VAPA Curriculum

REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
Secondary Education Modernization Programme
SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM

Forms 1–3
Visual and Performing Arts
Curriculum Planning and Development Division, Ministry of Education

September 2008
© Ministry of Education
Published in 2008 by the

Curriculum Planning and Development Division
Ministry of Education
Rudranath Capildeo Learning Resource Centre
Mc Bean, Couva
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
ISBN:
Printed by
Table of Contents
Minister’s Foreword iii

A Note to Teachers v
Acknowledgements vii
Part 1: The National Curriculum for Forms 1–3

Background 1
The Curriculum Design and Development Process 3
Curriculum Underpinnings 5
Education Policies That Impact on the Curriculum 6
Essential Learning Outcomes 8
The Core Curriculum Subjects 12
Language Across the Curriculum 13
Curriculum Implementation 14
References 17
Part 2: The Visual and Performing Arts Curriculum

A Vision for Visual and Performing Arts Education 21
Rationale for Teaching the Visual and Performing Arts 22
The Visual and Performing Arts Programme 24
Framework of the Visual and Performing Arts Curriculum 27
General Outcomes for the Visual and Performing Arts Curriculum 30
Visual Arts
Internal Organizers 33
Specific Learning Outcomes in the Visual Arts 34
The Programme: Content Organization 35
The Visual Arts: Connections to the Core Curriculum 36
The Visual Arts: Connections to Other Visual and Performing Arts Disciplines 38
Criteria for Assessing Visual Art Work 39
Visual Arts: Course Outline 41
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Drama
Specific Learning Outcomes in Drama 68
Drama: Connections to the Core Curriculum 71
Drama: Connections to Other Visual and Performing Arts Disciplines 73
Drama: Course Outline 75
Music
Specific Learning Outcomes in Music 134
Music: Connections to the Core Curriculum 138
Music: Connections to Other Visual and Performing Arts Disciplines 140
Music: Course Outline 141
Dance
Specific Learning Outcomes in Dance 160
Dance: Connections to the Core Curriculum 163
Dance: Connections to Other Visual and Performing Arts Disciplines 165
Dance: Content 167
Dance: Course Outline 172
Part 3: Glossary
Glossary of Key Terms in the Visual Arts 181
Glossary of Key Terms in Drama 185
Glossary of Key Terms in Music 193
Glossary of Key Terms in Dance 201
Part 4: Resources for the Visual and Performing Arts

Bibliography 209
Associations and Organizations 215
ii
Minister’s Foreword
The Government of Trinidad and Tobago, in its Vision 2020 Draft National Strategic
Plan, has articulated a vision of “a united, resilient, productive, innovative, and
prosperous nation with a disciplined, caring, fun-loving society comprising healthy,
happy and well-educated people and built on the enduring attributes of self reliance,
respect, tolerance, equity and integrity” (p. 9). Five developmental pillars have been
identified to achieve this goal:
Developing Innovative People
Nurturing a Caring Society
Governing Effectively
Enabling Competitive Business
Investing in Sound Infrastructure and Environment
The Ministry of Education is one Ministry that is expected to play a pivotal role in
developing innovative people. We therefore accept as one of our primary responsibilities,
the establishment of an education system that will nurture imaginative, innovative, and
eager learners. It must also facilitate the seamless progression of learners from early
childhood education up to the tertiary level. Graduates of the system must emerge as
creative, committed, and enterprising citizens who are prepared intellectually, and who
have the will to become global leaders.
A critical contributor to this process is the national curriculum. These Curriculum Guides
represent the core subjects of the national curriculum at the lower secondary level. They
describe the formal content and process by which students at this level will gain the
knowledge and skills that contribute to the achievement of our national goals. We expect
that teachers will use these Guides to implement a school curriculum that is diversified,
relevant, and of high quality, meeting the varied learning needs, interests, and abilities of
all students. We expect, too, that students will be taught in ways that suit their own
learning preferences. The curriculum will also connect them to their national heritage,
help them to understand the issues facing their world today, and prepare them to meet the
challenges and opportunities of the future.
On behalf of the entire education community, I congratulate and thank all those
educators—curriculum personnel, teachers, editors, and others—who have worked
together over the eight years of development and revision to produce these Curriculum
Guides for secondary schools. The nation owes you a debt of gratitude. I urge you to
continue to be shining lights in your communities as we move forward together to
achieve our goals.
Esther Le Gendre
Honourable Minister of Education
iii
A Note to Teachers
These Curriculum Guides have been developed by educators, including practising
teachers, for teachers. They are intended to assist you to prepare students to meet the
rapidly changing demands of life in the 21st century, while ensuring that they acquire the
core of general knowledge and experience essential for later education and employment.
The new curriculum that they represent is designed to guide the adoption of a more
student-centred approach to instruction, and the provision of learning opportunities that
are relevant to today’s students and inclusive of varied learning needs and interests.
Since the beginning of the curriculum development process, we have seen profound
changes in the use of technology in education and there is no doubt that similar shifts will
take place in the coming years. The challenge for us as educators is to find ways to make
our approach to teaching flexible, progressive, and responsive, so that we embrace and
motivate change where it benefits learners. This entails becoming lifelong learners
ourselves and creating environments that provide necessary community support and
foster professional development.
The Guides embody the culmination of seven years of development and revision activity.
The national curriculum will, however, be regularly reviewed to ensure that it continues
to meet the needs of all students and matches the goals of society. Your input in this
process is vital and we welcome and encourage your ongoing feedback.
Instructional decisions must be based on sound, contemporary educational theory,

practice, and research. These documents will serve as important guides for the
development of instructional programmes to be implemented at the school and classroom
levels. They are organized in several parts. Part 1 is common to all and provides the
general philosophy and aims in which every subject is anchored. Part 2 is specific to each
subject and includes specific outcomes and sample activities and strategies that may be
used to achieve them. The rest of the document is designed to suit the particular needs of
each subject area. All the Guides include suggested assessment strategies and
recommended resources.
We in the Curriculum Planning and Development Division are confident that the new
National Curriculum Guides for Forms 1–3 will contribute significantly to enhanced
teaching and learning experiences in our secondary schools and, consequently, the
achievement of personal learning and national educational goals.
Sharon Douglass Mangroo

Director of Curriculum Development
August 2008
v
Acknowledgements
The Ministry of Education wishes to express its sincere appreciation to all those who
contributed to the curriculum development and revision processes from 2000 to the
present.
• The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and its staff

• The staff of the Coordinating Unit of the Secondary Education Modernization
Programme (SEMPCU), past and present, provided technical assistance and planned,
organized, and conducted the various exercises over the years. They include Mr.
Maurice Chin Aleong, Mr. Lloyd Pujadas, Mr. Arnott West, Dr. Stephen Joseph, Ms.
Patricia Sealey, Ms. Renee Figuera, and Ms. Roslyn Elias.
• Mrs Sharon Douglass Mangroo, Director of Curriculum Development, led the
curriculum development sub-component and coordinated the curriculum development
and revision activities.
• Dr. Robert Sargent guided the early curriculum development process.
• The principals of the pilot schools generously contributed teachers and participated in
regular meetings to provide valuable feedback on field tests.
• The principals of non-pilot schools kindly released teachers to take part in writing
activities.
• The staff of the School Libraries Division actively joined in workshops, facilitated
research, and contributed to the infusion of information technology into the
curriculum.
• Editors, past and present: Ms. Avril Ross, Ms. Lynda Quamina-Aiyejina, and Ms.
Patricia Worrell devoted time, energy, and knowledge to editing the several versions
of the documents.
• The Administrative staff of the Curriculum Development Division spent long hours
typing and retyping the documents.
• Officers of the Divisions of Educational Services, Schools Supervision, Student
Support Services, and Educational Research and Evaluation provided support as
needed.
• Teachers throughout the secondary school system responded to requests for
comments and other forms of feedback.
• The Curriculum Officers and members of the Curriculum Writing Teams brought
their knowledge, skills and practical experiences of teaching and learning to the
curriculum development workshops and skilfully synthesized all to produce these
documents.
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Members of the VAPA Curriculum Revision Team
Names Subjects School/Institution

Mrs. Sherry Ann Asson-
Music Waterloo High School
Wilson
Mrs. Cheryl Davis Visual Arts Cunupia High School
Ms. Cindy Lou Edwards Drama Roxborough Composite School
Mrs. Joanna Francis Dance Barataria Senior Comprehensive

School
Mr. Dennis Frederick Visual Arts Fyzabad Composite School
Ms. Cherry Ann Glod Drama La Romaine High School
Mrs. Beverley Hinds-

Dance Naparima Girls’ High School
George
Mrs. Allison Seepaul Dance Tranquillity Government

Secondary
Mr. Glen Worrell Music Barataria Senior Comprehensive

School
Visual and Performing
Curriculum Coordinator
Dr. Merle Baker Arts, Language Arts,
Curriculum Development Division
Modern Studies
Ms. Patricia Elder Music Curriculum Officer
Curriculum Development Division
The Drama and Visual Arts components of this document were further reviewed by the
following persons:
Ms. Saira Dhanoo Drama Debe High School
Ms. Iezora Edwards Drama Cowen Hamilton Secondary

School
viii
Mr. Andy Jacob Visual Arts Tranquillity Government
Secondary
Ms. Alison Mykoo Visual Arts Naparima Girls’ High School
Ms. Charmaine Rahaman Visual Arts Naparima Girls’ High School
Mr. Victor Edwards Drama Curriculum Officer
Mr. Shastri Maharaj Visual Arts Curriculum Officer
ix
Background
From the Ministry of Education’s Corporate Plan 2008–2012 (p. 4)
The Government of Trinidad and Tobago, in its Vision 2020 Draft National Strategic
Plan, has articulated a vision of “a united, resilient, productive, innovative, and
prosperous nation with a disciplined, caring, fun-loving society comprising healthy,
happy and well-educated people and built on the enduring attributes of self reliance,
respect, tolerance, equity and integrity…”
Towards the achievement of this Vision, the Government has articulated five
developmental pillars:
Developing Innovative People
Nurturing a Caring Society
Governing Effectively
Enabling Competitive Business
Investing in Sound Infrastructure and Environment
The Ministry of Education has been identified as one of the champions for developing
innovative people. Central to the realization of this pillar is “A highly skilled, well-
educated people aspiring to a local culture of excellence that is driven by equal access to
learning opportunities.”
In conjunction with other key ministries, the Ministry of Education has been charged with
the realization of the following goals:
The people of Trinidad and Tobago will be well known for excellence in
innovation.
Trinidad and Tobago will have a seamless, self-renewing, high-quality education
system.
A highly skilled, talented and knowledgeable workforce will stimulate innovation
driven growth and development.
The richness of our diverse culture will serve as a powerful engine to inspire
innovation and creativity.
…Nationally, the reform of the education system is driven by several local,

regional and international perspectives. We are committed to a seamless, self-
renewing, high-quality education system underpinned by a National Model for
Education. This National Model has three (3) foci as follows:
i. To ensure an alignment of the education system to government’s strategic

plan Vision 2020 which mandates that the education system produces caring
and innovative citizens
1
ii. To ensure that the education system produces citizens with a sense of
democracy, respect for the rights of others and elders and with the ability to
contribute meaningfully to the social and economic development of the
country
iii. To build a strong sense of nationalism and patriotism in our citizens. (p. 7)
The Secondary Curriculum
In its commitment to comprehensive reform and expansion of the secondary school

system, the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, in 1996, adopted the
report of the National Task Force on Education as educational policy. The specific
recommendations for the improvement of secondary education led to discussions with
the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) for loan funding arrangements for a
programme, the Secondary Education Modernization Programme (SEMP), to modernize
secondary education in Trinidad and Tobago. One of the intended outcomes of this
programme was improved educational equity and quality.
The curriculum guides produced for Forms 1–3 in eight subject areas are among the
products and contribute to this outcome.
2
The Curriculum Design and Development Process
In order to achieve the outcomes defined by the underpinning philosophy and goals, the
Curriculum Development Division of the Ministry of Education embarked on a design
and development programme consonant with accepted approaches to curriculum change
and innovation.
Curriculum Design
This curriculum displays a learner-centred design. Its philosophical assumptions are

mainly constructivist. Its major orientation is to curriculum as self-actualization. The
curriculum is student-centred and growth oriented. It seeks to provide personally
satisfying experiences for each student. As the student moves from one level to another,
activities also expand to allow new insights and approaches to dealing with and
integrating new knowledge.
Curriculum Development
The first stage of the curriculum development process consisted of consultations with
stakeholders from a cross-section of the national community. Consultations were held
with primary and secondary school teachers; principals; members of denominational
school boards; members of the business community; the executive of the Trinidad and
Tobago Unified Teachers’ Association (TTUTA); representatives from The University of
the West Indies (UWI), John S. Donaldson Technical Institute, San Fernando Technical
Institute, Valsayn Teachers’ College, and Caribbean Union College; parents; librarians;
guidance counsellors; students; curriculum officers; and school supervisors. These
consultations focussed on the philosophy, goals, and learning outcomes of education.
The result of these consultations was agreement on:

the concept of a “core,” that is, essential learning outcomes consisting of skills,
knowledge, attitudes, and values that students must acquire at the end of five years
of secondary schooling;
the eight subjects to form the core;
the desirable outcomes of secondary school education in Trinidad and Tobago.
In Stage 2 of the process, the officers of the Curriculum Development Division studied
the reports of the consultations, the Education Policy Paper, the reports of the
Curriculum Task Force and the Task Force for Removal of Common Entrance, as well
as newspaper articles and letters to the editor on education during the preceding five
years. The School Libraries Division and the Division of School Supervision assisted the
Curriculum Development Division in this task. The result of the study was the
identification and articulation of a set of desirable outcomes and essential exit
3
competencies to be possessed by all students on leaving school. All learning
opportunities, all teaching and learning strategies, and all instructional plans are to
contribute to the realization of these outcomes and competencies.
At Stage 3, 10 existing schools were identified to pilot the new curriculum. Teachers
from eight subject areas were drawn from these schools to form curriculum writing teams
for each subject. Teachers with specific subject or curriculum development skills from
other schools were also included in the teams. The outputs of this phase included learning
outcomes specific to each subject that contribute to the fulfilment of the national
outcomes; subject content; and teaching, learning, and assessment strategies to support
the outcomes.
The draft curriculum guides for Forms 1 and 2 were approved by Cabinet for
introduction into schools on a phased basis in September 2003. The draft guides for
Form 3 were completed and introduced in the following year. Introduction of the new
guides was accompanied by professional development and training for principals and
teachers. The Ministry also began to supply new and/or upgraded facilities for teaching
and learning, and educational technology. At the same time, work began on a new
assessment and certification system.
Curriculum Revision
As implementation proceeded, feedback was sought by the Curriculum Development

