0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views2 pages

Reduction Formula PDF

1. The document presents several reduction formulas for integrals involving powers and trigonometric functions. 2. It asks to prove or evaluate various integrals using the reduction formulas, including showing relationships between integrals of different orders. 3. Many problems involve establishing a reduction formula that relates an integral In to In-1 or In-2, which can then be used to evaluate the integral for a given value of n.

Uploaded by

Jemason
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views2 pages

Reduction Formula PDF

1. The document presents several reduction formulas for integrals involving powers and trigonometric functions. 2. It asks to prove or evaluate various integrals using the reduction formulas, including showing relationships between integrals of different orders. 3. Many problems involve establishing a reduction formula that relates an integral In to In-1 or In-2, which can then be used to evaluate the integral for a given value of n.

Uploaded by

Jemason
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Reduction Formula

x 2n x 2n
∫ ∫ (1 + x )
1 1
1. In = dx and Jn = dx ( n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … )
0
1− x2 0 2
1− x2
2
(a) Prove that (i) J0 = I0 (ii) 2nIn = (2n – 1) In-1 .
2
(b) By considering Jn + Jn-1 , show that the reduction formula for In allows Jn to be evaluated
for any particular value of n.

(c) Prove that J3 =


(
π7−4 2 ) .
16
π/ 2 1 n −1
2. If un = ∫ 0
x cos n xdx , where n > 1 , show that un = −
n 2
+
n
u n −2 .

Evaluate u4 and u5 .

xn x n −1 n −1
3. If In = ∫ a +x
2 2
dx , show that In =
n
a2 + x2 −
n
a 2 I n −2 , where n≥2.

x5

2
Evaluate dx .
0
5 + x2

u m = x m (a 2 − x 2 ) dx , show that (m + 2) um = – xm – 1 (a2 – x2 )3/2 + a2 (m – 1) um – 2 .



1/ 2
4. If

π/ 2
Evaluate ∫ 0
sin 2 m θ cos 2 θdθ , where m is a positive integer.

u n = x n (2ax − x 2 ) dx , where n is a positive integer, prove that:



1/ 2
5. If

(n + 2) un – (2n + 1) aun – 1 + x n – 1 (2ax – x2)3/2 = 0 .


5πa 4
∫ x 2 (2ax − x 2 ) dx =
2a 1/ 2
Show that .
0 8
xn 2a n 3( n − 1)

a
6. If In = dx , show that In = − a 2 I n −2 . Evaluate I7 .
0
3a + x 2 2
n n

xp x p−1
7. If I p ,q = ∫ (1 + x ) 2 q
dx , show that 2(q − 1)I p ,q = −
(1 + x 2 )q−1
+ ( p − 1)I p−2 ,q −1 .

x6
∫ (1 + x )
1
Hence, or otherwise, evaluate dx .
0 2 3


2a
8. If In = x n 2ax − x 2 dx , prove that 3aIn – 3In+1 = n (In+1 – 2a In) .
0

( 2 n + 1)( 2 n − 1)...7 ⋅ 5 π n+2


Hence, or otherwise, show that In = × a , where n is a positive integer.
( n + 2)( n + 1)...5 ⋅ 4 2

∫ (1 − y) n (e yz − 1)dy ,
1
9. Let In (z) = for all n≥0.
0

n
zr zn
∑ r!
z z
Prove that for all n ≥ 1, I n −1 ( z ) = I n (z) + . Deduce that ez = + I n −1 ( z ) .
n n ( n + 1) r =0 ( n − 1)!

1
∫ (1 − x ) dx ∫ (1 − x ) dx
1 1
2 n 2 8
10. Find a reduction formula for the integral In = and use it to evaluate .
0 0

( − 1)n n!

1
11. (a) Prove that x m (ln x ) n dx = .
0 ( m + 1)n +1
⎛ n −1 ⎞ 2

a
(b) If In = x n (a 2 − x 2 )1 / 2 dx , n > 1, prove that In = ⎜ ⎟ a I n −2 .
0 ⎝n +2⎠
Hence find I4 .

12. (a) Prove the Wallis formulae:


π/2 (2 n )! π
(i) ∫ 0
sin 2 n x dx =
2 2 n n! n! 2
π/2 2 2 n n! n!
(ii) ∫ 0
sin 2 n+1 x dx =
(2 n + 1)!
π/2
⎛ 1 ⎞ π/2
(iii) ∫ 0
sin 2 n −1 x dx = ⎜ 1 +
⎝ 2n ⎠
⎟ ∫ 0
sin 2 n+1 xdx

π π/2
⎛ θ ⎞ π/2
(b) Prove that 0<x<
2
, then ∫ 0
sin 2 n x dx = ⎜1 + n ⎟
⎝ 2n ⎠ ∫ 0
sin 2 n +1 xdx , where 0 < θn < 1 .

π/ 2 1 − θn π 1 ( 2 n )! 1 − θn 1
(c) Deduce that ∫ 0
sin 2 n x dx = 1 − ⋅
2n + 1 n 2
and deduce that 2n
2 n!n!
= 1−
2n + 1 nπ
.

2 n +1
π/4
⎛ sin x − cos x ⎞
13. (a) Obtain a reduction formula for ∫ 0
⎜ ⎟
⎝ sin x + cos x ⎠
dx and hence deduce its value.

π/2
(b) Prove that ∫ 0
(ln cos x ) cos xdx = ln 2 − 1 .


a
14. If I ( p, q ) = ( x − a ) p (b − x ) q dx (b > a), prove that when n≥1,
b

(i) I(n, n – 1) = I(n – 1, n)


(ii) 2(2n + 1) I(n, n) = 2n (b – a) I(n , n – 1)
= n(b – a)2 I(n – 1, n – 1).
( b − a )2 n +1 n!n!
Hence or otherwise, show that I( n , n ) = .
( 2 n + 1)!

∫ (a + x2 )
2 n/2
15. Find a reduction formula for dx , where n is an odd positive integer.

396 + 75 ln 5
∫ (5 + x )
2
2 3/ 2
Prove that dx = .
0 16

You might also like