University of Liège

Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering

Aircraft Structures
Beams – Torsion & Section Idealization

Ludovic Noels

Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials – CM3

http://www.ltas-cm3.ulg.ac.be/
Chemin des Chevreuils 1, B4000 Liège
[email protected]
 Elasticity
• Balance of body B
– Momenta balance
• Linear T
• Angular
– Boundary conditions
• Neumann b
• Dirichlet
n
• Small deformations with linear elastic, homogeneous & isotropic material

– (Small) Strain tensor , or

– Hooke’s law , or

with

– Inverse law l = K - 2m/3 2m

with

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 2

 Pure bending: linear elasticity summary
• General expression for unsymmetrical beams z
– Stress q

With a y

Mxx
– Curvature

– In the principal axes Iyz = 0

• Euler-Bernoulli equation in the principal axis

– for x in [0 L]
z f(x) Tz
Mxx
uz =0 x
– BCs duz /dx =0 M>0

L
– Similar equations for uy

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 3

 Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary
• General relationships z f(x) Tz
Mxx
uz =0 x
– duz /dx =0 M>0

• Two problems considered L

– Thick symmetrical section h

• Shear stresses are small compared to bending stresses if h/L << 1

– Thin-walled (unsymmetrical) sections L
• Shear stresses are not small compared to bending stresses
• Deflection mainly results from bending stresses t
h
• 2 cases
– Open thin-walled sections
» Shear = shearing through the shear center + torque
– Closed thin-walled sections
» Twist due to shear has the same expression as torsion

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 Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary
• Shearing of symmetrical thick-section beams z
z
– Stress b(z)
h
y t
h
• With t

• Accurate only if h > b t

A*
– Energetically consistent averaged shear strain z Tz+ ∂xTz dx

• with g dx x
g

• Shear center on symmetry axes Tz gmax

– Timoshenko equations dx
• & z qy

qy x
• On [0 L]: g

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 Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary
• Shearing of open thin-walled section beams Tz
z

– Shear flow
y
•
S C Ty
q
z
s
y
• In the principal axes Tz Ty x
Ty
– Shear center S
Tz
• On symmetry axes
• At walls intersection z
• Determined by momentum balance
h C
– Shear loads correspond to y
t
t
• Shear loads passing through the shear center & t
S
• Torque b

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 6

 Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary
z Tz
• Shearing of closed thin-walled section beams
– Shear flow
• Ty
• Open part (for anticlockwise of q, s) T y

C
p
q s
z Tz
• Constant twist part

• The completely around integrals are related to the Ty

closed part of the section, but if there are open parts, T y
their contributions have been taken in qo(s)
C dAh ds
p
q s

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 Beam shearing: linear elasticity summary
• Shearing of closed thin-walled section beams z Tz
– Warping around twist center R
•
Ty
T y

C dAh ds
• With
p
– ux(0)=0 for symmetrical section if origin on q s
the symmetry axis
z Tz
– Shear center S
• Compute q for shear passing thought S

• Use
S y

C
p ds
With point S=T q s

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 8

 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
• General relationships
– We have seen ss + ∂sss ds q + ∂sq ds
• sxx + ∂xsxx dx
q + ∂xq dx x
ds
s
dx
• q
sxx q ss

Mx

– If the section is closed

• Bredt assumption for closed sections:
Stresses are constant on t, and if there is
only a constant torque applied then ss = sxx = 0
z

y
Constant shear flow (not shear stress)
x Mx

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 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
z
• Torque
– As q due to torsion is constant
•

Mx y

• Displacements C dAh ds
– It has been established that p
q s
•

• So in linear elasticity
n

– But for pure torsion q is constant dux x

ds
dus
• Remark mt is not constant along s s
dx
but it is assumed constant along x

• As sxx= ss =0

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 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
z
• Displacements (2)
– It has been established that for a twist around
the twist center R
us
R q
pR Y
y
– As
C p

for all values of s (so all value of Y )

• The only possible solution is

, &

– So displacement fields related to torsion are linear with x

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 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
z
• Rate of twist
– Use
• Relation us
developed for shearing, but with q due
R q
pR Y
to torsion constant on s y
• Torque expression C p

– Twist
• constant with x

– Torsion rigidity
•

• Torsion second moment of area for constant m :