Division through school visits, workshops, and reviews by UWI lecturers and other
stakeholders. In 2007, a survey was conducted among teachers, followed by focus group
meetings, in order to concretize feedback before embarking on the revision process. As
in the original curriculum development exercise, revision—the final stage—was carried
out by teams of practising teachers led by officers of the Curriculum Development
Division.
4
Curriculum Underpinnings
The national curriculum has been informed by a wealth of available curriculum theories
and processes.
The major forces that influence and shape the organization and content of the curriculum
include:
1. Educational philosophy and understandings about the nature of knowledge
2. Society and culture
3. The learner and learning process
4. Learning theories
5. The nature and structure of subject matter to be learned
Thus, these areas represent the foundation on which the national curriculum is built. The
philosophical concerns and educational goals that shaped the curriculum also formed the
basis for the dialogue with stakeholders in which the Curriculum Development Division
engaged, with the aim of developing a coherent, culturally focussed, and dynamically
evolving curriculum.
An internal analysis of the education system, together with research conducted in

international forums, has shown that the curriculum is core to the development of
innovative people. This curriculum is aimed at attaining six essential learning outcomes.
The six outcomes identified help to define universally accepted goals that have been
developed and underscored by other educational jurisdictions and that have been agreed
to be essential. The essential learning outcomes help to define standards of attainment for
all secondary school students.
5
Education Policies That Impact on the Curriculum
There are several Ministry of Education policies that impact on the national secondary
curriculum, though some are still in the process of formalization. These include the
National Model for Primary and Secondary Education in Trinidad and Tobago, the ICT
policy, Standards for the Operation of Schools, and Quality Standards. Copies of these
documents may be obtained from the Ministry offices or the website at www.moe.gov.tt.
Three other policies that have direct impact on the development and implementation of
the curriculum are discussed in some detail below.
National Curriculum Policy
A Draft National Curriculum Policy has been approved by Cabinet for consultation with
stakeholders. The Policy statements are summarized as follows:
1. The curriculum must articulate with the goals of national development and be
supportive of the aspirations of individuals and their personal development. It must
provide opportunities for every student to be equipped with the knowledge, skills,
attitudes, values, and dispositions necessary for functioning in an interactive,
interdependent society.
2. The curriculum must be so managed as to ensure the provision of a quality curriculum
experience for all students at all levels of the system.
3. At every level of the system, there must be equitable provision of requisite facilities,
resources, services, and organizational structures that are conducive to and supportive
of effective learning and teaching and healthy development.
4. Continuous quality management must support all curriculum and related activities at
every level of the system.
5. Ongoing research and professional development activities must equip education
practitioners for continued effective practice.
Though the policy has not yet been formally issued, these statements are worthy of
consideration at all stages of the curriculum cycle.
Inclusive Education Policy
The Ministry of Education is committed to “support the delivery of inclusive education

in all schools by providing support and services to all learners, and by taking appropriate
steps to make education available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable to all learners.”
An inclusive curriculum is acknowledged to be the most important factor in achieving
inclusive education. In planning and teaching the school curriculum, teachers are
therefore required to give due regard to the following principles:
6
• The National Curriculum Guides set out what most students should be taught at lower
secondary school but teachers should teach the required knowledge and skills in ways
that suit students’ interests and abilities. This means exercising flexibility and
drawing from curricula for earlier or later class levels to provide learning
opportunities that allow students to make progress and experience success. The
degrees of differentiation exercised will depend on the levels of student attainment.
• Varied approaches to teaching, learning, and assessment should be planned to allow

all students to participate fully and effectively. Account should be taken of diverse
cultures, beliefs, strengths, and interests that exist in any classroom and that influence
the way students learn.
• Students with special needs should be given additional instructional support in

negotiating the regular curriculum, not a different one. The guiding principle of
equity is to supply students who need it with additional help to achieve set standards,
but not to lower the standards.
• Continuous formative evaluation must be used to identify learning needs and to shape
instruction, thus maximizing students’ opportunities for achieving success.
Assessment strategies must be appropriate to the way the curriculum is designed and
delivered, as well as to each student’s individual learning profile and stage of
development.
• Suitable technology must be used in instruction to facilitate learning and enhance

success.
ICT in the Curriculum
The following statements are taken from the Ministry of Education’s ICT in Education
Policy (pp. 28–29).
Curriculum Content and Learning Resources
• Curriculum and content must increasingly maximize the use of ICT.
• ICT must be integrated into the development and delivery of the curriculum.
• ICT integration and ICT competency measures across the curriculum shall be driven
through the development and delivery of an ICT-infused curriculum.
7
Essential Learning Outcomes
The learning outcomes which have been deemed essential are in the areas of:
Aesthetic Expression
Citizenship
Communication
Personal Development
Problem Solving
Technological Competence
The achievement of these essential learning outcomes by all students is the goal that
every core curriculum subject must facilitate. The core curriculum subjects, their content,
and the suggested teaching, learning, and assessment strategies are the means to fulfil this
end.
It is expected that by the end of the third year of secondary school, students’ achievement
in all six areas will result in a solid foundation of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that will
constitute a platform for living in the Trinidad and Tobago society and making informed
choices for further secondary education.
The essential learning outcomes are described more fully below.
Aesthetic Expression
Students recognize that the arts represent an important facet of their development, and
they should respond positively to its various forms. They demonstrate visual acuity and
aesthetic sensibilities and sensitivities in expressing themselves through the arts.
Students, for example:
use various art forms as a means of formulating and expressing ideas, perceptions,
and feelings;
demonstrate understanding of the contribution of the arts to daily life, cultural

identity, and diversity;
demonstrate understanding of the economic role of the arts in the global village
society;
demonstrate understanding of the ideas, perceptions, and feelings of others as

expressed in various art forms;
8
demonstrate understanding of the significance of cultural resources, such as
museums, theatres, galleries, and other expressions of the multicultural reality of
society.
Citizenship
Students situate themselves in a multicultural, multi-ethnic environment, and understand

clearly the contribution they must make to social, cultural, economic, and environmental
development in the local and global context.
demonstrate understanding of sustainable development and its implications for the

environment locally and globally;
demonstrate understanding of Trinidad and Tobago’s political, social, and economic

systems in the global context;
demonstrate understanding of the social, political, and economic forces that have
shaped the past and present, and apply those understandings to the process of
planning for the future;
examine issues of human rights and recognize and react against forms of
discrimination, violence, and anti-social behaviours;
determine the principles and actions that characterize a just, peaceful, pluralistic, and
democratic society, and act accordingly;
demonstrate understanding of their own cultural heritage and cultural identity, and
that of others, as well as the contribution of the many peoples and cultures to society.
Communication
Students use their bodies, the symbols of the culture, language, tools, and various other
media to demonstrate their deeper understandings of synergies inherent in the exchange
of ideas and information, and thus to communicate more effectively.
explore, reflect on, and express their own ideas, learning, perceptions, and feelings;
demonstrate understanding of facts and relationships presented through words,

numbers, symbols, graphs, and charts;
9
demonstrate sensitivity and empathy where necessary in communicating various
kinds of emotions and information;
present information and instructions clearly, logically, concisely, and accurately for a
variety of audiences;
interpret and evaluate data, and express their conclusions in everyday language;
critically reflect on and interpret ideas presented through a variety of media.
Personal Development
Students “grow from inside out,” continually enlarging their knowledge base, expanding
their horizons, and challenging themselves in the pursuit of a healthy and productive life.
demonstrate preparedness for the transition to work and further learning;
make appropriate decisions and take responsibility for those decisions;
work and study purposefully, both independently and in cooperative groups;
demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between health and lifestyle;
discriminate among a wide variety of career opportunities;
demonstrate coping, management, and interpersonal skills;
display intellectual curiosity, an entrepreneurial spirit, and initiative;
reflect critically on ethical and other issues;
deal effectively with change and become agents for positive, effective change.
Problem Solving
Students have a range of problem-solving strategies and apply them appropriately to

situations they encounter. They demonstrate critical thinking and inquiry skills with
which they process information to solve a wide variety of problems.
acquire, process, and interpret information critically to make informed decisions;
use a variety of strategies and perspectives flexibly and creatively to solve problems;
10
formulate tentative ideas, and question their own assumptions and those of others;
solve problems individually and collaboratively;
identify, describe, formulate, and reformulate problems;
frame and test hypotheses;
ask questions, observe relationships, make inferences, and draw conclusions;
identify, describe, and interpret different points of view;
distinguish facts from opinions.
Technological Competence
Students are technologically literate, understand and use various technologies, and
demonstrate an understanding of the role of technology in their lives, in society, and in
the world at large.
locate, evaluate, adapt, create, and share information using a variety of sources and
technologies;
demonstrate understanding of and use existing and developing technologies

appropriately;
demonstrate understanding of the impact of technology on society;
demonstrate understanding of ethical issues related to the use of technology in local

and global contexts.
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The Core Curriculum Subjects
The core curriculum subjects are those for which every student is required to demonstrate
achievement of the stated outcomes in Forms 1–3. Additional subjects that contribute to
students’ holistic development and further their interests and aspirations may also be
offered thereafter.
A minimum time allocation is recommended for each core subject. The principal, as
instructional leader of the school, will make the final decision as to time allocation,
according to the needs of the students and the resources available at any given time.
The subjects and the recommended time allocations are as follows:
Subject No. of Periods Subject No. of Periods
English Language Arts 6 Mathematics 5
Science Health and Physical

4 2
Education
Spanish 4 Technology Education 4
Social Studies Visual and

4 4
Performing Arts
At the end of Form 3, students will be assessed for the National Certificate of Secondary
Education (NCSE), Level I.
12
Language Across the Curriculum
The development of language skills and the ability to understand and use language
correctly, competently, and effectively is fundamental to the learning outcomes expressed
in the national curriculum. Language is a uniquely human capacity. Three simultaneous
uses of language for learning are envisaged as students experience the national
curriculum: students will learn language, they will learn through language, and they will
learn about language.
Language plays a major role in learning, which occurs when students use the major
modes of language—listening, speaking, reading, and writing—to achieve various
purposes, among them: to communicate with others; to express personal beliefs, feelings,
ideas, and so on; for cognitive development in various subjects of the curriculum; and to
explore and gain insight into and understanding of literature. Language is linked to the
thinking process, and its use allows students to reflect on and clarify their own thought
processes and, thus, their own learning.
The national curriculum is predicated on the assumption that since students’ language
development takes place across the curriculum, the development process must be
addressed in all subject areas. Students will develop and use patterns of language vital to
understanding and expression in the different subjects that make up the curriculum.
However, the student of Trinidad and Tobago functions in a bidialectal context, that is,
the natural language of the student, the Creole, differs from the target language and
language of instruction, Internationally Accepted English. The philosophical position
taken in the national curriculum is that both languages are of equal value and worth, and
both must be respected. Students use their own language as a tool for interpreting the
content of the curriculum and for mastering it. In addition, they must be taught to use the
target language as effectively and effortlessly as they would their natural language.
The exponential growth in information and the use of information and communication
technologies provide opportunities for students to become critical users of information.
Language development and use in this context is also addressed in all subject areas.
13
Curriculum Implementation
Implementation of the curriculum is a dynamic process, requiring collaboration of the
developers (curriculum teams) and users (teachers). In implementation, teachers are
expected to use the formal curriculum, as described in the curriculum guides, to plan
work and teach in a manner that accomplishes the objectives described. Teachers
translate those objectives into units of study, determining the appropriate sequence and
time allocation according to the learning needs of their students. The new Curriculum
Guides provide sample teaching and assessment strategies but it is also the role of the
professional teacher to select and use sound teaching practices, continually assessing
student learning, and systematically providing feedback to the curriculum team for use in
revising and improving the guides.
The Curriculum Development System advocated by the Ministry of Education involves

stakeholders, specialist curriculum officers, principals, heads of departments, and
teachers, each with specific roles and responsibilities. Some of these are outlined in the
table below.
System Component Members Role
National Curriculum Stakeholders • Advise on curriculum policy, goals, and

