Radgate Manual
Radgate Manual
USER MANUAL
The RadGate program performs a standard radial gate design analysis with the minimum amount of effort. The
program encompasses typical design options and is intended to produce a conservative design. However, the user
should exercise caution and good engineering knowledge in the selection of parameters as well as the
interpretation of the results. This User Manual is provided as a guide to using the program. The following should
be noted:
1. Microsoft Excel is used to facilitate changes and printing.
2. The spreadsheet makes extensive use of macros and Visual Basic, thus it is essential that Macros be
enabled when first loading the program.
3. Some restrictions are placed on the entries to the program in an effort to prevent crashing or divisions by
zero. However, it will still be possible for such errors to occur if the entry data is not valid.
4. Always remember the GIGO rule (garbage in garbage out).
5. Cells highlighted in yellow require user input.
6. Results are highlighted in red where not acceptable.
7. The program is locked to prevent the user from making alterations to the structure of the program that
can, and would, affect the operation.
8. No attempts should be made to defeat the security of the program.
9. The design of gate guides is not included. The designer needs to consider transfer of loads from the gate
to the guides due to lifting the gate on one hoist.
10. To print out the worksheets use File‐Print‐Print Entire Workbook.
11. Use Excel Save to save the program to a unique file name for each new gate design.
12. Cut and Paste may be used to speed up entry of values.
13. When entering data start with the gate loading worksheet and work right towards the weight and cg
worksheet.
14. An internet connection is required for the demo version.
The program is limited to radial gates that have three radial arms which is the most common arrangement. Certain
parts of the program (such as gate loading) may, however, be used for other arm arrangements.
DESIGN BASIS
The gate design adheres to the design requirements stated by the Corp of Engineers in their Engineer Manual EM
1110‐2‐2702 entitled “Design of Spillway Tainter Gates”. Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is used for
assessing the strength of the radial gate assemblies. Recently, however, EM 1110‐2‐2702 has been superseded by
ETL 1110‐2‐584 “Design of Hydraulic Steel Structures” which covers all gate types.
Another difference between the two is the value to be taken for the trunnion bearing friction. ETL 1110‐2‐584
mandates that the value be 0.3 assuming a worn and improperly maintained bearing. On the other hand EM 1110‐
2‐2702 gives 0.3 as a conservative upper bound for design purposes. The latter also states that a realistic
coefficient of friction for systems with lubricated bronze or aluminum bronze bushings is 0.1 to 0.15 if the trunnion
systems are properly maintained.
Since many gates have been designed using EM 1110‐2‐2702, we will continue to adopt this older publication for
analysis of radial gates for the present time.
RadGate should always begin on the “Gate Loading” worksheet to enter basic design data. The diagram shows the
gate profile for entry of gate radius, ice load, sill level and trunnion level.
The following parameters also need to be entered:
Gate width, W Enter the gate width between the guides
Maximum water Enter the extreme pool condition corresponding to the maximum water level that the gate
level, H1 would ever be subjected to.
10 year flood Enter the unusual water level experienced during a 10 year flood situation
water level, H2
Operating water Enter the usual water level that would be typical from day to day
level, H3
Top of gate level Enter the physical top of gate at skinplate face
Base of dam level Enter the level at the base of the dam upstream of the gate. This value is used to determine
the added pressure on the gate during a seismic event.
Depth of ice Enter the vertical distance from the 10 year flood water level to the bottom of the ice
loading applied to the gate.
Seismic Enter the seismic horizontal acceleration factor used to determine the seismic loading on
acceleration the gate from the Westergaard formula.
Elastic modulus Enter the elastic modulus for the steel used to fabricate the gate. Typically this value would
be 30,000,000 psi.
Yield stress Enter the yield stress of the steel used in the fabrication of the gate.
LOAD CASES
Five different load cases are considered as specified by EM 1110‐2‐2702. Load cases are as described below and in
Section 3 of the EM. Load case 1 is with the gate closed and resting on the sill. Load cases LC2A and LC2B are with
the gate slightly open and the hoist operating normally on both sides. Load cases LC3 & LC4 assume that the
hoisting ropes on one side of the gate have failed and the gate is supported by the wire rope(s) on one side only.
Lifting on one side causes the gate to twist such that girder bumpers, rollers, or the top corner of the skinplate,
come into contact with the pier wall.
