Prof. Vibhuti Patel On Sustainable Development Goals and The Urban World (July-Sep, 2017)

Vol.10 No.
3 July - September 2017 (Private Circulation Only)

Regional Centre for Urban & Environmental Studies (RCUES), Mumbai
(Fully supported by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India)
Established in 1926, the All India Institute of Local Self Government (AIILSG), India is a premier autonomous research
and training institution in India. The Institute was recognized as an Educational Institution by Government of Maharashtra in
the year 1971. The Institute offers several regular training courses in urban development management and municipal
administration, which are recognized by the Government of India and several State Governments in India.
In the year 1968, the erstwhile Ministry of Urban Development and (now known as Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs), Government of India established the Regional Centre for Urban & Environmental Studies (RCUES) at AIILSG,
Mumbai to undertake urban policy research, technical advisory services, and building work capabilities of senior and middle
level municipal officials, and elected members from the States of Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and UT's of Diu,
Daman, Dadra & Nagar Haveli in western region and Assam and Tripura States in North East Region. The RCUES is fully
supported by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,
Government of India has formed National Review and Monitoring Committee for RCUES under the chairmanship of the
Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India. The Principal Secretary, Urban Development
Department of Government of Maharashtra is the ex-officio Chairman of the Advisory Committee of the RCUES, Mumbai,
which is constituted by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
In the year 1991, the RCUES was recognized by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India as a
National Training Institute (NTI) to undertake capacity building of project functionary, municipal officials, and municipal
elected members under the earlier urban poverty alleviation programme-UBSP. In the year 1997, the Ministry of Urban
Affairs and Employment recognized RCUES of AIILSG as a NTI for capacity building under SJSRY, the centrally sponsored
poverty alleviation programme in the States and UT's in the western region, Madhya Pradesh, and Chattisgarh.
In 2005, the Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation (MOUE&PA), Government of India and UNDP
have set up the `National Resource Centre on Urban Poverty' (NRCUP), which is anchored by Regional Centre for Urban and
Environmental Studies (RCUES), All India Institute of Local Self Government (AIILSG), Mumbai under GOI – UNDP,
project titled `National Strategy for the Urban Poor'.
In 2009, the RCUES, AIILSG Mumbai was recognized as a `Nodal Resource Centre' on SJSRY (NRCS) by Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India.
Since 2000, the AIILSG, Mumbai houses the Solid Waste Management (SWM) Cell backed by the Government of
Maharashtra for capacity building of municipal bodies and provide technical advisory services to ULBs in the State. In 2008
Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA) established Solid Waste Management Cell to provide
technical advise for development of regional landfill sites and capacity enhancement in Solid Waste Management for urban
local bodies in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR).
On 13th January, 2010 Water Supply & Sanitation Department, Government of Maharashtra established Change
Management Unit (CMU) in AIILSG, Mumbai which was supported by Government of Maharashtra. The CMU was
anchored by AIILSG, Mumbai for Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Government of Maharashtra from 13th January,
2010 to 30th June, 2014.
In 2010, the AIILSG, Mumbai is selected as a Nodal Agency by Water Supply and Sanitation Department, Government of
Maharashtra in preparation of City Sanitation Plans for 19 Municipal Corporations and 15 A Class Municipal Councils in
Maharashtra State, under the assistance of Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
On 3rd September, 2011, Water Supply & Sanitation Department, Government of Maharashtra established Waste
Management & Research Centre in AIILSG, Mumbai, which will be supported by Government of Maharashtra and
MMRDA.
The RCUES, AIILSG, Mumbai is recognized in October 2011 as a Nodal Resource Centre (NRC) for RAY by Ministry of
Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India.
The AIILSG, Mumbai is empanelled in November, 2011 as National Resource Institution for North, East, West and South
Regions for `Social Development & Community Mobilization by RAY Directorate, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty
Alleviation, Government of India.
In August, 2013 the AIILSG, Mumbai is empanelled as Agency by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government
of India, for providing technical support to the Cities / Towns of States / Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in the field of Water
Supply and Sanitation, Sewerage and Drainage systems.
In July 2015, the RCUES & AIILSG, Mumbai is empanelled for Municipal Solid Waste Management project under
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) programmes undertaken by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India.
Mr. Ranjit S. Chavan
President, AIILSG
Editorial Board-
Editor-in-Chief
Ashish Deosthali
Director General, AIILSG
Editor
Ms. Utkarsha Kavadi
Director, RCUES of AIILSG, Mumbai
Editorial Board Members
w Dr. Snehalata Deshmukh

Former Vice-Chancellor, University of Mumbai, Mumbai.
w Dr. Joop W. de wit

Senior Lecturer, Institute of Social Studies, the Hague, the Netherlands.
w Mr. Ajitkumar Jain, IAS (Retd)

Information Commissioner (State), Government of Maharashtra, Mumbai.
w Mrs. Manisha Mhaiskar, IAS

Principal Secretary, Urban Development, Government of Maharashtra & Ex-officio Chairman, RCUES, Advisory
Committee.
w Dr. Dinesh Mehta

Professor Emeritus, CEPT University, Ahmedabad.
w Dr. Vibhuti Patel

Professor, Advanced Centre for Women’s Studies, School of Development Studies, Tata Institute of Social Science,
Mumbai.
w Dr. Vandana Desai

Senior Lecturer in Development Studies and Director MA/Msc Development and Environment, Department of
Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, U.K.
w Mr. V. Vijaykumar
Sr. Advisor, AIILSG, Pune.
The Urban World - Quarterly Publication of Regional Centre for Urban and
Environmental Studies of All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai
(July - September, 2017)
For Contact
Ms. Utkarsha Kavadi
Director
Regional Centre for Urban & Environmental Studies of
All India Institute of Local Self-Government
M. N. Roy Human Development Campus, Plot No.6, ‘F’ Block,
Opp. Government Colony Bldg. No. 326, TPS Road No.12, (BKC)
Bandra (East), Mumbai - 400 051, India
Tel : 0091-22-26571713 / 2657 17 14 / 61805600
Fax : 0091-22-2657 39 73
Email : [email protected] / [email protected]
Published by -
Shri Ashish Deosthali,
Director-General
All India Institute of Local Self-Government,
Tel : 0091-22-2657 17 13 / 2657 17 14
Fax : 0091-22-2657 21 15
Email : [email protected]
Website : www.aiilsg.org
The opinions expressed in the articles / presentations herein are those of the
authors. They do not reflect the opinions of the Regional Centre for Urban and
Environmental Studies, All India Institute of Local Self Government, Mumbai,
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India or Publisher.
Printed at Copytronics Bandra (E), Mumbai.

The Urban World Volume - 10
Quarterly Publication of the No. - 3
Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies of July - September, 2017
All India Institute of Local Self-Government,
Mumbai
Contents
l Editorial
l The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5:

Achieve Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls 1-7
Dr. Vibhuti Patel,
Professor,
Advanced Centre for Women's Studies,
School of Development Studies,
Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.
l Industrialisation, Displacement and Marginalisation of Weaker Section 8-18

Empirical Evidences from ‘Hajira’ a Fringe Village of Surat City of South Gujarat
Ankit Patel,
Assistant Professor,
Saraswati College of Social Work,
Moriyana, Gujarat
l New Additions to the Legal Framework of Waste Management 19-22

Fazalahmed B. Khan
Advisor, (Urban & Legal Services),
All India Institute of Local Self-Government.
RCUES Key Publications
1. Urban Development.
2. Urban Planning.
3. Solid Waste Management - Resource Material.
4. Hospital Medical Waste Management.
5. Planning for Urban Informal Sector in Highly Dense Cities.
6. Study of Municipal Schools with Special Focus on Drop-outs,
Standard of Education and Remedies.
7. Rainwater Harvesting.
8. Institutionalisation of Citizen’s Participation in Urban Governance.
9. Gender Budgeting.
10. Gender Equality in Local Government - Comparative Study of Four States
in Western Region in India.
11. Mapping of Basic Services in Urban Slums.
12. Basic Services to the Urban Poor.
13. Health.
14. Security of Tenure.
15. Resettlement and Rehabilitation.
16. Mumbai Human Development Report, 2009.
(UNDP / MOH & UPA, GOI / MCGM).
17. Resource Material on Urban Poverty Alleviation.
18. Laws of Meetings.
19. Resource Material on Preparation of City Sanitation Plan (CSP) &
Capacity Building for Urban Local Bodies.
20. Implementation of 74th CAA, 1992 in Urban Local Bodies and Impact
Assessment of Training of Women Elected Members.
For Contact
Ms. Utkarsha Kavadi
Director
Regional Centre for Urban & Environmental Studies of
All India Institute of Local Self-Government
Tel : 0091-22-26571713 / 2657 17 14 / 61805600
Fax : 0091-22-2657 39 73
Email : [email protected] / [email protected]
Editorial
Don't Trash the Future; Reuse and Recycle

