Postal Power

The UPU (Universal Postal Union) in Berne, Switzerland, is an extremely significant

organization in today’s world. It is formulated by treaty. No nation can be recognized as a nation
without being in international admiralty in order to have a forum common to all nations for engaging
in commerce and resolving disputes. That is why the USA under the Articles of Confederation could
not be recognized as a country. Every state (colony) was sovereign, with its own common law, which
foreclosed other countries from interacting with the USA as a nation in international commerce.
Today, international admiralty is the private jurisdiction of the IMF, et al., the creditor in the
bankruptcy of essentially every government on Earth.

The UPU operates under the authority of treaties with every country in the world. It is, as it
were, the overlord or overseer over the common interaction of all countries in international
commerce. Every nation has a postal system, and also has reciprocal banking and commercial
relationships, whereby all are within and under the UPU. The UPU is the number one military
(international admiralty is also military) contract mover on the planet. For this reason one should send
all important legal and commercial documents through the post office rather than private carriers,
which are firewalls. We want direct access to the authority—and corresponding availability of remedy
and recourse—of the UPU. For instance, if you post through the US Post Office and the US
Postmaster does not provide you with the remedy you request within twenty-one (21) days, you can
take the matter to the UPU. Involving the authority of the UPU is automatically invoked by the use of
postage stamps. Utilization of stamps includes putting stamps on any documents (for clout purposes,
not mailing) we wish to introduce into the system. As long as you use a stamp (of any kind) you are in
the game. If you have time, resources, and the luxury of dealing with something well before
expiration of a given time frame, you can use stamps that you consider ideal. The most preferable
stamps are ones that are both large and contain the most colors. In an emergency situation, or simply
if economy is a consideration, any stamp will do.

Using a postage stamp and autograph on it makes you the postmaster for that Contract. Whenever
you put a stamp on a document, inscribe your full name over the stamp at an angle. The color ink you
use for this is a function of what color will show up best against the colors in the stamp. Ideal colors
for doing this are purple (royalty), blue (origin of the bond), and gold (king’s edict). Avoid red at all
cost. Obviously, if you have a dark, multi-colored stamp you do not want to use purple or blue ink,
since your autograph on it would not stand out as well if you used lighter color ink. Ideally one could
decide on the best color for his autograph and then obtain stamps that best suit one’s criteria and taste.
Although a dollar stamp is best, it is a luxury unless one is well off financially. Otherwise, reserve the
use of dollar stamps for crucial instruments, such as travel documents. The rationale for using two-
cent stamps is that in the 19th Century the official postage rate for the de jure Post Office of the
United States of America was fixed at two (2) cents. For stamps to carry on one’s person for any kind
of unexpected encounter or emergency use, this denomination might be ideal.

Use stamps on important documents, such as a check, travel documents, paperwork you put in
court, etc. Where to put the stamp and how many stamps to use depend on the document. On
foundational documents and checks, for instance, put a stamp on the right hand corner of the
instrument, both on the front and on the back. The
bottom right hand corner of the face of a check, note, or bill of exchange signifies the liability.
Furthermore, the bottom right hand corner of the reverse of the document is the final position on the
page, so no one can endorse anything (using a restricted endorsement or otherwise) after that. You
want to have the last word. If you have only one stamp, put it where you are expected to sign and
autograph over it cross-wise. In the case of a traffic ticket, for instance, put a stamp on the lower right
hand corner where you are supposed to sign and autograph across the stamp at an angle.
Autographing a stamp not only establishes you as the postmaster of the contract but constitutes a
cross-claim. Using the stamp process on documents presents your adversaries with a problem because
their jurisdiction is subordinate to that of the UPU, which you have now invoked for your benefit. The
result in practice of doing this is that whenever those who know what you are doing are recipients of
your documents with autographed stamps they back off. If they do not, take the matter to the US
Postmaster to deal with. If he will not provide you with your remedy, take the matter to the UPU for
them to clean up.

The countries whose stamps would be most effective to use are China, Japan, United States,
and Great Britain. Utilizing these countries covers both East and West. However, since the US seems
to be the point man in implementing the New World Order, one might most advisably use US stamps.

If you put stamps on documents you submit into court, put a stamp on the back of each page,
at the bottom right hand corner. Do not place any stamps on the front of court paperwork since doing
so alarms the clerk. By placing your autographed stamp on the reverse right hand corner you prevent
being damaged by one of the tricks of judges these days. A judge might have your paperwork on his
bench, but turned over so only the back side, which is ordinarily blank on every page, is visible. Then
if you ask about your paperwork he might say something like, “Yes, I have your paperwork in front of
me but I don’t find anything.” He can’t see anything on the blank side of a page. If you place an
autographed stamp on the lower right hand corner you foreclose a judge from engaging in this trick.
In addition, when it comes to court documents, one side is criminal and the other is civil. Using the
autographed stamp that you rubber-stamp with your seal (bullet stamp) on the back side of your court
documents is evidence that you possess the cancelled obligation on the civil side. Since there can be
no assessment for criminal charges, and you show that you are the holder of the civil assessment,
there is no way out for the court. Also, in any court document you put in, handwrite your EIN number
[SS# w.o. dashes] in gold on the top right corner of every page, with the autographed stamp on the
back side.

Use of a notary combined with the postage stamp (and sometime Embassy stamps) gives you a
priority mechanism. Everything is commerce, and all commerce is contract. The master of the
contract is the post office, and the UPU is the supreme overlord of the commerce, banking, and postal
systems of the world. Use of these stamps in this manner gets the attention of those in the system to
whom you provide your paperwork. It makes you the master of that post office. Use of the stamp is
especially important when dealing with the major players, such as the FBI, CIA, Secret Service,
Treasury, etc. They understand the significance of what you are doing. Many times they hand
documents back to someone using this approach and say, “Have a good day, sir.” They don’t want
any untoward repercussions coming back on them. If anyone asks you why you are doing what you
are doing, suggest that they consult their legal counsel for the significance. It is not your job to
explain the law, nor explain such things as your exemption or Setoff Account. The system hangs us
by our own words. We have to give them the evidence, information, contacts, and legal
determinations they require to convict us. The wise words of Calvin Coolidge, the most taciturn
president in US history, are apt. When asked why he spoke so little, he replied, “I have never been
hurt by anything I didn’t say.” The bottom line is that whenever you need to sign any
legal/commercial document, put a stamp (even a one (1) cent stamp) over where you sign and sign at
an angle across it. Let the recipient deal with the significance and consequences of your actions. If
you are in a court case, or at any stage of a proceeding (such as an indictment, summons, complaint,
or any other hostile encounter with the system), immediately do the following:

1. Make a color copy of whatever documents you receive, or scan them in color into your computer;

2. Stamp the original of the first page of every document with the ARFV stamp, put a postage stamp
in the signature space, and autograph across it at an angle with your full name, using purple or blue
ink, handwritten with upper- and lower-case, with your gold-ink bullet stamp (seal) on the upper left-
hand portion of the postage stamp; Make a color copy of the stamped, autographed pages and/or
scan into your computer;

3. Put a stamp on the lower right-hand-corner of the back of every page and bullet-stamp and
autograph it;

4. Have a notary send each document back to the sender, with a notarial certificate of service, with or
without an accompanying/supporting affidavit by you;

5. If you have an affidavit, put an autographed stamp on the upper right hand corner of the first page
and the lower right hand corner of the back of every page.

