S

Query
No.

What types of Vibration probes are installed on Different Rotating

machines in HVJ? How many rotating machines are equipped with
online vibration diagnostic features? are they working? What is the
1
benefits of having offline vibration AMC? has any rectification ever
done on any GTC or GTG based offline vibration monitoring done on
AMC basis?

2 What are the various standards used in gas measurement?

3 What is gas sweetening process?

4 What is the function of TEG?

What is the permitted potential drop from on-potential to off-

5 potential? Is this value coating depenedent? what are the coating
dependent values for each type of coating?
If the downtream of a meter run has a flange joint between RTD
and orifice plate and that flange joint is located after 5D from orifice
6 plate. RTD is located after 6.5D from orifice plate. Can it be
considered of non compliance of AGA3? and Technical Justification
is required for the stand.

GAIL PATA PRODUCING RAFFIA GRADE IN BOTH NOVA

SCALAIRTECH LLDPE/HDPE SWING PLANT AND MITSUI HDPE
PLANT.WHAT ARE THE MAJOR DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL AND
7
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THESE TWO GRADES?WHETHER
BOTH RAFFIA GRADES CAN BE SUBSTITUTED FOR EACH OTHER,IF
NOT THEN WHY THEY CANNOT BE SUBSTITUTED?

I understand that line pipes used in HBJ is not having any internal
coating whereas the same used in DVPL-I & II having internal
coating. Please correct if I am wrong. Considering my
8 understanding as correct, as a measure for corrosion prevention for
line pipes kept as insurance spares, can we perform shot blasting of
internal surfaces [for application of Primer(Epoxy Zinc Phosphate
Primer) + Fini

What are the advantages of Gail Pata’s Stone & Webster (USC-Ultra
Selective Coil design) Gas cracking unit technology over ABB
Lummus technology (SRT Furnace / short residence time pyrolysis),
9 and Kellogg Brown & Root technology (SCORE-Selective Cracking
Optimum Recovery) in terms of 1.specific energy consumption
GJ/MT of Ethylene 2.Feed stock ethane/propane composition
3.reactivity 4.selectivity
 "C210" STATED IN EARLIER QUERY REFERS TO LOCAL ALTITUDE
FROM MEAN SEA LEVEL IN METERS AND Patm IS THE LOCAL
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IN PASCAL. SUBMITTED FOR YOUR
10 REVIEW AND LOOK FORWARD TO SEEKING YOUR KIND ADVISE/
SUGGESTION WITH SUITABLE AMMENDMENTS/ ADDITIONS IN OUR
MAINTENANCE POLICY GUIDELINES, CL.5.2.16.10 PARA (V), PRIOR
TO IMPLEMENTATION/ REGULARIZATION

Dear Sir(s). How do we calculate/ ascertain the shrinakage quantity

11
of the gas used in recovery of liquid hydrocarbons.

what is Fluid bearing.how work it and where place are using this
12
bearing in pata petro chemical.

13 Is the standard for Domestic and Auto LPG is same?

What are the processes involved in recovery of LPG from Natural

14
Gas?

What is called Advanced Scairtech Nova process?What is called

Nova Proprietary catalyst ?Whether is it possible to upgrade from
present pata nova scairtech process of LLDPE SWING PLANT to
15 Advanced Scairtech Nova process by doing simple modifications.In
Advanced Scairtech Nova process no need for removal of reaction
catalyst.Hence huge operation cost will be minimised.PLANT LOAD
WILL BE INCREASED.

16 what is percetage of various gas which are blended in LPG ?

What are the various causes to use axial flow type compressor in a
17
gas turbine .Is it possible to use other type of compressor.

MY EARLIER SIMILAR QUESTION IN QUESTION BANK SERIAL NO 4

ANSWERED IN GENERAL. GAIL PATA OPERATING IFP/AXENS
BUTENE-1 PLANT SINCE 1999.HOW OUR GAIL PATA (ISO
18 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004, OHSAS 18001:2007) CERTIFIED
ORGANISATION DISPOSING DEACTIVATED CATALYST (LC
2253+TEAL+AMINES) FROM IFP/AXENS BUTENE-1 PLANT IN GAIL
PATA SINCE COMMISIONING TILL NOW?
 GAIL PATA (ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004, OHSAS 18001:2007)
CERTIFIED ORGANISATION HANDLING PYROPHORIC TEAL (TRI
ETHYL ALUMINIUM) IN LLDPE SWING AND HDPE PLANTS SINCE
19
COMMISIONING WHAT IS THE REPLACEMENT PERIOD FOR TEAL
TRANSFER HOSES AND T PIPE AND JOINTS USED IN DILUTE TEAL
CATALYST BATCHES PREPARATION FROM PYROPHORIC TEAL TANK?

What is the difference between IS & Non-IS cables (in terms of

20
Cable manufacturing specifications)?

in ref to query of Atm. Pressure entry in FCs in CTPs. there is a drop

of 1mbar for evry 27 ft rise in altitude, as stated by meterological
center (verbal confirmation only). the diff. in altitude will also
21
change the atm. Pr. from MSL. for areas which are far away from
airport, even average qtrly rdgs would not be suitable. Advise reqd.
prior to implementation of AGA 7 formula, eq B-8,App.B,pg-B2

IN PATA PLANT AT SOME SUBSTATION LOAD ON POWER

TRANSFORMER IS WELL BELOW 50% WHICH IS CAUSE OF POOR
EFFICIENCY OF THESE TRANSFORMER. IN THE EXISTING TWO
22 INCOMER ONE BUSCOUPLER SCHEME NORMALLY TOW INCOMERS
ARE KEPT IN LINE WITH BUSCOUPLER IN AUTO. IN THAT WE ARE
NOT UTILISING THE TRANFORMERS AT THEIR FULL LOAD, CAN
AUTO CHANGE OVER BE INTRODUCED IN INCOMER ALSO?

CAN OCCUPANCY SENSOR BE IMPLEMENTED IN OFFICE BUILDING

23 SPECIALLY IN OPEN OFFICE SPACE AREA WITH CUBICLES WHICH
WILL PUTT OF THE LIGHTS WHENEVER PERSON LEAVES

24 captan in LPG handling

25 What is ROU?

26 What is surge limit in centrifugal compressor?

27 What is the function of a Knock-out-Drum/Scrubber?

28 What is the purpose of CAT survey?

 dear Sir, can you please clearify the difference between rotary
29 pumps and centrifugal pumps. are the rotary pumps positive
displacement pump like gear or lobe? thanks

We have signed a iMoU with ED(O&M) on 16-6-2011 for the year

2011-12 for NCR wherein the max. unaccounted of Natural Gas is
30
0.1% for achieving excellent MoU. Please clarify system
modifications required for achieving excellent iMoU.