The recent collapse of the landfill site at Ghazipur on the outskirts of Delhi served as a chilling
reminder of the severe hazards of solid waste in our cities. While such incidents highlight the issue
by grabbing media headlines, a very large bulk of the problem manifests itself in the form of a
silent killer, almost unknowingly, causing severe environment degradation through ground water
contamination and vicious air pollution. This neither grabs headlines nor engages the community
in public debates and is therefore all the more dangerous.
Delhi reportedly generates about 10,000 tonnes of municipal waste each day. Among the
highest per capita anywhere in the world. As per World Bank's report 'What a Waste', the South
Asia region generates on average just 0.45 kg/capita/day against 2.2 Kg for OECD countries. Delhi
alarmingly, is over ten times the average for South Asia.
Waste management in cities is a multi-dimensional issue and calls for action on several fronts
in order to prevent it from becoming a greater hazard than what it already is. At the heart of the
problem is the changing lifestyles and move towards greater convenience and comfort which
promotes 'use-and-throw' behaviour as against the traditional and more sustainable option of
'reduce, reuse, recycle'. Recognizing the potential hazards of municipal waste, several legislative
measures have been mandated in terms of waste collection and disposal. But as the Ghazipur
incident reveals, compliance is more modest than robust. The Ghazipur site, for example, had
reportedly reached its capacity way back in 2002 but dumping continued.
Several alternative technology options will emerge. In some developed countries, for
example, incineration is used. However this comes with significantly higher investments and
operating costs. Then there is need for a robust compliance mechanism to ensure safe disposal of
ash and proper handling of flue gases and reclaiming possible heavy metal discharge. In addition
there are still concerns of environmental and health impacts of incineration. Therefore this
technology may not yet be available for widespread, safe use. In the meanwhile, we need to
pursue currently available environment friendly options including anaerobic digestion and
composting. This calls for dedicated source segregation of waste, something in which we have
had limited success though some bright spots exist in a few towns and cities.
While the above 'disposal efficiencies' will only bring about incremental relief, breakthroughs
can come with dramatic changes in the way products are designed, manufactured, packed and
used-and of course, reused. Laws in this area are limited. For example use of certain kinds of
plastic bags is banned in many cities/states though with limited success. There needs to be larger
effort to regulate activities in this area. Manufacturers need to be mandated to design products
Editorial
and package them in environment friendly ways-ideally suitable for reuse. Eateries could serve in
reusable rather than throw away paper plates. Appliance makers/resellers must be made
responsible to take back and arrange to recycle packaging-cardboard, corrugated sheets and
plastic. Large retailers, superstores, etc. could provide large collection bins/silos near the store
where people could deposit packaging like cardboard, plastic and others. These locations could
become spots for recyclers to access material for recycling-material which would otherwise end
up in landfills. In India there is a history and tradition of reuse and recycle. But we need an
organized program which will work to reducing waste and recovering value. This needs to be
instilled as a virtue through widespread awareness campaigns by urban local bodies and be
mandated by law where required. ULBs can also help develop and encourage the recycling
ecosystem with technology and other inputs. We need to do all this and more or else we will soon
need another planet just to dump our waste.
In this issue of Urban World, we carry a paper on recent changes in the legal framework of
waste management.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5:
Achieve Gender Equality and Empower all Women and Girls
Dr. Vibhuti Patel,

Professor, Advanced Centre for Women's Studies,
School of Development Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs- SDG 5 that aims to achieve gender equality and
2015-2030) are a derivative of the Millennium empower all women and girls. All 17 SDGs and
Development Goals (2000-2015), which spells out 169 Targets, are mandated a special focus on
the following values: freedom, equality, solidarity, gender and challenges discrimination against
tolerance, respect for nature, and shared women by focusing on school education, ensuring
responsibility. They are a clarion call of 189 that more women become literate, guaranteeing
governments, on behalf of their citizens, to free our more voice and representation in public policy and
fellow men, women and children from the abject decision making-political participation, providing
and dehumanizing conditions of extreme poverty, improved job prospects- 36 % Work Participation
to which more than a billion of them are currently Rate, food and nutrition security, support to women
subjected. farmers.
The SDGs are benchmarks of development Indian Women and SDGs
progress based on such fundamental values as The SDGs explicitly acknowledge that gender
freedom, equity and human rights and peace and -- what a given society believes about the
security. SDGs can be achieved if all actors work appropriate roles and activities of men and women,
together- heads of the nation states, civil society and the behaviours that result from these beliefs --
organizations, international financial institutions, can have a major impact on development, helping
global trade bodies and the UN system and do their to promote it in some cases while seriously
part. Poor countries have pledged to govern better, retarding it in others. SDG 5 (out of 8) is calling for
and invest in their people through health care and an end to disparities between boys and girls at all
education. Rich countries must stick to their pledge levels of education. There is general agreement that
to support the poor countries through aid, debt education is vital to development, and ensuring that
relief, and fairer and just trade. Only if there is girls as well as boys have full opportunities for
commitment on the part of the rich as well as poor schooling will help improve lives in countless
countries to fulfil these promises all the SDGs ways.
could be achieved and distributive justice, gender
justice and social justice can be achieved. Child Sex Ratio:
Gender concerns in SDGs: Mid-decade census has revealed further decline
in the child sex ratio in several parts of India. In the
As per World Economic Forum India stands at urban centers, deficit of girls has been enhancing
a 114 amongst 142 countries in terms of Gender due to pre-birth elimination. In spite of demand of
Gap Index. All goals are expected to mainstream
QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 1

women's groups and recommendation of the There is need to integrate safety of women as a
Eleventh Five Year Plan to revisit the two child major concern in flagship centrally sponsored
norm laws, several state governments continue to schemes such as Jawahar Lal Nehru Urban
victimize the victim, namely poor, dalit, tribal and Renewal Mission (JNNURM), PMSSY, NUHM
Muslim women and unborn girls (as the norm has are supposed to have 30% of funds as Women's
resulted into intensified sex selective abortions). Component.
Reproductive and Child Health: Predicament of Women Farmers
Evaluation of Chiranjivi Scheme to halt Women farmers and cultivators are the
maternal mortality has revealed that the public backbone of agricultural production in India.
private partnership in this scheme allows private Majority of agricultural labourers are women. In
practitioners milk tax payers money without giving agricultural sector also the allocation at Rs. 20400
necessary relief to pregnant woman. Only in cases crores is lower as compared to the 2014-15 in which
of normal delivery, the private practitioner admit the allocation was Rs. 22309 crores. The current
women for delivery and in case of complicated budget makes a non-plan allocation of Rs.15000
delivery, the concerned women are sent to over- crores to the Ministry of Agriculture to transfer
crowed public hospital. In NRHM, ASHA are not funds to compensate commercial banks for
paid even minimum wages and are paid providing subsidised credit to agriculture. The
“honorarium”. budget permits 100 per cent FDI in rural markets.
Smart Cities: Entry of corporate sector into agrarian marketing
has already made condition of farmers precarious
The Union Budget, 2017-18 has given priority as a result of their monopsonistic control where
to formation of 100 smart cities in terms of high large number of poor sellers face handful of buyers.
allocation for physical infrastructure, IT based and Desperate farmers will have to distress selling of
cyber technology based governance. Smart cities their products to the multinational corporations.
have to be Safe cities. Town planners, policy makers Several states in our country are facing severe
and budget experts need to do gender budgeting to drought resulting into agrarian unemployment. In
ensure women-friendly civic infrastructure- water, this context, increase of MGNREGA allocation by
sanitation, health care, safe transport, public toilets, 7.7% is highly inadequate. The government of
help lines, skill development for crisis management India should initiate Mahila Haats at block level in
and, safety at work place. While making budgets for rural areas so that women farmers can directly sell
social defense services, consideration must be given their products to buyers.
to safety of girls and women in schools and colleges
in terms of prevention of child sexual abuse through Violence against Women and Girls
public education and counseling facilities, separate At the country level, most initiatives to address
toilets for girls and boys in schools, legal literacy on violence have been legislative. Although the
POCSO Act, 2012 and Prevention of Sexual legislation varies, it typically includes a
Harassment Workplace Act, 2013. Provision must combination of protective or restraining orders and
be made to have special cells in the police penalties for offenders. As with property rights, a
department to take action against display of formidable challenge are often the enforcement of
pornographic images, SMS messages, cybercrimes existing laws. Procedural barriers and traditional
that victimize young girls at public places or in attitudes of law enforcement and judicial officials
public transport- buses, local trains, rickshaws and undermine the effectiveness of existing anti-
taxis. violence laws. Training programs for judicial and
2
law enforcement personnel often go a long way to action on it. Under the scheme for giving grants to
change such attitudes. Beyond training programs, States for setting up driving schools, preference is
the establishment of female-staffed police stations given to proposals for driving school for women.
has been effective in making them more accessible Similarly, 'Beti Padhao, Beti Bachao' scheme was
to women. For the women who have experienced announced with the goal of improving efficiency in
violence, a range of medical, psychological, legal, delivery services for women. Proposal submitted
educational, and other support services is by different ministries, local self-government
necessary. To prevent violence, improving bodies and state governments under these schemes
women's education levels and economic are gathering dust and funds have remained largely
opportunities has been found to be a protective unutilized.
factor. The interventions noted above to improve Water
women's economic opportunities thus become
even more important. Ultimately, however, the The audit report of Comptroller and Auditor
threshold of acceptability of violence against General of India (CAG) on Accelerated Rural
women needs to be shifted upwards. To do that Water Supply (ARWS) has made a shocking
requires a massive media and public education revelation that despite recurrent bouts of water
campaign. borne diseases across the country, all states are
ignoring drinking water quality. Most of the State
National Mission for Empowerment of Women governments did not conduct water quality tests
(NMEW): during 2008-09. Poor urban, rural, tribal women's
The Gender Budget Statement has increased major survival struggle revolves around safe
NMEW's allocation to 50 crores which is double as drinking water. Leaving supply of safe drinking
compared to previous year. The budget has not water to private players has enhanced hardship of
taken serious consideration with respect to violence common women.
against women that has escalated many fold. While Budgetary Allocation for Water Supply &
schemes to combat trafficking and empowering Sanitation that affects women's life greatly as
adolescent girls have received increased funds, the consumers, and unpaid and partially paid-workers
schemes meant for implementation of PCPNDT does not mention facilities for women. This has
act, the Protection of Women from Domestic perpetuated 'unproductive female workload of
Violence Act have not received much allocation. fetching water from long distance' avers Indira
Corpus of Rs. 3000 crores under Nirbhaya Fund has Rajaram. She demands, “water-sheds in the
largely remained unutilized. On March 8, 2016, the country need to be contoured on the Geographical
Union Budget 2015-16 had allocated Rs. 653 for Information systems (GIS) platform. Using space
Scheme for Safety of Women in Public Road technology for mapping of aquifers, a five year plan
Transport with an objective to ensure safety of needs to be drawn up for creating sustainable water
women and girl child in public transport by sources within reasonable reach of rural
monitoring location of public road transport habitation.” (Rajaram, 2007).
vehicles to provide immediate assistance in
minimum response time to the victims in distress. Energy Expenditure of Women
The proposed scheme under the “Nirbhaya Fund” Reproductive work and domestic duties
envisages setting up of a National Emergency demand major time and energy of women. In the
Response System with a control room under the rural and tribal areas, collection of fuel, fodder,
overall control of Ministry of Home Affairs, which water, looking after the livestock, kitchen
will receive alerts from distressed women and take gardening demand great deal of time and energy