People who have engaged in this process report that when any knowledgeable judge, attorney,
or official sees this, matters change dramatically. All of these personages know what mail fraud is.
Since autographing the stamp makes you the postmaster of the contract, anyone who interferes is
tampering with the mail and engaging in mail fraud. You can then subpoena the postmaster (either of
the post office from which the letter was mailed, or the US Postmaster General, or both), and have
them explain what the rules are, under deposition or testimony on the witness stand in open court.

In addition, most of the time when you get official communication it has a red-meter postage mark
on the envelope rather than a cancelled stamp. This act is mail fraud. If the envelope has a red-meter
postage mark on it, they are the ones who have engaged in mail fraud, because there is no cancelled
stamp. It is the cancelled stamp that has the power; an un-cancelled stamp has nothing. A red-meter
postage mark is an uncancelled stamp. If it is not cancelled, it is not paid. One researcher has scanned
everything into his computer, and has more red-meter postage marks than he “can shake a stick at.”
Officials sending things out by cancelled stamp is a rarity—perhaps at most 2%.

With the red-metered postage you can trace each communication back to the PO from which it
was sent, so you can get the postmaster for that PO, as well as the postmaster general for the US, to
investigate the mail fraud involved. It is reasonable to conclude that canceling a stamp both registers
the matter and forms a contract between the party that cancels the stamp and the UPU. Using a stamp
for postage without canceling it is prima facie evidence that the postmaster of the local PO is
committing mail fraud by taking a customer’s money and not providing the paid-for service and
providing you with the power of a cancelled stamp, as required under the provisions of the UPU.
When you place an autographed stamp on a document you place that document and the contract
underlying it under international law and treaty, with which the courts have no jurisdiction to deal.
The system cannot deal with the real you, the living principal (as evidenced and witnessed by jurat).
Nor can officials, attorneys, judges, et al., go against the UPU, international law, and treaty. In
addition, they have no authority/jurisdiction to impair a contract between you (as the living principal)
and the UPU (overseer of all world commerce).

You cancelled the stamp by sealing it and autographing across it. You did so in capacity of
being the living principal, as acknowledged by your seal and the jurat on your documents.

If you are in a court case, bring in your red-metered envelopes court and request the judge to
direct the prosecutor to explain the red-meter postage stamp. Then watch their jaws drop. Doing this
is especially potent if you also have asked the prosecutor to provide his bar number, since most
attorneys in court—especially in US—are not qualified. An attorney in federal court had better have a
six-digit bar card or he committed a felony just by walking in and giving his name.

Lastly, if you are charged with mail fraud, subpoena the prosecutor(s) to bring in the evidence
on which mail fraud is being alleged, as well as the originals of all envelopes used for mailing any
item connected with the case. Then the mail fraud involved was committed by the postmaster of the
PO in which the envelope was stamped.
The Evolution of the Postal Service
in the Era of the UPU
Thursday, October 6, 2005
JP "Jamie" Gough
The following is an abridged excerpt from the forthcoming book by JP Gough.
All Rights Are Reserved.

Overture:
The Period Before The GPU/UPU

The epoch in which the GPU/UPU was born was a startling period in the annals of mankind. It was an
age of great political, social and economic upheaval and change; a period of the scientific man, par
excellence. And in this period, the political world saw some startling events: the Franco-German War,
German Unification in 1871, Italian Unification in 1861, the US Civil War, the introduction of
"Dominion Status" and other forms of home rule within the British Empire, the opening of Japan and
China to the rest of the world, the establishment of the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austrian
Empire - to name a few. Economic events which shrank the size of the world included: the extensive
network of railways, decreasing time to transit the oceans with steamers, the Latin Monetary Union of
18651, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and some of the largest migrations of people, around
the globe, ever recorded.

A. Postal Service: A Social and Economic Service

The groundwork for the first meeting of the General Postal Union evolved through experimentation
during the preceding twenty years or so through bilateral postal relationships. In the enlightenment of
the industrial revolution, some governments began to realize that the speed and reliability of the mail
was crucial to progress and commerce; that the mails were a social service and not a tool of revenue
generation for the government. This included mail that was prepaid as well as that which went
postage due. Many of the postal agreements among governments were attempts to improve both the
speed and dependency as a social service.
But speed and dependency were not always priorities for all postal administrations. In the Kingdom of
Hawaii2 right up to membership in the UPU, it was common practice to detain mail, at the local post
office, which had not been properly prepaid for outbound transmission. Postmasters would just put the
letter into a box for public access. The general public was expected to sort through the box of letters
periodically to check for any that were their own personal, outbound letters in need of additional
postage. This system showed a lack of regard for the timeliness of the mails.

The new UPU system would require that all letters, paid or unpaid, be transmitted immediately. If
necessary, postage would be collected upon delivery. International pressure assured compliance. No
longer did postal administrations worry about having to actually collect the correct postage on every
outbound letter. Based on averages, every administration would earn its rightful share of the total
income, whether prepaid or sent collect at the destination.

But the different governments vacillated between whether mail should cover its complete costs of
operations and delivery or whether mail should be a profit-making venture of government to
supplement its general operating budget. After all, the very reason for the existence of monopolies
was commonly accepted as serving just such a purpose for governments around the world, whether it
was in tobacco, sugar, salt or postal affairs. For instance, as recently as the Napoleonic wars, Great
Britain had used the international mails, particularly transit letters, as a means of raising funds during
its wars against France around the globe.

The growth and improved services of the postal service worldwide were amazing to those people in
their time. Nineteenth century people were witnesses to the arrival of modernization; the postal
services being one of the very public examples of modernity for governments around the world. The
post office became a symbol of sovereignty and nationhood; a nation's very industriousness and
modernization.

In the report of the Postmaster General of the United States of America for 1866, he connects the
intertwined relationship of national development and progress of the country as a whole with the post
office's expansion.

There is no better evidence of national prosperity than the contrast increase from year to year of
revenues derived from domestic and foreign postages. There is no better evidence of the increasing
general intelligence of the American people than that furnished by the loaded mails.

The change in modes of conveyance from carrier pigeons and special messenger, and post riders with
billets and small packages and a few letters, to railroads and steamboats, carrying every day hundreds
of tons of letters and newspapers and books, all through the length and breadth of the land, is an
extraordinary commentary upon the increasing wealth and prosperity of the nation and the energy and
intelligence of the people. The few thousand pounds of postal revenue in Franklin's time for a single
year, give place now to fifteen millions of dollars annually, a sum greater than the annual revenues of
the federal government during the administration of John Quincy Adams3.