In LPG plant, Usar, one hot oil expansion vessel is installed for
adjustment of the expansion/ contraction of the bulk hot oil in the
vessel due to variation in temperatures in the thermic oil. One PRV
31
& one RD are installed to avoid overpressure & vacuum in the
vessel. Pl.let us know the operational/other precautions to be taken
to avoid overpressure & vacuum in the vessel.

DEAR SIR, CAN WE REPLACE THE MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP

32 INSTALLED IN HAZARDOUS AREA BY ENERGY EFFICIENT METAL
HALIDE/SODIUM VAPOUR LAMP?

33 How TEAL work in petrochemical and what is the purpose of TEAL.

HOW THE DEACTIVATED CATALYST (TEAL+LC 2253+AMINES)

DISPOSED FROM IFP/AXENS BUTENE-1 PLANT.WHETHER THE
34 LICENSOR IFP/AXENS OFFERING ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE
DISPOSAL PROCEDURES TO OTHER BUTENE-1 PLANTS IN INDIA
IPCL/RIL AND WORLD.

Dear Sir, What are the guidelines for establishing an SV/IP station
installation with respect the approach roads. How much distance we
35 have to maintain from different types of roads like NH, SH, District
Roads How much should be typical approach road length and width.
Any standards are there for defining the same. Regards ivsprasad

Sir,what would be the effect of increasing carrier gas flow on the

36
extent of separation of peaks? and are there in advantages
Sir can we replace plant lights with CFL type lamps in plance of
37
Murcury vapour lamps to save energy.

Sir, What is the adverse effect to the under ground LPG pipeline
which is comes under high tension power lines? How the
38
interference is created to the under ground pipeline? What is the
corrective action to control/eliminate the interference?

What is the purpose of bleed valve in Gas Turbine .When it should

39
close.

What is a Gas –Chromatograph? What is the standard for carrying

40
out analysis/sampling of gas?

41 What are the different types of valves used in Pipeline applications?

42 What is radiography on welded piping joints?

43 Why Corrosion-coupons are used in Pipeline?

44 How LPG is stored?

GAIL PATA (ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004, OHSAS 18001:2007)

CERTIFIED ORGANISATION HANDLING TEAL (TRI ETHYL
ALUMINIUM) IN LLDPE SWING AND HDPE PLANTS SINCE
45 COMMISIONING 1. WHICH PROTECTIVE SUIT USED/PRACTICED BY
PLANT PERSONNEL IN PREPARATION OF DILUTE TEAL CATALYST
BATCHES IN LLDPE SWING (TEAL+CYCLOHEXANE) AND HDPE
(TEAL+HEXANE) PLANTS IN GAIL PATA SINCE COMMISIONING?

Why Corrolis Meter is not generally used in Custody transfer of

46
Natural Gas?

How is the positioning and capacity of compressor station in a NG

47
p/l system determined ?

48 How classification of hazardous areas is done?

What are the undesirable components present in natural gas and

49 why these are to be removed before processing, transportation,
utilization etc.?

50 What is Cathodic protection?

51 What is Diffuser?

52 Explain what is cavitation and starvation in centrifugal pumps?

 Operational difference between gas based and solution based
53
polymer plants

Dear Sir, We are having Frame-3 and Frame-1 Gas Turbine in LPG
recovery plant. Frame-I gas turbines are equipped with Bleed valves
54
to have surge control in axial compressor but Frame-3 is not having
any procedure to curb surging in Axial compressor. Why?

Why we don't use any surge control system in Pumps as we do in

Compressor. Since the flow in both machines is from lower pressure
55
to higher pressure, the flow reversal phenomena may happen in
Pumps also.

What are the proven techniques to detect corrosion under

insulations in a insulated line pipe OR insulated vessel. Whether the
existing practice of checking the condition of pipe/vessel under
56
insulation only by inspecting the pipe/vessel through inspection
pockets is sufficient or any other recommendation on the subject,
so that same can be resorted to.

What is the operating temp. range for the coated under ground
57 Natural Gas pipe line coated with Three layer PE so that no
disbonding of the coating takes place.

What is Exxon Mobil Controlled Freeze Zone (CFZ) single-step

cryogenic separation process? Whether is it economically and
commercially feasible to apply CFZ single-step cryogenic carbon-di-
58
oxide separation process in place of existing Gas sweetening unit in
Hazira terminal by taking into considerations of getting attractive
carbon credits ,energy savings and Enhanced oil recovery option?

Madam please tell me to whom i ask the technical discussion of civil

59
engineering ...
60 KKKKK

What is the difference between System grounding and Equipment

61
grounding?

62 What is the purpose of Pigging? What is intelligent Pigging?

May please let me know whether seperate earthing systems are

required for Electrical & Instrumentation Systems? If yes, the
63
reasons to do so, and relevant standards too may pl.be mentioned
for further reference.
 In mound storage tank (MST) Anode flex cable is used ,if it gets
damage during some maintenance job,whether this can be jointed
64 using flex cable jointing kit.If it is permitted ,under which code? I
understand this may effect the uniform distribution of PSP around
the MST.

Sir, With reference to the reply given for the query (Sl.No.6 of the
65 Question Bank),may pl.clarify further,if possible, along with
prevailing standards / GAIL / Industry practices

WHY GAIL PATA(ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004, OHSAS

18001:2007) CERTIFIED ORGANISATION GAS CRACKER UNIT
ETHYLENE TOWER, DEMETHANISER COLUMN PSV’S NOT
CONNECTED TO FLARE HEADER THROUGH HEATER(CLOSED LOOP
66
VENTING SYSTEM), A STANDARD PRACTICE IN LARGE
PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEXES?WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF
EXISTING SAFETY SYSTEM PRACTISED SINCE COMMISIONING IN
ETHYLENE TOWER,DEMETHANISER COLUMNS IN GCU?

SIR, IN PCV is there any method to avoid sulphur deposits in

67
silencer? (N.B. filters of 5 micron are not sufficient for the same)

Can NGL produced by Usar plant can be transported to

68 Gandhar/Vaghodia Plant for Naptha production ?. Iy yes, is it
commercialy viable .

In the Solution phase technology of LLDPE Plant ,is it possible to

69 reduce the catalyst residue content in the polymer product by
increasing the residence time in reactor or modifying the catalyst?