from women and girls. The 11th Plan document has NREGA
acknowledged the fact, but in reality nothing Trade unions and women's rights organisations
significant is done in terms of priority given to from M.P., Punjab and Bihar have repeatedly
alternative to bio-fuels that causes smoke related conveyed that even under NREGA pay disparities
illnesses, availability of safe drinking water; child are reported by women. Though NREGA provided
care facilities and adequate public transport for job to 56,29,822 women in 2007-08 (GOI, 2009),
women that would reduce their drudgery. they are assigned the most unskilled and low paying
Social Security for Women in Informal Sector: tasks. Development economists and feminists have
Unorganised Workers' Social Security Act, demanded that NREGA be turned into an Earn-
2008 has hardly made any difference in the lives of While-You-Learn plan through Public Private
millions of poor women in the unorganized sector Partnership (PPP) model that creates an on the job
due to non-implementation of the Act. In the labour training module aimed at up gradation of skills of
market, bizarre scenario is created where girl women working at the sites. National Skill
children are trafficked for sex trade, domestic work Development Mission (NSDM) plans to add 1 crore
and slave labour is employed in occupationally workers to the non-agricultural sector through skill
hazardous condition, sexploitation has become the training. It must respect 30 % women's component
norm in the informal labour markets, domestic of the total employment opportunities. Human
work/ servitude go unchallenged; young women (here, Women) capital formation is a must for value
workers in Special Economic Zone are hired and addition among women employed in NREGA.
fired as per the whims of employers and are paid Central Employment Guarantee Council that is
miserable wages. Ninety percent of women are not supposed to be an independent watchdog for
getting the benefits of maternity benefits. Design of NREGA must be made accountable for gender
Maternity Benefit Scheme must be critically sensitive implementation of NREGS.
examined and specific details should be provided JNNURM
for its judicious implementation and concerned
officers who are guilty of non-performance must be Vocational Training for women must be an
made accountable and punished. inbuilt component of JNNRUM. Support services
such as crèche, working women's hostel, schools,
Elderly Women ICDS centers, ITIs must converge to make an
Half Way homes and Elderly Women's Homes effective utilization of infrastructure.
must be provided in every district. Pension Scheme SHGs
for old, disabled women is implemented only in 4 or
5 states such as Kerala, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh Provision of loans at 4 % interest rate is
and Tamilnadu. Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) implemented only in A.P. Federations of SHGs for
must be motivated to provide an extensive data base women are pressurising other State governments
on 60 + women in their areas. For widows or elderly also to provide loans at differential rate of interest.
women, creation of community-based half way A feminization of agriculture, 71% women workers
homes, fully equipped with counseling facilities, are in agriculture and women form 39% of total
temporary shelter, get-to-gather, drop-in-centre, agricultural workers, demands women component
skill building/ up gradation and technical training, plan in PRIs. There is an urgent need for a
is far more humane way of providing social security paradigm shift from micro-credit to livelihood
rather than doling out money that gets snatched finance, comprising a comprehensive package of
from them by the bullies or wicked relatives. support services including insurance for life,
4
health, crops and livestock: infrastructure finance Fund, Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries
for roads, power, market, telecom etc. and Programme and funds of Department of
investment in human development; agriculture and Agricultural Research and Education. These
business development services including development oriented activities where massive
productivity enhancement, local value addition, financial allocation is made need to specify women's
alternate market linkages etc. and institutional component, at least 30% of the total budgetary
development services (forming and strengthening allocation within the overall financial provision.
various producers' organisations, such as SHGs, Reservation of seats for girls must be ensured for
water user associations, forest protection Skill Development institutes and Model Schools for
committees, credit and commodity cooperatives, which sizable allocation is made in the budget.
empowering Panchayats through capacity building Women's Rights Education
and knowledge centers etc.). A network of capacity
building institutions should be set up to strengthen No efforts are made by the State or professional
and develop SHGs to undertake the various bodies for employers' education about basic human
functions into which they are expanding, including rights of women workers. Supreme Court directive
Training of Trainers (ToT), and to nurture and as per Vishakha Judgment concerning safety of
mentor them during the process. Milk cooperative women at workplace is still not implemented by
must be run and managed by women. The local most of the private sector employers and media
authorities should facilitate meeting of SHGs of barons.
women with the bank managers, lead bank officers Utilisation of Financial Allocation for Pro
and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Women Schemes
Development (NABARD) officers. There should
Only 3-4 states are taking advantage of
be reservation of 10% of authorized shopping areas
financial allocation for Swadhar, working women's
for SHGs of women. Women's SHGs with
hostel, short stay homes for women in difficult
primitive accumulation of capital should charge
circumstances and UJJAWALA: A Comprehensive
2% or below 2% rate of interest. The SHGs that
Scheme for Prevention of trafficking and Rescue,
manage to acquire Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar
Rehabilitation and Re-integration of Victims of
Yojana (SGSY) loans should reduce the rate of
Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation.
interest to 1.5%. Female headed households
What are the bottlenecks? Implementation of
(single, divorced, deserted and widows) should get
crèche scheme is far from satisfactory.
special consideration while granting loans.
It is encouraging to note that the proposal to
Women's Component Plan (WCP)
reserve 50% seats for women in PRIs was cleared by
Gender audit of Scheduled Caste Plan (SCP), the cabinet on 27-8-09. But Fund flow to PRIs has
Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) and financial allocation of not been streamlined even after separate budgetary
Ministry of Minority Affairs is urgently required. So allocation for PRIs made in the current budget. How
far only proclamations are made by the state many states have provided women's component in
governments but except for Kerala, none of the Panchayat funds? Is it utilized judiciously for
States have implemented WCP in all development women's practical and strategic needs?
oriented schemes and programmes. For example, in
All State governments must be made to work
the Union Budget, 2009-10, there is Need to
towards fulfillment of longstanding demands of the
Emphasize Women's Component in mega schemes
women's groups that provisions be made in the
on education, health, MGNREGS, Bharat Nirman,
composite programmes under education, health
AIDS Control Programme, Skill Development