This service, under the liberal patronage of the government, has done more to aid in developing the
resources of the country than anything else except for the cultivation of the soil. ... The post office and
mail-route travel with civilization, and mark its progress as distinctly as the school-house and
meeting-house.
It has always been an erroneous theory in the history of the post office of the United States that it was
established or sustained on the principle wholly defraying its own expenses out of its own revenues;
or, in other words on the principle that it should be self-supporting. It is a great public service, to
accommodate private citizens, and it will do to say that no route shall be opened, or post office
established, until the business on the proposed route or of the proposed office shall pay all expenses.
Large sums of money are paid every year to contractors for carrying mail beyond our frontier, across
the central wilderness, to the Pacific States and other large sums are paid for service on lines tributary
to the mails, to accommodate as yet sparse settlements. From these [extensive routes], comparatively
small receipts come back in the shape of postal revenue. Yet these very agencies [of the post office]
aid settlement and encourage enterprise in material development, so that there comes back to the
people in real wealth almost as many millions of dollars as the government expends thousands in this
particular branch of service.

The British Post Office was leader in its time. While the BPO is well known for the introduction of
the penny post, its impact on postal operations is not as well known today. However, it was the impact
on total postal operations and volume which provided a great lesson to all the other postal
administrations of that time.

In 1839, the volume of mail throughout the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland' totaled 76
million letters. A year later, after the introduction of the penny post in January 1840 and the postage
stamp in May 1840, the BPO almost exploded under the increase in consumer demand: totaling 168
million letters. This was the elasticity of demand that Sir Roland Hill had believed would be proven
true over time - but in one year, it was startling. Within 10 years, letter volume handled by the BPO
grew to 347 million letters.

B. Bilateral Treaties: A Series of Step to a Universal Postal Union

The bilateral postal treaties helped evolve the thinking about and negotiations on the issues of
international mail. Consequently, by the first meeting of the General Postal Union in 1874, the ideas
and practices were largely known if not universally applied. Many of the concepts developed in the
15-20 years before GPU conference in Berne were applied to a number of the bilateral treaties.
Progress toward what was eventually established by the GPU was not always a straight line - it often
involved two steps forward and one back as various bilateral treaties were negotiated or reconfigured
Bookkeeping and Settling of Accounts. In extensive record keeping common to the times of the
industrial, 'scientific man', post offices worldwide were tracking all sorts of statistical data. In the
annual report of the Postmaster General of the United States in 1861, mail volume and related postal
fees paid or collected were noted:

Direction Volume Value of Mail (US Dollars )

From USA to Europe 3,086,121 $675,997.29
From Europe to USA 3,059,700 $686,039.41

Difference (USA-Europe) 26,421 -$10,042.12

Differential 0.009 (9/10ths percent) -0.015 (1½ percent)

The US Post Office had noted these relationships for many years: that mail sent tended to equal mail
received. As other post offices were noting the same sort of data, an important foundation for the
GPU was being established, namely that of equality in mail exchanges. This would affect the thinking
that if each post office could charge the sender enough, then they did not have to worry about
collecting from the recipients. Bookkeeping could be eliminated. This concept was to have a profound
effect on the entire pricing and operations of international mail and it became a center piece of all
subsequent USA postal treaty negotiations.

The treaty between Mexico and the USA, entered into on July 31st, 1860 resulted in the removal of
bookkeeping between the two countries: each country required prepayment of postage (25¢ per ½ oz),
which each country kept. (The high rate was set as the two countries initially anticipated large
volumes of mail from areas with logistical problems, resulting in higher transportation costs. These
anticipated, costly problems were mostly not realized and those that did exist were later solved with
multiple cross-border mail transfer points rather than relying solely on ship mail between Veracruz
and New Orleans or New York.

Additionally, each country granted the other free transit of its mails. This simplification was a giant
step in the elimination of accounting in the international postal system as was seen in some of the
subsequent US treaties with other countries.

By 1864, the Postmaster General of the United States reported bookkeeping had been virtually
eliminated with Canada too. But the concept from the Mexico-USA Postal Treaty was expanded
further in the Canada-USA Treaty: it allowed each country to retain the postage it collects, whether
prepayment or for postage due. The Mexico-USA Treaty did not permit the sending of mail that was
not fully prepaid, while the Canada-USA Treaty liberalized the mails by permitting insufficiently paid
mail. The Canada-USA Treaty also established a uniform rate which was cheaper: 10 cents, and as
with the Mexico-USA Treaty, distance was no longer a factor in the rate between the two countries.
This convention was quickly extended to New Brunswick (not yet at this time a part of Canada).
By 1866, the US Postmaster General reported success in getting a European nation to eliminate
bookkeeping: Italy. This treaty established the principle that the country of origin is responsible for all
the costs of conveying mail to the destination country's borders. In doing so, the introduction of
compulsory prepayment of all mail was deemed the only way to ensure that the sending post office
would be properly reimbursed for its shipping expenses.

A variation of this process appeared in the British-US Treaty of January 1, 1868 when it was agreed
to abolish accounting for direct mails between the two countries. Accounting was still necessary for
mails originating or being forwarded to third countries (transit mail: was charged the domestic postal
rate of the party sending it onward). However, unlike the Italian-US Treaty of 1866, prepayment was
not mandatory between the United Kingdom and the United States, resulting in each country keeping
whatever it collected in the way of postage due - each postal authority noting it tended to receive as
much as it sent in postage due matter. With this, and similar bilateral agreements in Europe taking
place contemporaneously, the groundwork for the general handling and accounting for mails within
the General Postal Union was tried and proven effective.

Non-Interruption of Mail. With war on the horizon in Europe, the USA and Bremen entered into
special discussions to exempt mail packets from capture in time of war. Existing conventions with the
United Kingdom and Mexico stated that "....mail packets shall continue their navigation without
impediment or molestation....as all governments have a common interest in claiming exceptional
treatment for mail packets in time of war, to the end of maintaining regularity in international postal
communications5."

This concept of allowing the flow of mails, even in war and across borders, was mostly honored in the
early years of the UPU.

C. Complexity Leads to Crisis

Bilateral treaties were numerous and rarely consistent. By 1874, Germany had 17 postal agreements,
France 16, Belgium 15 and the United Kingdom 12. Depending on the routes used to send the mail, it
could trigger elements of several postal agreements, stacking up the respective charges for each area
the cover traveled through. Additionally, countries used different weight measures: USA and UK: ½
oz; France: 10 grams until July 1st6, 1870 and thereafter 15 grams; Germany ... Thus a ½ oz letter
from the USA would be easily computed through the United Kingdom at the same rate, but when it
arrived it France it would be a the second rate. A calculation of rates for the countries in attendance at
the Berne Conference in 1874 totaled 1,200 different rates for mail.