Considered load cases are as follows:
Gate closed
LC1 1.2 H3 + 1.2 D + 1.0 E Eqn 3‐7 (EM 1110‐2‐2702)
Gate operating with two hoists
LC2A 1.4 H1 + 1.2 D + 1.4 Fs + 1.0 Ft Eqn 3‐8 (EM 1110‐2‐2702)
LC2B 1.4 H2 + 1.2 D + 1.4 Fs + 1.0 Ft + 1.6 I Eqn 3‐9 (EM 1110‐2‐2702)
Gate jammed
LC4 1.4 H2 + 1.2 D + 1.2 Q3 Eqn 3‐11 (EM 1110‐2‐2702)
In which:
D = Gravity loads (primarily the weight of the gate)
Q3 = Maximum upward load applied by the wire rope hoist to one side of the gate when jammed
I = Ice uniform distributed load acting in the downstream direction
Fs = Seal friction load
Ft = Trunnion friction load
E = Earthquake design load
LRFD load factors corresponding to the above load cases are shown. Although the reliability factor may be
changed by the user, its value is usually 0.9 for normal conditions. For gates that are difficult to maintain, whose
removal would disrupt the entire project, or for gates in brackish water or sea water, the value should be reduced
to 0.85. Resistance factors are also shown.
LOAD RESULTS
Entry of the above information gives the resultant loads on the gate depending upon the load case selected. The
resultant loads are provided for the design condition and also for the operational condition. The “operational”
condition provides the “real” loads on the gate assuming unity load factors.
This worksheet area defines the location of each of the three radial arms from the arc lengths measured at the
face of the skinplate. The arc lengths are from the top of the gate to the top arm; from the top arm to the middle
arm; and, from the middle arm to the bottom arm. The arc length from the bottom arm to the bottom of the gate
is calculated by the program using the sill elevation.
The radial arm loading diagram is shown below the diagram for the radial arms. It should be noted that, when the
gate is closed, the weight of the gate causes a vertical load to be applied to the bottom of the gate which affects
moments at the arms. Numerical integration is used to determine the arm loads and moments, shown by the
table, for the design and operational cases. Moments between the arms are also determined.
This worksheet should be completed after completing the gate loading worksheet. Three separate skinplate
thicknesses may be used with the location of each thickness defined by the skinplate arc length from the top of the
gate. The bottom arc length is calculated by the program using the sill elevation. A limited range of skinplate
thicknesses are selectable to ensure valid results.
Numerical integration is used to determine the bending moments for the design and operational cases.
This worksheet should be completed after completing the skinplate worksheet. Seals are defined for the side seals
only since their friction affects gate loading and operation. Either L‐seals or J‐seals may be selected. Frictional
loads are determined for the purpose of calculating the operating loads on the gate. Note that a sill seal is omitted
from the design since it has no effect on the design analysis. An allowance for the weight of a sill seal may be
added to the weight calculation.
Side seal dimensions are entered from the seal catalog for the type of seal selected. Mounting dimensions are
selected to suit the type of seal and to ensure functionality of the seal. Initial bulb deflection is typically either
1/8” or 3/16”, however, the designer can select other deflections as needed.
The seal spring constant is determined to be able to calculate the load applied from seal deflection. This seal
deflection results in a friction load. The water pressure on the seal also results in a friction load. Combination of
these two loads provides the total friction from the seals.
This worksheet should be completed after completing the seals worksheet. Vertical stiffeners are located
immediately downstream of the skinplate and have two principal functions:
1) Provide strengthening to the skinplate to handle the previously calculated bending moments at the
skinplate and radial arm locations
2) Transmit skinplate loads to the horizontal members at the arm locations
Typically the stiffeners are uniformly spaced across the gate which thus determines the number of vertical
stiffeners. The dimensions of each vertical stiffener are entered on the diagram.
The table shows the vertical bending moments at seven locations on the skinplate, including the radial arms,
between arms and skinplate thickness transitions. The dimensions of the vertical stiffener are used, together with
an effective skinplate width (shown by the table), to determine the allowable bending moments. The table also
shows the unbraced lengths for allowable moment calculations.
When the gate is lifted from one side, the vertical stiffeners are subjected to lateral loading if no bumpers or
rollers are used at the ends of the girders. This particular case uses no vertical truss since the skinplate top and
bottom corners touch the gate guides. The contact loads are assumed to be transmitted through the skinplate.
The twisting of the skinplate assembly causes the flange of the vertical stiffener to move laterally when
transmitting lateral load to the girders. If the loads on the skinplate are high enough then damage to the skinplate
may occur. Such possibility would need to be considered by the designer.
This worksheet should be completed after defining the vertical stiffeners. Section properties are determined for
each girder frame comprising one horizontal girder and two strut arms (one on each side of the gate).
Consideration is given to compression and tension flange yielding, lateral torsional buckling and compression
flange local buckling ‐ all in accordance with the 13th edition of AISC Steel Construction Manual.
The strut arms may be selected to be all in a single vertical plane or equidistant from the pier. The former means
that the top, middle and bottom strut arms lie in a single plane, which facilitates fabrication. The latter means that
the spacing between struts is the same for all strut arms where connection is made to the horizontal girders.