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 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
z
• Warping
– Use
• Relation us
R q
pR Y
y
developed for shearing, but with q due C p
to torsion constant on s

• Swept from twist center R

• Torque expression
– Warp displacement
•

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 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
• Twist & Warping under pure torsion
– Twist

– Warp
– Deformation
• Plane surfaces are no longer plane
• It has been assumed they keep the same
projected shape + linear rotation
• Longitudinal strains are equal to zero
– All sections possess identical warping
– Longitudinal generators keep the same
length although subjected to axial
displacement

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 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
• Zero warping under pure torsion z

– Warp
us
– Zero warping condition requires
R q
pR Y
• for all values of s y
C p

• As right member is constant the condition of zero warping

is constant with respect to s

• Solutions at constant shear modulus
– Circular pipe of constant thickness
– Triangular section of constant t
(pR is the radius of the inscribed circle which
R
origin coincides with the twist center)
– Rectangular section with th b = tb h

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 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
z
• Example
– Doubly symmetrical rectangular closed section
B A
– Constant shear modulus th
Mx y
C

– Twist rate? h
C D
tb b
– Warping distribution?

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 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
z
• Twist rate
– As the section is doubly symmetrical, the twist
B A
center is also the section centroid C th
C Mx y

– Twist rate h
C D
tb b
•

– For a beam of length L and constant section

• Torsion rigidity

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 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
z
• Warping
– As the section is doubly symmetrical, the twist
B A
center is also the section centroid C th
C Mx s y
– Warping
E
• It can be set up to 0 at point E h
C D
tb
– By symmetry it will be equal to zero wherever b

a symmetry axis intercept the wall

• &

• On part EA

– &

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 Torsion of closed thin-walled section beams
z
• Warping (2)
– On part EA
B A
th
C Mx s y
E
h
C D
tb b

– So using symmetry and as distribution is linear z

C y

• Zero warping if b th = h tb x
Mx

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 Torsion of thick section
• Torsion of a thick section
Mx
– The problem can be solved explicitly by
recourse to a stress function
– Hydrodynamic analogy
• Shear stresses have the same expression
z
than the velocity in a rotational flow in a box
of same section
y
z z Mx
x

t Mx y
t Mx y
C C

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 Torsion of thick section
• Torsion of a thick circular section
z
– Exact solution of the problem
• By symmetry there is no warping
sections remain plane Mx
t y
C

– In linear elasticity r

• Shear stresses

• Torque

• Torsion rigidity

– At constant shear modulus (required for symmetry):

– For circular cross sections (only) Ip=IT

• Maximum shear stress

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 Torsion of thick section
• Torsion of a rectangular section
z
– Exact solution of the problem with stress function
• Assumptions
h
– Linear elasticity
tmax Mx y
– Constant shear modulus
C
• Maximum stress at mid position of larger edge

• Torsion rigidity (constant m) b

– h/b 1 1.5 2 4 ∞
a 0.208 0.231 0.246 0.282 1/3
b 0.141 0.196 0.229 0.281 1/3
• Approximation for h>>b

– &

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 Torsion of thick section
• Torsion of a rectangular section (2)
z
– Warping

• As q h
t y
• For a rigid rotation (first order approximation) C

• For a thin rectangular section

– &
–

– Doubly symmetrical section

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 Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
• Rectangle approximation of open thin-walled
z
section beams
– Thin rectangle
• &
h
• For constant shear modulus
t Mx y
C z
• Warping
s
– Thin curved section n
Mx
• If t << curvature an approximate solution is
t t yt
t
– C

–
t
– Open section composed of thin rectangles t z
3
• Same approximation l3
– t2 y
l2
– t1
l1

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 Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
• Warping n
– Warping around s-axis
dux x
• Thin rectangle
ds
dus
• Here Ci are not equal to 0 s
dx
• Part around s-axis
– Warping of the s-line (n=0)
• We found z
• If R is the twist center
– s
Mx n
pR t yt
t
R C
q
– As txs(n=0) = 0
us
t
• Eventually s-axis warp (usually the larger)

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 Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
• Example z’ z tf = 1.5 mm

– U open section

– Constant shear modulus (25 GPa)

Mx y’ y
– Torque of 10 N.m S C
h = 50 mm tw = 2.5 mm
– Maximum shear stress?
tf = 1.5 mm

– Warping distribution?
b = 25 mm

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 Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
• Maximum shear stress z’ z tf = 1.5 mm