Postmaster General Montgomery Blair, of the United States, reported to Congress in his annual
message of 1862 that "...the whole system, as now established, is too complex to be readily
understood by postmasters. Our International mail system is extremely loose and defective. There is
no common standard weight for the single rate. There is no common rate for the sea transit or for
overland transit. The inland transit rate upon domestic correspondences furnishes no rule for the
overland transit of foreign correspondence. Rates upon closed mails are not uniform by distance, or
by other common rule and they vary greatly according to the route of carriage7."

For the reasons of this chaos, the Postmaster General of the United States called for an international
postal congress that took place in Paris in 1863. This first meeting of postal administrations from
around the world (but mostly Europe) concluded with these objectives of future international postal
agreements:

· Reduction of rates on international mail, printed and written

· Reduction or abolition of transit fees for closed mails (a lucrative business for some countries at
the
cross-roads of global mail flow)
· Establishment of uniform international postal rates
· Simplified and uniform rules governing the exchange of correspondence among countries.

This congress definitely influenced negotiations in nearly all subsequent bilateral agreements - at least
among the conference participants. The Paris meeting of 1863 was the most important starting point
for the eventual first meeting of the General Postal Union in Berne in 1874; a meeting delayed for
years by the growing hostilities and eruption of wars involving several European powers, culminating
in a war between France and the German states (Franco-German War of 1870-1).

The Beginnings Of The UPU

The establishment of the General Postal Union was the single most important development in the
simplification of worldwide communications:
· lowered the cost of sending a letter in order to make the mails more generally accessible to
everyone, increased dependability of and trust in the mail services, and standardized postal services -
around the globe.

This overhaul was largely driven by increasing worldwide trade, cross-border as well as cross-oceanic
migrations, and the desire of growing numbers of people to communicate and to be informed. It was
in this period that people became more personally aware that there was a world beyond their local
communities - and even bigger than their loose concept of their own nation. The establishment of the
GPU helped to accelerate this awareness and therefore could arguably be the first step that was taken
in the process of globalization that is hotly debated today.

The Basic Rules

Because the formation of the GPU was a big step in a world unfamiliar with "international" bodies8,
everyone jealously watched for compliance with the rules to ensure that no one cheated. For the major
leaders in this movement (primarily the USA, France and the UK), this organization was a vehicle for
expanding commerce and global political power - peacefully. For some, a further spread of
democracy or a specific theology through knowledge and information was key.

To these ends, cheap postage, combined with efficient, unhindered posts, was the goal. This meant
that members had to conform to standard rules in order to join the club and share in the benefits of
increased globalization.

There are rules that became the basis for operations within the General Postal Union or the Universal
Postal Union. They are rarely - if ever - broken. These form the "social contract" of members' rights
and obligations that affect the exchange of mail and the collection of postage due.

Furthermore, the rating clerks in the various exchange offices that handled foreign mail were
specialists. They are not known to make mistakes except in exceedingly rare instances - especially not
in post offices of large countries with regular and substantial international mail flows. Just when
collectors believe they have found one of the mistakes, it is a common occurrence that another
philatelist comes along with a new find of information showing the clerk to have been correct.
Readers are therefore cautioned to not believe in "mistakes" in rating as anything but a last recourse of
explanation.

The basic rules were simple:

The GPU/UPU rules only applied to mail between or through members. The domestic policies and
tariffs of members were never dictated by the treaty or the convention. ...

The country of origin9 keeps all prepaid postage. This was constructed on the assumption that every
letter sent, receives a reply - there is a natural equilibrium such that the bookkeeping is not necessary.
And because of this equilibrium, a letter that is prepaid, is free of charges at the destination.

Franking (Prepayment in Evidence): Franking must be in evidence in the form of stamps or printed
postal stationery. Franking which is not readily visible is to be interpreted as "not paid."
The country of origin pays the costs of sending the mail to the destination country. This includes
transit fees through third countries. This is built on the assumption that countries tend to receive as
much mail from each other as they send. With this balance of mail flow in mind, the GPU congress
members focused on setting the foreign letter rates to cover the cost of sending the letter as well as the
cost of the carrying and delivering the response within their own borders. This resulted in many
countries setting the foreign letter rate at about or slightly more than double or 2.5 times the domestic
rate.
The country of destination keeps all postage due collected. This is built on the assumption that
countries tend to receive as much postage due mail as they send. Also, the objective is to eliminate
bookkeeping as much as possible. In addition, another reason was to pressure postal administrations
into encouraging prepayment of postage (a vestige of Sir Hill's original goal): they would bear the
cost of sending the mail but would get none of the benefit.

The country of origin determines the amount of postage due - if any. The country of destination must
comply with: a) the acceptance of franking; or b) the postage due markings of the country of origin.

The catch-all exception was stated in Regulations III of the Berne Treaty:
" Every postal packet which does not bear the stamp "T" shall be considered as paid to destination and
treated accordingly, unless there be an obvious error." [Author's Emphasis].

Non-acceptance of the stamps issued by other UPU members for political purposes is against the
rules, but has been accepted in the breach because of a catch-all phrase that postal administrations
were not required to transport and distribute anything forbidden by local law or offensive to local
sensitivities.

No extra charges, duties or taxes are permitted - on outgoing or incoming mail - except those
explicitly enumerated and permitted by the Treaty.

This rule was an attempt to keep a level playing field for all members. The initial fears were that some
countries could charge more as a barrier to trade if given the chance to make such determinations: a
tool in a subtle trade war.

This rule forbad the use of postal tax stamps on foreign bound mail as well as postal tax postage dues
on incoming foreign mail. While this, on its face, appears to preclude war tax stamps, countries got
around this by simply raising their base rates within the margin the UPU range. ...
Each country decides what system of weights to use: grams or ounces. Whichever weight measure is
used, each "rate" is considered equal. Roughly 15g equals ½ oz (a little over 14g.) for purposes of
weight: both being the first rate level, followed by 1 oz and 30 grams were the second rate level. ...
The symbol for postage due is a "T" marking (the initial for the French word "taxe"), which is applied
at the country of origin or the first UPU member country of entry into the Union. Every country was
left to decide its own design of the "T" - which has become a vast field of study on its own. But the
distinctive "T" markings have also allowed philatelist to identify a cover's origins when other
markings were indistinct. Some "T" markings are extremely rare and there is still much to be done in
researching and cataloguing this area. ...

Invalid stamps are to be noted by a "0" (zero) next to them, in the country of origin. In some postal
administrations, a box is drawn around the invalid stamps; this procedure is accepted and understood.
...
At countries of destination, translations of postage due notations in centimes ("c.") are to be rounded
up to the next unit of money in force in the country of destination. ...
Postmarks of the office of mailing are to be legible, rendered partially in the Roman Alphabet and
Calendar, and should not be covered up by labels or the attachment of postage due stamps. The use of
the Roman alphabet and western calendar appears to have been widely complied with among member
states. ...

Mail is to be conveyed by the most rapid means available. The exception to this rule was mail of an
"extraordinary" expense that had not been properly prepaid ...

Franking Mandatory For Certain Classifications of Mail. This was not necessary for letters, but
mandatory on all other classes of mail in at least the early years. ...