and rural development sectors to target them Children of Working Mothers (Rs. 56.50 crore),
specifically at girls/women as the principal Working Women's Hostel (Rs. 5 crore), Swadhar
beneficiaries and disaggregated within the total (Rs. 15 crore), Rescue of victims of trafficking (Rs.
allocation and restrictions are placed on their re- 10 crore), Conditional cash transfer for Girl child
appropriation for other purposes. (for the 1sttime introduced and allocation of Rs. 15
crore made) need to be corrected.
Road and Rail Transport for Women:
SDG 5 must direct efforts of the state and non-
India is undergoing U-shape phenomenon so
state actors to provide structures, mechanisms,
far as women's work participation is concerned
funds and functionaries so that Indian women are
(Sudarshan and Bhattacharya, 2009). There has
ensured.
been continuous increase in the work participation
of women in the Indian economy. Most of the • Working women's hostels, night shelters for
working women in urban and rural areas travel in homeless women, crèches, cheap eating
overcrowded buses and trains. In the transport facilities, public toilets
sector top priority needs to be given for women • Women friendly and SAFE public transport-
special buses and trains in all cities. For women local trains, Metro, buses
street-vendors seat-less buses and special luggage
compartments in trains need to be provided. • Housing- Subsidized housing for single/
deserted/ divorced/ widowed women
Implementation of Legislations
• Nutrition- Strengthening PDS and nutritional
Promise of the Elevanth Five Year Plan (EFYP) mid-day meals
to allocate funds for Implementation of PCPNDT
ACT, 2002 and Domestic Violence (DV) Act has • Health- Abolition of user fees for BPL
remained unfulfilled in most of the states; and population, one stop crisis centre in public
marginally fulfilled in some states such as A.P., hospital for women/girls survivors of violence
Kerala, Karnataka and Tamilnadu. linked with shelter homes
No progress is made in providing audit of land and • Skill training centres for women and tailor
housing rights of women by any ministry- Urban made courses
Development, Rural Development, Tribal • Safe, efficient and cheap public Transport-bus,
Development, Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) train, metro
and Urban Local Self Government bodies.
• Water- Safe drinking water in the community
Minority Women centres
After consistent highlighting of the findings of • Waste Management- Technological upgradation-
Rajendra Sachar Committee Report, 2007 on Occupational health & safety of recycling
deplorable socio-economic status of majority of workers/rag pickers
Muslims in India, special budgetary allocation for
• Proper electrification in the communities
socially excluded minority communities is made.
In sub-plan for minorities where allocation of • Multipurpose Community centres, half way
Rs. 513 crore is made in Budget Estimates, no homes for elderly and mentally disturbed
specific allocations are made for minority women women
and women headed households by Ministry of Conclusion
Minority Affairs. Inadequate allocation for crucial
schemes affecting survival struggles of women Overall, the Convention to Eliminate All Forms of
such as Rajiv Gandhi National Creche Scheme for Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
6
provides a useful international mechanism to hold Gender, Time Use and Poverty in the Global
countries accountable for meeting SDG 5. The South, edited by Rania Antonopoulos and
SDG campaign offers an opportunity to attend to Indira Hiraway, U.K.: Palgrave Publishers.
the unfinished business of development by
4. Labour File (2010) In Defense of the Rights of
fulfilling the promises made by world leaders to
Domestic Workers, A bi-monthly Journal of
reduce poverty, end hunger, improve health and
Labour and Economic Affairs, Vol. 8, No. 1-3,
eliminate illiteracy. Gender inequality fuels many
January-June,
of these ubiquitous challenges and is exacerbated
by them. Conversely, gender equality and the 5. Mishra, Yamini and Bhumika Jhamb (2009)
empowerment of women can secure the future of “An Assessment of UPA-I through a Gender
women themselves, their households, and the Budgeting Lens”, Mumbai: Economic and
communities in which they live. Political Weekly, Vol. XLIV No. 35, pp. 61-68.
Reference: 6. Patel, Vibhuti (2009) http://www.gender-
1. CBGA (2009) The Economic Crisis from a budgets.org/content/view/292/156/United
Feminist Perspective”, Delhi: Budget Track, A Nations Development Fund for Women
Publication by Centre for Budget and (UNIFEM) and The Commonwealth
Governance Accountability, Vol. 6, Track 2 & Secretariat.
3, April. 7. Patel, Vibhuti (ed.) (2010) Girls and girlhoods
2. Chakraborty, Lekha (2008) “Invisibility of at the Threshold o Youth and Gender, The
Women's work in Budgeting”, Delhi: Labour Women Press, B. R. Publications, Delhi.
File, Vol. 6, Nos-2 & 3, March-June, pp. 15-18. 8. Shiva, Vandana. Earth Democracy: Justice,
3. Hiraway, Indira (2009) “Understanding Sustainability, and Peace. London: South End
Poverty: Insights Emerging from the Time Use Press, 2005.
of the Poor” in Unpaid Work and the Economy:

Industrialisation, Displacement and Marginalisation
of Weaker Section
Empirical Evidences from ‘Hajira’ a Fringe village of Surat city of South Gujarat
Ankit Patel,
Assistant Professor, Saraswati College of Social Work, Moriyana, Gujarat.
Abstract great potential to shift sizable labour from farms to

This article argues that in absence of 'proper' small, low- tech factories. (Times of India, March
i
development induced Displacement , Resettlement
ii 22, 2015).Das was also of the opinion that because
and Rehabilitation(R&R)Policy/Program, virtually of rigid labour laws 'informal' jobs was greater. In
turns into 'marginalization' the condition of weaker order to make progress it has been realised that
section of the rural society. This is what brought out increase in the manufacturing sector felt essential.
in this article by taking the case of Hajira village, a India introduced the New Economic Policy in post
fringe village of Surat city in south Gujarat, where 1980s, which gives more leverages to the private
large scale industrial development has been taken players and corporate sector to come and in vestto
place in post 1980s. It is observed that the farmers make in India. The liberalisation of the present land
especially small, marginal and the other agriculture acquisition bill, 2015was a step in this direction.
dependents such as agricultural labourers, animal The present government in power trying to remove
rears, share-croppers, artisan group, etc. lost their all the obstacles such for speedy and easy land
traditional means of livelihood due to acquisition of acquisition for promotion of industrialisation.
land; of both types privately and commonly owned. Generally it is believed that industrialisation raises
per capita income, that subsequently percolate at
The present article written on the basis of the the bottom and thereby it reduces poverty and also
author's M. Phil. dissertation (2012a) that was generate more employment, which agriculture has
completed in 2012. Total 59 i.e.14% sample families its limit. But what happened in the real situation,
comprising various groups such as farmers of all where industrialisation has taken place to the large
types; rich, medium and marginal, animal rears, extent? Whether the economic condition of the
agricultural labourers, fish workers, scrap affected people, particularly vulnerable section of
accumulators were selected proportionately by the rural society changed affirmatively? Whether
using scientific sample method. rural poor able to take benefits of it? Whether the
INTRODUCTION industries do take care of the affected population as
a part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)?
India initiated the new economic reforms in
These are some of the questions that the author has
post 1980s. The contribution of manufacturing
tried to answer in the present article by taking the
sector is comparatively less than the service sector
case of Hajira, a fringe village of Surat city of south
in the Indian economy. According to Gurcharan
Gujarat. Total 59 Sample Families (SFs) were
Das, India's manufacturing share in Gross
selected from various socio-economic strata by
Domestic Product, 16 percent is so low- roughly
using the scientific sample selection method.
half of other emerging economy that India still has
8
Hajira Hub of Large Scale Industries The deprivation was more pronounced in the case
Hajira, located in Choriyasi taluka on the west of weaker sections such as marginal farmer,
coast of Arabian Sea at the distance of 20 km from agriculture labourers, fishermen and women.
the historical Surat city, proved ideal industrial In the above context, in Hajira, the author
location. Surat was considered a major trading included mainly of the socially and educationally
centre since the British time. Hajira formed a part of backward castes (SEBC, identified by the Baxi
Hajira Area Development Authorityiii (HADA) commission appointed by the state government in
region, where many large scale industries have 1972, Other Backward Castes (OBCs), as per the
came up in this area after the discovery of natural Mandal Commission appointed by Central
gas at Bombay High. Between 1981 to 2001, it has Government in 1980, and the Scheduled Tribes
witnessed phenomenal growth in terms of large (ST) categories.
scale industries such as National Thermal Power Table 1 indicates that, SFs of Hajira village
Corporation Limited, Larsen and Toubro, Reliance, belong to Koli community (61 percent) followed by
Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited, Indian the Machhis (23 percent), Ahir (4 percent), Halpati
Oil Corporation, Liquid Petroleum Gas Terminal, (8 percent) and the rest were others. Koli Patel,
KRIBHCO, ESSAR Steel and Power and Gujarat Machhis and Ahir caste belongs to 'Baxi
Industrial Development Corporation, etc. Two Punch'.Majority of the SFs having education
Special Economic Zones (SEZ), namely ESSAR between 8th to 12th standard. 63 percent SFs earn less
Power SEZ for Gems & Jewelry and ESSAR Hajira than rupees 10,000 per year. Around 63% SFs has
SEZ have started working in the HADA region. only one earning member in family.
It represents nearly a third of the industrial The village census carried out by the author,
investment in Gujarat and a tenth of its economic shows that of total 427(4 respondent have not
output. It is estimated that total capital investment responded, hence excluded) families of Hajira as
of over Rs. 500,000 million of investment by 2025. many as 77 percentage families were found
The large scale industrialisation has also resulted in landless. Those who own land, 17 percent families
acquisition of land in a big way. Lobo Lancy and owned land between 1 to 3 acres of land. Only
Shahikumar (2009) noted that total 5,267 hectares around 6 percent families owned land more than 3
of land of 18 villages of HADA which includes to 7 acres of land. The land owned pattern also
village Hajira acquired for the industries. suggests that majority of them were marginal
Weaker Section in Hajira farmers and majority of them were poor.
In the definition of weaker section, the author Composition of Workers in Hajira

has included to those families who were socially, It is evident from 2001 Census data that
educationally, economically and politically majority of the workers (88 percent, Out of total
remained backward compared to the other sections 1767 workers) listed as 'main workers' whereas
of the rural society. It was observed that like other only 12 percent 'marginal workers' in Hajira. Very
industrial projects, majority of the affected less numbers of percentages were found in primary
population in Hajira belongs to weaker section of occupation as the cultivators and the agricultural
the society. The weaker section generally consists labourers (5 percent and are 13 percent
of those populations which lacks land resources respectively). The majority (82 percent) of the
and suffers from deprivation of different kinds workers were found as 'Other workers' such as
including unemployment, illiteracy and ill health. government servants, municipal employees,
teachers, factory workers, plantation workers,