– Torsion second moment of area

Mx y’ y
S C
h = 50 mm tw = 2.5 mm
– Twist rate tf = 1.5 mm

b = 25 mm
– Maximum shear stress reached in web

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 Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
• Twist center z’ z tf = 1.5 mm
Tz
– Zero-warping point
– Free ends so the shear center S corresponds
to twist center R Mx y’ y
• See lecture on structural discontinuities
S C
– By symmetry, lies on Oy axis
h = 50 mm tw = 2.5 mm
– Apply Shear Tz to obtained y’S
tf = 1.5 mm
– Shear flow for symmetrical section
• b = 25 mm

• With

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 28

 Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
• Twist center (2) z’ z tf = 1.5 mm
Tz
– Shear flow for symmetrical section (2)
•
Mx y’ y
• On lower flange O’
S C
– h = 50 mm tw = 2.5 mm
tf = 1.5 mm

b = 25 mm
• Momentum due to shear flow s
– Zero web contribution around O’
– Top and lower flanges have the same contribution

• Moment balance

• Be carefull: clockwise orientation of q, s

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 Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
• Warping of s-axis z’ z
B
– A
– Origin in O’ as by symmetry ux(O’)=0 ARp
• On O’A branch Mx s
y’ y
– Area swept is positive
S O’ C
h = 50 mm

– At point A
b = 25 mm
z’ z
B
• On AB branch A
– Area swept is negative ARp
Mx s
y’ y
S O’ C
h = 50 mm

b = 25 mm
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 30
 Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
• Warping of s-axis (2) z’ z
B
– A
– Origin in O’ as by symmetry ux(O’)=0 (2) ARp
• On AB branch Mx s
y’ y
– Area swept is negative O’
S C
h = 50 mm

b = 25 mm

– At point B

• Branches for z’<0 obtained by symmetry

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 31

 Torsion of open thin-walled section beams
• Warping of s-axis (3)
– On O’A branch

z
– On AB branch

– Branches for z’<0 obtained by symmetry

y
S C

Mx
x

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 Combined open and closed section beams
• Wing section near an undercarriage bay z
– Bending
• There was no assumption on section shape
• Use same formula
y
– Shearing
C
• Shear center has to be evaluated for
the complete section
• Shearing results into a shear load passing
through this center & a torque
• Shear flow has different expression in open
& closed parts of the section
– Torsion
• Rigidity of open section can be neglected most of the time
• But stress in open section can be high

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 33

 Combined open and closed section beams
• Example z’

– Simply symmetrical section

– Constant thickness z
bf = 0.1 m
– Shear stress? y’

hf = 0.1 m
O’

hb = 0.2 m
C

Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm

bb = 0.2 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 34

 Combined open and closed section beams
• Centroid
– By symmetry, on O’z’ axis
– z’C ?
•

z’

z
bf = 0.1 m
y’

hf = 0.1 m
O’

hb = 0.2 m
C

Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm

bb = 0.2 m
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 35
 Combined open and closed section beams
• Second moment of area
– As z’C = -0.075 m
–

z’

z
bf = 0.1 m
y’

hf = 0.1 m
O’

hb = 0.2 m
C

Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm

bb = 0.2 m
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 36
 Combined open and closed section beams
• Shear flow
– As Ixy = 0 & as shear center on Cz
z
• bf = 0.1 m

hf = 0.1 m
with B C’ O’ F G
y

hb = 0.2 m
• At A & H shear stress has to be zero q s C
H
– If origin on A, q(0) = 0 A
– Corresponds to an open section
Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm
– Branch AB D I
E
bb = 0.2 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 37

 Combined open and closed section beams
• Shear flow (2)
– Branch BC’
•

z
bf = 0.1 m
– Branches FG & GH

hf = 0.1 m
• By symmetry B C’ O’ F G
y

hb = 0.2 m
q s C
H
A

Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm
D I
E
bb = 0.2 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 38

 Combined open and closed section beams
• Shear flow (3)
– Closed part:

• With &

– Let us fix the origin at O’

• By symmetry q(0) = 0 (if not the formula would have required anticlockwise s, q)
q = qo(s)
– Branch O’F
z

B C’ O’ s F G
y

hb = 0.2 m
q
C
H
A

Tz = 100 kN t = 2 mm
D I
E
bb = 0.2 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 39