Rules of the UPU concerning mail exchanges with non-UPU members.

1. The Treaty did not abrogate arrangements between individual UPU members and non-members
(countries not party to the GPU/UPU treaty)...

No Color-Coding On Postage Due Markings for UPU Member Mail. Contrary to many postal
traditions existing in most countries at the time of the founding of the GPU, the color-coding
difference on rate markings, of paid vs. unpaid, was dropped within the UPU. For instance, in
Germany the color scheme had been red for paid and blue for due, while England had had red for paid
and black for due. Most UPU due markings are in black; a color of convenience more than by any
requirement.
However, color-coding was retained for mail originating in non-UPU countries on which accounting
still had to be maintained. Red was for credits and blue was for charges to be collected.

Misdirected Mail. Was to be properly directed back to its destination in the most expeditious means
possible free of any additional charges.

Members Are Free To Negotiate Lower, Bi-Lateral Rates or Enter Into Subordinate Postal Unions. As
long as UPU members formed bilateral agreements or specific postal unions with the goal of
improving service and of lowering rates below the UPU levels, they were free to do so. Such
agreements are actually common throughout the UPU.

The most obvious are the lower rate agreements between mother countries and colonies, such as the
British Empire Penny Post (10 centimes) which began on December 25, 1898 among many colonies
and was expanded over time to include most, if not all, of them.

One of the oldest (after the Danish-Sweden-Norway10 agreement of 1869) bilateral agreements to
extend the domestic postal rates between two sovereign countries was between the USA and Canada.
Canada extended the domestic rate to USA-bound mail on January 1, 1875 and the USA followed suit
one month later on February 1, 1875 for mail bound for Canada. Canada ceased this extension of the
domestic rate to the USA on January 1, 1982 (107 years) and the USA reciprocated on increasing
rates for mail destined for Canada on April 3, 1988 (113 years)11.

On December 25, 1898, the United Kingdom entered into a special extension of the domestic postal
rate of 1d per half ounce ("Empire Penny Post") to members of the British Empire. The initial
members (Per a GPO notice dated January 3, 1898 [sic] included (but may not be limited to)12 :
Aden, Antigua, Ascension, Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, British Central Africa, British East Africa,
British Guiana, British Honduras, Canada, Ceylon (and the Maldives), Cyprus, Falkland Islands, Fiji,
Gambia, Gibraltar, Gold Coast, Hong Kong, India, Burma, Johore, Lagos, St. Kitts, Nevis, Dominica,
Montserrat, Virgin Islands, Perak, Selangor, Negri-Sembilan, Pahang, Natal, Newfoundland, Niger
Coast & Territory, St. Helena, Sarawak, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Straits Settlements, Tobago,
Trinidad, Turks Islands, Uganda, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent.

Other Empire members continued to join over time; some examples being: Cape Colony (September
1, 1899), Egypt (May 1, 1906), Jamaica and Sarawak (May 24, 1899), New Zealand (January 1,
1901), Orange River Colony (December 1, 1900), Union of South Africa (1910, when various
colonies united into a single country), Rhodesia (April 1, 1911), Australia (May 1, 1911) and South
West Africa (1917). A few countries issued new stamps for this event either as a commemorative
(Canada) or because of the need for a stamp with the new rate (Straits Settlements: "4 cents" overprint
on the 5-cent value).

According to a report of the Postmaster General to the Congress of the United States, most of the
postage due mail entering the USA at the turn of the century (1899-1908) was from the United
Kingdom. The rationale for this considerable underpayment of mail from the United Kingdom was
that many of its citizens assumed that the USA was part of the Empire Penny Post System (if not also
the Empire itself). The PMG mentioned that the education of an entire country seemed the least
effective means of dealing with the problem, given the huge volume of mail between the two
countries.
So the USA entered into the reciprocal extension of respective domestic rates with the United
Kingdom on October 1, 1908: 1d from the UK and 2¢ from the USA (both rates equal to 10 centimes)
- a 60% rate reduction from the standard UPU rate of 25 centimes. No doubt, the experience with the
New Zealand (see below) rate treaty, entered into almost 2 years earlier with the USA had some
influence on this acceptance by these two larger parties.

This model gradually became adopted in bilateral agreements between the USA and other members of
the Empire. As other countries saw the benefits of these arrangements with the British Empire, they
too began to participate. The reciprocal rate from the USA was 2¢ per ounce in each of the following
cases.

New Zealand celebrated the beginning of the 20th century by inaugurating the first Universal Penny
Postage (10 centimes rate) on January 1, 1901 - unilaterally - and marking the occasion with a special
stamp and stationery. However, many countries objected and New Zealand was forced to withdraw
the measure for most destinations not within the British Empire within a couple of weeks. But before
withdrawing the measure, it has been reported that the NZ Post Office itself up-franked letters, as a
courtesy to its postal patrons, to the full UPU rate to those destination countries objecting.
Some countries agreed to accept such franking from New Zealand even if they did not reciprocate the
rate below the established UPU rate band. These included Chile, Costa Rica, Italy, Liberia, Mexico,
Paraguay, Peru, Portugal and colonies, Serbia, Siam and Switzerland. Australia agreed to the rate
structure on April 28, 1902 with New Zealand (Australia had not yet joined the Empire Penny Post at
that date over fiscal concerns: the high cost of shipping to England and other parts of the distant
world). The USA agreed to accept a penny post rate from New Zealand on November 1, 1906 but did
not reciprocate....
 *******

With the basic rules as a backdrop, the following chapter contains a list of rules, by each congress of
the UPU, as they changed and which have some bearing on postage due collection...

Footnotes

1. Members included: France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Bulgaria
and
Greece. The Latin Monetary Union lasted about 49 years, until 1914.

2. Thanks to Fred Gregory for this contribution on Hawaii.

3. This administration was only 60 years before!

4. The existing exchange rates were: UK £1.00.00 (20 shillings of 12 pence each or 240 pence
total)
was equal to $4.80 US (2¢ per 1d) and 5 francs were equal to $1.00 US (1¢ per 5 centimes). One
French franc was equal to 10d British.

5. Postmaster General's (USA) Annual Report of 1864.

6. Daniell, Howard, 100 Years of International Postal Co-opartion in The Post - A Universal Link
Among Men; p.139; 1974 by Vie Art Cite, Lausanne, Switzerland.

7. Annual Report of the PMG, 1862, pp 3-7; pp 23-34.

8. The GPU was the second international organization to be founded; the first being the
International Telegraph Union founded in Paris in 1865, which provided a successful model.
Interestingly enough the postal authorities from a number of countries actually met on postal
matters before the Telegraph Union was founded. The first global postal conference was held in
Paris in 1863 to share information - a brainstorming session - at the suggestion of Postmaster
General Blair of the United States. The Paris meeting led to significant if not massive revisions
in
the bilateral treaties regarding the exchange of mail and set the tone for the first meeting of the
GPU eleven years later.