When two pipelines in common ROU and are 5 Mtr apart bonded at
source ends but there is different PSP at various locations in
70 between due to disconnection of bonding arrangement, How these
two pipelines will be affected from the CP point of view. Please
ellaborate.

71 What is the principle of DCVG survey?

What is the difference between Ultra sonic meter and turbine

72
meter?

73 What is the use of Methanol in LPG Recovery Plant in GAIL?

74 How classification of hazardous areas is done?

 How CCVT generate electrcity and what is the role of Motive Fluid in
75
CCVT.

What are the guidelines and formulae used for deciding RETIRING
76
thickness of pipelines, also for vessels.

77 sir what is the procedure to layout natural gas pipeline in details

What are the various kind of Meters for gas measurement (including
those installed for PNG at home)? What are the criterai for choosing
78
perticulat metering skid / meter ?? Details about the major
components of meter (like EVC etc) and its function?

Dear Sir, It has been obvserved that UPS with 230Volts out put
have been used in DUPL, DPPL and associsted pipeline network
79 systems, with the neutral in floating condition. Pl confirm whether
this is acceptable OR it should be solidly grounded. Regards, A
Shyamala Murthy

What are the types of fire extinguishers used in pipeline

80
installations?

81 What is CIPL survey and how it is conducted?

What is the difference between centrifugal compressor and

82
reciprocating compressor?

WOULD IT BE FEASIBLE & BENEFICIAL TO IMPLEMENT ADVANCED

83 PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM IN A POLYMER PLANT SUCH AS LLDPE
PLANT, ESPECIALLY IN REACTION SYSTEM?
Is there any limitation in multiple-stream measurement in a single
flow computer for Natural gas CUSTODY TRANSFER FISCAL
84 METERING application. If there is a limitation for single stream
metering only in one flow computer, kindly provide the document
reference
In case of two NG gas pipelines crossing each other, certain gap
(vertical) is to be kept between the pipelines. Why and how much
85
are the gap ? Is the gap having any bearing/effect on the CP system
of the P/L.

What Are the Advantages of Univation gas phase Lldpe Swing

Process (Pata Expansion) Over Nova’s Sclairtech solution phase
Lldpe Swing Process (Pata Existing since 1999) With Respect To 1.
86 Plant start up and shut down duration.2. Grade Change over
Duration And Off Spec Production Quantity.3. Reactor Volume.4.
Chance of Run Away Reaction during Plant Operation. 5. Breadth of
Process technology.

In a machine like Gas turbine, whether intermixing of lubricating

oils of equivalent grades from different manufacturers is advisable.
BHEL-GE/OEM is not in favour of intermixing of lubicants . If the
87 lubricants are intermixed, upto what extent (%) same can be
intermixed and what precautions are to be taken and what kind of
monitoring is to be done to avoid any lubricant related problem in
the M/c
 Dear Sir, From last five year we observer that same phenomena
happening at phulpur terminal and every time reported to Dibiyapur
that whenever gas phase changed from lean gas to rich gas at
88 Dibiyapur compressor station during UPPC trip the pressure
observed at phulpur terminal dropped 4 to 5 Kgcm2 if rated flow
maintained constant by the customer. But due to safe guard their
plant they

Sir, Maximum flow rate and "G" rating specifies on Turbine meter. If
89 flow capacity is higher then "G" rating is also higher. What is "G"
rating ? What is the significance of this rating ?
GAIL has been using corrosion coupons and corrosion probes to
monitor the internalcorrosion in pipelines for quite some time now. I
90 would like to know wat is the corrosion tare that has been found in
different regions/pipelines suvh as HVJ, GREP, DUPL/DPPL the KG
Basin Network.

In IS:4576 standard for LPG -the total volatile sulphur is limited to

150ppm max.But,how much sulphur is detrimental for pipeline
91 (plant piping or cross country pipeline)operation?Can we interpret it
from the reported value of total volatile sulphur(ppm) in the
certificate?

Refer cl. 5.2.16.10 of Maint. Policy. From lakwa, the meteorological

center is Jorhat which is 120 km away & is situated at a height of
116 mtr(app.) from MSL, where as Lakwa is at 99 Mtr above MSL.
92 Other CTPs are spread from 206 mtrs to 95 Mtrs above MSL. Can
we use, Eq B-8, of App. B mentioned in AGA - 7,where in Patm =
101325*(POWER((1-2.25577*(POWER(10,-5))*C210),5.25588))
(EXCEL formula)

sir, i have requested to librarian in PATA CENTRAL LIBRARY to

purchase some books in library on centrifugal gas compressor,
steam turbine but it is not done so far those books highly expensive
93
these books are useful for all employees take this suggestion in
positive spirit and inform to appropriate authority in GAIL TO
PURCHASE THOSE BOOKS
 Reply

Proximity type vibration probes are used in all the gas turbine driven compressors and Generators in HVJ. However for g
probes are used. Rest all other equipments like pumps, air compressor etc. dose not have any facility of online vibration
addition to online vibration reading all the gas turbine compressor and generators are equipped with transient data man
having tools and facility of online vibration monitoring transient data recording, trending, plotting of different graphs etc
up-gradation of control system of old GTCs and GTGs the earlier system of TDM is not operational at some locations. Of
monitoring is mainly used for auxiliary equipments like pumps, instrument air compressor, motors, fans blowers, engine
data/reading acquired helps greatly in preventative maintenance resulting into enhanced service life the components su
shafts, mechanical seals & bearings increased the reliability.

ƒÞ AGA-3- ORIFICE METERING ƒÞ AGA-5 ¡V FUEL GAS ENERGY METERNG ƒÞ AGA-7 -TURBINE METERING ƒÞ AGA-8- CO
FACTOR CALCULATION ƒÞ AGA-9 ¡V ULTRASONIC METERING ƒÞ AGA-10 ¡V SPEED OF SOUND ƒÞ MPMS CH 5 SEC 6¡V C
ƒÞ ISO 6976 ¡V HEATING VALUE AT 15 DEG C (SI) ƒÞ GPA ¡V 2172 ¡V HEATING VALUE AT 60 DEG F (FPS) ƒÞ ISO 5167
MEASURMENT USING DP TX ƒÞ ISA S75.01 SIZING OF CONTROL VALVE
The removal of acid gases like H2S & CO2 from natural gas is called gas sweetening. The processes involved for remova
are • Treatment by using Chemical solvent like MEA, DEA, MDEA, DIPA etc. • Treatment process by using Physical solve
(SHELL) and SELEXOL (NORTON) • Direct conversion (Stratford, Lo-cat etc.) • Dry bed process (Mol. Sieves)

A thermoelectric generator converts heat directly into electricity. As heat moves from a gas/ LPG burner through a therm
causes an electrical current to flow. At the heart of every TEG is a hermetically sealed thermoelectric module, called a th
contains an array of semiconductor elements. The durable module provides a chemically stable environment for the the
and ensures a long service life. A burner maintains a high temperature on the hot side while cooling fins keep the other
temperature difference across the thermopile creates steady DC electricity with no moving parts. The output from a TEG
to 550 watts.

