Additional Mathematics SA2 Overall Revision Notes

Chapters 1 – 2
Simultaneous Equations, Indices, Surds, Logarithms

Chapter 1: Simultaneous Equations Chapter 2.1: Surds

There are 3 methods in solving simultaneous linear

equations: m  n  mn
1.) Substitution Method m m

2.) Elimination Method n n
3.) Graphical Method a m b m  ab m
There are several steps to follow: ( a  b )( a  b )  a  b

1.) Express one unknown in terms of another ab k cd k

unknown (avoid fractional expressions) a  c and b  d .
2.) Substitute this newly – formed equation into the Rationalising Denominator:
non-linear equation Multiply the square root to
3.) Solve for the unknown
4.) Use the linear equation to find the other both numerator and denominator.
unknown.
Chapter 2.2: Indices Chapter 2.3: Logarithms

am×a n =am +n
m n mn
(a ) =a
m m m
a ×b =( ab)
am÷a n =am−n
a
am÷b m=( )m
b
0
a =1
−n 1
a = n
a
x
x (a−n )= n
a
m
n n
a = √a m=( √ a )m
n

a x  an
x  n
When a > 1
 Additional Mathematics SA2 Overall Revision Notes
Chapters 3 - 4
Quadratic Functions and Inequalities

Sum and Product of Roots Intersection Terms

In ax 2  bx  c Crosses / Cuts 2 points of intersection, 2 real/distinct roots/

b discriminant more than 0.
Sum of roots      Touches / 1 point of intersection, 2 real/equal roots/
a
tangent discriminant = 0.
c
Product of roots   Does not 0 points of intersection, no real roots,
a intersect / meet discriminant < 0.
Meet Discriminant more than or equal to 0.
We can use the sum and product of
roots to write an equation.
Quadratic Inequality
x  (sum of roots)x  (product of roots)  0
2
( x  a)( x  b)  0, x  a or x  b
( x  a)( x  b)  0, a  x  b

Discriminant and Nature of Roots

Chapter 8: Linear Law

The graph of a linear equation Y = mX + c is a straight line with gradient m and y intercept c.
There are 2 parts to solving linear law questions: Draw a straight line graph to determine gradient and y-intercept, and to
find the equation of the straight line.

Key Steps:

1.) Force the equation into the form of Y = mX + c.

2.) Take some experimental values of x and y and compute the corresponding values of X and Y.
3.) Use these computed values to plot the points on a graph with X and Y axis.
4.) Draw a line passing through the plotted points. Always have more space at the lower end of graph for the line to cut
the Y axis for Y-intercept.
5.) Obtain the Gradient and the Y-intercept.

Note: In Y = mX + c

(a): Y must not have any coefficient,

(b): mX is part constant and part variable.
(c): c must not contain any variable X and Y.
 Additional Mathematics SA2 Overall Revision Notes
Chapters 3 - 4
Polynomials/Partial Fractions

Polynomia An expression that is a sum of terms in the form ax n where n is non-negative and a
is constant.

To find unknown constants, either equate coefficients of like powers of x or substitute values of x.

Remainder Theorem Factor Theorem

If a polynomial f(x) is divided by a linear If (x – a) is a factor of the polynomial f(x),

divisor (x – a), the remainder is f(a). f(a) = 0.

Partial Fractions

Basically, a linear factor that cannot be factorised is to be remained in the same form. A repeated
A B

linear factor like (ax  b) is to be split into 2: ( ax  b) (ax  b) .
2 2
Chapter 5: The Modulus Functions Chapter 6: Binomial Theorem

For a real number x, |x| represents the n  n

modulus / absolute value of x. It is always non- (a  b) n  a n    a n 1b    a n  2b 2 ...  b n
1  2
negative.
 n  n  n  n  n 1 n
To draw a modulus graph of the function, first (1  x) n  1    x    x 2    x 3  ...   x x
draw the function then reflect the part of the 1  2  3  n  1
function which is below the x axis upwards.
 n  n(n  1)(n  2)...( n  r  1)
 
Formulas: r r!

x  k  x  k or x   k Properties:
f ( x )   g ( x ), g ( x)  0
1.) Have n+1 terms
f ( x )  g ( x ) , f ( x )   g ( x)
2.) Sum of powers of a and b = n.
ab  a b
a a n n
 Tr 1    a n  r b r Tr 1    b r
b b r+1th term: r or r