9. "Country of origin" is defined as: a) the country where the letter was posted; or b) the first UPU
member country to receive a letter from a non-UPU member ("non-Member") before
forwarding
to another UPU member.

10. Sweden and Norway were a single political entity for purposes of foreign affairs at this time.

11. The cessation of domestic rates for each other was largely caused by the automation of each
postal service using different types of postal codes: the USA using only numbers while Canada
introduced postal codes with letters and numbers. This difference led to more manual sorting of
mail between the countries. Manual sorting drove up the costs of handling, which given the
 volume of mail and commerce between the two countries, was significant.

12. I am grateful to Chris Harman of Woodbridge, England, UK, for finding this listing.
WHY WE ARE IN THE
ADMIRALITY JURISDICTION
April 18, 2004
Hi ho. Some fellar deserves a lot a credit from this short and concise document that re-enforces a
conversation and hard copy. One other point, Standring has been spelled two different ways and
according to Lewis H. both would be wrong. I think he said without the (e) and of course without the
(a). Anyway, here is a fine piece of work.

Many a student has asked me why I file all of my documents in the admiralty jurisdiction. All of the
“pro se” litigants have been sternly warned, by their like-minded friends, that such filings have been
known to get people arrested and thrown in jail, since supposedly the admiralty gives the judge
unparalleled judicial discretion in this venue that is supposedly without a constitution. In 1997 I had
purchased a book about the admiralty jurisdiction called Are you Lost at “C.?” from Pastor Richard
Standaring, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Pastor Standaring, one of the best IRS information persons in the United States had just started selling
the book, but he had no outstanding opinion of it at the time. I read it, and not really understanding the
book, placed it on my shelf to gather dust. [1] About a year later, my local partner, Bob: Shugrue,
called me and relayed to me that Standring had recently used the procedures of the book in four cases
and had won all of them. Immediately I called Standaring to look into his results. After explaining the
theory, I realized that the material was from the book sitting on my shelves. Pastor Standaring made
the most incredible remark when I asked him what the court tries to do to his clients in the courtroom.

“Oh, Pastor" Standaring said, “They just try to talk us into agreeing to move the case out of the
admiralty, and into the civil venue.”

If I have learned anything about litigating claims against the government, it is that where I need to go
is where the judges do not want me to go, even if I do not entirely understand why. I liken it to the
military term of “pressing into the fire,” as the safest approach. Retreat usually gets one caught in
crossfire, and death is the result.

I thought, “If they do not want me in the Admiralty that is probably the best place to be.”

Then followed weeks of investigation, and all of the information I uncovered was far better than
expected. I documented that the Admiralty is under Article III, where the constitution and statutory
law both apply! In December of 1999 in Hawaii, we filed the first federal case. Over the next few
weeks, what came from the other side was deafening silence. As usual, we placed the other side in
default. However, soon the other side was up to their own tricks again. Something was missing. I later
uncovered four other important issues that legally bind up the judicial officers into either following
the law, or walking the plank. Now, with further understanding, I have learned that in the admiralty,
the state waives its immunity seven different ways, through the Suits in Admiralty Act (three ways),
through the Bills of Lading Act, through the Admiralty Extension Act, through the Foreign Sovereign
Immunity Act, and through the Public Vessels Act. [2]
To place a pleading within the admiralty, the jurisdictional statement needs to reference 28 U.S.C.
1333 or 1337. Tax Cases need to reference 28 U.S.C. 2461 and 2463, since all tax revenue cases are
done through the admiralty, and are disguised as civil proceedings. Additionally, in the caption of the
suit a reference such as “within the admiralty” is required to hold the court accountable. The courts in
the United States have always been open since 1789 to receive admiralty documents, and are still
required to do so by authorization of 5: Stat. 516, Ch. 188, §: 5 with the enactment date of
August/23/1842, with the authority of the act of the September/24/1789: Chapter: 20.

The Suits in Admiralty Act 3[3] is a law where the United States specifically waives its immunity in
three situations: (1) If the admiralty suit involves a vessel [key word] of the United States. Once we
look into the definition of the word vessel, we will discover that any of the actors working for the
United States are vessels, enabling us properly to apply this provision within our case.

In Benedicts, on Admiralty, one finds that the description of a vessel is so vague, that anything can be
a vessel. We are all vessels; human bags carrying “sea water.” “Our blood has the same specific
gravity as sea water.” 4[4] In the Bible, a woman is described as the “weaker vessel.” (2) Cases that
involve cargo belonging to the U.S. Within the context of our case, when the cargo [the paperwork] of
the United States harms us, the United States gives us a blanket waiver of immunity, or (3), if the
United States could be sued in the admiralty if it were a private party. Since we are going into an
international jurisdiction, (a set aside, fenced territory) every time we go into the court, we are entitled
to sue the United States in the admiralty as if the United States were a private party.

[2] Benedicts on Admiralty

[3] Title: 46: U. S. A. Codes, Appendix, Chapter 20 §§ 742-749,
[4] Leonard Tesoro, M.D.
[5] Title: 49: U. S. Codes, Chapter 147 § 14706,

The Bills of Lading Act 5[5] is another handy piece of legislation that helps level the playing field, by
imposing liability against carriers that misplace, or miss-deliver our cargo(paperwork). Cargo can
literally be anything. All manners of things are shipped internationally, from cigarette lighters to
books. So we are not making any sort of stretch to say our paperwork is cargo. If the bill of lading
sufficiently describes the cargo, the carrier is liable for damages caused by miss-delivery. A bill of
lading is nothing more than a document given to the shipper that gives instructions where the cargo is
to be delivered, and what the cargo looks like. For the bill of lading to be effective, it must describe
the cargo being transported sufficiently so that the shipper can identify the cargo enough to be held
responsible, when the shipper delivers the cargo somewhere else.

A classic case occurred in the 1800s where an American fruit producer sent many barrels of apples
from Georgia for delivery in New York. Since the barrels were not sufficiently identified in the bill of
lading, and since the barrels were not adequately marked, the shipper was not held responsible when
the apples were delivered to Belgium!

The Bill of Lading Act includes a criminal penalty, because the losses suffered by the customers of
the shippers can be very great. We use a bill of lading in all of our lawsuits. The bill of lading
describes the cargo (the lawsuit), and tells the court clerk to carry the suit into the admiralty
jurisdiction of the court. 6[6] The clerk is a public vessel, and the carrier. My bill of lading identifies
the cargo as the lawsuit, by describing the suit’s postal registry number that I have placed on the front
page, by describing the paperwork as having an American flag on the paperwork, etc. The bill of
lading creates a liability for which the damaged party can recover in a suit if the documents are
diverted into another venue. If a carrier is found wanting in due diligence concerning the delivery of
the cargo, the liability attaches at the time of the diversion of the documents. The bill of lading
therefore takes away the immunity of clerks and judges, if the cargo is not delivered into the admiralty
court, and adds criminal penalties for compliance failures. 7[7]

The Admiralty Extension Act 8[8] extends the admiralty jurisdiction inland. All states by law have
access to the sea. Therefore any land locked country has an easement, so to speak, across other
countries in order to get to the sea. All states have an admiralty jurisdiction in all of their courts, and
they hate admitting it.

The Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act. 9[9] Any foreign sovereigns are liable for damages while
doing business in the United States. This provision has application since the foreign sovereign — the
judges, clerks, etc. — that operate on the behalf of a defacto foreign fiction government. Officials are
liable for the damages that they commit while doing business in the country.

The Public Vessels Act 10[10] is another of the admiralty provisions that are helpful to the litigants of
the Universal-Legal-Technology. Since the libelant has been damaged by a judge, police officer,
prosecutor, court clerk, or other public vessel, the libellant is authorized to sue for the damages in the
venue of the admiralty jurisdiction. Again, the Public Vessels Act is a law that specifically waives any
immunity of the government.

[6] Title 49 U. S. Codes, Chapter 801 § 80113

[7] Title 49 U. S. Codes, Chapter 801 §: 80116.
[8] Title 46 U. S. A. Appendix, Ch. 19-A § 740.
[9] Title 28 U. S. codes § 1605
[10] Title: 46: U. S. Codes Chapter: 22:§: 781.

The Post Office and the International Postal Union

The role of the United States Post Office and the Universal Postal Union became a factor in our
lawsuits because of several bankruptcies that the United States has been through over the history of
the country. When one declares himself a bankrupt, that person is no longer legally competent to
conduct his affairs. The court becomes a fiduciary, and appoints a trustee to oversee the affairs of the
bankrupt. It does not matter if the bankrupt is a common man, or a nation; except that a nation still has
a right to conduct war. Typically the average person anywhere in the world thinks of their Postal
System as a part of, and subservient to, their government. However, the postal system in the United
States has a different legal history than one would expect.

The Post Office and Judicial Courts were established before the seat of the Government. On
Thursday, Sept. 17, 1789 we find written, “Mr. Goodhue, for the committee appointed for the
purpose, presented a bill to amend part of the Tonnage act, which was read the first time. The bill sent
from the Senate, for the temporary establishment of the Post Office, was read the second and third
time, and passed. The bill for establishing the Judicial Courts . . . , for establishing the seat of
government . . . ” 11[11] Other references to the Post Office support my theory of the founding
forefather’s views:

POST OFFICE.
1. A place where letters are received to be sent to the persons to whom they, are addressed.

2. The post office establishment of the United States, is of the greatest importance to the people and
to the government. The constitution of the United States has invested congress with power to
establish post offices and post roads. Art. 1, s. 8, n. 7.

3. By virtue of this constitutional authority, congress passed several laws anterior to the third day
of
March 1825, when an act, entitled "An act to reduce into one the several acts establishing and
regulating the post office department," was passed. 3 Story, U. S. 1825. It is thereby enacted, 1.
That there be established, the seat of the government of the United States, a general post office,
under the direction of a postmaster general. 12[12]

We need to take notice where the commas are placed on that last sentence. “That there be established,
the seat of the government of the United States, a general post office, under the direction of a
postmaster general.” When I set off a clause with commas, I make sure that the sentence makes sense
without that clause. Taking out the set-off clause, we read . . . “the seat of the government of the
United States under the direction of a postmaster general.”

[11] Gales and Seaton’s History [H. of R.], p. 928.

[12] Bouvier, John. Law Dictionary. Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of The United States of
America And of the Several States of the American Union, With References to the Civil and Other
Systems of Foreign Law. In the Philadelphia, by theChilds & Peterson. (1856)

The creation of the Post office occurs before the creation of the seat of the government, and is placed
in authority over the seat of government. What is the effect of these legal techniques? The stated
position of an object and the sequence of events play an important role in the Universal-Legal-
Technology. The effect is that the Government’s later bankruptcies in 1859 and 1929 have no legal
effect upon the solvent Post-Office. We can make a case that the formation of the Post-Office before
the formation of the government’s operations is a stroke of dumb luck. Perhaps it is ingenious, since
communication has a higher value than government itself. If any government fails, the people still
have a need to communicate with one another to form a new government. And to this day, the Post-
Office is still solvent and operational, ready to fulfill its duty to help the people in their
communications; to set a new government should a complete break down of the existing
governmental structures occur in the United States. Sounds like a very good back up plan.

The formation of the Universal Postal Union in 1874 has another legal effect that is very important to
the Universal-Legal-Technology. The Universal Postal Union unites member countries into a single,
worldwide postal territory. 13[13] We have already learned that any litigant is going into international
jurisdiction every time he goes to any court. Since the litigant needs to establish that his papers are
official, he uses a dollar???? postage stamp on the face of the first page. The stamps also invoke
postal statutes and the Universal Postal Union jurisdiction. Currently in the U. S., the stamp of choice
is the “fox” (discontinued 22 April 2004 or earlier) U. S. dollar postage stamp. The stamp is not
drawn in a box, making the forty-five-degree lines unnecessary. The litigant does, however, need to
autograph across the stamp, then date the autograph, for two reasons: to comply with postal
regulations concerning private mail carriers, and to make a continuance of evidence that the process
(paper work) is mail. The continuation of evidence is less of a factor, since the definitions of “mail”
and “delivery” can include a clerk at a grocery store handing a customer a receipt for groceries. One
can see that Standaring had his shipping clerk wired with the Bill of Lading.

The legal writers were forced to make the definitions wide enough to encompass the private rural
carriers, and private advertisers that have placed advertisements on our doorsteps, or in our hands. I
have thought about this issue a lot, and I did not find any other better alternative. Any loophole would
have devastated many consumers, and caused a plethora of other laws to be enacted to cover the
loophole.

Additionally, on the back of the first page, we authenticate the authority of the Post-Office with an
endorsement, and simultaneously authenticate our identity by placing a postage meter stamp, from a
postage meter machine that we have purchased in advance, on the lower quarter of the back of the
first page. All commercial papers have endorsements to authenticate their authenticity. Again, we
autograph across the meter stamp, and date. The postage meter stamp is better than a regular stamp,
and stamps are said to have rendered seals superfluous. 14[14] The purchase of a meter machine
requires identification in case the meter machine is tampered with or is stolen. The meter number on
the meter stamp can be traced back to the owner (litigant), and therefore authenticates the endorser
better than any seal.