Girder Properties Enter width and thickness for the upstream and downstream flanges of the girder. Enter the
thickness of the girder web and the overall depth of the girder. From this the nominal
flexural strengths are calculated as well as nominal axial strengths and slenderness ratio.
Strut Arm Enter width and thickness for the inner and outer flanges of the strut arm. Enter the
Properties thickness of the strut arm web and the overall depth of the arm. From this the nominal
flexural strengths are calculated as well as nominal axial strengths and slenderness ratio.
The given plan angles of each arm to the pier face are all the same if arms are selected to be
in a single plane.
The girders are supported by the strut arms such that the downstream flange is in compression at the arms but is
in tension at mid‐span. Furthermore the upstream flange is laterally restrained by the vertical stiffeners while the
downstream flange is laterally supported by the arms or vertical truss, if present. For these reasons we calculate
two values for the nominal flexural strength depending upon which flange is in compression. Normally the inner
and outer flanges for the strut arm are identical so we only calculate their nominal flexural strengths in the x and y
directions.
This worksheet should be viewed after defining the girder frame properties and trunnion friction moments. The
results are highly dependent on completion of all inputs for each worksheet. Consequently, these results should
be checked last. Finite element analysis is used to determine the moments and loads while considering all loads in
effect for the current load case. Acceptable moments and loads are determined from the frame properties using
AISC requirements.
The table on the left of the worksheet shows moments and compressive loads at locations diagrammatically shown
on the right side. The frame model is divided into five members: M1 and M3 are the arms; M2, M4 and M5 are the
girder. M2 is the center portion while M4 and M5 are the cantilevered portions.
The diagram shows a force on the upper left if such force is being currently considered. Similarly, the diagram
indicates the current fixity at the trunnion bearings. The trunnion reaction forces shown by the table are in the
direction indicated on the diagram.
Combinations of moments and loads are unity checked per AISC requirements.
This worksheet should be completed after defining the girder frame properties. Each arm frame comprises the
top, middle and bottom arms joined at the trunnion using connection plates welded to the trunnion hub. The
arms are further joined by brace members M7 and M8 between top and middle, and, between middle and bottom
respectively. Finite element analysis is used to determine moments and loads assuming the arm ends to be pinned
at the girders and the plates at the trunnion to be rigid. Ends of the arm braces are assumed to be pinned and thus
not subjected to moments. Analysis of the connection plates is not included and should be considered for detailed
design.
Hoisting rope tension causes a radial load to be applied to the gate which slightly increases the load at the
trunnion. For design purposes this load is considered to be negligible.
Enter the cross‐sectional area and radius of gyration for M7 and M8. The location of the brace connection to each
arm is defined by inputting the lengths between nodes with the node numbers as depicted by the diagram.
The table on the left indicates the friction moment applied at the trunnion bearing by the left and right arm
frames. This moment will show zero if the load case does not consider trunnion friction.
The table at the bottom shows calculated axial loads and moments for each of the members at the left and right
arm frames. Allowable moments and loads are calculated from the entered properties. These results are included
in the unity calculation on the above worksheet as noted by the asterisk.
This worksheet should be completed after defining the girder frames. Moments, loads and bearing stresses are
determined for the trunnion bearing, pin and brace. Enter the dimensional data in the diagram on the left.
The following should be entered in the table:
If a trunnion brace is selected then enter the following:
Cross‐sectional area Enter the cross‐sectional area of the brace. This value will be used to determine the weight
of the brace. Self‐weight is considered in the design.
Plastic modulus Enter the plastic modulus of the brace used for determination of strength.
Yield strength Enter the yield strength of the brace used for determination of strength.
The girder frame and arm frame analyses provide loads and moments applied to the trunnion. These design and
operational loads are summarized on the table. Radial loading from the ropes is also included.
The trunnion bearing stress is determined from the operational radial loading. This stress needs to be less than or
equal to the allowable bearing stress specified above. The trunnion pin design is checked for acceptable bending
and shear.
The trunnion brace design is also checked if a brace is used. The thrust washer design is checked if a thrust washer
is used.
This worksheet should be completed after defining the trunnion. The diagram shows the location of the wire rope
hoist drum relative to the gate. This location, and the drum diameter, defines the angle that the hoist rope makes
at the tangent to the skinplate. The projection of the rope attachment point on the gate skinplate defines the
tangent that the bottom end of the rope makes with the skinplate. The angle between the two tangent points is
where the rope results in a radial load being applied to the trunnion.
Enter the required information on the diagram before viewing results. Rope tension comes from a number of
sources including gate weight, seal friction and total bearing friction. For LC4, gate jammed, the hoist imposes a
rope tension due to stalling of the hoist. This hoist load is defined on the Load Case worksheet. The summation of
these loads, depending upon the load case, results in the total rope tension for design and operational purposes.