Advisory Council/ standards
Committee
Curriculum Planning and curriculum officers • Plan and develop curriculum
Development Division • Provide leadership in identifying curriculum
(Head Office and goals and determining the process for
District-based) development of curriculum materials
• Lead writing teams (which include teachers)
• Monitor implementation
• Provide teacher support
• Facilitate teacher professional development for
curriculum implementation
• Advise on processes and materials for effective
implementation and student assessment
• Evaluate curriculum
School Curriculum Principal/Vice Principal • Make major decisions concerning the school
Council and Heads of curriculum such as assigning resources
Departments • Provide guidelines for Instructional Planning
Teams
Instructional Planning Teachers • Cooperate on tasks necessary for effective
Teams/School implementation, such as:
Instructional Committees yearly work plans, units of study, development
of materials to individualize the curriculum,
identification and development of learning
materials, student assessment and evaluation
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Curriculum Implementation at School Level
The “School Curriculum” refers to all the learning and other experiences that the school
plans for its students. It includes the formal or written curriculum as well as all other
learning activities, such as those offered by student clubs, societies, and committees, as
well as sporting organizations (e.g., cricket team, debating society, Guides, Cadets).
The School Curriculum Council develops the School Curriculum in alignment with the
National Curriculum. It consists of the Principal and/or Vice Principal and Heads of
Department. The duties of the Council include the development of school culture, goals,
vision, and curriculum in alignment with the national curriculum and culture. It also
provides support for curriculum work and performs evaluation functions.
In providing support for curriculum work, the Council:
• encourages teachers to identify challenges and try new ideas;
• timetables to allow for development of curriculum materials, for example, year plans,
units, instructional materials;
• ensures availability of learning materials;
• provides instructional leadership;
• ensures appropriate strategies for student success.
In performing evaluation functions, the Council:
• monitors the curriculum (observation, test scores, student books, talks);
• assesses the hidden curriculum (discipline policies, fund allocation, physical
environment);
• evaluates the school programme of studies.
The roles of the instructional teams and the individual teacher are described in the
following tables:
Roles of School Instructional Committees
Develop/Revise/Evaluate work programmes

Determine resource needs
Identify/Develop instructional materials
Conduct classroom action research
Integrate and align curriculum
Identify and develop appropriate assessment practices
Develop reporting instruments and procedures (student and teacher performance)
Keep records
15
Roles of Individual Teachers
Develop/Revise instructional programme
Individualize curriculum to suit students’ needs and interests
Develop/Evaluate/Revise unit plans
Develop/Select appropriate learning materials
Select appropriate teaching strategies to facilitate student success
Integrate the curriculum as far as possible, and where appropriate
Select appropriate assessment strategies
Monitor/Assess student learning and keep records
Evaluate student performance
Evaluate classroom programmes
Conduct action research
Collaborate with colleagues
16
References
Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Education. (2005a). Draft policy for information and
communications technology in education. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Author.
Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Education. (2005b). Green paper for public comment:
Draft quality standards for education in Trinidad and Tobago. Port of Spain,
Trinidad: Author.
Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Education. (2005c). Quest for excellence: Quality
standards for education in Trinidad and Tobago: A Ministry of Education Green
Paper – first revision. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Author.
Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Education. (2006). Curriculum policy: Preprimary to
secondary education; draft. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Author.
Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Education. (2007). The national model for education in
Trinidad and Tobago (Early childhood, primary and secondary); draft. Port of
Spain, Trinidad: Author.
Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Education. (2008). Draft corporate plan 2008–2012.
Port of Spain, Trinidad: Author.
Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Education. Student Support Services Division. (2008).
Inclusive education policy; draft 5. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Author.
Trinidad and Tobago. National Task Force on Education. (1994). Education policy paper
(1993-2003) (White paper). Port of Spain, Trinidad: Author.
Trinidad and Tobago. Task Force for the Removal of the Common Entrance Examination
(1998). Report. Port of Spain, Trinidad: Author.
17
A Vision for Visual and Performing Arts Education
Visual and Performing Arts (VAPA) is a composite subject comprising the disciplines of
Visual Art and Craft, Music, Drama, and Dance. Our vision for the subject fits into the
overarching vision of the Ministry of Education, which is to provide seamless quality
education for all students from early childhood to the tertiary level as they are prepared to
become productive citizens.
Visual and Performing Arts will have pride of place in the national curriculum, since it
will be recognized as central to the business of educating children because of its ability to
harness all the elements that interact in the process of learning into one localized
discipline.
Visual and Performing Arts will provide essential linkages across all subject/curriculum
areas. However, VAPA also possesses its own set of unique skills, which will assist
learners to develop their multiple intelligences and prepare them for real-life situations.
Visual and Performing Arts will make available opportunities for students to explore and
express their emotions and feelings, to stimulate their creativity and imagination, to
develop visual sensitivity to nature and the environment, to develop self-worth and love
for family and country, and to provide the nation with a cadre of talented ambassadors.
Thus, Visual and Performing Arts envisions itself as the platform from which all students
will develop creatively and holistically in their quest to become worthy citizens of the
global society, capable of critical and analytic thinking, effective at problem solving, and
technically competent.
21
Rationale for Teaching the Visual and Performing Arts
Nations are remembered by their cultural legacy and their contributions to the
development of the Arts. Visual and Performing Arts can provide the institutional
framework for that legacy to be developed, fostered, and enhanced in Trinidad and
Tobago.
Visual and Performing Arts is an important vehicle for transmitting a wide range of
messages to students and to the public at large. It provides opportunities to underpin the
national effort to promote healthy lifestyles. Through art competitions, dramatic
presentations, and musical compositions, messages about healthy lifestyles, including the
avoidance of HIV/AIDS, drug abuse, alcoholism, and teenage pregnancy, can be
effectively delivered.
The importance of enhancing and creating visually pleasing environments is recognized

and encouraged through the Visual and Performing Arts. The development of murals,
installations, sculptures, and other visually stimulating offerings in schools and in public
community spaces creates the necessary ambience. The cultural forms displayed through
dance, music, and drama add an unquantifiable dimension to any production, programme,
and/or gathering.
The Government of Trinidad and Tobago seeks, as part of its Vision 2020 mandate, to
transform the country to developed country status by 2020. As a result, it has prioritized
as national objectives the attainment of high levels of human development and standards
of living through full participation of citizens, the attainment of a strong and resilient
economy, good effective governance, and social cohesion.
In its turn, the Ministry of Education, in its effort to assist the nation to reach developed
country status by 2020, has incorporated the United Nations (UN) Millennium Goals and
Education for All (EFA) Goals in many of its projects and programme as it, too, seeks to
transform the education systems. All these efforts are intended to develop the country’s
human capital, which is being prepared to compete in a highly global economy.
Several initiatives have been taken to realize the transformation. These include the
deshifting of junior secondary schools, the introduction of the composite subject VAPA,
and provision for curriculum facilitation of the VAPA programme at the district level in
primary schools. Additionally, Magnet/Specialist programmes have been introduced in
specially selected schools in a wide range of fields, including the Visual and Performing
Arts. Finally, Certificate and Postgraduate Diplomas in the Teaching of the Visual and
Performing Arts are now being offered at The University of the West Indies, St.
Augustine, and perhaps soon at The University of Trinidad and Tobago. These are all
indicators of the state’s serious intention to deliver a strong Visual and Performing Arts
programme.
22
The Visual and Performing Arts programme hinges on the following premises:
1. All students possess innate creative abilities and should be exposed to a stimulating
arts programme to allow them to maximize those abilities.
2. Visual and Performing Arts education is essential to the development of citizens in

our diverse and multicultural society. It is one of the most important avenues through
which communication, understanding, and appreciation of diversity and individual
differences can be experienced.
3. The study and practice of the Visual and Performing Arts develop important
knowledge and skills such as the competencies needed for researching, planning,
organizing, observing, and taking an idea to a finished product, as well as skills in
creative and critical thinking. In addition, VAPA also facilitates psychomotor
development and critical analysis, which are important for general education.
23
The Visual and Performing Arts Programme
This programme is designed to allow teachers to use their creativity and initiative to
develop activities that would cater to the integration of the Visual and Performing Arts
components on a number of levels. It is intended to allow students to interact with the
various content areas that comprise the curriculum in the classroom in the same way as
they integrate knowledge in the real world. Its principal focus is the personal development
and growth of students in terms of their understanding of themselves and their
relationships with classmates, family, community, and the larger world; and in terms,
too, of their competence in addressing the cultural content of their society. VAPA
also gives students the opportunity to display the development/growth of their artistic
talents.
Integrating the Arts
The curriculum for Forms 1–3 in the Visual and Performing Arts encourages at least one
major integrated arts activity each term during each of the three years within each
discipline. The integration is ongoing, and takes place simultaneously with the across-
the-curriculum activities. However, the Festivals activity will constitute the main
integrating activity for each term, and will be followed by a full-scale production at the
end of the third year. The Visual and Performing Arts Department will therefore engage
students in explorations of the expressive connections among the arts. The schedule of
work is guided by the curriculum and the national cultural festivals of any given term.
While integration takes place throughout the year, teachers are encouraged to make the
main integrated project a memorable activity for students. The format may vary—a
decision that should be made jointly by all the Arts teachers in a particular school.
The rationale for this integrating component is that students should recognize that there
are similarities in the way that artists work, whatever their particular discipline, and that
discovering these helps students to learn about the role that all the arts play in their
communities.
The expressive potential of combining art forms constitutes a powerful tool for
generating and sustaining community, and for establishing both personal and group
identity. It is important that the criteria governing integrating projects remain flexible.
Projects may, for example, include all four arts disciplines, and may extend for an entire
term and involve an orchestrated performance. Alternatively, a series of projects may be
planned, which includes two or three disciplines. A project may take one workshop
session. However, all projects should be exploratory in nature: that is, they should
involve problem solving, research, experimentation, critical thinking, and risk-taking.
24
There are basically four models that can be employed in the attempt at integration:
Model 1 — The Thematic Model
A theme is selected, and each discipline decides how it contributes to executing the
theme in terms of content. This approach is useful for reinforcing information,
developing memory, clarifying terms and concepts, and for fostering learning across
subjects and curriculum areas.
Themes/topics could address everyday societal concerns and be value-laden. There can
be a deliberate attempt to have children come face-to-face with situations that would
promote their growth through the development of self-esteem and self-worth. Themes
can address some of the following topics:
• General themes, for example, a journey, the environment, love, and so on.
• A particular religious or secular festival, for example, Christmas, Republic Day,
Emancipation, Divali, Eid ul Fitr, Carnival
• A topic from another subject area such as Social Studies or English Literature
• A topic suggested by historical, social, or political events
Model 2 — The Project Model
A project is identified. The contribution of each discipline is determined through

collaboration by the Visual and Performing Arts teachers in formulating, planning,
developing, and executing the project. The project might culminate in a production,
performance, exhibition, or Open Day activity.
Model 3 — The Core Model
The integration is centred around or determined by one of the four core disciplines. For
example, the music department may want to put on a production (such as a concert). The
other disciplines bring their strengths to promote its success, for example:
• Art/Craft – decorative craft, fabric design, graphic design, set design

• Drama – plays, stage decoration, costuming
• Dance – supporting background dancers
Model 4 — The Integrated Core Model
The integrated core is centred on two or three of the core areas. Drama and Dance, or,
alternatively, Music, Dance, and Drama may want to work on a project.
An integrated activity based on any of these models will work most effectively when the
Visual and Performing Arts teachers in each school meet on a regular basis to plan and
25
monitor projects, and when the VAPA staff work closely with the principal, other
colleagues, and the community at large. Particular schools may need to be more flexible
in the arrangements they make for integrated activities. These arrangements may include,
for example:
• Team-teaching
• Disciplines working both separately and together as projects suggest
• Disciplines sharing periods to give extended blocks of learning time
Assessment will be both cumulative and summative. It will take into account formal and
informal methods, and may include examinations, portfolios, individual discussions,
group critiques, and student self-assessment.
26
Framework for Visual and Performing Arts Integration
The following framework is intended to support curriculum delivery in the event that
teachers in all the four disciplines of the Visual and Performing Arts are not available at a
school. This framework apprises teachers and students as to the areas of the curriculum
that must be covered at different stages of the lower secondary curriculum. Thus, all
students can be well prepared to reap the benefits of the curriculum in the Visual and
Performing Arts, despite any possible limitations in terms of available resources.
Visual Art Music Drama Dance

Year 1 — Term 1
Brief overview/ Brief overview/ History of drama History/Overview of
History of the History of music as it using Time lines dance using Body
discipline as it refers to Lines and and the Body and Self awareness
relates to SELF – Self
using lines
Highlighting Lines Highlighting Lines Using Lines Demonstrating the
use of Lines
Festivals – Festivals – Festivals – Festivals –
Independence, Independence, Independence, Independence,
Republic Day, Divali, Republic Day, Divali, Republic Day, Republic Day,
All Saints/All Souls All Saints/All Souls Divali, All Saints/All Divali, All Saints/All
Souls Souls
Christmas – Parang Christmas – Parang Christmas – Parang Christmas – Parang
Year 1 — Term 2
Tone/Form Tone/Pitch Space Space
Spatial Organization Organization – of C Stage positions Dance – Freeze

– Concepts of Thirds Major Scales positions
Blind Contour Playing scales by Highlighting the Using the senses –

Drawing – Senses sight senses – sight, sight, hearing in
hearing in the Dance – Three
environment Blind Mice
Festivals – Melodic Singing – Kalinda and Kalinda and

Stick Fight – Kalinda Songs re: Kalinda, Camboulay in Camboulay in
in Art, Camboulay Camboulay Drama Dance
Easter – Reflections Easter – Reflections Easter – Easter –

in Art in Music Reflections in Reflections in
Drama Dance
27
Year 1 — Term 3
Oral traditions Tempo in Music Story telling as a Dance movement
Story telling – related to the Oral tool in Drama related to Oral
Painting appropriate Traditions and Story highlighting the Oral Traditions and
scenes telling traditions and folk stories
stories
Year 2 — Term 1
Representations of Hand positions for Gait movements – Hand and foot
the hands major scales – pan expressions of hand gestures
and feet
Non-verbal Using various Non-verbal Non-verbal
communication types of music to communication communication
create moods
Tone/Texture Vocal Skills Voice/Diaphragm Breathing
Festivals – Music related to Festivals – Festivals – Dances