 Combined open and closed section beams
• Shear flow (4) z

– Branch FE
• Shear flux should be conserved B C’ O’ s F G
at point F y

hb = 0.2 m
q
C s H
A

Tz = 100 kN
• Shear flux on branch D I
E
bb = 0.2 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 40

 Combined open and closed section beams
• Shear flow (5)
– Branch EI
•

– Other branches by symmetry

B C’ O’ s F G
y

hb = 0.2 m
q
C s H
A

Tz = 100 kN
D
E
I

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 41

 Combined open and closed section beams
• Shear flow (6)
– Remark, if symmetry had not been used, shear stress at O’ should be
computed (but require anticlockwise s and q for these signs of yT & zT)
•

z
– With

• pO’F = pC’O’ & qO’F = -qC’O’ &

B C’ O’ s F G
dsO’F = dsC’O’ y

hb = 0.2 m
q
C s H
A

• etc Tz = 100 kN
D
E
I
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 42
 Combined open and closed section beams
z
• Example Ac = 0.02 m2
– Closed nose cell tb = 2 mm
tc = 1.5
• 0.02 m2 – area

h = 0.3 m
mm tc = 1.5
• 0.9 m – outer length y
mm
– Open bay l = 0.9 m C
Mx tb = 2 mm
– Constant shear modulus
bb = 0.6 m
m = 25 GPa
– Torque 10 kN.m
– Twist rate?
– Shear stress?

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 43

 Combined open and closed section beams
z
• Twist rate Ac = 0.02 m2
– As an approximation the tb = 2 mm
tc = 1.5
2 torsion rigidities are added

h = 0.3 m
mm tc = 1.5
– Cell y
mm
• Closed section with constant m l = 0.9 m C
Mx tb = 2 mm
– bb = 0.6 m

– Bay
• Open section with constant m

– Twist rate
•

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 44

 Combined open and closed section beams
z
• Shear stress Ac = 0.02 m2
– Cell t tb = 2 mm
tc = 1.5
• Closed section ( )

h = 0.3 m
mm tc = 1.5 y
• mm
l = 0.9 m C
Mx tb = 2 mm
t bb = 0.6 m
•

– Bay

• Open section ( )

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 45

 Structural idealization
• Example 2-spar wing (one cell)
– Stringers to stiffen thin skins
– Angle section form spar flanges
• Design stages
– Conceptual
• Define the plane configuration
– Span, airfoil profile, weights, …
• Analyses should be fast and simple
– Formula, statistics, …
– Preliminary design
• Starting point: conceptual design
• Define more variables
– Number of stringers, stringer area, …
• Analyses should remain fast and simple
– Use beam idealization
» See today
– FE model of thin structures
» See next lectures
– Detailed design
• All details should be considered (rivets, …)
• Most accurate analyses (3D, non-linear, FE)
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 46
 Wing section idealization
• Principle of idealization
– Booms
• Stringers, spar flanges, …
– Have small sections compared to airfoil
– Direct stress due to wing bending is
almost constant in each of these
– They are replaced by concentrated area
called booms
• Booms
– Have their centroid on the skin
– Are carrying most direct stress due
to beam bending
– Skin
• Skin is essentially carrying shear stress
• It can be assumed
– That skin is carrying only shear stress
– If direct stress carrying capacity of skin is
reported to booms by appropriate
modification of their area

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 47

 Wing section idealization
b
• Panel idealization z
– Skin panel
• Thickness tD, width b
• Carrying direct stress linearly distributed y
tD
– Replaced by
• Skin without thickness
• 2 booms of area A1 and A2 x sxx2
sxx 1

– Booms’ area depending on loading

• Moment around boom 2

b
z

A1 A2
• Total axial loading y

x sxx2
sxx 1

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 Wing section idealization
• Example
– 2-cell box wing section ta = 2 mm

hr = 0.2 m
tb = 1.5 mm

hl = 0.4 m
– Simply symmetrical
– Angle section of 300 mm2
tl = 3 mm tm = 2.5 mm tr = 2 mm

lb = 0.6 m
la = 0.6 m
– Idealization of this section
z
to resist to bending moment? A1
A2 A3
• Bending moment along y-axis
ta = 2 mm

hr = 0.2 m
• 6 direct-stress carrying tb = 1.5 mm

hl = 0.4 m
booms y
• Shear-stress-only carrying tl = 3 mm tm = 2.5 mm tr = 2 mm
skin panels A5
A6 A4
lb = 0.6 m
la = 0.6 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 49