Table 1: Social Profile of SFs of Hajira
Particular Category Numbers Percentage

Size (no. of members)of the family Less than 3 12 20.3
4 to 6 30 50.8
7 to 10 11 18.6
More than 10 6 10.2
N 59 100
Caste Groups Koli Patel 41 69.5
Ahir 2 3.4
Macchi/ Khalasi 10 16.9
Halpati 6 10.2
N 59 100
Caste Category ST 6 10.2
SC 0 0
OBCs 53 89.8
N 59 100
Education of the respondent Illiterate 11 18.6
th
Up to 7 standard 13 22.0
8 to 12th standard
th
32 54.2
th
More than 12 standard 3 5.1
N 59 100
Highest Education of SFs in Hajira Illiterate 0 0
Up to 7th standard 4 6.8
th th
8 to 10 standard 27 45.8
th th
10 to 12 standard 14 23.7
Graduate 7 11.9
Post-graduate 1 1.7
Other* 6 10.2
N 59 100
Family income (In Rs.) of SFs Less than 10000 37 62.7
in Hajira 10001 to 25000 18 30.5
25001 to 50000 2 3.4
50001 to 1.5 lakh 2 3.4
More than 1.5 lakh 0 0
N 59 100
Earning member in the family One 37 62.7
Two 11 18.6
More than two 11 18.6
N 59 100
*It includes ITI, PTC, Technicians, and Diploma holders.
10
those engaged in trade, commerce, business, As mentioned above total 5,267 hectares of land of
v
transport, banking, mining, construction, political 18 villages were taken for industrial purposes . Due
or social work, priest, entertainments, artists, etc. to acquisition of the land not only the farmers but
Majority (73 percent) of the marginal workers also inter-connected groups such as share-
engaged as agriculture labourers. Similar trend was croppers, landless labourers, animal husbandry,
found by the author in the surveyiv. It is evident from fishermen, etc. affected directly or indirectly
the data that the casualisation of economic manner.
activities has increased in the village. Usually, the industries offer' Cash for land'. The
INDUSTRIALISATION: ITS IMPACT ON assumption behind this was that with cash the
WEAKER SECTION affected family will purchase land at elsewhere. In
The author found that the condition of farmers reality, only a few families have purchased land. In
and inter-connected groups such as share-croppers, majority of the cases the farmers who lost their land
landless labourers, animal rears, etc. has have spent compensation money in unproductive
deteriorated significantly in Hajira. manner (Table 2).
Landless has increased Table 2 indicates that majority have used the
compensation money by way of fulfillment of
It is found that, Out of total 40 land owning SFs, social ceremony such as marriage, death, child
85 percent (34 SFs) lost their revenue land. Out of birth, etc. 50 percent SFs used compensation to
the total families who lost their land, 53 percent construct new house. Only around 10 percent SFs
have become completely landless, whereas 47 have used their compensation money in purchasing
percent have either turned small or the marginal the new land, that too partially.
farmers as they have lost 'partial' land. Majority of
the farmers have lost land between 1 to 6 acres.
Chart 1 : Land lost to Industries by SF of Hajira

90 85
80
70
58.8
60 52.9 50.1
No. of SFs
47.1
50
40 32.3
30 26.4
20 15 14.7
11.8
10 2.9 2.9
0
Yes No Less 1 to 3 3.1 to 6 More Total Partial Before 1981- 1986- Post
than than 6 1980 1985 1995 1995
one
SFs Land lost Quantity of land lost (In Acer) Extent of lost Year
Particulars

Table 2: Use of Compensation money by the SFs of Hajira
Compensation Particulars Numbers Percentage
Use of Compensation Purchased land in another area 3 9.4

Built new house 16 50.0
Fulfillment of Social ceremony such as 18 56.2
marriage, death, child birth, etc
Started new business 1 3.1
Purchased Two/three/ Four wheeler 4 12.5
Repayment of debt 3 9.4
Any other** 12 37.5
N* = 32
* Total 32 SFs have received compensation but they have used it more than one purpose. Hence,
Multiple Reponses.
**Other includes Consumption, Sickness expenses, domestic expenses, purchase of house, etc..
Loss of Common Property Resources and acquired by industries and port developments
Reduction of Livestock project.vi The absence of grazing land and worsened
Apart from private land, the village pasture economic condition has forced many families to
land and land of sea strip, forest lands were also sell out their cattle.
Chart 2 : Reduction (before and after the land lost) of

Cattle wealth by SFs in Hajira
2
Calf
60
0
Pada/Padi
66
Livestock
Oxe 0
56
6
Buffalo
342
10
Cow
162
0 60 100 160 200 260 300 360 400
No. of Livestock After Industrialization

Before Industrialization
12
Chart 2 indicates that the numbers of SFs reporting Condition of the Agricultural Labourers
rearing the live-stock have reduced considerably. Worsened
The decrease is found in all types of live stocks Prior to industrialisation, agriculture labour
including Cows, Buffalo; Ox, Calf, Goat and work was one of the primary occupations of the
Poultry. An old man reported “Earlier the milk was people of Hajira particularly of landless Halpatis.
going to Sumul dairy (located in Surat city) from All the farmers reveled that they stopped calling
the village, now the milk is coming to village from agricultural labourers due to the land lost and
Sumul dairy, thanks to industrialisation”. workdays in agricultural activities have decreased
Supplementary sources of income for the farmers to a large extent (Table3). Due to the acquisition of
have reduced considerably. This has resulted in land the labourers have become victims of this
reduction of Household (HH) economic status. development, though indirectly.
Table 3: Changes Observed by the Agricultural labour in matter related to their work after
industrialisation in Hajira
Changes Category Response

Work days employment Remained same 1(2.9)
Decreased 34(97.1)
N 35(100)
Wages Yes 35(100)
No 0
N 35(100)
Stop work as Agriculture labour Yes 33(94.3)
No 2(3.4)
N 35(100)
Members abandon the work Less than 215(45.4)
3to 6 13(39.3)
More than 6 5(15.1)
N 33(100)
Fishing Activities Lost Levta, Boi, Karachla, Bumla, Gingha, Dahangda,

Out of total 59 SFs, 26 SFs (44 percent) were Palava, Poplet, Khut, Singada, Varkhla, Gal, etc.
engage with fishing before industrialisation in have become a matter of past. Quantities of fishes
Hajira. Out of 26 SFs, 15 SFs (57.7 percent) have also reduced after the industrialisation. Nearly
abandoned fishing (Table 4). All the 26 SFs who 87 percent fishermen told that their fishing
were engaged in fishing have told that the quantity instruments have become totally redundant.
of the fish catch has reduced after industrialisation.
Thanks to the pollution by the chemicals, dragging/
filling activities and noise pollution in sea. Certain
type of fishes such as Ramcha, Chiliya, Modar,

Table 4 : Fishing Activities among the SFs of Hajira
Fishing Activity Response Frequency Percentage
Sfs engaged with fishing before Yes 26 44.0

industrialisation No 33 56.0
N 59 100
Sfs Abandon fishing Yes 15 57.7
No 11 42.3
N 26 100
Reduction in the quantity of fish catch Yes 26 100.0
Reduce 25-50% 2 7.7
Reduce more than 50% 24 92.3
N 26 100
Reduction in income from fish sale Yes 26 100.0
Reduce 25-50% 2 7.7
N 26 100
Reduction in work days from fish catch Yes 26 100.0
Reduce 25-50% 2 7.7
N 26 100
Problems of Gender gets Aggravated In absence of gainful employment, many