OFF potential should be between -0.85 to -1.2 Volts

The RTD/Thermowell should be located in the d/s of orifice between 1DL to 4DL as per AGA3, clause no 2.6.5. There sh
joint between RTD and orifice flange joint. Yes, your case shall be considered as non compliance to AGA standard as per
clause.

1. Raffia produce in both Nova & Mitsui technology plants are HDPE (i.e. High Density Range). 2. Raffia produce from No
manufacturing of ovensacks for fertilizer industry where as Raffia produce from Mitsui plant is for manufacturing of mon
fishing nets , etc. 3. The difference in end use of both HDPE products is due to difference in technology being used for m

In DVPL-I, there was no internal coating However it is in DVPL-II.. Shot blasting of internal surface in field condition is u
application is possible, one can try.

The licensor of GCU, Pata is M/s SHAW (erstwhile Stone & Webster). The 24 nos. W-type coils have been used in the cra
short residence time of 0.3 sec. The plant design is based on Case-1 Feed composition of Ethane/ Propane in the ratio o
weight, with 65% cracking conversion of Ethane. The selectivity towards favorable production of Ethylene is achieved w
Steam (DC/HC ratio of 0.30 to 0.33) introduced along with the Furnace feed, which lowers the HC partial pressure. The
operate at coil outlet temperature (COT) of 833 Deg C, for optimum Ethylene production and reduced by-products,
The calculations of Atmospheric pressure based on height of the place above sea level are very approximate estimate. Y
atmospheric pressure is the measure of force applied / weight of the atmospheric column of one unit area of cross secti
it is being measured. It varies according to ambient temperature, pressure gradient, water/moisture molecules present
it varies almost every hour of the day. One more important factor has to be kept in mind that whether the supplier has
atmospheric pressure value.

In a Gas processing unit, the equivalent volume of gas taken from the pipeline to produce liquid hydrocarbons is termed
For example, in LPG recovery, considering the typical composition of LPG (in mole %) as Ethane 1%; Propane 62%; Bu
2% which means in 100 kmols of LPG, there would be 1 kmol of Ethane, 62 kmols of Propane, 35 kmols of Butane and
Molecular weights of each component are: Ethane 30 kg/kmol; Propane 44 kg/kmol ; Butane 58 kg/kmol; Pentane 72 k
kmols of LPG would be 1x30+62x44+35x58+2x72 = 4932 kg. Hence 1 kmol of LPG is 49.32 kg. As per ideal gas law, o
occupies 23.63 m3 at 288 K and 1 atm. Therefore one kmol of LPG occupies 23.63 SCM. i.e 49.32 kg of LPG occupies 23
0.479 SCM of gas is required to produce 1 kg of LPG with above mentioned composition. In other words 479 SCM of gas
consumed for producing 1 MT Of LPG. Hence LPG shrinkage factor would be 479 SCM/ MT and total shrinkage Volume w
Production x Shrinkage factor. However, in view of the ideal gas assumptions, this method of calculation is based on be
hence shrinkage is calculated using the following metered quantities in gas processing units: Shrinkage Vol (SCM) = {(G
Total Fuel consumption –Flare} (SCM)

The load of the machine parts(s) is supported by a layer / film of fluid between the bearing faces having sealing system
rotating elements in the Bearing. Eg : Journal Bearing , Kingsbury tilting-pad fluid bearings,etc The fluid is usually force
surfaces of a bearing through a orifice / pores. When the gap between the 2 bearing faces reduces, the outflow of the fl
to increasing in fluid pressure and ensure the surfaces away from each other, thus providing excellent control of the gap
have these bearings. At Pata , the Turbines, Compressors and high speed multistage pumps have these bearings.
There are different standards for Auto LPG and Domestic LPG. The auto LPG standard is BIS: 14861 and that for domes
The only difference between Auto & domestic LPG is C5 content (Auto LPG: 2.0% Max, Domestic LPG: 2.5% Max)
The following processes are there to recover LPG from natural Gas: a) Lean oil absorption process (This process is almo
Cryogenic process: (i) External Refrigeration route (ii) Turbo Expander route (iii) Combination of External Refrigeration

This is a technology related issue. The response from the tech supplier is not much encouraging as per the deptt. Hence
further left. Obviously the catalyst separation in LLDPE process is one of the dirty and cumbersome operation. It is the t
primitive polymer plant. In modern technology where yield of catalyst is such a high that there is no need of a catalyst s
metal of the catalyst remains in the polymer moiety at few ppm level even qualifying the foodgrade standard. Other par
Chloride etc are managed with additive package. However a step of deactivation of trace catalyst is there but on continu
much unit operation example addition of water, steam etc. But the catch is that such technology generally binds to proc
catalyst. It proves costly. However with the progress of technology other than propreitary catalyst also gets statrted for
in places.

LPG gas is a mixture of Butane and propane , which meets Specifications of LPG as per IS 4576 -1999 . The normal typ
propane varies from 60:40 to 50: 50 , though there is no such restriction. Hope this answers your querry .

In the gas turbine package we have to use dynamic compressor over the positive displacement compressor. The charac
compressor is high flow and low compressor ratio. The flow through the axial compressor travels parallel to the axis of r
flow through centrifugal compressor is turned perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In single-stage axial compressor inc
only a factor of 1.2. But it is relatively easy to link together several stages and produce a multistage axial compressor. I
compressor, the pressure is multiplied from row to row (14 stages at 1.2 per stage gives a factor of 16.8). It is much m
an efficient multistage centrifugal compressor because the flow has to be ducted back to the axis at each stage. Becaus
perpendicular to the axis, an engine with a centrifugal compressor tends to be wider (greater cross-sectional area) than

The technicality of the same question has been discussed earlier.

Generally replaced as and when required basis. But a tentative six month schedule is being pondered upon.