 Wing section idealization
• Booms’ area A1
z
A2
– Bending moment A3
• Along y-axis ta = 2 mm

hr = 0.2 m
tb = 1.5 mm

hl = 0.4 m
• Stress proportional to z y
stress distribution is
linear on each section edge tl = 3 mm tm = 2.5 mm tr = 2 mm
– Contributions A6
A5
A4
• Flange(s)’ area lb = 0.6 m
• Reported skin parts la = 0.6 m
– Use formula for linear distribution
•

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 50

 Section idealization consequences
• Consequence on bending
– Idealization depends on the loading case
• Booms area are dependent on the loading case
– Direct stress due to bending is carried by booms only
• For bending the axial load is equal to zero

• But direct stress depends on the distance z from neutral axis

– It can be concluded that for open or closed sections, the position of the
neutral axis, and thus the second moments of area
• Refer to the direct stress carrying area only
• Depend on the loading case only

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 51

 Section idealization consequences
• Example z
– Idealized fuselage section A1 = 640 mm2 z’1 = 1.2 m
• Simply symmetrical A2 = 600 mm2 z’2 = 1.14 m
• Direct stress carrying booms A3 = 600 mm2 z’3 = 0.960 m
• Shear stress carrying skin panels
– Subjected to a bending moment A4 = 600 mm2 z’4 = 0.768 m
A5 = 620 mm2 My z’5 = 0.565 ym
• My = 100 kN.m
– Stress in each boom? C
A6 = 640 mm2 z’ z’6 = 0.336 m
A7 = 640 mm2 z’7 = 0.144 m
A8 = 850 mm2 z’8 = 0.038 m
A9 = 640 mm2 O’ y’

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 52

 Section idealization consequences
• Centroid z
– Of idealized section A1 = 640 mm2 z’1 = 1.2 m
A2 = 600 mm2 z’2 = 1.14 m
A3 = 600 mm2 z’3 = 0.960 m
A4 = 600 mm2 z’4 = 0.768 m
A5 = 620 mm2 My z’5 = 0.565 ym
C
A6 = 640 mm2 z’ z’6 = 0.336 m
A7 = 640 mm2 z’7 = 0.144 m
A8 = 850 mm2 z’8 = 0.038 m
A9 = 640 mm2 O’ y’

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 53

 Section idealization consequences
• Second moment of area z
– Of idealized section A1 = 640 mm2 z’1 = 1.2 m
A2 = 600 mm2 z’2 = 1.14 m
A3 = 600 mm2 z’3 = 0.960 m
A4 = 600 mm2 z’4 = 0.768 m
A5 = 620 mm2 My z’5 = 0.565 ym
C
A6 = 640 mm2 z’ z’6 = 0.336 m
A7 = 640 mm2 z’7 = 0.144 m
A8 = 850 mm2 z’8 = 0.038 m
A9 = 640 mm2 O’ y’

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 54

 Section idealization consequences
• Stress distribution z
– Stress assumed constant in each boom A1 = 640 mm2 z’1 = 1.2 m
– As we are in the principal axes A2 = 600 mm2 z’2 = 1.14 m
A3 = 600 mm2 z’3 = 0.960 m
A4 = 600 mm2 z’4 = 0.768 m
A5 = 620 mm2 My z’5 = 0.565 ym
C
A6 = 640 mm2 z’ z’6 = 0.336 m
A7 = 640 mm2 z’7 = 0.144 m
A8 = 850 mm2 z’8 = 0.038 m
A9 = 640 mm2 O’ y’

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 55

 Section idealization consequences
• Consequence on open-thin-walled section shearing
– Classical formula ss + ∂sss ds q + ∂sq ds
sxx + ∂xsxx dx
• q + ∂xq dx x
ds
s
dx
sxx q
• Results from integration of balance q ss
equation

– With

– So consequences are
• Terms & should account for the direct
stress-carrying parts only (which is not the case of shear-carrying-only skin
panels)
• Expression of the shear flux should be modified to account for discontinuities
encountered between booms and shear-carrying-only skin panels