Emancipation, Eid Emancipation, Eid Emancipation, Eid related to
symbols Emancipation, Eid
Year 2 — Term 2
Carnival – Facial Carnival – Carnival – Carnival –
movements Calypsoes Characterization Characters,
movements, and
dance
Costume making – Traditional Traditional Carnival Traditional carnival
Wire bending calypsoes characters dances
Colours and tone to Vocal timbre Colours in Carnival Colours in
reflect mood and Phagwa movement
Research Research Research Research
Year 2 — Term 3
Perspectives in Simple melodic Setting themes Development of
Drawing compositions themes through
Dance movements
Body Proportion Developing scenes Characterization and
scenes
Lettering Flash backs/Flash Compositions
forwards
Creations Compositions Script writing Dance creations
Tobago Heritage – Tobago Heritage – Tobago Heritage – Tobago Heritage –

Caribbean Art Caribbean Music Caribbean Drama Caribbean Dance
28
Year 3 — Term 1
3-D Models Associating music to Set Design Set Designs for
various Sets specific dances
Set Design Associating music to Sound Techniques Dances –

various Sets responding to
auditory stimuli
Detailed Drawing – Composing in Lighting Techniques Dances –
Faces different genres responding to
aesthetic stimuli
Aerial expressions Technical Theatre Creating dances
Research Research Research Research
Print Making – Improvisation Dance creations
Block & Screen
Cultural Forms – Cultural Forms – Cultural Forms – Cultural Forms –

Local and Local and Caribbean Local and Caribbean Local and
Caribbean Caribbean
Year 3 — Term 2
3-D Studies Compositions – Technical Theatre
Non-traditional
Ceramics Compositions – Costume Design

Traditional
Decorative Craft Playwriting Journaling
Fibre Arts
Completion of Completion of Completion of Completion of

student Portfolio student Portfolio student Portfolio student Portfolio
Year 3 — Term 3
Art Exhibition – Art Exhibition – Art Exhibition – Art Exhibition –
Practical and Practical and Theory Practical and Theory Practical and
Theory EXAMS EXAMS EXAMS Theory EXAMS
29
General Outcomes
for the Visual and Performing Arts Curriculum
A well-designed Visual and Performing Arts curriculum that is effectively implemented
should facilitate the attainment of the following intended learning outcomes.
By the end of Form 3, students will be able to:

demonstrate competencies in at least one artistic discipline;
apply imagination and reason to the creative process;
appreciate the value of reflection, analysis, and decision making in the arts;
exhibit, demonstrate, and perform with confidence and pride;
recognize that the arts give depth, coherence, and resonance to other subjects;
demonstrate understanding of the multicultural nature of the society and its diverse
artistic expressions;
demonstrate the understanding that ideas can be shared through the arts;
demonstrate the understanding that the arts are an essential element in the
development of the human individual.
30
Visual
And
Performing Arts
VISUAL ARTS
Visual Arts
Internal Organizers
Creating, Knowing, Responding

There are three basic domains around which the Visual Arts curriculum has been
organized. These are Creating, Knowing, and Responding. They have been designed to
focus on the required knowledge, skills, and abilities that will enrich the life of every
student who has been exposed to visual arts education.
Each fundamental organizer also contributes to the definition of more specific learning
outcomes.
Creating is concerned with the manipulation of materials in activities designed to:

• develop skills and techniques in producing/making objects;
• facilitate choices about media, materials;
• develop skill and dexterity in the use of tools;
• allow for the conceptualization and the development of ideas, the reorganization of
knowledge, and the use of the imagination in the making of objects and images.
Knowing entails demonstrating technical knowledge about processes, materials, and so

on, but also includes historical knowledge of the visual arts through the ages and across
cultures.
Responding is concerned with the development of students’ ability to respond or react to

works of art and craft, and their ability to criticize, analyse, interpret, assess, and make
judgements. It also allows them the opportunity for reflection and articulation of their
feelings about what they have seen and how it can impact their work.
33
Specific Learning Outcomes in the Visual Arts
Creating
By the end of Form 3, students will be expected to:

explore the visual and tactile qualities of selected materials, media, and techniques in
the creation of works of art and craft;
manipulate materials in creating works of art and craft;
create works of art and craft based on observation, memory, and imagination;
demonstrate skills in painting, drawing, modelling, printing, stencilling, and dyeing;
produce works based on specific topics and themes.
Knowing

demonstrate knowledge of the elements of design;
understand how the elements of design are interrelated in the development of works
of art and craft;
communicate using the specialized language of the visual arts;
articulate some understanding of the cultural symbols and images of the various
ethnic groups in the society;
relate their artistic expressions to those of other cultures through the ages;
value the contribution of art and artists to their lives, their communities, and the
society in which they live.
Responding

talk about their work and that of their classmates;
use suitable terminology and make appropriate references when analysing artwork;
analyse works of art and craft with a view to informing their own practice;
make associations between symbols and images in works of art and craft and the
culture/society that produced the work;
describe the functions of particular art and craft objects in people’s lives.
34
The Programme: Content Organization
This curriculum revolves around three areas of study:
Drawing
Colour and Design
3-Dimensional Studies
The division of the programme into these three areas allows for deeper integration within
the content, and avoids the problems caused by teachers teaching mainly to their
strengths and students favouring particular curriculum areas. This approach facilitates the
development of a more holistic view of the visual arts by all concerned. Thus, there will
be no fragmentation of the curriculum. Instead, there will be the signal recognition that
each area constitutes an integral part of the whole, and that involvement in each area
advances the cause of the others; all promoting the enhancement of visual acuity on the
part of the student.
The Drawing component is afforded more time in this curriculum because of the skills it
seeks to develop in order to fulfil the demands of the other components.
The Colour and Design component, in addition to including painting, collage, and so on,
will also be intricately woven throughout all the other areas. It includes various design
areas such as graphic design, fabric design, industrial/commercial design, and surface
design.
The 3-Dimensional Studies component incorporates areas such as sculpture, ceramics,

fibre arts, jewellery, decorative craft, and so on.
The following table outlines the timetabling structure over the three years in which the
curriculum should be delivered:
Term Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Drawing Drawing Drawing
Term – D1
Colour and Design Colour and Design Colour and Design
Drawing Drawing Drawing
Term – D2 3-Dimensional 3-Dimensional 3-Dimensional
Studies Studies Studies
Term – Int. Integrated Arts Integrated Arts Integrated Arts
35
The Visual Arts: Connections to the Core Curriculum
The following outlines some of the more obvious bases for interrelating the Visual Arts
and other subjects of the core curriculum.
Foreign Language (usually Spanish)
• Expressions (paintings, drawings, prints, motifs) of Spanish scenes, symbols

• Festivals
• Cultural symbols such as musical instruments and clothes
Language Arts
• Generating pictures\drawings from stories, poetry, and folktales

• Calligraphy — writing passages
• Developing response skills — critique and analysis
• Describing the way artists represented various periods, styles, and cultures
• Writing about works of art and craft
Mathematics
• Making concrete models of objects such as spheres, cylinders, and cubes

• Relating proportions and ratios in mixing paints and dyes
• Making measurements in drawing grids for making mosaics
• Applying mathematical principles in creating mats for mounting work
• Using specific measurements in drawing plans and designs for projects
Technology Education
• Understanding the use of technology in the creation of images

• Operating computers, printers, and scanners to develop images
• Understanding software applications and their ability to manipulate images
• Understanding the impact of the Internet on the delivery and transference of images at
high speed
• Using digital technology in the preservation and quality of images
• Understanding how technology can make instantly available examples of great works
of art and craft
36
Social Studies
• Painting and drawing pictures based on national festivals and religious celebrations
• Making cards and designs using religious and celebratory motifs
• Representing features and characteristics of the earth such as landscapes and
landforms
• Imaginative paintings/drawings based on events such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and
volcanoes
• Compositions based on people, trade, tourism, culture, historical sites
• Designing posters, brochures, and so on
Science
• Using scientific apparatus/models as motifs for drawings, paintings, and designs

• Applying scientific concepts in the application of colour theory
• Using scientific principles related to mixtures and compounds in developing mixed
media projects
• Exploring “earth science” — ecosystems: flora and fauna
• Creating imaginative compositions based on biological slides of human and organic
material
Physical Education
• Drawings and paintings of the human figure engaged in sporting activities, for
example, athletics, aerobics, weightlifting, ball games
• Incising/decorating pots, objects, and other materials with motifs of athletic/sporting
figures, for example, Grecian amphoras/urns
• Designing sporting wear, trophies, and medals
• Producing a mural painting, for example, a wall of sporting heroes
37
The Visual Arts: Connections to Other
Visual and Performing Arts Disciplines
Dance
• Applying principles of rhythm and movement

• Drawing and painting figures in motion
• Designing costumes for dance
• Designing and decorating sets for dance
• Using dancers as motifs in pattern making and decorating
Drama
• Designing sets for dramatic productions

• Using dramatic themes in drawing and painting
• Interpreting dramatic passages to produce imaginative compositions
• Creating “live” historical paintings—posing students after paintings
Music
• Applying musical beats and rhythm to mark-making

• Using different kinds of music to create paintings
• Interpreting moods in music and relating to paintings\drawings
• Associating music with colour
38
Criteria for Assessing Visual Arts Work
Craftsmanship
The application of knowledge, related technical skills, and processes. This includes:
• appropriateness of material
• level of skill in the use of materials and media
• experimentation
Design/Composition
The organization of materials and aesthetically satisfying work. This includes:

• use of design elements
• unity (use of principles)
• impact
Originality
The level of personal interpretation. This includes:

• demonstration of creativity
• demonstration of personal expression
Time Allocation
It is recommended that a minimum of two periods averaging 35 minutes each, timetabled

as one double period, be allotted for Art and Craft each week. The time must not be
split into two separate periods during the week.
39
Visual Arts: Course Outline
Year 1 – Term D-1: Drawing
Internal Organizers and
Specific Outcomes Sample Activities
General Outcomes Materials
Students will be able to: Students will be able to: Students may: pencils
charcoal
Creating • experiment with a variety of media • identify and draw various kinds of pens
to make drawings lines in the environment (e.g., pastels
• manipulate materials to create poles, trees, utility lines, etc.) chalk
works of art • demonstrate a range of line markers
qualities • draw basic shapes using any of paper
• develop art-making strategies the following materials: chalk, plants
pastel, charcoal Styrofoam forms –
• create works from imagination, • create drawings based on cylinders, cubes,
memory, and observation imagination and memory • draw contours of objects and spheres
plants
• draw from imagination
Knowing • appreciate the power of simple • review prehistoric cave paintings, Resources/References
ancient drawings e.g., Lascaux, Ajanta
• demonstrate an awareness of art Cave art
through time and cultures • utilize a variety of lines, methods, • make groups of marks by holding Edgar Escher
and materials drawing implements in at least five Pablo Picasso
• appreciate the potential of line to different ways Matisse
create and communicate • demonstrate awareness of a (use examples of visuals of how to Aubrey Beardsley
variety of methods and materials hold drawing materials) Alfredo Codallo
for making lines
41
Internal Organizers and Vocabulary
General Outcomes
contour
Responding • talk about their work and the work • discuss the use of symbols, composition
of their classmates images in Cave art vertical
• interpret/analyse artworks to horizontal
construct meaning diagonal
edge
still-life
plant-life
shape
form
edge
mass
42
Year 1 – Term D-1: Colour and Design
Students will be able to: Students will be able to: Students may: paint brushes
paper
Creating • manipulate tools and materials to • produce: water
produce compositions in solid - a collage using black and white scissors
• manipulate materials to create black and white paper white paper
works of art black construction
• create compositions using black - a painting using black paint on paper
• develop art-making strategies and white paint white paper glue
black paint
- a composition using white and
• create works from imagination, palette
black paint that exhibits the
memory, and observation craft knife
widest possible range from black
ruler
to white
black and white
- a composition incorporating the newsprint,
collage and painting elements black and white printed
previously used matter (photocopied
material)
Knowing • demonstrate an understanding of • identify positive and negative Resources/References

the concept of opposites in art elements in a range of designs
• demonstrate knowledge of art (positive and negative, black and and the environment Monet
through time and across cultures white, hard and soft edges) Boodhoo
Degas
• demonstrate an understanding Van Gogh
that black and white produces grey Magazines
43
General Outcomes Vocabulary
Responding • demonstrate an understanding • distinguish between closed and primary

that spatial relationships influence open composition secondary
• interpret/analyse variations in the the design outcome composition
use of positive and negative abstract
elements geometric
proportion
background
motif
pattern
designs
colour wheel
print
44
charcoal
Creating • experiment with a variety of • complete a drawing of a partner’s pens
traditional and non-traditional face pastels
• manipulate materials to create materials to create drawings (a) pen and ink sticks
works of art (b) stick and ink paper
• create drawings from memory and plants
• develop art-making strategies imagination • draw two dragons fighting Styrofoam forms –
cylinders, cubes,
• create works from imagination, • use line to apply tonal value to • draw a pile of spiders spheres
memory, and observation drawing Q-tips
• create letter-form patterns using a
variety of tones
Knowing • appreciate the expressive power • review contemporary line Resources/References