IS Cable: Intrinsically Safe (Circuits) Cable Its Outer sheath is Blue. Analogue circuits normally use a shielded twisted p
better noise immunity, digital circuits do not normally require the same level of noise immunity. Non IS Cable: Non Intr
(Circuits) Cable. Its Outer sheath is black. They are normally used as Control as well as Signal cables. It may have only
sheath or individual pair + over all shield according to Client's specification requirements.

The calculations of Atmospheric pressure based on height of the place above sea level are very approximate estimate. Y
atmospheric pressure is the measure of force applied / weight of the atmospheric column of one unit area of cross secti
it is being measured. It varies according to ambient temperature, pressure gradient, water/moisture molecules present
it varies almost every hour of the day. One more important factor has to be kept in mind that whether the supplier has
atmospheric pressure value.

Reliability of Power system is our major concern in GAIL, Pata. If the load of total switchboard is fed from one transform
transformer is kept in standby ( Auto ) mode. In case of Power failure there will the No power in the entire switchboard
configaration only Half section will be no power. In every substation of Pata plant generally two transformers share load
bus- coupler remains off(two incomer one bus-coupler logic), in case of failure of one transformer the other one takes t
mind that one transformer can take the full load the installed capacity is decided. Now there are two options either two
loads independently with bus-coupler in-between off or one transformer share the full load keeping the other one idle. I
particular section of which transformers goes down affects while the healthy one remains intact, but transformers opera
their capacity which affects efficiency. In second case efficiency is good, but when the operating transformer goes down
(whole panel voltage) goes down before the second transformer comes in line and take the load. Second concern is tha
kept idle for long outdoor as per transformer storage/handling instruction. Third one is the whole logic (two incomer one
revamped which is a tedious as well as tenacious job.

Occupancy sensors are already in use in some office buildings in Pata plant. Those were installed in office some rooms o
department as a sample survey. It is observed that during non-movement activities like studying, lights get switched of
movements it again gets on. This is the major drawback of occupancy sensor. Also frequently on/off may cause fusing o

Incomplete question
A strip of land usually 20-30m wide containing the underground pipeline and usual appurtenances such as pipeline Sect
known as Pipeline ROU (Right of Use).The ROU i) Enables personnel to gain access for Pipeline patrolling, inspection, ma
emergencies. ii) Maintains an unobstructed view for frequent aerial surveillance.

Surge Limit is the Minimum Flow Point (in the compressor characteristic curve) below which the compressor operation b
flow-rate is reduced, the pressure developed by the compressor decreases. Then, the pressure in the discharge line bec
gas flows back into the compressor. As soon as the pressure in the discharge line drops to below that developed by the
again flows in the discharge line. Then, the cycle repeats. The oscillating pressure and flow rate will cause audible vibra
could damage the compressor blades, seals, and other components. Therefore, the compressor requires an anti surge c
the flow rate at a minimum point, safely away from the surge limit.

A Knock-out-drum/Scrubber is a vertical vessel into which a liquid and gas mixture is fed and wherein the liquid and hea
particles/debris is separated by gravity, falls to the bottom of the vessel, and is withdrawn. The gas travels upward at a
minimizes the entrainment of any liquid droplets in the gas as it exits the top of the vessel. The drum should have a gas
liquid outlet at the bottom, and feed inlet at somewhat above the half-full level. At the gas outlet, a de-entraining mesh
the drum such that the gas must pass through that mesh before it can leave the drum.

The intent of the AC Current Attenuation Test survey is to qualitatively rank current characteristics and pipeline sections
defects. The Pipeline Current Mapper (PCM) used to conduct this survey utilizes a low frequency 4 Hz signal current to m
attenuation characteristics as well as pipeline faults to other buried metallic structures. The signal current is placed on t
a transmitter to the pipeline, typically at a rectifier. The attenuation of the current is measured and charted over the len
(i) The difference between ROTARY PUMPS & CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS. Rotary Pumps – These are Positive displacement pu
transferring / handling a constant volume of fluid between rotating and stationary components inside the pump casing.
pumps use mechanical energy to pump the fluid . Rotary pumps are primarily use for high viscous fluids and where low
needs to be transferred. Centrifugal Pumps - Centrifugal pumps use kinetic energy for pumping fluid . Basically it impar
the fluid, which is converted to pressure energy upon exiting the pump casing. Variable and high flow can be achieved w
(ii) Gear , Lobe , screw , etc fall under category of Rotary pumps.

For achieving excellent MoU target of unaccounted natural gas, we will have to plug all the reasons of leakage and pilfer
metering system must be procured, installed, maintained and operated as per best engineering practice

For vacuum protection, the vessel is provided with RD (also called VRV in some cases). For maintaining the pressure, th
with PRV. However, to tackle the over pressurisation (in case), it is suggested to provide the PSV. Detailed HAZOP Anal
(can also be carried out at unit level) would also suggest such measures.

We can safely use SV lamp

IN ZIEGLER NATTA CAT SYSTEM TEAL ACTS AS COCATALYST. IT REACTS WITH THE MAIN CATALYST(TRANSITION MET
INTERMEDIATE CHAIN LIKE STRUCTURE. WHICH ACTUALLY CATALYSES TO POLYMERISE THE MONOMERS(OLEFINS). G
ALUMINIUM(TEAL) IS USED AS CO CATALYST BUT OTHER ORGANIC ALUMINIUM COORDINATED COMPOUND ARE ALSO
SAME PURPOSE EXAMPLE TRI NORMAL OCTYL ALUMINIUM(TNOA) ETC..

Resudial cat is drained in drums, then hermetically sealed drum disposed off for further treatment.

There is no such guideline. However, OISD norms with regards to source of ignition and station vent is to be kept into c
refer API 500C)

