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STPM Mathematics T: Complex Numbers

The document discusses properties of complex numbers. A complex number is defined as a + bj, where a and b are real numbers and j represents the imaginary unit. Conjugate complex numbers have the same real part but opposite imaginary parts. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers follow the usual algebraic rules, treating real and imaginary parts separately. Complex numbers can be represented geometrically using the Argand diagram, with the real and imaginary components as the x and y axes. The modulus and argument of a complex number are also defined and calculated in examples.

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273 views13 pages

STPM Mathematics T: Complex Numbers

The document discusses properties of complex numbers. A complex number is defined as a + bj, where a and b are real numbers and j represents the imaginary unit. Conjugate complex numbers have the same real part but opposite imaginary parts. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of complex numbers follow the usual algebraic rules, treating real and imaginary parts separately. Complex numbers can be represented geometrically using the Argand diagram, with the real and imaginary components as the x and y axes. The modulus and argument of a complex number are also defined and calculated in examples.

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Tok xuewen
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© © All Rights Reserved
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STPM Mathematics T

Complex Numbers

M.K.Lim

July 14, 2012

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


[email protected]
http://marklim77.wordpress.com/author/marklim77/

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


Properties of Real Numbers

Associative Law Commutative Law Distributive Law

(x + y ) + z = (x + y ) + z
x +y =y +x
x(y + z) = yz + zx

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


Complex Number

• A complex number, is in the form a + bj


• where a and b are real numbers.
• Imaginary part is j.
√
• Remember that j ≡ −1

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


Conjugate complex numbers

• If z = a + bj is a complex number, then z = a − bj is called


its conjugate
• Note that there is a sign of change in the imaginary part.

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


Examples of Conjugate

a + bj
• Consider z =
c + dj
(a + bj)(c − dj)
• Rationalise by multiply its conjugate hence
(c + dj)(c − dj)
(ac + bd (bc − ad)
• Thus it is +j 2
(c 2 + d 2 ) (c + d 2 )
• It can be expressed as complex form z = x + yj

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


The j notation

j 2 = −1
j 3 = j 2j = −j
4 2 2
j = (j )(j ) = (−1)(−1) = 1

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


Addition,Subtraction and Multiplication

• Real and imaginary parts are treated separately


• Note that usual rules of algebra apply
• Use of j notation

(3 + 2j) + (4 − 3j) = 7 − j
(2 − 3j) − (5 − 6j) = −3 + 3j
(4 + 3j)(2 − 3j) = 8 − 12j + 6j − 9j 2
= 17 − 6j

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


Argand Diagram

• Consider a complex plane of real x axis and imaginary y axis


• Vector OP of radius r
p 2
• Magnitude is the modulus r = (x + y 2 )
• Argument arg θ is measured from real x-axis in anti clockwise
direction.
p 2
• The modulus of |x + iy | = (x + y 2 )

y
• P(x, y )
r
θ x
0

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


Worked Examples Modulus and Argument

• Given z1 = 3 + 4j
p 2 p
• Modulus r is (3 + 42 ) = (9 + 16) = 5
 
−1 4
• Argument θ is arctan = 53.1◦
3
y
• z1

53◦
x
0

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


Worked Example Modulus and Argument

• Given z2 = −2 + 2j
p √ √
• Modulus is ( − 22 + 2 2 ) = 8 = 2 2
• Argument θ is arctan−1 1 = 135◦
• It is 135◦ because tangent is negative in 3rd quadrant.
y
z2
•

135◦
x
0

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


Worked Example Modulus and Argument

• Given z3 = 3 − 2j
√ 2 √
• Modulus is 3 + (−2)2 = 13
 
−1 −2
• Argument θ is arctan = −33◦
3
• Note that −33◦ is measured from positive x-axis in an
anti-clockwise direction
y

x
0 −33◦

• z3

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T


Polar form r and θ

p 2
r= (x + y 2 )
y 
θ = arctan−1
x
z = x + yj = r (cos θ + sin θj)
and x = r cos θ
where y = r sin θ

M.K.Lim STPM Mathematics T

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