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 56

 Section idealization consequences
• Consequence on open-thin-walled section shearing (2) z
– Equilibrium of a boom of an idealized section
Tz
y

x
– Lecture on beam shearing
• Direct stress reads

Ty
z
• With & dx
y
– Eventually
•
x sxx
qi+1

qi+1 qi+1 qi

(no sum on i) qi dx

qi
sxx+∂xsxx
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 57
 Section idealization consequences
• Consequence on open-thin-walled section shearing (3)
– Shear flow

Tz
y

Ty

dx

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 58

 Section idealization consequences
• Example z’ z
– Idealized U shape
• Booms of 300 mm2- area each Tz = 4.8 kN A3 A4
• Booms are carrying all the direct stress

h = 0.4 m
• Skin panels are carrying all the shear flow y’ y
– Shear load passes through the shear center S C
– Shear flow?

A2 A1

b = 0.2 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 59

 Section idealization consequences
• Shear flow
– Simple symmetry principal axes
z’ z

Tz = 4.8 kN A3 A4

– Only booms are carrying direct stress

y’ y

h = 0.4 m
S C

– Second moment of area A2 q A1

b = 0.2 m

– Shear flow

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 60

 Section idealization consequences
• Comparison with uniform U section
– We are actually capturing the average value in each branch

z’ z z’ z t

A3 A4 q
Tz Tz

y’ y q y’ y
S C S h O’ C
h
t
A2 q A1 t

q
b b
s

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 61

 Section idealization consequences
• Consequence on closed-thin-walled section shearing
– Classical formula
•

• With

• And

for anticlockwise q and s

– So consequences are the same as for open section

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 62

 Section idealization consequences
• Example
– Idealized wing section
• Simply symmetrical
• Booms are carrying all the direct stress
• Skin panels are carrying all the shear flow
– Shear load passes through booms 3 & 6
– Shear flow?

Tz = 10 kN
z
z’ A3 = 400 mm2 A2 = 250 mm2
A1 = 200 mm2
hm = 0.2m

A4 = 100 mm2
y
hl = 0.1 m hr = 0.06 m
O’ C y’
A5 = A4 A8 = A1
A6 = A3 A7 = A2

bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 63
 Section idealization consequences
• Open part of shear flow
– Symmetrical section
• Shear center & centroid on Cy axis
• Ixy = 0 (we are in the principal axes)
• Only booms are carrying direct stress

– Second moment of area

Tz = 10 kN
z
z’ A3 = 400 mm2 A2 = 250 mm2
A1 = 200 mm2
hm = 0.2m

A4 = 100 mm2
y
hl = 0.1 m hr = 0.06 m
O’ C y’
A5 = A4 A8 = A1
A6 = A3 A7 = A2

bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 64
 Section idealization consequences
Tz = 10 kN
• Open part of shear flow (2) z
– Choose (arbitrarily) the origin z’ A3 = 400 mm2 A2 = 250 mm2
between boom 2 and 3 A1 = 200 mm2
A4 = 100 mm2 s 0

hm = 0.2m
y
hl = 0.1 m hr = 0.06 m
O’ C y’
A5 = A4 A8 = A1
A6 = A3 A7 = A2

bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 65

 Section idealization consequences
• Open part of shear flow (3)
– Choose (arbitrarily) the origin between boom 2 and 3 (2)

z
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
z’ 3 2
qo=18 kN.m-1
4

hm = 0.2m
1
hl = 0.1 m y
kN.m-1 hr = 0.06 m qo=22.4 kN.m-1
-qo=32.5 O’ C y’
8
5
6 7 qo=18 kN.m-1
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 66

 Section idealization consequences
• Constant part of shear flow
– (anticlockwise s, q)

– If origin is chosen at point O’

• With

&

z
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
z’ 3 2
qo=18 kN.m-1
4

hm = 0.2m
1
hl = 0.1 m y
-qo=32.5 kN.m-1 hr = 0.06 m qo=22.4 kN.m-1
O’ C y’
8
5
6 7 qo=18 kN.m-1
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 67
 Section idealization consequences
• Constant part of shear flow (2)
–

z
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
z’ 3 2
qo=18 kN.m-1
4

hm = 0.2m
1
hl = 0.1 m y
-qo=32.5 kN.m-1 hr = 0.06 m qo=22.4 kN.m-1
O’ C y’
8
5
6 7 qo=18 kN.m-1
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 68
 Section idealization consequences
• Total shear flow
–