of simple contemporary line drawings
• demonstrate knowledge of art drawings Magazines
through time and across cultures Internet sources
• appreciate that line can be used to Cave art
create tonal value Edgar Degas
Pablo Picasso
Durer
Aubrey Beardsley
45
Responding • talk about their work and that of • talk about possible meanings they contour
their classmates can apply to drawings composition
• interpret/analyse artworks to apply vertical
meaning horizontal
diagonal
edge
still-life
shape
form
edge
mass
tone
value
46
Year 1 – Term D-2: 3-Dimensional Design
Students will be able to: Students will be able to: Students may: clay,
cardboard
Creating • experiment with a variety of • construct a free-standing sculpture paper
materials to create 3D items based upon an organic form or a wire (chicken)
• manipulate materials to create man-made object wood
works of art • manipulate materials to produce glue
incised carvings on appropriate • make an incised carving of a bird string
• develop art-making strategies materials in flight on a clay slab 8" x 8" found objects
wool
• create works from imagination, • create a variety of textural designs • make a floor tile with textural Styrofoam
memory, and observation on an appropriate surface designs sand
foil
beads
Knowing • appreciate the expressive power • copy incised designs found on shells
of simple ancient rock carvings calabash and rock carvings, and
• demonstrate knowledge of art (Sahara-Tassili) apply to their project Resources/References
through time and across cultures
• appreciate the expressive power • discuss the differences between Videos
of contemporary surface designs two-dimensional and three- Slides
(calabash/leather craft items) dimensional contemporary Magazines
designs Art books
• discern the differences between Michaelangelo
two- and three-dimensional forms Pat Chu Foon
Henry Moore
Cave art
Egyptian art
47
Responding • analyse their work in relation to • comment on the success of their sculpture
themes presented undertaking in relation to the texture
• interpret/analyse artworks to apply theme free-form
meaning low-relief
carving
incising
assemblage
3-dimensional
additive
subtractive
slab gesture
48
charcoal
Creating • represent objects after careful • complete drawings in the following pens
observation areas: pastels
• manipulate materials to create - figure drawing sticks
works of art • apply tone to drawings to get the - still-life paper
effect of mass - architecture plants
• develop art-making strategies - one-point and two-point various objects
• enlarge or reduce the scale of a perspective bottles
• create works from imagination, drawing cans
memory, and observation • use tone to bring out solidity in
• experiment with a variety of media bottles and cans
to create non-representational
works through surface articulation • drawing parts of plant life (different
sizes of leaves, types of fruits and
• add colours to drawings flowers, running vines, dried
demonstrating tonal values branches)
Knowing • recognize high realism • distinguish between realistic and Resources/References

contemporary drawings
• demonstrate knowledge of art Magazines
Albrecht Durer
49
Internal Organizers and Vocabulary
General Outcomes
contour
Responding • critique various drawings and • discuss the use of lines and composition
account for their stylistic shapes in various drawings vertical
• interpret/analyse artwork to apply preferences horizontal
meaning diagonal
edge
still-life
plant-life
shape
form
edge
mass
tone
value
50
Internal Organizers and Materials

General Outcomes
paints,
paper
Students will be able to: Students will be able to: Students may: palette,
water
Creating • select and mix colours to • create paintings to evoke emotion brushes
represent mood and feeling in – anger, loneliness, love, pain, leaves
• manipulate materials to create artwork (using a limited palette) etc. heavy paper
works of art glue
• use tonal variation to create the • make landscape paintings using scissors
• develop art-making strategies illusion of distance or depth aerial perspective marking knives
stencils
• create works from imagination, • draw by hand basic letter-forms • create posters, collages by cutting
memory, and observation and pasting images from
• apply formal elements of magazines
composition and layout Resources/References
• apply compositing skills in making Magazines
designs Record jackets
CD covers
Greeting cards
Knowing • describe various approaches to • compare images created by Posters
creating images painting, printing, and compositing Pictures
• demonstrate knowledge of art Paintings
Monet
Manet
Daumier
Rothko
Constable
Turner
51
Responding • talk about the feelings evoked by • identify four paintings by famous harmony
different artworks artists that evoke feelings of love, perspective
• interpret/analyse artworks to apply passion, hate, etc. illusion
meaning compositing
cutting and pasting
transfer
value
poster
collage
52
charcoal
Creating • represent objects after careful • complete drawings in the following pens
observation areas: pastels
• manipulate materials to create - still-life: man-made or natural sticks
works of art • apply perspective in creating forms paper
drawings - manufactured, weathered, and plants
• develop art-making strategies found objects various objects
• create narrative drawings bottles
• create works from imagination, • develop a variety of textures with cans
memory, and observation the use of lines and shapes
• draw a view through a window or

down a corridor
• execute five drawings that tell a

story
Knowing • recognize gestural drawings • review the work of Kathe Kollwitz, Resources/References
Franz Kline
Cave art
Edgar Degas
Pablo Picasso
Aubrey Beardsley
53
Responding • compare the meaning intended in • discuss the meanings intended in contour
their work with classmates’ their drawings composition
• interpret/analyse artwork to apply understandings and interpretations vertical
meaning of the work horizontal
diagonal
edge
still-life
plant-life
shape
form
edge
mass
tone
value
54
Year 2 – Term D-2: Three-Dimensional Studies
Students will be able to: Students will be able to: Students may: clay,
paper
Creating • experiment with a variety of • construct a figure (human, animal, glue,
materials to create 3D items abstract form) to mark an boxes
• manipulate materials to create occasion – cultural, historic Styrofoam
works of art • manipulate suitable materials to string,
create vessels • decorate a vessel/container that wool
• develop art-making strategies can be used as a jewellery box fabric
• manipulate materials to create a cigar boxes
• create works from imagination, variety of designs on an • use papier-maché to create a sand
memory, and observation appropriate surface ceremonial urn shells
glitter dust
dried leaves and seeds
paint
stencils
lacquer
Knowing • appreciate the form and • review other period work through
decorative markings of Pre- slides, photographs, etc. Resources/References
• demonstrate knowledge of art Colombian, African, Greek, etc.
Decorative craft books
through time and across cultures ceremonial and household vessels
Magazines
Slides
Photographs
Jewel boxes
Greek amphoras
African, Indian, and Pre-
Colombian vessels –
Internet sources
55
Responding • associate various decorative compare/contrast the designs on urn

motif/designs with specific African and Indian vessels amphora
• interpret/analyse artwork to apply geographical areas lacquer
meaning decoupage
layering
gilding
applying
papier maché
56
charcoal
Creating • produce drawings of an object • create drawings of a slice of bread, pens
from various views a box of matches, a concrete wall, pastels
• manipulate materials to create etc. sticks
works of art • make enlarged and reduced paper
drawings of the same object • draw from memory an emotional
• develop art-making strategies experience, a familiar scene, a
• produce drawings of faces that dream
• create works from imagination, reflect the features of the African,
memory, and observation East Indian, and Chinese • draw from memory a scene they
encountered on the way to school
• recreate a familiar scene
• rearrange the parts of the human
• restructure familiar objects to body to create a representation of
create new/different objects a new species of human beings
• redesign an everyday object Resources/Reference
Knowing • recognize Surrealistic art, African • distinguish between realistic and Magazines
art, Indian art, Chinese art other styles of drawings Internet sources
• demonstrate knowledge of art Surrealism
through time and across cultures Pablo Picasso
Salvador Dali
57
Responding • critique various drawings and • talk about what they like and composition
account for their stylistic dislike in various drawings vertical
• interpret/analyse artwork to apply preferences horizontal
meaning diagonal
edge
still-life
shape
form
edge
mass
tone
value
58
Internal Organizers and Materials

General Outcomes
pints,
paper
Students will be able to: Students will be able to: Students may:
palette
water
Creating • compose, select, and mix colours • make paintings using lines and
brushes
to represent the activities of the geometric shapes to represent
leaves
• manipulate materials to create workplace industry, technology, etc.
heavy paper
works of art
glue
• use tonal variation to create a • make paintings of objects, fabric,
scissors
• develop art-making strategies monochromatic painting foliage, etc.
marking knives
stencils
• create works from imagination, • create designs from their • create designs for gift paper,
straws
memory, and observation imagination fabric, using the human figure as a
fabric
motif
foliage
• create patterns using familiar
pots
motifs
plates, etc.
Resources/References
Knowing • describe various approaches to • collect pictures (magazines) that
creating images represent different kinds of images
Magazines
• demonstrate knowledge of art
Record jackets
CD covers
Greeting cards
Posters
Pictures
Paintings
Internet sources
Monet
59
General Outcomes Manet
Daumier
Responding • talk about the feelings/responses • identify/discuss specific works of Rothko
evoked by different artworks four artists that are different in Constable
• interpret/analyse artworks to apply style, imagery, and impact from Turner
meaning each other
Vocabulary
harmony
perspective
illusion
cutting and pasting
transfer
value
poster
collage
60
charcoal
Creating • represent figures after careful • create figures in motion (people pens
observation and animals) pastels
• manipulate materials to create sticks
works of art • experiment with a variety of media • create artwork consisting of paper
and materials to create drawings drawing and collage plants
• develop art-making strategies various objects
• simulate the textural quality of a • make careful studies of cactus, bottles
• create works from imagination, range of surfaces crumpled foil, tree bark, rope, a cans
memory, and observation heap of sand or gravel, etc. fruits
• re-order textures on different bark
objects • switch textures on objects, e.g., fabric
apple with grainy texture
Knowing • recognize gestural drawings • review the work of the Resources/References

Impressionists, the Futurists
Impressionism
Salvador Dali
Peter Minshall
61
Responding • compare the meaning intended in • discuss the meanings intended in texture
their work with classmates’ their drawings composition
• interpret/analyse artwork to apply understandings and interpretations surface
meaning horizontal
diagonal
edge
still-life
shape
form
touch
edge
mass
tone
value
62
Year 3 – Term D-2: Three-Dimensional Studies
Students will be able to: Students will be able to: Students may: clay
paper
Creating • experiment with a variety of • construct an object that may be glue
materials to create 3D items used for an ancient ritual (a boxes
• manipulate materials to create ceremonial mask) Styrofoam
works of art • manipulate found/discarded string
materials to create sculpture • create a 3D mural – “21st century wool
• develop art-making strategies humans” fabric
• manipulate materials to create a cigar boxes
• create works from imagination, variety of designs on an • produce a series of objects from sand
memory, and observation appropriate surface discarded plastic bottles to be shells
used as an installation glitter dust
dried leaves and seeds
• make low-relief designs on clay, paint
Styrofoam by adding and stencils
subtracting lacquer
bottles
straws
Knowing • broaden their insight into sculpture • review, through slides, glue
through research into different photographs, etc, sculpture of the
• demonstrate knowledge of art periods Dada and 20th century sculpture Resources/References
Decorative craft books
Magazines
Slides
Photographs
Dada
Henry Moore
Giacometti
Pevsner
63
General Outcomes Stella
Oldenburg
Responding • associate various sculptural • compare/contrast work with other Luise Kimme
forms/designs with specific sculptures Jackie Hinkson
• interpret/analyse artwork to apply geographical areas (pyramids) Internet sources
meaning
Vocabulary
additive
subtractive
layering
applying
relief
low-relief
64
Visual
And
Performing Arts
Drama
Drama
Internal Organizers

Drama is an aesthetic discipline with its own body of knowledge. As an art form, it is unique, in
that it embraces many facets of other visual and performing arts. Because of this characteristic,
Drama can lay claim to operate in equal measure within the cognitive, affective, and
psychomotor domains. It is for this reason that Drama has been identified as an extremely
effective methodology for teaching other subjects.
The three basic organizers for Drama in secondary schools—creating, knowing, and
responding—have been designed to focus on the required knowledge, skills, and abilities that
will enrich the adult life of every student who has been exposed to Drama Education. Each
fundamental organizer also contributes to the definition of more specific learning outcomes.
Creating involves students in activities designed to deepen and develop levels of concentration,
listening, critical thinking, and movement. The confidence developed by these activities
facilitates the development of a learning environment where students are more at ease and,
therefore, more creative.
Knowing affords students the opportunity to identify a range of physical and communicative
skills through the use of movement, trust, and various sensory activities. It also supports the
development of personal and social skills and draws on experiences to create new situations.
Responding gives students the opportunity to display positive human values such as sympathy,
tolerance, and discipline. It contributes to human interaction and sensitivity to group dynamics,
and further enhances self-assessment and reflection.
67
Specific Learning Outcomes in Drama
Creating

extend and deepen their levels of concentration;
make use of listening skills in drama work;
show increased confidence and participation in activities;
carry out simple “warm up” activities;
create walking and running movements to represent different characters;
create walking and running movements to represent different situations;
apply physical control and accuracy in performing simple mime activities;
use objects (e.g., a stick) symbolically;
hold and sustain a “freeze” position;
use imagination to create a dramatic situation;
employ a range of gestures and facial expressions;
demonstrate greater spatial awareness;
work in pairs to carry out identified activities;
work in groups to perform identified tasks;
work with others to produce dramatic episodes;
construct, dissolve, and reassemble a tableau;
demonstrate more effective use of the voice and greater audibility;
practise clear articulation and correct pronunciation;
draw conclusions from context clues;
extend the use of memory in recalling and reconstructing experiences;
show awareness of self and the physical environment as experienced through the senses;
debate a point of view;
make clear, reasoned decisions within the drama work;
choose from a range of alternative actions.
68
Knowing
By the end of Form 3, students will be expected to

identify a range of physical skills and ways in which these skills might be further extended;
assess their own body reflexes, movement range, and capability;
demonstrate an awareness of the need for safety in extending their range of physical
capability and in the general conduct of drama activities;
demonstrate an understanding of basic voice production and delivery
explain the relationship between physical gestures, body language, and communication;
describe the nature and function of facial expressions;
assess the importance of the relationship between movement and stillness;
assess the importance of the relationship between sound and silence for drama;
assess the importance for drama of the relationship between light and darkness, both as a
physical phenomenon and as a quality;
describe how experiences can be used imaginatively to create new situations;
understand the relationship between self and others;
appreciate the quality of movement and stillness, sound and silence, light and darkness for
dramatic effect;
find/create alternatives to sex and violence to create drama;
explain the nature of drama as a social/cultural/indigenous/ritualistic art form.
Responding
exhibit sensitivity to group dynamics;

appreciate the importance of teamwork;
respect their own artistic heritage and that of others;
recognize the importance of listening in acquiring vocal skills;
exhibit the discipline necessary for successful accomplishment of tasks;
cooperate with others in the development and successful completion of drama projects;
appreciate the importance of developing the creative imagination;
69
value the contribution a peer audience can make to the drama;
value the constructive criticism of others;
show willingness to adapt a dramatic work to accommodate the criticisms of others;
show willingness to commit effort to a task;
recognize that fun and recreation are aspects of drama, and that learning can be achieved
through fun.
70
Drama: Connections to the Core Curriculum
This section outlines some of the more obvious bases for interrelating drama and other subjects
of the core curriculum.
• Doing skits/productions from foreign lands