In case the carrier gas flow is increased, the seperation of peaks will reduce. This would help in reducing the total cycle
analysis. However if the carrier gas pressure is increased further it may render difficulty in peak detection in some of th
are very near to each other in the gas chromatogram.
Yes, the same can be done, now a better option still is available : LED lights.
The essaence of CP system is to ensure that pipe is always at negative potential with respect to soil , so that current do
to soil and thus cause corrosion. In case of high voltage lines being in close proximity , induced voltage is produced in p
positive half cycle of this induced voltage , pipe will become positive to soil , if amplitude of induced voltage is more tha
due to CP system . Besides , if accidently fault takes place in power line and conductor gets grounded after breaking , it
pipeline with a very high voltage in transient state. To protect the pipeline from these two risks , RCC slabs with HDPE s
are used.
PURPOSE : To protect the axial compressor against stalling & surging during acceleration & deceleration . CLOSE: Norm
95% OF TNH
A gas chromatograph is a chemical analysis instrument for separating chemicals in a complex sample. A gas chromatog
through narrow tube known as the column, through which different chemical constituents of a sample pass in a gas stre
mobile phase) at different rates depending on their various chemical and physical properties and their interaction with a
filling, called the stationary phase. As the chemicals exit the end of the column, they are detected and identified electro
the stationary phase in the column is to separate different components, causing each one to exit the column at a differe
time). Other parameters that can be used to alter the order or time of retention are the carrier gas flow rate, and the te
There are mainly four types of mainline transmission valves: i) Gate Valve ii) Ball Valve iii) Plug Valve iv) Check Valve A
control, limit and/or relief of pressure and flow are: i) Globe Valve ii) Relief Valve iii) Control Valve
Radiography is a non-destructive (NDT) method of checking the quality of the welding joints in gas pipeline, rather we c
welded joint". All the welded joints are invariably radio graphed for welding fault detection (if any).
Corrosion coupons are the most widely used form of corrosion measurement and monitoring today. Each corrosion coup
the manufacturer to an accuracy of four decimal places. They are usually left in the pipeline for duration of one month t
then removed and sent to an independent laboratory for analysis. Longer or shorter test intervals may apply. The coupo
photographed as received, cleaned of any attached debris and deposits, visually inspected, dried and re-weighed, and th
again to show surface conditions. The corrosion rate of the coupon in mils per year can then be estimated based upon t
lost over its time in service.
LPG is a volatile liquid and remains in vapor state at ambient condition therefore it is stored in liquid phase in pressure v
pressure at ambient temperature. The storages normally used for storing LPG are as under a) Above ground Bullets b) H
Mounded storage

SPECIAL ALUMINIUM suit is the prescribed PPE for handling TEAL.

We already have Following meters used for custody transfer metering : 1. Turbine meter 2. Orifice Meters 3. Rotary me
meters. These metering methodologies have distinct advantages/disadvantages and accordingly they are selected for m
we have Meter prover system available in GAIL and other third party organisations for proving of these meters. Coriolis
provide any additional advantage which is not covered through above mentioned variety of meters. However at certain
meters are used for internal reconciliation purposes. In CNG Dispensers, mostly Coriolis Flow Meters are used in custody
Though the accuracy of flow measurement is comparable or even better than Ultrasonic Flow Meters but the disadvanta
are (i) low flow range & (ii) much higher pressure drop for higher accuracy of measurement. Hence its use is ideal to hig
measurement like in CNG Dispensers. However, in Australia, Coriolis Meters are being used in large numbers for norma
application of natural gas.

Line compressor stations on cross country gas line compensate for the reduction of pressure in a pipeline and maintain
pressure and flow. The positioning and capacity of compressor station is determined by compression ratio and power ou
compressor stations depend on the capacity and techno economical indexes of the compressor installations and the ove
When designing its system, a pipeline companies tries to optimize hydraulic efficiency through pipeline routing, pipeline
operating pressure selections, and tries to optimize thermal efficiency and compressor efficiency through its compressor
selections/positioning including the engines, turbines, that power the compressors.

Hazardous areas are classified in to zone0, zone1 and zone2. Zone-0: Explosive atmosphere exists all the time. Zone-1:
atmosphere is likely to occur at any instant of time. Zone-2: Explosive atmosphere is not likely to occur under normal o

Depending upon the source, types & contents of undesirable components present in the natural gas are • Acid compone
COS which cause corrosion/pollution or solid CO2 formation at low temperature encountered during processing of gas •
result in blockage due to ice/hydrate formation and pipeline corrosion. • Heavy Hydrocarbons which condense in pipelin
pressure drop. • Traces of heavy metals e.g. Mercury, Vanadium, Metals (Rarely Present)

The principle of cathodic protection is in connecting an external anode to the metal (pipeline) to be protected and the pa
DC current so that all areas of the metal (pipeline) surface become cathodic and therefore do not corrode. The external
galvanic anode, where the current is a result of the potential difference between the two metals, or it may be an impres
where the current is impressed from an external DC power source. In electro-chemical terms, the electrical potential be
(pipeline) and the electrolyte solution with which it is in contact is made more negative, by the supply of negative charg
value at which the corroding (anodic) reactions are stifled and only cathodic reactions can take place.

The key component to the simple centrifugal compressor is the diffuser. Downstream of the impeller in the flow path, it
responsibility to convert the kinetic energy (high velocity) of the gas into pressure by gradually slowing (diffusing) the g
can be vane less, vaned or an alternating combination.

Cavitation :A pump is cavitating if knocking noises and vibrations can be heard when it is operating. Other signs may be
consumption and fluctuations or reductions in pump output.If one continues to operate the pump when it is cavitating, i
Cause :The term ‘cavitation' comes from the Latin word cavus, which means a hollow space or a cavity. In discussion on
terms like vapor pockets, holes, bubbles, etc. are used in place of the term cavities. These are one and the same thing.
be used hereafter in the discussion.In centrifugal pumps, the term cavitation implies a dynamic process of formation of
liquid, their growth and subsequent collapse as the liquid flows through the pump.These bubbles are formed at a point i
the local static pressure is less than the vapor pressure of the liquid (vaporous cavitation) or saturation pressure of the
cavitation).These bubbles collapse violently as they move to areas of higher pressure creating the noise and vibration fr
pressure required to operate a pump without causing cavitation is called net positive suction head (NPSH). Therefore th
available ( NPSHA ) at the pump inlet should exceed the NPSH required (NPSHR) . Starvation:Starvation is restricting th
the pump. Cause :This can be caused by undersized lines, too many elbows and fittings, clogged inlet filters etc.
In solution phase whole polymer is in solution phase as the name suggests. Hence temperature and press. are higher(>
gas phase there are two phases solid and gas, though operate at lower temp and press(22 barg, 90 C), the operation is
grade is cumbersome.

You may verify with the documents and the design data available locally for the Fr-3 & Fr-1 machines available at Vijaip
understood that the internal surge-protection mechanism available for Fr-3 machines (may be in between 6/7/8 stages
compressor). You may also seek guidance from Seniors available at site (Mr. V. K. Pal or Mr. R. Tudu), alternatively.