Akash (2000) studied women participations in women, particularly from the lower socio-
income generation in Hajira area.vii He interviewed economic background were forced to adopt scrap
400 HH. Of them, he found that women were doing collection work, which was considered below their
some kind of economic activity in 269 (67 percent) dignity. 36 percent SFs of Hajira, specifically, the
HHs. In 21 percent HH, women were contributing women of Halpatis, Machhis and few Kolishave
more than 33 percent in the total family income. It taken this job. This activity was found to be
is evident from the study that a high proportion of injurious to the health and proved hazardousxi for
women were doing economic activitiesviii in the the life, in spite they were doing as they do not have
ix
Hajira area, but it was unreported. 90 percent of any alternatives.
the SFs revealed that the problems of women Loss of Social Security
increased after industrialisation. Many have lost
their gainful employment and finding difficulties in After industrialisation, the people of Hajira
getting work in the midst of the industries.x They particularly poor have lost the social security too.
are un-skilled and semi-literate or illiterate hence Prior to industrialisation, usually the landless
they are un-able to take the benefits of jobs that labourers and fishermen took advance money from
have created out of industrialisation. Due to the the traders and farmers. Few Kolis cultivators used
influx of the migrants in large numbers the women to engage the Halpatis, landless labourers as
xii
find insecure especially move freely in the evening 'attached labourers'. This practice has totally
and also noon time. abandoned due to the lost of land in industries. The
Halpatis have lost the security of work as well as the
14
advance money. Similar, was the case of Many people of Hajira faced displacement forcibly
fishermen.xiii This traditional arrangement has and that too without the adequate support from the
dismantled due to the industrialisation. industries as well as the government, and hence
they were forced to resettle of their own. Most of
The loss of land has resulted in many social and
the affected families were unable to regain their
cultural manifestations for the people of Hajira. The
earlier economic status that they were enjoying
agricultural labourers, fisher-folk and the farmers
prior to the industrialisation as many of the
have lost their credit worthiness resulting in serious
industries lack proper R&R policy and the
repercussions. Michael Cerneaconsidered it as the
programs. Industries initiated only 'ad-hoc'
foundation of the whole life of people living in rural
programmes without the participation of the people
areas. It is not just a source of earning but is also a
at the grass root level, Therefore most of the
source of prestige, power, status, and recognition
programmes mostly remained on paper. Even after
which are key factors in the village life.
passing of 20 to 25 years of their displacement,
Impoverishment and Marginalization many people of Hajira are still struggling hard for
Many of the families of Haplatis and some accommodating themselves successfully in the
families of the fishermen and few families of the new situation.
xiv
Kolis were unable even to have two meals a day. Another reason in majority of the cases, it was
Their condition has become pathetic as the so happened that the cash compensation proved
creditworthiness has gone. The items like milk, inadequate to rejuvenate the lost sources of
vegetables, fish, edible oil etc. that they were able livelihood. All the industries located at Hajira and
to consume before the arrival of the industries have nearby areas have followed the policy of 'Cash for
gone out of their reach in the post-industrial phase. xv
land' and not the 'Land for Land'. 82 percent
Theirfamilies suffer from high levels of mal- xvi
farmers and only four fishermen of the SFs have
nutrition. More than a dozen of cases in village received cash compensation. The cash
HADA area in which men have died at the early age compensation paid to the farmers found extremely
by rendering the family in a destitute condition. low. Due to that many farmers were unable to
It was observed that few local people have purchase land elsewhere. `Cash for the Land' policy
developed the state of helplessness in absence of has utterly failed at the grass root level. Similarly,
proper redress and grievances mechanism. During the dependent population on agriculture such as
the field work, the author comes across the people agricultural labourers, the livestock rears, artisans,
who were in a desperate condition. They could not and other occupational categories did not receive
see any hope against these mighty powers. 'If any single paisa by way of compensation. It has created
people can make injustice one can approach to the severe repercussions in the life of the local people.
government, as the government is ones' guardian Besides, it was found that those who received
but, when the government itself does injustice to compensation used money unproductively.
one, whom to complain?'. Michael Cernea and Hari Mohan Mathur (2008)
Reasons for Impoverishment/ Marginalization have observed that the policy of 'Cash for Land' has
miserably failed in order to restore the status of
The main reasons for the devastation of PAFs livelihood of the affected population at
of Hajira were thatthe industries have initiated the resettlement site. World Bank document
some of the programs but they were not found (2004:158) also noted that also noted that
adequate to cater the aspirations and to solve the compensation for expropriated assets is often not
problems of various strata. (Patel Ankit, 2014). enough to restore livelihood and standard of living,

especially among poor and vulnerable groups. The Undoubtedly, development of industrialisation
activities carried out under the CSRschemes have brings increase in production but it has not
also utterly failed to cater the problems of local remained without cost. Industrialisation caused the
people. The industries had done work related to rise of new classes and result in exploitation, testy
health, education, training, temporary jobs and and inequality. There are very little trickle down
contracts but it had not reached to many. The effects of the economic growth associated with this
environment and health problem become model of development. Rajkishor Meher (200925:
worrisome. The CSR program is fail to generate 457) revealed that the proliferation of mines and
new jobs among vulnerable groups. The mineral-based industries in tribal regions of the
unemployment in vulnerable section pushed in country has resulted in the displacement of the
to marginalize and impoverish condition. indigenous people and also aggravated the poverty
Industrialists have tried to keep happy by giving further among the indigenous people of the region.
contracts and jobs to affluent section of society. Anand Venkatesh and Jain Chandan (2012), also
However, this technique has not completely stopped confirm the observation of Hajira that the
the anger of people who are affected most. It was community members already disadvantaged
happened due to two reasons; one as the programs receive smaller or even negative benefits. The
are not designed in consultation with the local present article also confirms the above facts that
people and second it has not taken into serious industrialisation has resulted in aggravated the
consideration of the power structure that operates in problems of the deprived section of the society. The
the rural society (Patel Ankit; 2012b). vulnerable section gets further 'marginalised' in
CONCLUDING REMARKS absence of proper policy and programs of R&R. It
has happened so because, still, the idea of
From the above description it can be concluded displacement guided by the thought that some
that the process of development has proved 'painful', individuals have to sacrifice for the larger good.
particularly for the vulnerable section of the village Majority of the industries do not have a policy of
society. The text of the article shows that the R&R plan. In such condition, the weaker section
industries in and around Hajira have utterly failed to pushed in to impoverishment and marginalises
address concept of 'social cost' and asserting the cost condition and they developed the feeling of
of it. Joseph E. Stiglitz (2001),the Nobel Prize 'helplessness'. It is high time to think for the 'proper
winner in Economic Science has concluded that R&R'in order to introduce the new economic
Globalisation has proved detrimental to the poor reforms successfully.
and other weaker sections of society. Similarly,
Bhaduri (2005) also found that in India, LPG model Notes & References
of development has resulted in widening i The term “displacement” is used most often in
inequalities between the 'haves' and 'have-nots'. the context of physical departure from the
Besides, it has accentuated the deprivation, current homeland but is mainly associated with
particularly of the poor and marginalized sectors of the loss of existing economic and social
the society. Despite India's higher economic growth facilities and of access to the relevant
in recent years, poverty continues to persist amongst resources, with no benefits gained in return.
one-third of country's' population. Similar The term displacement is mostly applied to the
observation madeby Prakash B.A. (2012:579). He situation of individuals, tribes and
mentioned that industrialisation has caused a divide communities that have been cut off from their
between rich and poor. Of course, disintegrate of current socio-economic base and as a result
middle class took place and they too have to spend
have seen their standard of functioning
life under the poverty line. Wealth concentrates in a
deteriorate significantly.
fewer hands.
16
ii The category of resettlement has a definitely the fishermen have also lost their source of
more process-related character than income. It has also resulted in worsening the
displacement. The term “resettlement” used condition of the people of Hajira.
here in the context of relocation based usually vii This study was carried-out for Shell India
accompanied by adequate support to the cost limited, engaged in Port development Project
of the depletion of former resources. Thus it is at Hajira.
compensated.
viii Akash (2000:1) observed five main economic
iii It was constituted in 1985 under Gujarat Town activities carried out by women in these areas
Planning and Area Development Act of 1963 1) Growing vegetables and selling them (28
for planned industrial development of area percent) 2) Animal husbandry- Selling milk (25
under its jurisdiction. Nine villages Hajira, percent) 3) Agriculture labor 4) Fishing (5
Sunvali, Rajgari, Mora, Bhatali, Dmaka, percent) and 5) Working as maidservant in
Vansva, Kavas and Limla spread over 86 sq. industrial townships (5 percent). Other
km. come under HADA's jurisdiction. HADA activities include selling knitted items, working
region comprises 14.5 percent area of as midwife, school teacher, running a retail
Choryasi taluka of Surat district and 17.2 shop etc.
percent of the total rural area of the taluka. The
ix Akash Acharya (2000) found that in day-to-day
land is mainly saline and marshy. The terrain is
life women is more burden than men in terms of
undulating, with chain of sand dunes and
long work hours but lot of the work they do
drifting sands, making agriculture less
never gets recognised.
productive.
x The condition, especially of women becomes
iv Out of total 431 family of entire village the
pathetic as they only remained the bread
livelihood pattern of Hajira reveals that
winner of the family though scrap collection
around 30 percent families of were depending
activity and working as “maid servant” in the
upon the agricultural and related activities, 39 township.
percent engaged in jobs and the rest 31 percent
were found engaged in varieties of activities xi After complication of authors' field work, one
such as scrap collection work, driving, lari- woman had died as she was burnt by the iron
galla (petty shop), business, tailoring work, part, which was very hot. Some of the
rental income, compounder, maid servant, chemicals are dangerous to their health.
artisan work etc. Moreover, they have to stretch out the scrap
and hence during their work much dust goes in
v The land was used for various purposes; such their body through breathing.
as for erection of plants, construction of roads,
railway, warehouses, townships, ancillary xii The method of attached labor is very much
units, etc. The lands were acquired through popular in South Gujarat, in which a labor,
diverse methods; by acquisition, purchase, generally takes advance money from his master
grabbing, encroachment, etc. on a day of Akhatrij, i.e. beginning of the new
year of the peasant castes and bind by the
vi It is to be noted that, the village common land verbal agreement that he would served as
was used by the people of Hajira as a labour throughout the year, with a fix price and
customary rights since generations. The sea two meals a day and tea and snacks. In between
strip land was used by the fishermen as fishing he would not left his master, no famer will allow
ground, but due to the arrival of port in Hajira, him to do labour work elsewhere; one's agreed.