Chapter 7: Coordinate Geometry

 Additional Mathematics
Chapter 9
Curves and Circles (Summary)

Chapter 9.1: Graphs of y  ax

n

When n is an even integer (-2, 0 and 2)

Legend:

Red: y  x
2

Black: y  x  1
0

1
y  x 2 
Pink: x2

1. Each curve is above or on

the x axis.
2. Each curve is symmetrical
about the x axis.
3. For the pink graph, it does
not cut x or y axis.
When n is an odd integer (-1, 1 and 3)
Legend:

Blue: y  x
3

Brown: y  x  x
1

1
y  x 1 
Black: x

4. Each curve is symmetrical

about the origin.

General Properties

When a is constant, the graphs of y  ax are similar If a < 0, then the graph of y  ax is a reflection of the
n n

except that they differ in the steepness as seen in the y  a xn

2 graph of in the x axis.
graphs of y  x .
 Graphs of y  ax where n is a simple rational number
n
2
1

2. For y  x or y  x , x will be more or equal to 0 (x cannot be less than 0). y is also more than 0 as square root
2

is taken to be positive.

Legend: Black: y  x . Brown: y  3 x .

2. Comparing concavity of curves.

When y  x , graph concaves downwards.

When y  x , graph is straight and constant.
When y  x , graph concaves upwards.
2

Graph of y  kx
2
3

1. The graph of y  x is actually a 90 degree clockwise rotation of the

2

graph of y  x about the origin O.

2

2. In general, the graphs of y  kx have the same properties as that of

2

y 2  x except that they differ in the steepness.

3. Each graph passes through (0, 0) and is symmetrical about the x axis.

4 Equations of Circles

Equation ( x  a ) 2  ( y  b) 2  r 2 x 2  y 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0
Center of (a, b) (-g, -f)
circle
Radius r g2  f 2  c

5 Linear Law (Revision)

Always make an equation to Y = mX + c. (where m and c must be constant!)

 Additional Mathematics
Chapter 11 and 12
Trigonometry Functions, Simple Trigonometric Identities/Equations

Chapter 11.1: Angle in Chapter 11.3: Trigonometric Ratios of Complimentary Angles

Radian Measure
 
sin      cos 
180   rad

sin(90   )  cos 

2 
 cos(90   )  sin   
1  rad cos      sin 
180 2 
1
180 tan(90   ) 
1rad   57.3 tan    1
 tan     
2  tan 

Chapter 11.2: Chapter 11.4: Trigonometric Ratios of General Angles

Trigonometric Ratios for
Acute Angles The acute angle formed when a line rotates about the origin is called
the basic angle, denoted by  . Always make the basic angle positive.
Just remember that the
surd form of these 1st Quadrant 2nd Quadrant 3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
numbers:   180  

  180  

  360  
 
          2  
3
 0.577
3
2 Chapter 11.5: Trigonometric Ratios of their General Angles and
 0.707 their Signs
2

2
3
 0.806 In the 1st quadrant, all 3 are positive. S A
In the 2nd quadrant, only tangent is positive.
In the 3rd quadrant, only sine is positive.

Chapter 11.6:
In the 4th quadrant, only cosine is positive. T C
If still turning anticlockwise after 4th quad, add 360 or 2 .

Trigonometric Ratios of
Negative Angles
Chapter 11.7: Solving Basic Trigonometric Equations
sin( )   sin 
cos(  )  cos  1.) By considering the sign of k, identify the possible quadrants where
theta will lie.
tan( )   tan 
sin   k
2.) Find the basic angle alpha, the acute angle from e.g.:
3.) Find all the possible values of theta in the given interval.

Chapter 11.8: Graphs of the sine, cosine and tangent functions

360or 2
y  a sin bx  c and y  a cos bx  c have axis y  c, amplitude a and period
In general, the curves b

Graphs are shown on the next page.

Chapter 12.1: Summary of Identities

Simple Trigonometric Identities and Equations

Basic Identities Reciprocals of 3 trigo functions: The "Squared Ratios"

sin  1 sin 2   cos 2   1
tan   sec 
cos cos cosec 2   1  cot 2 
cos  1
cot   cosec  1  tan 2   sec 2 
sin  sin 
1
cot  
tan 

In proving a trigonometric
identity, always start from the
more complicated side (with the
secant, cosecant and cotangent).
The rest of the proving is all
mechanical in nature!