Pumps are for increasing the head of ‘non-compressible fluids’ and compressors are for increasing the head of ‘compres
Accordingly, ‘surging’ is phenomenon seen in compressors, which can be equated with that of ‘cavitation’ in pumps. Also
are driven at constant & a speed of 1480 or 2900 rpm (can be termed as slow speed) which delivers constant volumetri
Centrifugal compressors which generally runs at much higher speeds with varying loads and always prone to surge. Pum
subjected to ‘Cavitation’ due to the following: (a) Air pocketing in suction side of pump or vortexing effect at impeller en
taken care by providing suitable venting arrangement in suction side pipe & vortex breaker at the inlet side. (b) In the d
centrifugal pump is operated at a very low flow rate, recirculation occurs within the impeller, and it surges at the natura
system. As the control valve or isolation valve is moved away from the pump, there is a decrease in the frequency and
amplitude of the pressure waves. The greater distance between the valve and pump, the lower the frequency of this osc
greater the magnitude of the pressure pulsations. The preferred throttle valve/ discharge valve location will always be c
discharge flange in order to minimize the potential and the effects of flow surging. To counter the ‘surging’ or ‘cavitation
pumps, minimum flow circulation lines (similar to anti-surge lines in compressors) are installed. Similarly, the seal flush
discharge side of pump takes care after cooling the mechanical seal and entering into the suction side of pump.

There are four techniques available for the purpose as follows: 1. Profile Radography: This technique uses Co-60/Ir 192
detecting corrosion under insulation. In this comparative block is used for comparing the standard wall thickness agains
this method is useful for smaller pipe ID (say up to 10") 2. Neutron Back scatter method: This is use large group of neu
refraction of number of neutrons, the thickness / corrosion can be detected. This method is only useful in wet insulation
Infrared source scanning method: This is only detect damp spot which will only give probable location of corrosion but i
checked by opening the insulation again. 4. Real film radiography / Real time X-ray: This method uses CRT (monitor) al
radioactive source and detect the corrosion very easily. This method is more proven, safe & very fast to execute. Also m
literature is available at different sources, including intranet, for any further details.

Max Temp is 55 Deg Centigrade

The details of the CFZ process of Exxon-Mobil can be viewed from the Web. As per the information available on the CFZ
can be well applied to the gas which contain large amounts of CO2. However, ONGC's Hazira Terminal removes H2S as
piepline quality gas. By not removing the CO2 at Hazira, the CO2 present in the gas is supplied to some fertilizer plants
CO2 present in the gas is gainfully utilised. As the CO2 present in the HVJ / South bassien gas is in moderate to low qua
this suggestion appear to be un-attractive (also due to CO2 injection in wells which are quite far from the onshore). Also
processes avilable for removal of considerable CO2 from gas are (i) Membrane process & (ii) PSA separation. However,
techno-economic anaysis can be sought from Corporate PD Group.

DGM (Civil) of GAIL (Pata) may be contacted for technical querries.

incomplete question
The basic difference between system and equipment grounding is that system grounding involves grounding circuit cond
current carrying under normal operation, where equipment grounding involves grounding of all non-current carrying me
enclose the circuit conductors. A grounding electrode or several grounding electrodes tied together as a system provide
and the means for connection to earth.
Pigging refers to the practice of using pipeline inspection gauges or 'pigs' to perform various operations on a pipeline wi
flow of the product in the pipeline. These operations include but are not limited to cleaning and inspecting of the pipelin
accomplished by inserting the pig into a 'pig launcher' (or 'launching station') - a funnel shaped Y section in the pipeline
launching station is then closed and the pressure of the Gas / LPG in the pipeline is used to push it along down the pipe
receiving trap - the 'pig catcher' (or receiving station). Modern intelligent pigs are highly sophisticated instruments that
and complexity by the intended use and by manufacturer. An intelligent pig, or smart pig, is basically a computer that c
of data during the trip through the pipeline.

No separate earthing is required for electrical and instrumentation systems. Instrumentation earth electrode to be bond
earth electrode if separate earthings are used for these systems.
Before replacing Anode flex cable, please check the protection level of Mound storage tank. If MST remains in protection
disconnecting the Anode Flex, then repair the anode flex cable by approved jointing kit .For further clarification please r
SP 0169.

As per the answer to Q.No.7, "No separate earthing is required for electrical and instrumentation systems. Instrumentat
be bonded with the source earth electrode if separate earthings are used for these systems", which is based on the Inte
as NEC, IEC, IEEE. Also, ABB's Plant Engineering document supports this. However, As per OISD Std-226 (Natural Gas T
& city distribution networks), separate eathing grid shall be provided for instrumentation and electrical power (which ap
reference, as the standard is applicable for another subject matter). Based on the engineering codes applicability for a p
particular code is to be followed in totality, rather than on a piecemeal basis. As per the given design, the Vendor or the
Consultant will be in a better position to clarify any particular issue.

The discharge in open is also in vogue in some parts of the world in similar case. The avoidance of the required piping f
leads to better chance of viability of the project. But this must conform to the extant norm of emission. However in our
OISD audit recommendation the said PSVs are to be connected to the Flare.

only method is to avoid sulphur at the source end

Technically it is possible to fractionate NGL obtained at the unit at Usar itself. However, the NGL can also be transported
transportation has to be done in pressurised tankers (just like in the case of LPG). However, for providing proper unload
respective units (at Gandhar/Vaghodia) & transportation in pressurised tankers, prima facie, will render this proposition
attractive. However, for detailed techno-commercial analysis this can be referred to PD group at Corportae Office, if nee

Solution phase polymerisation from M/s Nova is probably the last remnant of the primitive polymer production processe
polymer was made in reactor at high press (as high as 2000bar) and high temp. In those processes polymer and catalys
physically afterwards. But with the advent of stereospecific and high yielding catalyst the temp and pressure has been r
separation of catalyst for polymer altogether has been omittted. Nova process is standing intermediate between these t
to this process: hence with the increase of residence time not much reduction of catalyst is possible. But with improvise
catalyst residue can not only be reduced but the separation of catalyst by chelation, as in NOVA can be wholly abolished

It may cause interference making one Pipeline anode with respect to other and result cause in leakage

The Direct Current Voltage Gradient (DCVG) is a technique for coating surveys on buried pipelines. It has been used for
also sizing coating defects. The technique is fundamentally based on measuring the voltage gradients in the soil above a
protected pipeline. A distinctive feature of this technique is that even small defects can be located accurately, with a cla
about 10 cm (4 inches).

An ultrasonic flow meter is a type of flow meter that measures the velocity of a gas by using the principle of ultrasound.
transducers, the flow meter can measure the average velocity along the path of an emitted beam of ultrasound, by aver
in measured transit time between the pulses of ultrasound propagating into and against the direction of the flow. Ultras
affected by the temperature, density and viscosity of the flowing medium. These meters have very high accuracy and tu
turbine flow meter translates the mechanical action of the turbine rotating in the liquid/gas flow around an axis into a u
flow .The turbine tends to have all the flow traveling around it. The turbine wheel is set in the path of a gas stream. The
on the turbine blades, imparting a force to the blade surface and setting the rotor in motion. When a steady rotation spe
the speed is proportional to gas velocity. These meters have very high accuracy.