xiii Advance payment method was also found 5. World Bank document (2004). 'Involuntary
prominent among the fishermen community of Resettlement Source Book, Planning and
the village. Traders of Surat made mutual Implementation in Development projects', The
contract with the local fishermen to sell out World Bank, The International Bank for
fishes to the particular trader/s throughout the Remonstration and Development, Washington
year at the fix price in lieu of advance. Many of DC, USA,
the fishermen have such contracts not just for
6. Lobo Lancy and Shashikant Kumar (2009).
security but also for assured market. Once they
'Land Acquisition, Displacement and
make such agreement in such case they do not
Resettlement in Gujarat' 1947-2004, New
have to worry much for marketing their fish.
Delhi: Sage Publication India Pvt. Ltd.
xiv The families are curtailing the use of some
7. Patel Ankit (2012a). "Exploring the Impact of
basic items like meat, sea food, edible oil,
Science, Technology and Industrialization: A
vegetables, dry fruits etc. It may create adverse
Case of Hajira village in Gujarat", M.Phil.
repercussions on their health at the long run.
Reduction in sea food is because of reduced the Dissertation, Central University of Gujarat.
availability of sea food and also decrease of the 8. Patel Ankit (2012b)."Assessing the Corporate
purchasing power of the people; more Social Responsibility Programmes: A case of
specifically of middle and the poor people of Hajira village, Gujarat", Vikas Vani Journal,
Hajira. Jabalpur: A XIDCOM publication.
xv The assumption is that with cash the family will 9. Patel Ankit (2014)."D evelopment Induced
purchase land elsewhere. Displacement: A Case of Hajira in Gujarat",
xvi Out of total 34 SFs who have lost their land of Rethinking Development Emerging Issues and
them 6 have yet to receive compensation of the Contemporary Debates, New Delhi: Excel
land they have lost. The court cases are going India Publishers.
on with regards to their land. 10. Prakash B.A. (2012).'The Indian Economy
1. Acharya Akash. (2000). “Women Participation since 1991: Economic Reforms and
in Income Generation in Hajira Area” Performance', New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley
(mimeo), Surat: Centre for Social Studies. Private Limited.
2. Anand Venkatesh and Jain Chandan (2012). 11. R a j k i s h o r M e h e r ( 2 0 0 9 2 5 : 4 5 7 ) ,
Impact of Industrialization on Rural 'Globalization, Displacement and the
Communities -An Overview), in their un- Livelihood Issues of Tribal and Agriculture
published paper, presented at IDRC-TTI Dependent Poor People: The Case of Mineral-
workshop on Rural- Urban Linkages 21St and based Industries in India',Journal of
22nd August 2012 IRMA, Anand. Developing Societies, New Delhi, Sage
Publication.
3. Bhaduri, Amit (2005). Development with
Dignity: A Case for Full Employment. New 12. https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/
Delhi, India: National Book Trust content/article/209-bwi-wto/42796-joseph
stiglitz.htm, Accessed on dated 20-3-2015.
4. Cernea Michael and Hari Mohan Mathur (ed.)
( 2 0 0 8 ) . C a n c o m p e n s a t i o n P re v e n t
Impoverishment? Reforming Resettlement
through Investments. Delhi: Oxford University
Press.
18
New Additions to the Legal Framework of Waste Management
Fazalahmed B. Khan
Advisor, (Urban & Legal Services),
All India Institute of Local Self-Government.
Cleanliness and sanitation of the cities and Existing rules prior to 2016
towns is one of the core functions of municipalities, One of the core functions of a municipality is to
which they have been performing since their maintain cleanliness and sanitation in cities and
inception in the 17th century. However, the last two towns. Municipalities in India have been
decades form a significant phase when this discharging this function since their inception, and
customary function mandated for the local have been adopting various methods and
authorities was elevated into a legal framework and technologies for the disposal of the wastes and
brought on scientific lines, inter alia, for better sewage with mixed successes and failures,
management and to minimize adverse effect on the including the fact that they have been dumping
environment and safety to the handlers of the waste. wastes and garbage on the inhabitable places on the
These rules provide for a systematic management outskirts of the cities. This was happening in all the
of respectively categorized wastes, which include cities and towns. One such happening was that
their handling, collection, segregation, hygienic when the garbage thrown by the Bangalore
storage, treatment, processing and recycling where Municipal Corporation reached a village on the
needed, transportation and disposal in a safe and outskirts of the city near the village of a lady. She
secured manner. Various authorities including the had scientific training and a social bent of mind.
Central Government, State Governments, She did not complain to the authority concerned
Municipalities, Pollution Control Boards, are against the nuisance, but began to study the
mandated to perform specific functions. problem and visited various cities for observation.
Responsibilities are cast on generators of the Name of Mrs. Almitra Patel will always be
wastes, including the owners and occupiers where associated in being instrumental in bringing about
wastes are generated for segregation and storage. systematic disposal, rather management of solid
Being statutory rules made under the provisions of waste, because of exceptional initiative of filing
the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, they carry PIL in the Supreme Court against open dumping of
the binding force of law. The year 2016 assumes municipal solid waste. The PIL was heard at length
significance, when this was the year when new and finally, judgment in the PIL resulted in the
rules for management of various types of wastes Government of India passing statutory rules in the
were launched and the existing rules were form of Solid Waste Management (Management
revamped. Here is a brief review of the launching and Handling) Rules, 2000 under the
of new rules and revision of existing rules in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
year 2016.

Prior to 2016, the following rules were in operation, pickers by preparing State Policy and strategies to
which were amended from time to time. recognize the role played. The new rules also
1) Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) recognize the role played by the recycling industry.
Rules, 1989, which were amended in State Governments have been mandated to make
2000,2003 and 2008. Thereafter, following allocation of land for solid waste management in
rules have been made. Master Plans of cities and towns, etc.
2) Bio-Medical Waste (Management and CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION

Handling) Rules,1998 which were amended in WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2016
2000, 2003 and 2011. Cities and towns are going through the phase of
3) E-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, massive constructions and reconstructions inter
2011. alia, involving demolition of old structures. The
dust generated in these activities on a large scale
THE SOLID WASTE (MANAGEMENT AND poses a health hazard, particularly in the form of
HANDLING) RULES, 2016 particulate matter PM 10, which gets lodged in the
The Solid Waste (Management and Handling) lungs causing serious health issues. As per
Rules, 2016 replace the rules of 2000. assessment of the Government, dust contributes
Implementation of every scheme or rules throws up about 20% of pollution in big cities and about 530
valuable experience that makes for improvement billion tonnes of construction and demolition waste
and extension of the rules to the uncovered aspects. (C&D waste) is generated annually in India. A basic
The MSW Rules in themselves were landmark mantra of waste management is that if property
rules, whose implementation experience also managed every waste is a resource.
provided for improvements and enlargements, The Ministry of Environment, Forests and
which came in the form of these new rules. Some Climate Change, Government of India, notified the
of the broad features of the new rules are as under. Construction and Demolition Waste Management
The earlier rules applied to municipal Rules, 2015 on 29th March, 2016.
authorities. The new rules in addition to all Urban 1. Duties of the Generators of Construction
Local Bodies, also apply to urban agglomerations, and Demolition Waste:
census towns, notified industrial townships, areas
under the control of Indian railways, airports, Every waste generator shall segregate
special economic zones, pilgrimage places and construction and demolition waste and deposit it at
places of historical importance. Domestic collection centre of handover to the authorized
hazardous waste is also covered under the new processing facilities. The generator includes builders,
rules. The earlier did not provide for segregation of construction firms, individuals etc. They will have to
waste and responsibilities of waste generators. get approval for their waste management plans, do
These rules made this vital aspect mandatory for segregation of this waste and pay relevant charges for
waste generators. They also provide for payment of collection, transportation, processing and disposal.
User Fee by the generators for the collection 2. The State Governments are mandated to-
services availed of by them. In order the rules to be i) The Urban Development Department is
more effective, some penalty is needed for violation required to prepare their policy with respect to
of rules. The new rules provide for “Spot Fine” for management of construction and demolition
littering. The new rules recognize the services of waste within one year of the date of notification
rag-pickiers and makes for formalization of rag of the rules.
20
ii) The Department of the State Government BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
concerned with land matters shall have to RULES, 2016
provide suitable sites for setting up storage, Bio-medical waste is generated on a large scale
processing and recycling facilities for C&D in a host of health care institutions like hospitals,
waste within one and a half year from the dispensaries, pathological laboratories, etc. which
notification of these rules. requires a strict regulatory framework for the
iii) The Department dealing with Town and segregation, processing, treatment and disposal of
Country Planning shall incorporate the site in these bio-medical wastes in a secure manner to
the approved land use plan so that there is no avoid its impact on the environment. With these
disturbance to the processing facility on long- objectives the Bio-Medical Waste (Management
term basis. and Handling) Rules were made in 1998 and
iv) The Departments of the State Government revised in 2000, 2003 and 2011. The existing rules
shall be required to utilize 10-20% materials were further revised in 2016. The words “and
made from C&D waste in Government handling” have been omitted as handling is an
contracts. aspect of management.
3. Local Authorities: Some of the salient features of BMW