z
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
z’ 3 2
qo=18 kN.m-1
4

hm = 0.2m
1
hl = 0.1 m y
-qo=32.5 kN.m-1 hr = 0.06 m qo=22.4 kN.m-1
O’ C y’
8
5
6 7 qo=18 kN.m-1
-qo=28.9 kN.m-1
bl = 0.12 m bm = 0.24 m br = 0.24 m
z
-q=34.2 kN.m-1 -q=5.3 kN.m-1
z’ 3 2
q=12.7 kN.m-1
4 1
y
kN.m-1 q=17.1 kN.m-1
-q=37.8 O’ C y’
8
5
6 7 q=12.7 kN.m-1
-q=34.2 kN.m-1
-q=5.3 kN.m-1

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 69

 Section idealization consequences
• Consequence on torsion
– If no axial constraint
• Torsion analysis does not involve axial stress
• So torsion is unaffected by the structural idealization

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 70

 Exercise: Structural idealization
• Box section
– Arrangement of
• Direct stress carrying booms positioned at the four corners and
• Panels which are assumed to carry only shear stresses
• Constant shear modulus
– Shear centre?
10 mm

8 mm
Angles Angles
10 mm 60 x 50 x 10 mm 50 x 40 x 8 mm 300 mm

10 mm

500 mm

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 71

 References
• Lecture notes
– Aircraft Structures for engineering students, T. H. G. Megson, Butterworth-
Heinemann, An imprint of Elsevier Science, 2003, ISBN 0 340 70588 4
• Other references
– Books
• Mécanique des matériaux, C. Massonet & S. Cescotto, De boek Université, 1994,
ISBN 2-8041-2021-X

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 72

 Exercise: Structural idealization
• As shear center lies on Oy by symmetry we consider TZ
– Section is required to resist bending moments in a vertical plane
– Direct stress at any point is directly proportional to the distance from the
horizontal axis of symmetry, i.e. axis y
– The distribution of direct stress in all the panels will be linear so that we can
use the relation below

z Tz
1 2
yT

b 300 mm
z O S y

A1 A2 3
4 500 mm
y

x sxx2
sxx 1
– In addition to contributions from adjacent panels, booms areas include the
existing spar flanges
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 73
 Exercise: Structural idealization
• Booms area
z Tz
10 mm 1 2
yT
Angles 8 mm
60 x 50 x 10 mm 300 mm
10 mm 300 mm
Angles O S y
10 mm 50 x 40 x 8 mm
4 500 mm 3
500 mm

– By symmetry
• A3 = A2 = 3540 mm2
• A4 = A1 = 4000 mm2

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 74

 Exercise: Structural idealization
• Shear flow z Tz
– Booms area 1 2
• A3 = A2 = 3540 mm2 yT
• A4 = A1 = 4000 mm2
300 mm
– By symmetry Iyz = 0 O S y

4 500 mm 3

As only booms resist direct stress

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 75

 Exercise: Structural idealization
• Open shear flow z Tz
1 s 2
–
yT

300 mm
O S y
>0

4 500 mm 3

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 76

 Exercise: Structural idealization
• Constant shear flow
– Load through the shear center z Tz
1 s 2
no torsion
yT
-1.77 x 10-3 Tz
1.57 x 10-3 Tz
300 mm
O S y
>0

4 500 mm 3

• With

and

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 77

 Exercise: Structural idealization
• Total shear flow

z Tz
1 s 2
yT
-1.77 x 10-3 Tz
1.57 x 10-3 Tz
300 mm
O S y
>0

4 500 mm 3

z Tz -0.034 x 10-3 Tz
1 2
yT
-1.804 x Tz10-3 1.536 x 10-3 Tz
300 mm
O S y
>0

4 500 mm 3
-0.034 x 10-3 Tz
2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 78
 Exercise: Structural idealization
• Shear center
– Moment around O
• Due to shear flow
• Should be balanced by the external loads

z Tz -0.034 x 10-3 Tz
1 2
yT
-1.804 x 10-3
Tz 1.536 x 10-3 Tz
300 mm
O S y
>0

4 500 mm 3
-0.034 x 10-3 Tz

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 79

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
z
• Twist due to torsion
– As torsion analysis remains valid for idealized section,
one could use the twist rate

• Closed section
Mx y

C dAh ds
p
• Open section q s

– In general

– How can we compute deflection for other loading cases?