In GAIL, LPG is being produced from Natural Gas using turbo expansion which is a cryogenic process. Some moisture co
natural gas. In the event of any slippage of moisture from the Molecular Sieve drier, there is possibility of hydrate forma
the pipeline blocking the flow. To avoid hydrate formation, methanol is injected as anti-freezing agent.

Hazardous areas are classified in to zone0, zone1 and zone2. Zone-0: Explosive atmosphere exists all the time. Zone-1:
atmosphere is likely to occur at any instant of time. Zone-2: Explosive atmosphere is not likely to occur under normal o
It works on the simple principal of alternator whose A.C. output is converted into D.C. by using rectifier. The motive flui
and drives the turbine to generate electricity. After passing through the turbine it cooled in condensor to form liquid and
lubrication to the moving parts of CCVT before returning to the main tank.
The pipes are required to be inspected for integrity i.e. for wall thickness loss intermittently. Typically anything with mo
wall thickness loss is generally considered due for replacement. It depends on plant asset life expectancy also and there
to establish the mean average attrition (wear) rate (erosion or corrosion), over the plant items life span to date. Thouro
pipe walls is important to ensure an accurate reading. For tankages, you may refer API 650/653 for 'Retiring thickness c
you may refer the relevant design standards (for pipes & piping: ASME B 31.3 or ASME Sec VIII for pressure vessels etc
thickness estimations.
Refer ASME B31.8
Following are the meters primarily used for gas measurement in GAIL: 1. Turbine meter 2. Orifice meter 3. Ultrasonic m
meter 5. RPD meter The criteria for choosing a meter depends many factors. Some of the main factors are enumerated
Rangeability 3. Installation cost 4. Reliability 5. Size of installation / amount of gas to be measured 6. Availability of pow
link and other utilities Details of major components of meters, flow computers and EVCs are different depending on the
number of the instrument.

The neutral connection of UPS should be as per the vendor's/ Manufactures recommendation and it is not mandatory to
the neutral of UPS is in flating mode.

Generally, DCP (Dry Chemical Powder) and CO2 type fire extinguishers are used. In DCP type extinguisher, a powder ba
extinguishes fire by separating the four parts of fire tetrahedron. It prevents the chemical reaction between heat, fuel a
the production of fire sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire. In CO2 type extinguisher, the clean gaseous
oxygen and extinguishes fire is co2.
Close Interval Potential Logging Survey (CIPL) surveys are used to identify the levels of protection that exist along pipe
accepted by the industry that point measurements only at test posts are insufficient to judge the overall condition of the
this problem and get a clear overview of the total protected length of the pipeline, a trailing wire is pulled from the near
potentials are taken at typically 1.5-metre interval along the entire length of the pipeline.

Centrifugal compressors use a rotating disk or impeller in a shaped housing to force the gas to the rim of the impeller, i
of the gas. A diffuser (divergent duct) section converts the velocity energy to pressure energy. These Compressors are
low compression ratio applications. Reciprocating compressors use pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at hig
be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combust
Compressors are used for low flow and high compression ratio applications.

There are primarily 2 points. 1. Normally APCs have been successful in enhancing the performance of the distillation col
LLDPE plant may be considered for Hexane recovery section. 2. Another prospective area for APC implementation in pol
APC to reduce the grade transition periods. What we tend to do with APCs is not to go for fastest times but to do the tra
efficiently each time.

There is no limitation in multiple stream measurement in a single flow computer for natural gas measurement. However
selected per stream due to startegic consideration for providing redundancy in flow measurement.

Gap is being maintained for the maintenance of pipeline only. It does not have any bearing /effect on the CP system of

The main advamtage is lower press and temperature of operation. pointwise reply 1.Lenthier than nova 2 grade change
some grades(especially from LLDPE to HDPE) 3. Bigger than nova 4) More than Nova 5)Question not clear

As per the feedback provided by the manufacturers of the oils (IOCL), the lubricating oils can be mixed for topping up, a
specifications (grades) remain same. However, intermixing of different types (like synthetic or petroleum based) of oils
for topping up. If the mixing is to be done for ‘the major portion of the oil’ or ‘for replacement of oil’, it depends on the
as per the OEM recommendations. In your case, if OEM recommends a particular point, it is better to deliberate the pro
OEM itself for a meaningful solution.
The drop in pressure at a downstream consumer(s) due to upstream tripping of compressure station is a natural phenom
hydraulics. Due to loss of line pack the corresponding pressure drop will be felt at the downstream consumer(s) even af
have been started and fully loaded and the profile would change depending on the duration of outage and distance/flow
from some other factors such as upstram pressure, gas composition, pipe dia, roughness of the internal surface, loss of
intermediate stations etc.

The European made turbine and rotary meters are usually standardized using G-rating for maximum capacity of each co
The relation between G-rating and maximum capacity (Qmax) is: Qmax = 1.6 x G-rating.

These corrosion coupons are located at Hazira/Dahej/Jhabua and Vijaipur. We are requesting them to provide you the d
intelligent pigging data of HBJ indicates that the internal corrosion has been negligible and so less in magnitude that MF
detect

There are varieties of odorants available viz. thiols (mercaptans/R-S-H group), Sulfides (DMDS etc./R-S-R group). Base
requirements (odour type, volatility, oxidation properties, soil penetration, freezing point etc.), they are used as odoran
gas applications. As per the Standard practices, mercaptan is used as ordorant in LPG. Due to limited/ NIL moisture con
application requirements, mercaptan is used within the specified limits. However, similar sulfur content in natural gas pi
in association with that of the dryness of the gas. Accordingly, the applications of odorants in LPG/gas pipelines is differ
a brief paper tileled 'Definitions and objectives of odorants' is sent to the originator of the question to give more clarity.

The calculations of Atmospheric pressure based on height of the place above sea level are very approximate estimate. Y
atmospheric pressure is the measure of force applied / weight of the atmospheric column of one unit area of cross secti
it is being measured. It varies according to ambient temperature, pressure gradient, water/moisture molecules present
it varies almost every hour of the day. One more important factor has to be kept in mind that whether the supplier has
atmospheric pressure value.

Books Purchasing mentioned in querry is under progress.