This tension translates to a resultant radial load that is split into horizontal and vertical components.
This worksheet should be completed after defining the rope load parameters. First enter the spacing between
lifting points on the gate. The diagram shows the location and magnitude of loads on the skinplate assembly.
These loads are from the hoist, gate weight, seal friction and trunnion friction.
Load case LC1 is with the gate closed and thus there are no hoist loads. Load cases LC2A and LC2B are with the
hoist operating normally on both sides. Load cases LC3 and LC4 assume that the hoisting ropes on one side of the
gate have failed and the gate is supported by the wire rope(s) on one side only.
For LC3 and LC4 it is important to also select the type of lateral restraint since lifting on one side causes the gate to
twist. One of three methods of lateral restraint may be selected:
Bumpers These are assumed to be located at the ends of the top and bottom horizontal girders on the
neutral axis of the girder. This option assumes a vertical truss will be used on the
downstream flange of the horizontal girders.
Rollers These are assumed to be located at the ends of the top and bottom horizontal girders on the
neutral axis of the girder. This option assumes a vertical truss will be used on the
downstream flange of the horizontal girders.
Skinplate The top and bottom corners of the skinplate contact the pier walls. This option assumes that
a vertical truss will not be used since loading is through the skinplate. However, damage to
the skinplate corners may result if the gate jams.
Failure of one hoist causes the gate to twist and contact the pier wall at the top on one side and the bottom on the
other side. The magnitude of the gate rotation is proportional to the gap between the gate and the pier walls. As
the gate twists the girder frames displace laterally which adds to gate frame moments. For the skinplate option,
the vertical stiffeners would also displace laterally. The following data should be entered:
Guide Roller OD Enter the outside diameter of the guide roller. This value will be used to determine friction
caused by the rollers.
Roller bearing Enter the diameter of the guide roller bearing at the friction surface. This value will be used to
diameter determine friction caused by the rollers.
Roller bearing Enter the coefficient of friction for the roller bearing.
friction factor
Bumper friction Enter the bumper coefficient of friction between the bumper and the guide.
Skinplate friction Enter the skinplate coefficient of friction between the skinplate and the guide.
Force imposed Enter the force exerted by the hoist if the gate is assumed to be jammed. Typically this would
by hoist be the stall load of the hoisting equipment.
Gap from gate to Enter the clearance at one side of the gate (e.g. bumpers to pier walls) assuming that the gate
pier face is centrally located between the pier walls.
The above data is used as needed. All loads are calculated for the design and operation of the gate. The gate
twist, shown by the table as an angle, results in lateral displacements as shown. Lateral loads, RH, are calculated
based upon load diagram shown.
This worksheet should be completed after defining the load case parameters. A vertical truss is assumed between
the top, middle and bottom girders only if bumpers or rollers are used. Two configurations of bracing are
available.
Bracing members that make up the downstream vertical truss are designed for forces that occur with load cases
LC3 and LC4 only. A 2‐D finite element model is used to conservatively approximate the forces in the truss. This is
a simplified model that provides conservative and approximate bracing forces for the simulated condition. Only
axial forces are considered. Out of plane geometry is ignored, and the truss members are assumed to lie in a single
plane at the girder back flanges. The truss members are also considered to be of uniform cross‐section and either
compact or noncompact.
Cross sectional area Enter the cross‐sectional area of the brace. This value will be used for the analysis and
of brace weight calculation.
Min radius of Enter the minimum radius of gyration. This value will be used to determine the allowable
gyration for brace strength of the brace.
The diagram shows the all the members used for the finite element analysis. Members shown in phantom have
zero loading and are thus not included by the model. These members would be loaded if the gate twists in the
other direction, hence they are required. It should also be noted that the truss members must be bolted together
at the crossover points to reduce the unbraced length and thus the slenderness ratio. The table shows the
maximum bracing length and slenderness ratio for the selected truss. The nominal axial strength is calculated from
this information.
The upper table shows the loads in all of the truss members due to the applied design lateral load. The maximum
load needs to be less than the allowable load as shown below the table.
This worksheet shows the calculation for the gate volume, weight and the center of gravity. The calculation is
based on dimensional data already provided by the above worksheets so it is important that they are completed
before reviewing this calculation. The center of gravity is determined relative to the trunnion axis. When the gate
is closed the gate weight imposes a load on gate sill which causes a moment to be applied to the bottom arm
girder connection.
This calculation is limited to the listed components. Additional members, bottom seal, debris, ice or other loads
may increase the effective weight of the gate. An allowance may be added for these.
For comparison purposes an estimated weight is given using an equation by P.C. Erbiste in his paper “Estimating
Gate Weights” based upon data from as‐built gates.