• Use of appropriate dramatic idioms to illustrate the culture of foreign countries
• Correlation of foreign language expressions with dramatic gestures and facial expressions
Language Arts
• Correlation of metre and rhythm in poetry and music

• Imagery and symbolism in stories and/or poems
• Setting lyrics to dramatic interpretation and vice versa
• Use of appropriate dramatic sequences as stimuli for creative writing
• Use of appropriate dramatics to accompany poetry reading and storytelling
• Study of dramatic productions/works based on literature
Mathematics
• Use of beats, note values, and time signatures to enhance students’ understanding of number
concepts (counting, division, ratio, etc.)
• Understanding of the relationship between musical and mathematical vocabulary, for
example, time signatures, intervals, and note values
Physical Education
• Understanding that proper breathing techniques are common in athletics and in dance
• Understanding of the skeletal structure and its relationship to posture
• Awareness of the body and movement
71
Science
• Study of the body to include the functions of:

- muscles
- lungs
- the skeleton
- intercostal muscles
- diaphragm
- ribcage
Social Studies
• Use of appropriate dramatic themes to enhance students’ understanding of the meaning,

implications, and import of historical events
• Use of appropriate dramatic sequences to enhance students’ understanding of the ideals,
religions, and traditions of contemporary and past civilizations, cultures, nations, and times
• Study of appropriate plays/dramas and dramatists to aid in building concepts of citizenship
and patriotism
• Use of appropriate dramatic plays, skits, and so on to illustrate and/or describe geography
and climate of various countries and regions
• Engagement in group work and peer review in listening and appraising, performing and
composing
• Operation of computers (hardware and software), video players/recorders, video cameras,

and other technologies to view, teach, choreograph, and perform dances
• Study of electronics and electronic equipment involved in the production of sound and
lighting effects, for example, amplifiers, microphones, mixing and lighting boards
• Selection and use of appropriate applications and technology tools to enhance production
techniques of students engaged in individual and collaborative multimedia projects.
72
Drama: Connections to Other
Visual Arts
• Use of dramatic gestures (body and facial) as the basis for making drawings and paintings
• Use of appropriate dance to stimulate composition of works of art and vice versa
• Study of form in dance and in the visual arts
• Construction and decoration of scenery and backdrops for dance productions
• Study of rhythm in dance and in the visual arts
• Study of historical periods and styles common to drama and other visual and performing arts
disciplines, for example, Dada, Classicism, Romanticism
Music
• Developing harmony of music and drama

• Study of rhythm in music and drama
• Study of form in music and drama
• Expression of musical form with body movements
• Shaping of melodic contours with hand and body movements
• Use of music to evoke mood, tension, and so on in dramatic productions
• Composition of music for dramatic sequence(s)
Dance
• Speaking in rhythm
• Correlation of voice levels to pitch and intensity
• Development of creative dramatizations of songs
• Use of drama to reflect or affect mood
• Selection and/or choreography of dance for use with dramatizations
• Study of operatic songs and symphonic works based upon drama
73
Drama: Course Outline
Year 1 – Term D-1: The Body Component

Specific Outcomes Sample Activities Materials
General Outcomes
hard-cover notebook for
Creating Students will be able to: Students may: journal
Students will be aware of: • develop awareness of the • form a circle; students say their names, in turn, postcards
usefulness of the body in along with a positive adjective about
• their physical potential executing drama work themselves beginning with the first letter of blindfolds
their name and adding a movement
• the importance of the • show increased photographs
physical in drama willingness and ability to • walk around the space. The teacher calls
experiment with body Freeze! and each student freezes in a shape digital camera
• the importance of body positions that is held for a few seconds. The activity is
control repeated, but each time the students are DVD player
• show an understanding asked to walk in a different way, e.g.,
that drama can exist in the fast/slow, and make different shapes with their TV
contrast between bodies
movement and stillness, video recorder
fast and slow • be divided into pairs as sculptor and clay. The
teacher gives a stimulus, e.g., teenager Resources
• create stage pictures watching TV. “The sculptor” sculpts “the clay”
through sculpting and by gently moving body parts into place or by Film clips showing
mirroring demonstrating the position. The clay must not various dramatic
move by itself and must not talk. The sculptor movements
• show concentration and then exhibits the sculpture
focus in drama activities Video of animals and
• participate in a mirroring exercise. The class is people in motion
divided into pairs. A mirrors B’s action of
moving arms, palms, etc. Roles are reversed
75
• show an understanding of • work in pairs; one student holds his/her palm Useful Websites
the importance of safety or index finger in front of the face of the other
procedures and trust in the student, who is then hypnotized and must www.childdrama.com
drama keep his/her face constantly the same distance
away from the hand of the hypnotizer. The www.dramaresource.com
hypnotizer must lead the student safely
through the space
76

Specific Outcomes Sample Activities Learning
General Outcomes
Outcomes
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may:
Listening
• students will know through • identify the basic tools of • participate in the ring game “Farmer in the Dell”;
Cooperative learning
historical, cultural, and performance as mind, then, guided by the teacher, observe and identify
cross-cultural references body, voice, and space the use of the four elements: space – the ring;
Concentration
voice – the song; body – the movements, mind –
• compare their movements the choices
Observation
with those of animals
• imitate, individually and in groups, the movement
Critical thinking
• observe people and the of animals, e.g., a cat in repose, a cat stalking a
ways they move bird, a snake, etc.
Journaling
• imitate, individually and in groups, the
Dramatic Technique
movement/behaviour of people–toddlers,
teenagers, old persons, etc.
Getting to Know
(GTK)
Freezes
Slow motion
Role play
77

Specific Outcomes Sample Activities Vocabulary
General Outcomes
drama
Responding Students will be able to: Students will be introduced to the notion of the sculpting
drama journal in which they will: concentration
• students will respond with • describe and express focus
awareness to their own feelings about drama • enter an account of the drama activity and pace
work and that of others activities in their journal express feelings about the activity. Sample mirroring
prompts may include: stage pictures
• participate in group imitation
discussions “While I was being sculpted, I….”
• teacher lists on board key words from a lesson;

• make connections between
drama activities and their students must use these in individual journal
own lives entries
• diagrams, photographs, artefacts, etc. requiring

student response
• self-evaluation exercises, e.g., “I was able to hold

my freeze in position”
78
Year 1 – Term D-1: The Voice Component

General Outcomes
black/white board
Creating Students will be able to: Students may:
markers
Students will be aware of: • express themselves through • play song games like “In a Fine Castle,” “Brown
song and choral speaking Girl in a Ring” CD player
• their vocal potential
• communicate through • revisit the clapping song games of the primary DVD player
• the importance of vocal singing words school
control Resources
• compose a simple rhythmic • imitate characters in songs from Sesame Street to
sequence encourage free expression Song Games From
Trinidad and Tobago
• use poems like the Sink Son by J.A. Lindon, by J.D. Elder
which contain many onomatopoeic words for
group choral speaking activities Video clips – Midnight
Robber, Pierrot
• arrange themselves in a circle, and have each Grenade, and Black
student call out or sing his/her name in rhythm, Indian
then strike the floor rhythmically two or three
times Nursery rhymes CDs
79

Specific Outcomes Sample Activities Student Skills
General Outcomes
Listening
Concentration
• students will know through • appreciate that there are • perform stick-fighting songs, clapping songs,
historical and cultural and folk traditions in which the song games, Pierrot Grenade, and Midnight Composition
cross-cultural references voice is used in particular Robber speeches and riddles
ways Journaling
Dramatic Technique
Responding Chorus/choral speech
• students will critique their • describe and summarize • write an account of the activity in their journals Improvisation
own work and that of others the activity in journal
Sample prompts may include:
• explain what was effective Vocabulary
and what was not “In the role of the Midnight Robber, I…”
choral speaking
“Choral speaking for me is…”
recitation
• make connections between onomatopoeia
their own lives and the Create a riddle about your best friend.
rhythm
drama Pierrot Grenade
• work in groups
80
Year 1 – Term D-1: The Mind Component

General Outcomes
digital camera
video recorders
Students will be aware of: • use the senses to develop • use sense of touch only to describe and identify video tapes
imagination objects in a covered box
• the use of their senses to TV
enhance their response to • observe their environment • listen to sounds around them with eyes closed
CD player
their environment more sensitively and discriminate between various sounds –
distant from/near to the sound of their own
• sense memory • demonstrate an breathing
Resources
understanding of the
reliance on one sense when • participate in Forest Walk exercise. Pairs choose
Look, Listen and Trust
another is impaired a sound of a forest animal. The class moves
by George Rawlins
around the space with eyes closed making the
and Jillian Rich
sound of their chosen animal. Partners must use
sense of hearing to identify each other in the Object box
forest of sounds
Cue cards from
Knowing Drama Morgue
• students will know through • communicate experiences • discuss the use of the drama journal as a record
historical, cultural, and and observations in a of feelings and impressions of life experiences as Student Skills
cross-cultural references journal they relate to activities and student progress
Observation
• understand the significance • observe and discuss the differences in sense Listening
of the senses levels of animals and human beings
Focus
• observe the way blind persons manage their
Journaling
environment
Critical thinking
81

Specific Outcomes Sample Activities Dramatic Technique
General Outcomes
Narrative
Responding Students will be able to Students may:
Reflection
• students will respond with • describe drama activities in • discuss as a class, “Without my eyes, I had to…”
critical awareness of their their drama journal Vocabulary
own work and that of others • draw a picture of an animal they would compare
• participate in group/class themselves to and write a caption saying why; peripheral
discussions share this creation with the class sense memory
reflection
• make connections between • write a story in which a person has to perform imagination
their own lives and tasks involving all five human senses expression
identified drama activities
82
Year 1 – Term D-1: The Space Component

General Outcomes
black/white board
DVD player
Students will be aware of:
• maintain individual space • establish individual space by standing with arms
while moving in the space outstretched. They move and “freeze” at different VCR
• the concept of individual
with others levels, maintaining their individual space
space
TV
• use varying levels in the • try to maintain individual space in an epidemic-
• the concept of the theatrical
space type scenario, e.g., walking hurriedly to avoid Multimedia projector
space
contact; since any contact could mean infection
PC/Computer lab
• group themselves according to numbers called by
teacher. They work together to form various Resources
shapes, e.g., couch or car, within a specified time
Video recordings of
• in groups, use half of the class to create various Carnival
shapes of theatrical performance spaces, e.g.,
semicircle, rectangle, while positioning the other Internet and library
half of the class as audience/spectator access
83

General Outcomes
Critical thinking
• students will know through • define drama and • do guided research on basic elements of Greek
historical, cultural, and understand its historical theatre as the foundation of Western theatre and Brainstorming
cross-cultural references development, beginning present research as journal notes
with Greek theatre Negotiation
• view video recordings of Carnival, Ramleela
• recognize the link between Research
this original dramatic form
and West Indian drama as
they have experienced it, Dramatic Techniques
e.g., Carnival, Ramleela
Levels
• know through observation • demonstrate and discuss the territorial behaviour
of animals and insects and of domesticated animals based on observation Freeze
their organization of space
Pace
• know, through observation, • participate in a discussion of human rituals that
the attitudes of human involve the use of space and the specific Thought/Speech
beings to space through positioning of people, e.g., a wedding, boxing bubble
residential choice and ring, stick-fighting gayelle
rituals
84

Specific Outcomes Sample Activities Vocabulary
General Outcomes
amphitheatre
Responding Students will be able to: Students may: masks
chorus
• students will respond with • describe and express • voice their thoughts during freeze frame activities. tragedy
critical awareness to their feelings about their drama Teacher can utilize Thought/Speech Bubble to organization
work and that of others activities in their drama encourage students in voicing their thoughts ritual
journal territorial
• enter in their journal an account of the sensory individual/theatrical
• participate in group/class activities using the following sample prompt: space
discussions
“Discussion of rituals helped me to…”
• draw a diagram of how their personal space is
their own lives and drama
activities organized
• make oral presentations of findings after

conducting research on Greek Theatre
85

General Outcomes
black/white board
markers
Students will be aware of: • collaborate with others to • in groups, create a tableau or still photograph
create a tableau using a variety of stimuli: video recorder
• how the individual - action shots
communicates through body - Sunday lunch video tapes
language - football game
- funerals digital camera
- scene from Literature or History
DVD player
• present tableau to class for discussion
TV
• create and perform solo mime activities such as:
• do simple mimes of Resources
everyday activities - making a cup of tea
- picking a flower
Marcel Marceau
- frying an egg
Charlie Chaplin
• mime everyday activities, e.g., brushing teeth,
dressing for school, etc. In pairs, one student
Sesame Street
relates story of his/her day. The other student
tapes/DVDs
reproduces story in mime and vice versa
Pictures from Drama
Morgue
86