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 80

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• Symmetrical bending z Mz
– For pure bending we found
– Therefore the virtual work reads
a y
x
• My

– Let us assume Cz symmetrical axis, Mz= 0 & pure bending (My constant)

• Consider a unit applied moment, and s(1) the corresponding stress distribution

• The energetically conjugated displacement (angle for bending) can be found by

integrating the strain distribution multiplied by the unit-loading stress distribution

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 81

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• Virtual displacement z
– Expression for pure bending My
x
Dqy = -uz,x(L)
My
– In linear elasticity the general formula of virtual
displacements reads

• s (1) is the stress distribution corresponding to a (unit) load P(1)

• DP is
– The energetically conjugated displacement to P
– In the direction of P(1)
– Corresponds to the strain distribution e

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 82

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
z Tz
• Symmetrical bending due to extremity loading
uz =0 x
– Example Cz symmetrical axis, Mz= 0 & duz /dx =0 M>0
bending due to extremity load
L
•

• Case of a semi-cantilever beam

• Eventually

• s (1) is the stress distribution corresponding to a (unit) load Tz(1)

• Duz is the energetically conjugated displacement to Tz in the direction of Tz(1) that
corresponds to the strain distribution e

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 83

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• General pure bending z Mz
– If neutral axis is a-inclined
a y
•
x My
• With
z
q
• It has been shown that
a y

Mxx
– Eventually, as M is constant with x
•

Mz
z y
My Mz Dqz = uy,x(L)
x
x
Dqy = -uz,x(L)
My

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 84

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• General bending due to extremity loading
– Bending moment depends on x
Ty
•
y
Duy
• Integration by parts
x

Tz

z
Duz
x

• Semi-cantilever beam

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 85

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• General bending due to extremity loading (2)
– Virtual displacement method
•

• With s(1) due to the (unit) moments M(1) resulting from the unit extremity loading

• With DPu displacement in the direction of the unit extremity loading

and corresponding to the strain distribution

Ty Tz

y z
Duy Duz
x x

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 86

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• General bending due to extremity loading (3)
– Virtual displacement method (2)
• After developments, and if DPu is the displacement in the direction of T(1) = 1

• In the principal axes Iyz = 0

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 87

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• Shearing
– Internal energy variation

•
z
– Variation of the work of external forces Tz
g dx x
•
g
gmax
• Defining the average deformation of a section
– See use of A’ for thick beams
– Vectorial value

– Applied shear loading

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 88

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• Shearing (2)
– Virtual work

• With DTu the average deflection of the section in the direction of the applied unit
shear load
• With q(1) the shear flux distribution resulting from this applied unit shear load

• With q the shear flux distribution corresponding to the deflection DTu

• {q(0)} meaning only for closed sections

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 89
 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• Example z’ z
– Idealized U shape
• Booms of 300-mm2- area each Tz = 4.8 kN A3 A4
• Booms are carrying all the direct stress

h = 0.4 m
• Skin panels are carrying all the shear flow y’ y
• Actual skin thickness is 1 mm
S C
– Beam length of 2 m
• Shear load passes through the shear center
at one beam extremity A2 A1
• Other extremity is clamped
– Material properties b = 0.2 m
• E = 70 GPa z Tz
• m = 30 GPa uz =0 x
– Deflection ? duz /dx =0 M>0

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 90

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• Shear flow (already solved)
– Simple symmetry principal axes
z’ z

Tz = 4.8 kN A3 A4

– Only booms are carrying direct stress

y’ y

h = 0.4 m
S C

– Second moment of area A2 q A1

b = 0.2 m

– Shear flow

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 91

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• Unit shear flow
– Same argumentation as before but with Tz = 1 N
z’ z

Tz A3 A4

y’ y

h = 0.4 m
S C

A2 q A1

b = 0.2 m

• Displacement due to shearing

–

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 92

 Annex 1: Deflection of open and closed section beams
• Bending
z Tz
– Moment due to extremity load
uz =0 x
•
duz /dx =0 M>0

L
– Deflection due to extremity load
• In the principal axes

• Total deflection
– No torsion as shear load passes through the shear center
–

2013-2104 Aircraft Structures - Beam - Torsion & Section Idealization 93