Management Rules, 2016 include the following:-
Following duties are cast on the Local
Authorities under the rules, namely-to place (a) The ambit of the rules has been expanded to
appropriate containers for collection of C&D include vaccination camps, blood donation
waste, removal , transportation to appropriate for camps, surgical camps or any other healthcare
processing land disposal; to provide for safe activity;
disposal of C&D waste contaminated with (b) Phase-out the use of chlorinated plastic bags,
industrial hazardous or toxic material or nuclear gloves and blood bags within two years;
waste; to give appropriate incentives to generator (c) Pre-treatment of the laboratory waste,
for salvaging, processing and or recycling microbiological waste, blood samples and
preferably in-situ. blood bags through disinfection or sterilization
4. Pollution Control Boards on-site in the manner as prescribed by WHOor
i) The Central Pollution Control Board is NACO;
required to prepare operational guidelines (d) Establish a Bar-Code System for bags or
related to environmental management of C&D containers containing bio-medical waste for
waste. disposal;
ii) State Pollution Control Boards shall be (e) Bio-medical waste has been classified in to 4
responsible for granting authorization to C&D categories instead 10 to improve the
waste processing facility, monitor the segregation of waste at source;
implementation of the rules by the concerned (f) Procedure to get authorization simplified.
local bodies and submit annual report to the Automatic authorisation for bedded hospitals.
CPCB and the State Government. The validity of authorization synchronized
with validity of consent orders for Bedded
HCFs. One time Authorization for Non-bedded
HCFs;

(g) Inclusion of emissions limits for Dioxin and E-WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES, 2016
furans; We are living in an electronics age, when
(h) State Government to provide land for setting up electronic items abound. When their life is over,
common bio-medical waste treatment and these items are discarded as waste. The e-waste
disposal facility; includes discarded computers, refrigerators, mobile
phones, television sets and various electronic
H A Z A R D O U S A N D O T H E R WA S T E S
devices. As per an estimate about 17 lakh tonnes of
(MANAGEMENT AND TRANSBOUNDARY)
E-waste is generated every year, with an annual
RULES, 2016
increase of 5 per cent of generation of E-waste. The
The first in the series of waste management scrap industry recycles and salvages these wastes.
rules were the Hazardous Wastes (Management and These activities pose severe health risks to the
Handling) Rules, 1989, which were revised in 2000 handlers and have hazardous effect on the
and 2003. As defined, “Hazardous Waste” means environment. For safe and scientific management
any waste which by reason of its physical, of these activities the E-Waste (Management and
chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or Handling) Rules, 2011 were made, which applied to
corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely every producer, consumer or bulk consumer
to cause danger to health or environment, whether involved in the manufacture, sale, purchase and
alone or when in contact with other wastes or processing of electrical and specified electronic
substances. These rules were thoroughly revised equipment or components, collection centre,
and notified as the Hazardous and Other Wastes dismantler and recycler of e-waste. These rules are
(Management and Transboundary) Rules, 2016. superseded by the E-Waste Management Rules,
The term. “Other Wastes” include waste tyre, paper 2016. The new rules bring the electric lamps,
waste, metal scrap, used electronic items, etc. The mercury lamps and such other items also within the
main focus of the rules is the resource recovery ambit of the rules. They bring the producers under
and a hierarchy in the sequence of priority of the Extended Producer Responsibility along with
prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling, targets making them responsible for collection of E-
recovery, co-processing and safe disposal. Another waste and for its exchange. A duty is cast on the bulk
distinguishing feature of the new rules is that they consumers to collect the items and hand them over
provide the basic necessity of infrastructure to to authorized recyclers. The process of dismantling
safeguard the health and environment from waste and recycling has been simplified through one
processing industry has been prescribed as system of authorization and that the Central
Standard Operating Procedure (SOPs), specific to Pollution Control Board will give the single
waste type, which has to be complied by the authorization throughout the country. The role of
stakeholders and ensured by SPCB/PCC while State Governments has been also introduced to
granting such authorization. ensure safety, health and skill development of the
workers involved in dismantling and recycling
operations and provision of penalty for violation of
rules has been introduced.
22
Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies, Mumbai
Advisory Committee
w Ms. Manisha Mhaiskar, IAS Principal Secretary, Urban Development, Govt. of Ex-Officio
Maharashtra, Mumbai. Chairperson
w Mr. Sanjay Kumar, IAS Joint Secretary (DAY-NULM), Ministry of Housing and Member
Urban Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi.
w Mr. Mukesh Puri, IAS Principal Secretary, Urban Development and Urban Member
Housing Dept., Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar.
w Mr. Mukesh Sharma, IAS Addl. Chief Secretary, Urban Development and Member
Housing Dept., Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur.
w Mr. Sudhir Mahajan, IAS Secretary, Urban Development, Member

Government of Goa, Goa.
w Mr. Sanjib Kumar Gohain Baruah, IAS Secretary, Urban Development, Govt. of Assam, Dispur, Member
Guwahati.
w Mr. Lok Ranjan, IAS Principal Secretary, Urban Development, Govt. of Member
Tripura, Agartala, Tripura.
w Dr. T. Chatterjee, IAS (Retd) Director, Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), Member
Indraprashta Estate, New Delhi.
w Dr. (Mrs.) Sudha Mohan Professor & Head, Department of Civics Member
and Politics, University of Mumbai, Mumbai.
w Mr. Ashish Deosthali Director-General, All India Institute of Local Member

Self-Government, Mumbai
w Ms. Utkarsha Kavadi Director, Regional Centre for Urban and Member-Secretary
Environmental Studies, All India Institute of Local
Self-Government, Mumbai.
Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies (RCUES), Mumbai

(Fully supported by Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, Government of India)
undertakes
Urban Policy Research.
w
Tailored Training and Capacity Building Programmes in Urban Management and Urban Governance.
w
Capacity Building for Urban Poverty Alleviation.
w
Anchoring Innovative Urban Poverty Reduction Projects (Aadhar) for Municipal Corporations.
w
Project Management & Social Auditing.
w
Information, Education & Communication (IEC) in Urban Sector.
w
Training of Trainers (TOT) in Urban Management.
w
Technical Advisory Services in the Urban Development Urban Management Sector
w
Study Visits for ULBs for Experience Sharing and Cross Learning
w
Community Based Interventions.
w
Human Resources Development.
w
Interdisciplinary Programmes.
w
Knowledge Management.
w
Networking.

Prof. Vibhuti Patel On Sustainable Development Goals and The Urban World (July-Sep, 2017)

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Prof. Vibhuti Patel On Sustainable Development Goals and The Urban World (July-Sep, 2017)

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Vol.10 No.

3 July - September 2017 (Private Circulation Only)

Editorial Board Members

w Dr. Snehalata Deshmukh

w Dr. Joop W. de wit

w Mr. Ajitkumar Jain, IAS (Retd)

w Mrs. Manisha Mhaiskar, IAS

w Dr. Dinesh Mehta

w Dr. Vibhuti Patel

w Dr. Vandana Desai

(July - September, 2017)

Printed at Copytronics Bandra (E), Mumbai.

l The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 5:

l Industrialisation, Displacement and Marginalisation of Weaker Section 8-18

l New Additions to the Legal Framework of Waste Management 19-22

Don't Trash the Future; Reuse and Recycle

Dr. Vibhuti Patel,

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 1

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 3

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 5

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 7

Abstract great potential to shift sizable labour from farms to

In the definition of weaker section, the author Composition of Workers in Hajira

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 9

Particular Category Numbers Percentage

*It includes ITI, PTC, Technicians, and Diploma holders.

Chart 1 : Land lost to Industries by SF of Hajira

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 11

Compensation Particulars Numbers Percentage

Use of Compensation Purchased land in another area 3 9.4

Chart 2 : Reduction (before and after the land lost) of

0 60 100 160 200 260 300 360 400

No. of Livestock After Industrialization

Changes Category Response

Fishing Activities Lost Levta, Boi, Karachla, Bumla, Gingha, Dahangda,

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 13

Fishing Activity Response Frequency Percentage

Sfs engaged with fishing before Yes 26 44.0

Problems of Gender gets Aggravated In absence of gainful employment, many

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 15

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 17

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 19

2) Bio-Medical Waste (Management and CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION

3. Local Authorities: Some of the salient features of BMW

QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE RCUES OF AIILSG, MUMBAI, VOL. 10 NO. 3 21

w Mr. Sudhir Mahajan, IAS Secretary, Urban Development, Member

w Mr. Ashish Deosthali Director-General, All India Institute of Local Member

Regional Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies (RCUES), Mumbai

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