General Outcomes
Brainstorming
Critiquing
• students will know through • observe various examples • make a collage of different kinds of groups, or Negotiation
historical, cultural, and of group dynamics through stick pictures in scrapbooks, with attention being
cross-cultural references everyday experiences, the paid to levels, balance, status, and focus Research
newspaper, and magazine
Sequencing
photographs • view a video clip of a mime artist for discussion of
elements of mime and performance artist
Dramatic
• carefully observe their techniques
Techniques
normal physical activity and
that of others
Slow motion
Responding Stop & Start
• students will respond with • describe and express • include captions for collage or scrapbook pictures Tableau
critical awareness to their feelings about drama in describing various types of group dynamics Mime
work and that of others their journal
• use the Stop and Start technique to rework Improvisation
• participate in group tableaux for clarity
discussions Vocabulary
• in journals, list steps outlining the best process for
• make connections between creating an effective tableau mime
identified dramatic activities tableau
and their own lives focus
status
balance
collage
caption
87

General Outcomes
CD player
Creating Students will be able to: Students may: miniature tape
recorders
Students will be aware of: • imitate the sound of various • travel as a group from point to point in the space blank tapes
animals and machines imitating a vehicle, collectively making the sounds
• the ability of the human and action of the vehicle in locomotion. One Resources
voice to be extended • use sound to communicate student leads the group; when the group gets
beyond the production of with others from point A to B, leader switches and introduces Cue cards from
human language a new vehicle and sound, e.g., train, tugboat Drama Morgue
• in groups, reproduce sounds made by familiar Student Skills

machines, e.g., washing machine, microwave.
Each step in the machine’s process is clearly Observation
identifiable by/with an accompanying sound Focus
Listening
Negotiation
Imitation
Cohesion
Knowing
Dramatic
• students will know through • listen with awareness to • in groups, construct lists of all possible human, Techniques
historical, cultural, and sounds in the environment– animal, machine sounds. Each group then
cross-cultural references non-language human reproduces the sounds for the class Improvisation
sounds, animal sounds, Slow motion
machine sounds Soundscapes
88
Responding • describe and express • in journals, write one phrase related to each of Vocabulary
feelings about drama in the environmental sounds listed by their group
their journal locomotion
• students will respond with
• enter in their journal an account of the vehicle modulation
critical awareness to their
• participate in group activities and complete a self-assessment using projection
work and that of others
discussions the following sample prompts:
“I experimented with the use of my voice by…”
the activity and their own “I was able to confidently reproduce…”
lives
89

General Outcomes
blindfolds/ties
CD player
Students will be aware of: • display trust in others • work in pairs with one partner, A, blindfolded.
The other, B, acts as his guide. B takes A on a Resources
• the importance of group • demonstrate trustworthiness journey past obstacles. A introduces B to objects
work in drama in the environment that are determined by touch. Stories/folktales, e.g.,
The roles are then reversed “How the Agouti lost
its tail” – Anansi
• the importance of • demonstrate cooperation • form a circle. A blindfolded student walks around
cooperation with and with and consideration of the inside of the circle formed by classmates. Student Skills
consideration of others in others in group work When required, classmates provide assistance
group work Cooperative learning
• in small groups, act out scenes from stories or
folk tales provided, using the theme of trust as Listening
the stimulus
Concentration
Decision making
Oral communication
Critical thinking
90

Specific Outcomes Sample Activities Dramatic
General Outcomes
Techniques
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Improvisation
• students will know through • appreciate the importance • identify from their knowledge of childhood stories Role play
historical, cultural, and of trust based on their own examples of situations where trust was an issue
cross-cultural references observation and Critiquing
experiences • read stories and folk tales that relate to trust,
trustworthiness, and credibility, e.g., “How the Narrative
Agouti lost its tail”
Textual analysis
Responding Vocabulary
• students will respond with • describe and express • write in their journals their experience of being betrayal
critical awareness to their feelings about drama in blindfolded and comment on the trustworthiness situation
work and that of others their journal of their partners loyalty
traitor
• participate in group • in journals, suggest what they would have done trust
discussions differently in the story/folktale situations where trustworthiness
trust was an issue
the activity and their own • make an oral presentation to the class describing
lives how it felt to be walking around the circle
blindfolded
91

General Outcomes
black/white board
videos/film clips
Students will be aware of: masking tape
• stage positions/coordinates • identify and use stage • in groups, move in the space from strong to multimedia/overhead
positions/coordinates weak positions, to high- and low-status projector
effectively positions, and vice versa. The rest of the class
serves as the audience Resources
• actors’ body positions • understand actors’ body • as a group, create a short story that must Naparima Bowl &
positions in relation to the include the use of entrances, exits, turns, national performance
stage and the audience diagonals, crosses, and masking, e.g., Simon venues
enters through a door centre stage left and
crosses to centre stage right to his piano. Slides
Peers evaluate each other (PowerPoint/projector)
of various performance
• the relationship between the • understand the importance • in pairs, create brief representations of spaces
body, the space, and the of status in relation to situations in which characters with high status
audience positions on stage are brought low or vice versa, e.g., the Student Skills
assassination of a king
Perception
Problem solving
Decision making
Self-awareness
Evaluation
ICT
Spontaneity
92

Specific Outcomes Sample Activities Dramatic
General Outcomes
Techniques
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Role play
• students will know through • observe the way actors • make field trip to a live performance. Students Improvisation
historical, cultural, and make use of the space in a observe entrances and exits, turns, crosses,
cross-cultural references live performance in a positioning and the absence of masking Interviews
theatre, or other space
• observe the differences in status and focus in Vocabulary
• know that status and focus relation to positioning in the space at live
change in relation to performance status
theatrical space masking
• compile a list of roles and duties of theatre positioning
• learn about the roles of personnel diagonal
various theatre personnel entrances
• observe the similarities and differences in the exits
outline of various spaces/stages internationally crosses
using ICT resources (Internet, multimedia) open and closed
Responding full-back
profile
• students will respond with • describe and express • in journals, write a summary of a situation where share
critical awareness to their feelings about their a person changes in status during the story. personnel
work and that of others activities in their journals Students must draw the outline of a stage and
plot the movement of the person
• participate in group
• in pairs, interview each other as to their
discussions
experience in losing or gaining status; pairs
• make connections between present to the class
their activities and their own • in pairs, assess the performance they saw using
lives sample prompters such as:
“If I had the chance to be in charge of the play, I
would…”
93
Creating Students will be able to: Students may: brown paper bags
Students will be aware of: • show character through: • walk around the space. On the teacher’s cue kite paper
- movement/gait they change gait and posture while leading with
• the creation of character - gesture a specified body part, e.g., elbows or knees markers
through the exploration of - mannerisms • work with a partner and explore the use of
the physical - body shapes, levels, and multimedia projector
gesture to convey meaning: use hands to plead,
postures threaten, welcome. Students also shrug, nod, TV
stamp feet; tell each other the story of their day
• create a mask and use it to so far
extend movement and DVD player
gesture • differentiate between an action as a mannerism
and a feeling, e.g., nervousness in the stomach. PC/Computer lab
• show increased physical Teacher uses Teacher-in-Role, e.g., as a
control and sustain physical nervous person waiting on a bench for date to CDs
tension in characterization arrive, and displaying specific mannerisms
• participate in an As-If exercise with teacher side-
coaching, e.g., look in their bag as if they cannot Resources
find a project that is due but they know they
packed it this morning. Look through again as if 100+ Ideas for Drama
they were frantic. Then look through as if they by Anna Scher &
were questioning whether they had packed it. Charles Verrall
Now look through as if they located it
• create a simple mask using a brown paper bag. Useful Website
Use as a means of emphasis on body language
as opposed to facial expression and voice www.imprology.com
94
General Outcomes
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Concentration
• students will know through • develop research skills • in computer lab and in groups, use Paint program Self-awareness
historical, cultural, and to draw and colour simple face designs. This may
cross-cultural references • increase their knowledge of be used as set induction for topic – Masks Imaging
art forms through research
• in groups, research subheadings under “masks”: Responding
• use ICT skills to interact - what is a mask
with historical theatre forms Spontaneity
- types of masks
- functions of masks generally, e.g., war, sports,
Interpretation
and in performance
- materials used to make masks
Research/ICT
Findings may be presented to class. Teacher may
use PowerPoint to present information on African, Visual/Tactile learning
Papua New Guinea, and Bali masks, incorporating
students’ research Dramatic Technique
• use program or software such as Photoshop to Role play

alter the design of one of the picture slides/video
clips shown by the teacher; picture slides or video Improvisation
clips may be on Japanese Kabuki, Noh, and
Sanskrit Theatre As-If
Reflection
Teacher-in-Role
Levels
Masks
95
Responding Students will be able to: Students may: facial expression

posture
• students will respond with • express ideas and feelings • discuss what were some of the thoughts running gait
awareness to their own about the drama activity in through their minds in As-If and itemize their gesture
work and that of others their journal movement, gestures, and facial expressions at the mannerisms
various stages tension
• reflect and articulate analogy
personal growth • write in their journal in response to the Teacher-in- brotherhood
Role activity on mannerisms. This could also take function
the form of a letter to a friend mask
masquerade
• make connections between • in a circle, discuss the analogies and brotherhood
the activity and their own connections
lives
• save their drawings, research, and teacher’s
• make constructive PowerPoint presentation on CDs and place in their
criticisms of their own journals. Students should be encouraged to
performances and those of compile an electronic component to their journal.
their peers
96
Creating Students will be able to: Students may: film clips on video
multimedia projector
Students will be aware of: • project voice through breath • practise diaphragmatic breathing exercises to
control improve voice control transparencies
• the creation of characters
using the voice • use sound rather than • produce a sound collage. Students are given a bandana
language to convey location as stimulus and in small groups create bristol board
meaning vocal sound effects in a sequential manner, e.g., a
maxi stand – blaring horns, doors slamming newsprint
markers
• use tone and texture to • in a circle, each finds a different way to deliver a
match a given mood or chosen phrase, e.g., “Oh boy!” Students may use VCR
emotion an object as it is passed around the circle to add
emphasis to the delivery of the line TV
DVD player
• use individual letters of the alphabet as
conversation to convey meaning in given miniature tape
situations, e.g., roti shop line, bank robbery recorders
• use prompts given by teacher to develop dialogue Resources

in pairs, e.g., "I am shocked at you, I really am." A
begins dialogue in an outraged tone and B Cue cards: locations
responds. The dialogue continues; teacher and situations from
changes line and students exchange roles Drama Morgue
Voice and the Actor

by Cicely Berry
Films, e.g., My Fair

Lady
97
General Outcomes Student Skills
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Sequencing
• students will know through • observe nuances in speech • choose and listen carefully to an accent that is not Oral expression
historical, cultural, and patterns of their own culture theirs, either from real life, film, or television.
cross-cultural references and of other cultures Imitate to the rest of the class and/or use in drama Responding
• understand the mechanism • use a sequence of simple voice warm-up activities Self-awareness
of diaphragmatic breathing
• be divided into pairs A and B. A places hand on Self-acceptance
ribcage of B; B breathes in, holds breath, and
breathes out slowly. A observes the movement of Empathy
B’s ribcage. Roles are then reversed
Imitation
• view a transparency/slide presentation using the
overlay method to examine a diagram of the Vocal manipulation/
respiratory system – lungs, diaphragm, ribcage control
Dramatic Technique
Sound collage
Improvisation
Role reversal
Interviews
98
Responding Students will be able to: Students may: prop

tone
• students will respond with • express ideas and feelings • record in journals the experience of building the diaphragm
awareness to their own about the activity in their sound collage, using sample prompts, e.g., ribcage
work and that of others journal “Without words, I was able to…” accent
diction
• reflect and articulate • conduct interviews with each other using articulation
personal growth questionnaires to create the biography of the projection
character based on initial dialogue line inhale
exhale
• make constructive criticism • in their journals, draw and label a simple diagram nuances
of their performances and of the respiratory system respiratory system
those of others culture
99
Creating Students will be able to: Students may: table
Students will be aware of: • improvise a role having • with eyes closed, think about someone interesting chairs
been given at least one in their family, neighbourhood, etc. and assume
• the creation of characters variable, i.e., time, place, mannerisms, posture, gait, and behaviour of that bottle
using improvisation activity, or occupation person. Students open eyes and move in
character. Students deliver a line in role on touch rostra
• work together in group cue from teacher. In groups, they create an Improv
improvisation using the characters as stimulus
Resources
• understand the role of • participate in an exercise involving items such as a
status in improvisation table, chairs, and a water bottle. Individual Films with crowd
students arrange the objects so as to make one scenes,e.g., Julius
• participate in developing item the most powerful object. When this is Caesar, Harry Potter
power and status issues in achieved, students then enter the arrangement and
traditional-type each tries to assume the most powerful position Newspaper clippings
relationships
• in pairs, explore a range of relationships focusing Cue cards: phrases
on the display of power and status through eye from Drama Morgue
contact and body language, e.g., a tyrannical
employer and a timid employee. Students
improvise dialogue and then switch status while
maintaining roles
100
General Outcomes
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Characterization
• students will know through • recognize different • observe crowds of people and make notes as to Creation of dialogue
historical, cultural, and behaviour patterns through crowd dynamics: bartering for space, territorial
cross-cultural references observation power, etc. Observe gestures, body language, Concentration
voice patterns at the market or at a football match,
• use knowledge gained and use observations in creating short scenes Imagination
through observation to
communicate meaning in • use newspaper clippings about real-life situations Enquiry
improvisation to identify specific characters displayed and
identify the status of these characters Sequencing
• understand the process of • illustrate the breakdown of a scene by use of Observation