What are we doing by placing our paper work into the jurisdiction of the Universal Postal Union? To
answer that question, we need to look at the structure and finance of that organization. The official
aims and purposes of the Universal Postal Union (UPU) are two: to form “a single postal territory for
the reciprocal exchange of correspondence”; and “to secure the organization and improvement of the
postal services and to promote in this sphere the development of international collaboration.” [15]
“The organization of the circulation of the international mail is based on the freedom of transit, . . . as
a result, therefore, only by enduring absolute freedom of transit can the effectual universality of the
postal territory be attained. * * * Freedom of transit is guaranteed throughout the entire territory of the
union. Administrations may exchange, through the intermediary of one or more of their number, both
closed mails and open mail according to the needs of the traffic and the requirements of the service.”
16[16]

“Starting in 1878, the union created a category for territories which were recognized as non
independent but which were given all the rights of union membership afforded to clearly independent
countries.” 17[17] So the members of the union have been operating as sovereign, independent
countries, and their currency is based on the gold French Franc. Gold is the acceptable form of money
in international jurisdictions, or paper backed by gold. 18[18] When we purchase postal money
orders, the money order is backed by gold, not the fiat “money” called Federal Reserve Notes. The
FRNs, as some call them, are based instead on a promise to pay a debt. The debt is based only upon
the “full faith and credit of the United States,” and lacks any intrinsic value.

“Some of the obligations in the convention can, in some states, be introduced into domestic practice
without involving a nation’s legislative process or without even reaching the desk of the chief
executive. 19[19] The Union also “sets forth the principle that postal administrations are responsible
for loss of, theft from, or damage to, insured items, and then goes into detail about exceptions to the
principle of responsibility, cessation of responsibility, how the sender is indemnified, and the manner
in which responsibility is apportioned between postal administrations.” 20[20] “There was only one
instance, according to the Belgium delegate, where the bureau would have any power even
approximating the right to intervene in the affairs of administrations, that is in the arbitration of
disputes, but in this instance the bureau could act only when requested to do so by an administration.”
21[21] The Functions of the International Bureau for the Universal Postal Union include acting “as a
clearinghouse for information concerning postal matters. It also functions as a clearinghouse for
international postal accounts and as a conciliator and arbitrator in disputes over postal matters
between administrations.” 22[22]

[13] 1997 Encyclopedia Britannica

[14] Collon, Dominique, Editor. 7000 Years of Seals. In the London, for the Trustees of the British
Museum, by the BRITISH MUSEUM PRESS. 1997. p. 153.
[15] Universal Postal Union, p. 73.
[16] Universal Postal Union, p. 74.
[17] Universal Postal Union, p. 80.
[18] The backing of paper does not necessarily have to be gold, it can be anything real at market
value like timber, oil, minerals, metals, land, etc.
[19] Universal Postal Union, p. 96.
[20] Universal Postal Union, p. 103.
[21] Universal Postal Union, p. 186.
[22] Universal Postal Union, p. 195

So, what we are doing, by placing the postage stamp on our admiralty paperwork and endorsement on
the back of the first page, is using the authority of the sovereignty of the longest surviving, solvent,
governmental authority in the United States. Through the admiralty, we are taking the Post-Office and
the judicial system back some two hundred years, and simultaneously creating a new territory with all
the rights of union membership afforded to clearly independent countries. We are establishing the
laws in this new territory with the paper work that we have filed. As we will see later, we are also
correcting the errors of the founding forefathers; in that we are also bringing the equal rights that they
neglected to give to all the people in the United States. We are eliminating all of the legal deficiencies
that handicap the sovereign status of us, the people, within the court. We are guaranteed that all of the
parties in the case: the clerk, judge, bailiff, and litigants have the freedom of transit in the admiralty
court. If the clerk, judge, or other official fails to deliver our documents as directed, or delay them, or
obstruct them, that person is faced with several penalties within the postal statutes and admiralty
statutes. The final advantage is that if we are obstructed, because of the transitory nature of the action,
we are in the admiralty and can take the case offshore for adjudication in any court in the world.

Bills of Lading Act

Admiralty Extension Act
The Public Vessels Act
Suits in Admiralty Act
Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act
False Claims Act, see 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(7)
Lanham Act , see 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)
Postal Reorganization Act
Federal Tort Claims Act
Administrative Procedure Act
Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act:
(Old H.R. 4970 from the last Congress)
Established in 1874, the Universal Postal Union (UPU), with its Headquarters in the
Swiss capital of Bern, is the second oldest international organization after the
International Telecommunications Union
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 (c. 50) UK jurisdictional statement needs to
reference 28 U.S.C. 1333 or 1337

TITLE 28 > PART IV > CHAPTER 85 > Sec. 1333.

Sec. 1333. - Admiralty, maritime and prize cases

The district courts shall have original jurisdiction, exclusive of the courts of the States,
of:
(1) Any civil case of admiralty or maritime jurisdiction, saving to suitors in all cases all
other remedies to which they are otherwise entitled.
(2) Any prize brought into the United States and all proceedings for the condemnation
of property taken as prize

TITLE 28 > PART IV > CHAPTER 85 > Sec. 1337.

Sec. 1337. - Commerce and antitrust regulations; amount in controversy, costs

(a) The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action or
proceeding arising under any Act of Congress regulating commerce or protecting trade
and commerce against restraints and monopolies: Provided, however, That the district
courts shall have original jurisdiction of an action brought under section 11706 or
14706 of title 49, only if the matter in controversy for each receipt or bill of lading
exceeds $10,000, exclusive of interest and costs.
(b) Except when express provision therefore is otherwise made in a statute of the
United States, where a plaintiff who files the case under section 11706 or 14706 of title
49, originally in the Federal courts is finally adjudged to be entitled to recover less than
the sum or value of $10,000, computed without regard to any setoff or counterclaim to
which the defendant may be adjudged to be entitled, and exclusive of any interest and
costs, the district court may deny costs to the plaintiff and, in addition, may impose
costs on the plaintiff.
(c) The district courts shall not have jurisdiction under this section of any matter
within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of International Trade under chapter 95
of this title 28 U.S.C. 2461 and 2463 for referencing tax cases.

TITLE 28 > PART VI > CHAPTER 163 > Sec. 2461.

Sec. 2461. - Mode of recovery

(a) Whenever a civil fine, penalty or pecuniary forfeiture is prescribed for the violation
of an Act of Congress without specifying the mode of recovery or enforcement
thereof, it may be recovered in a civil action.
(b) Unless otherwise provided by Act of Congress, whenever a forfeiture of property is
prescribed as a penalty for violation of an Act of Congress and the seizure takes place
on the high seas or on navigable waters within the admiralty and maritime jurisdiction
of the United States, such forfeiture may be enforced by libel in admiralty but in cases
of seizures on land the forfeiture may be enforced by a proceeding by libel which shall
conform as near as may be to proceedings in admiralty.
(c) If a forfeiture of property is authorized in connection with a violation of an Act of
Congress, and any person is charged in an indictment or information with such
violation but no specific statutory provision is made for criminal forfeiture upon
conviction, the Government may include the forfeiture in the indictment or information
in accordance with the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, and upon conviction, the
court shall order the forfeiture of the property in accordance with the procedures set
forth in section 413 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 853), other than
subsection (d) of that section.

TITLE 28 > PART VI > CHAPTER 163 > Sec. 2463.

Sec. 2463. - Property taken under revenue law not repleviable. All property taken or
detained under any revenue law of the United States shall not be repleviable, but shall
be deemed to be in the custody of the law and subject only to the orders and decrees of
the courts of the United States having jurisdiction thereof.