixon -ixoff -iuclc ixany imaxbel iutf8
opost -olcuc -ocrnl onlcr -onocr -onlret -ofill -ofdel nl0 cr0 tab0 bs0 vt0 ff0
isig icanon iexten echo echoe echok -echonl -noflsh -xcase -tostop -echoprt echoctl echoke

To check for login details of users

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ who
vishal tty7 2009-11-17 20:19 (:0)
vishal pts/0 2009-11-17 20:37 (:0.0)

--for heading
vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ who -H
NAME LINE TIME COMMENT
vishal tty7 2009-11-17 20:19 (:0)
vishal pts/0 2009-11-17 20:37 (:0.0)

--for more detail

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ who -Hu
NAME LINE TIME IDLE PID COMMENT
vishal tty7 2009-11-17 20:19 old 2852 (:0)
vishal pts/0 2009-11-17 20:37 . 3983 (:0.0)

--to chk datentime of last boot

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ who -b
system boot 2009-11-17 20:19

To chk device name u r using

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ tty
/dev/pts/0

To print/set date
vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ date
Tue Nov 17 21:04:38 IST 2009
--options to set are
date -t
date -u

$pwd - print name of current/working directory

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ pwd
/home/vishal

To display calender
--by default current
vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ cal
November 2009
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30

--fro perticular mnth n yr

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ cal 03 2009
March 2009
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
--for perticular yr
vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ cal 2009
2009
January February March
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30 31

April May June

Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 28 29 30
31
July August September
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30
30 31
October November December
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29 30 27 28 29 30 31

To display process info

--to chk for current shell id
vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ echo $$
3985

--for general current process info

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
3985 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
4861 pts/0 00:00:00 ps

--list full(-f option) bgrnd & active processes

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ ps -f
UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD
vishal 3985 3983 0 20:37 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
vishal 4863 3985 0 21:15 pts/0 00:00:00 ps -f
--display prc of user
vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ ps -u
Warning: bad ps syntax, perhaps a bogus '-'? See http://procps.sf.net/faq.html
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
vishal 3985 0.0 1.6 6320 2988 pts/0 Rs 20:37 0:00 bash
vishal 4931 0.0 0.5 2768 1032 pts/0 R+ 21:18 0:00 ps -u

--display process of all user(on network-here it show only urs)

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ ps -a
PID TTY TIME CMD
4933 pts/0 00:00:00 ps

--display system proc

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ ps -e
(list all system processes of ur m/c)

To terminate process
syntax
$kill [signal no.] PID(s)
//in linux der r 32 signal each perform individual tasks
for perticular proc u can chk pid by $ps currently running
eg:$kill 105
#it will terminate proc with PID 105
to send perticular process in background “&” is used
to kill bg proc
Eg;$sort -o stud stud1 &
345
(it will sort stud file and put it in stud1 in background and return PID of proc)
to kill bg proc cmd is $!
eg:-kill $! (kill sort proc)
$kill 0 (will terminate all proc except shell)

To perform process sheduling

--to change priority(range from 0(high)-120(low)-20 is normal)
syntax: $nice [priority] command [arguments]
Eg;-$nice wc vish.txt
(it will reduce priorty of prc)

To susoend exec of script

vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ sleep 60;echo "1 min is over"
1 min is over #after 1 min it show this msg

$wait [PID] #wait 4 completion of bgrnd proc

 File oprations
To create,display,concat,copy,append a file
vishal@vishal-desktop:~$ cd Desktop/
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop$ mkdir Vishal
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop$ cd Vishal/

--to create file

vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ cat > vish.txt (aftre u press enter it will start tkng ip)
Hi myself Vishal
I m creating vish.tx
This is placed in vishal folder(after typing content press ctrl+d to stop inputing)

--to display
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ cat vish.txt
Hi myself Vishal
I m creating vish.tx
This is placed in vishal folder

--to copy in other file if not there create new

vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ cat vish.txt >v1.txt

--display file cntnts

vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ cat v1.txt
Hi myself Vishal
I m creating vish.tx
This is placed in vishal folder

--to append
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ cat vish.txt>>v1.txt

vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ cat v1.txt

Hi myself Vishal
I m creating vish.tx
This is placed in vishal folder
Hi myself Vishal
I m creating vish.tx
This is placed in vishal folder

--to number
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ cat -n vish.txt
1 Hi myself Vishal
2 I m creating vish.tx
3 This is placed in vishal folder
Listing file/dir
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ pwd
/home/vishal/Desktop/Vishal

--to list
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls
v1.tx v1.txt vish.txt

--list horizontly
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls -x
v1.tx v1.txt vish.txt

--list alphabetically
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls -c //use -r to reverse sort
v1.txt v1.tx vish.txt

--list full file(dir/executable etc) //use -d for directory

vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls -f
vish.txt .. v1.tx . v1.txt

--list all hiddenalso

vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls -a
. .. v1.tx v1.txt vish.txt

--long detailed listing

vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls -l
total 12
-rw-r--r-- 1 vishal vishal 69 2009-11-17 22:09 v1.tx
-rw-r--r-- 1 vishal vishal 138 2009-11-17 22:09 v1.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 vishal vishal 69 2009-11-17 22:01 vish.txt

r-read permission
w-write
x-exec
1st perm is for user,2nd perm is for group,3rd perm is for others

Changing directories
$cd [path] //if path not given place u at ur home dir

copying
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ cp vish.txt vish/v

moving/renaming file
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls
v1.tx v1.txt vish vish.txt
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ mv v1.tx vish.doc
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls
v1.txt vish vish.doc vish.txt

Setting/changing file attributes

vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls
v1.txt vish vish.doc vish.txt
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls -l vish.doc
-rw-r--r-- 1 vishal vishal 69 2009-11-17 22:09 vish.doc
--giv exec per to user/owner(-u(user)-g(group)-o(other)(+=add -=remove))
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ chmod u+x vish.doc

vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls -l vish.doc
-rwxr--r-- 1 vishal vishal 69 2009-11-17 22:09 vish.doc

--exec to all(-a)
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ chmod a+x vish.doc
vishal@vishal-desktop:~/Desktop/Vishal$ ls -l vish.doc
-rwxr-xr-x 1 vishal vishal 69 2009-11-17 22:09 vish.doc

Setting/changing file ownership

syntax:
$chown newowner filename
Setting/changing file group
$chgrp group filename

(Further useful cmds and scripts will be uploaded soon...)