improvising a basic scene charts and diagrams - beginning, middle, and end.
Students plot action in sequence Imitation
Dramatic Technique
Role play
Improvisation
Dialogue
Hot-seating
Monologues
101
Responding Students will be able to: Students may: status

improvise
• students will respond with • express ideas and feelings • discuss tactics they utilized in a practical exercise role
critical awareness to their in drama journals in relation to achieve the most powerful position relationship
own work and the work of to the drama territorial
others character
• reflect on and articulate • be guided through a Hot Seat exercise for power
perceptions of personal feedback on roles played sequence
growth plot
• make connections between • write a monologue based on a character they

their own lives and the analysed from newspaper accounts
drama
• make constructive criticism • view a performance by a Theatre-in-Education

of the performances of their group. After the session, discuss responses
peers and others
102
multimedia projector
video recorder
Students will be aware of: • develop body awareness • improvise situations where characters are in a
and spatial perception variety of different spaces, e.g., jail cell, crowded video tapes
• the creation of characters in elevator, playground, and examine how the digital camera
relationship to the space character interacts with the prevailing space
cardboard boxes
• experiment with imitative • participate in story dramatization, e.g., Aesop’s
Other recyclable
and interpretive movement Fables in a variety of formal and informal theatre
materials for building
for specific characters while spaces. Students create improvised spaces by
models
working in formal and arranging classroom furniture
informal theatre spaces Resources
Knowing
Internet access
• students will know through • know different kinds of • view multimedia slides of different performance Aesop’s Fables
historical, cultural, and theatre spaces—formal and spaces and/or use the Internet to explore various
cross-cultural references informal—through research Virtual Tours of international performance venues, Useful Website
e.g., Shakespeare’s Globe Theatre
www.shakespeares-
globe.org
• attend live performances to • in groups, build models of different kinds of theatre
conduct research and spaces Student Skills
practise audience etiquette
Research
• visit different theatre spaces, e.g., outdoor Oral communication
amphitheatre, the proscenium
Brainstorming
• attend a live performance
Spontaneity
Critical awareness
Construction
103
General Outcomes Dramatic Technique
Responding Students will be able to: Students may: Story dramatization
• students will respond with • express ideas and feelings • include evidence of planning – brainstorming notes Endowment
critical awareness to their in a drama journal in and design sketches of models in journals
own work and the work of relation to the drama Simulation
others • arrange a classroom museum of the models,
• reflect on and articulate endowing students as designers/experts. This
perceptions of personal could be videotaped as a documentary Vocabulary
growth
• fill out observation sheets examining the theatre proscenium
• make connections between space and the performance arena
their own lives and the amphitheatre
drama Theatre-in-the-round
thrust
• make constructive criticism museum
of the performances of their interpretive
peers and others imitative
spatial perception
documentary
104
General Outcomes
newsprint
Creating Students will be able to: Students may use the poem “The Pied Piper of
Hamelin” by Robert Browning to: cloth
Students will be aware of: • portray appropriate body personal props
language in relation to: • explore the nature of attitudes to the “stranger.”
• the creation of character (a) people they know Half the class role-plays a town meeting old magazines
through the exploration of (b) people they don't know discussing the problem of the rats. Use Mantle of
newspapers
the physical (c) people of different status the Expert as other half of class become officials
(d) people of different in the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education, photographs
backgrounds etc.
artifacts
• incorporate physical, • develop a scene with half of the class focusing on digital camera
emotional, and social the Pied Piper and issues of distrust and
dimensions of characters in prejudice. The teacher facilitates a forum whereby DVD player
scenes the other half of the class, as audience, can
Resources
interrupt and rework the scenes
• sustain characters in The Pied Piper of
improvised and formal • practise dramatic tension: design a mime Hamelin by Robert
scenes sequence that manipulates tension and release, Browning
e.g., opening jar, defusing a bomb
Script of The Pearl
• make clear choice of
character traits and • in groups, participate in the activity called Boxing Films, e.g., West Side
behaviour Match. Characters include boxers, referee, Story, Romeo and
coaches, etc. No touching or dialogue allowed but Juliet (Baz Luhrmann)
• convey dramatic tension opponents and others must react realistically to & Romeo and Juliet
through body language blows (Zefferelli’s
Production), Rent
(2005, Chris
Columbus)
105
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Textual analysis

Brainstorming
• students will know through • observe body language in • observe the body language of people of different
historical, cultural, and interpersonal relationships ages and genders in their communities, identifying Characterization/
cross-cultural references exaggerated use of body language Internalization
• demonstrate how social
concepts such as • collect pictures of different kinds of people, Observation
cooperation, arranging them in categories, e.g., age, class, Research
communication, sympathy, nationality, ethnicity, etc. Students improvise
etc apply in theatre and real situations using a variety of types of people Character analysis
life
Written/Oral
• work with The Pied Piper of Hamelin to make
expression
• understand how theatre connections between dialogue and character
reflects life and the ways in choices in movement and body language Negotiation
which it can be used to
address social issues • choose concept or theme from the text, and collect Empathy
artifacts relating to imagined character biographies ICT
• show awareness of cultural
differences in behaviour Dramatic Technique
through research
Writing-in-role
Forum Theatre
Mantle of the Expert
Hot Seat
Role play
Brotherhood
106
Responding Students will be able to: Students may: status

dramatic tension
• students will respond with • express ideas and feelings • participate in Hot Seating after dramatization of audience
critical awareness to their in a drama journal in Pied Piper scenes and gauge level of character scenario
own work and the work of relation to the drama internalization forum
others biography
• reflect on and articulate • complete in journals in essay format – “How justification
perceptions of personal theatre reflects life,” tying in Brotherhood links from artifacts
growth the Pied Piper dramatization
excerpts
• make connections between • write in role as a character from the text and report
their own life and the drama on the sequence of events in the story
• make constructive • view excerpts from West Side Story or Rent where
criticisms of the two opposing gangs or groups in society are in
performances of their peers conflict. Students may post comments on a Blog
and others after viewing
107
General Outcomes
rostra
miniature voice
Students will be aware of: • use the range of voice, e.g., • perform diaphragmatic breathing exercises recorders
pitch, tone, rhythm, speed, tapes
• the creation of character volume to effectively
relationships through the explore character • create a radio commercial advertisement for a Rat CD player/cassette
exploration of voice relationships Catcher for the town of Hamelin, including voice- player
overs and sound effects CDs–Opera
• use character motivations,
objectives, obstacles, • increase voice control by performing the following Resources
actions, and personality to actions individually –- coughing, sneezing, Cue cards: situations
create an appropriate voice belching, etc. The action is placed in a situation, from Drama Morgue
for a given character e.g., in a church service. Two or three actions
could be combined Voice and the Actor
• show increasing voice by Cicely Berry
control – articulation and • in pairs, explore relationships. Situations are given, Ideas that Work in
projection e.g., a teenager wants to borrow parent’s car. Drama by Michael
Parent who is reading the newspaper is only Theodore
allowed to say “no” or “yes.” Child must convince
parent to lend the car. Responses are taped Student Skills
Vocal expression
• in groups, explore sound and silence. Each group
explores a given situation, e.g.: Listening
“You are singing your favourite song in class and Observation
your strictest teacher walks in.”
Critiquing
• understand the value of the “You are in an examination room when the silence
contrast between sound is broken by a loud noise.” Listing
and silence in drama
Reflection
Operating equipment
108
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Sound and silence
• students will know through • distinguish variety in voice • record the nuances in the tone of speech in Role play
historical, cultural, and quality by careful listening different relationships, e.g., mother and child,
cross-cultural references mother with a stranger, and mother on the phone, Broadcasting
• demonstrate an etc.
understanding of how
relationships with other • listen to operatic singing to better understand the
characters affect voice versatile nature of the human voice Vocabulary
elements of character
development • create, as a class, an “Elements of Voice” checklist articulation
projection
• identify the elements of pitch
voice necessary in contrast
characterization relationship
control
opera
Responding versatile
variety
• students will respond with • reflect on and articulate • in journals, list and describe some of the vocal nuances
critical awareness to their perceptions of personal exercises they have learnt so far broadcast
own work and the work of growth
others • compare in an oral presentation how their favourite
• make connections between type of music compares to operatic music
their own lives and the
drama • discuss whether they achieved an appropriate
• make constructive variety in tone after listening to taped exchange
criticisms of the
performances of their peers
and others
109
General Outcomes
rostra
scripted plays
Students will be aware of: • infer subtext from lines of • as a group activity, examine a short extract from a TV
dialogue in formal scenes scene in, e.g., Tears in the Gayelle by Dennis DVD player
• the creation of character Noel. Discuss the subtext and say out loud the
relationships through an • use narrative as a means of meaning behind each line. Students can also enact computer lab
understanding of subtext extending stage business the subtext multimedia projector
and through scripting
blank CDs
• create a short scene as a • working in pairs, develop two opposing characters,
group activity through the each trying to achieve something different and Microsoft PowerPoint
process of improvisation getting in each other’s way. Neither character must
Resources
and discussion outright say what they feel except when teacher
cues, ‘Stop! Think!’ Tears in the Gayelle
• script the dialogue with by Dennis Noel
some understanding of • form small groups. One student in each group
Odale’s Choice by E.
text, subtext, and context writes a line of dialogue for a scene and passes
Braithwaite
the folded paper to the next student who writes the
next line, etc. The group then finds a context for Pink Panther (classic
the five-line scene, act it out, and discuss the cartoon) video tape/
subtext. They then change the context of the scene DVD
Student Skills
Scripting
}
Textual analysis
ICT
Research
Application
Cross referencing
110
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Day in the Life
• students will know through • know the difference • define and explain drama terminology: text, Narrative
historical, cultural, and between text, subtext, and context, subtext, protagonist, antagonist
cross-cultural references context Monologue
• research films, television shows, and literature
• understand the texts for examples of protagonists and antagonists, Stop! Think!
conventional roles of e.g., Pink Panther, westerns
protagonist and antagonist
• research and present in PowerPoint slides, the
• know that there is a range work of a Caribbean playwright, e.g., Derek
of scripted plays available Walcott, Zeno Constance, Paloma Mohammed,
for dramatization etc.
Responding
• participate in Day in the Life exercise; each student Vocabulary
• students will respond with • express ideas and feelings in a group creates a scenario focusing on the
critical awareness to their in a drama journal in specific activities of a character at various times of text
own work and the work of relation to the drama the day. Use character such as “Roy” from Tears in subtext
others the Gayelle context
• reflect on and articulate protagonist
perceptions ofpersonal • list and explain drama terminology: text, context, antagonist
growth subtext, protagonist, antagonist extract
playwright
• make connections between • assess individual ability to work in a group through
terminology
their own lives and the a self-assessment questionnaire
drama enact
• write a short monologue in role of protagonist or stage business
• make constructive antagonist from a literature text
criticisms of the
• make a list of playwrights of the Caribbean with
and others focus on Trinidad and Tobago; include samples of
their works
111
Creating Students will be able to: Students may: props as required
Students will be aware of: • show an increased • work in pairs to establish relationships, e.g., rostra
understanding of the use of parent/child, teacher/student. Students move,
• the creation of characters in levels in the space freeze in position and level, and improvise a Excerpts from
relationship in and to the dialogue appropriate to their position. Activity scripted plays
space. • use levels and positioning continues with students assuming different
to indicate status, and positions, levels, and distances Prompt book
status in relationships
• portray the role of a protagonist in two situations, Resources
• show how the plot and the e.g., a crowded Sunday market, a lonely spot
development of characters perhaps on the way home. Half the class functions Scripted plays, e.g.:
can be realized through the as audience, the other half as actors. Students 1. Odale's Choice by
use of the space discuss the problems these two situations pose to Edward Brathwaite
the character in the space
2. Duelling Voices by
• understand the concept of • in groups, identify the required elements and Zeno Constance
creating a simple set design a simple set for a scripted extract
3. A Midsummer
Night’s Dream by
William
Shakespeare
4. The Ping Pong by

Errol Hill
112
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Scripting
• students will know through • define the drama • view formal plays that have used flashback, e.g., Perception
historical, cultural, and conventions of flashback Duelling Voices by Zeno Constance and discuss
cross-cultural references and flash-forward the effectiveness of these techniques Negotiation
• understand the use of the • from scripted plays, discuss the setting and the use Self-Awareness
theatre conventions of of space in relation to the story
flashback, flash-forward, Critical Awareness
and simultaneous setting • examine the stage directions in a text, e.g., The
Ping Pong by Errol Hill, and identify categories of
• understand the basic information included such as props, time of day, Dramatic Technique
elements of blocking entrances and exits, etc.
Flask back
• understand the role and • look at an extract from a Stage Manager’s prompt
function of stage directions book and familiarize themselves with simple Flash-forward
blocking notations
Simultaneous setting
Blocking
Time line
113
Responding Students will be able to: Students may: set

blocking
• students will respond with • express ideas and feelings • choose one scene from The Pied Piper of Hamelin status
critical awareness to their in journals in relation to the and write a script using both flashback and flash- flashback
own work and the work of drama forward techniques and stage directions flash-forward
others stage directions
• reflect on and articulate • in journals, draw a time line of a scene and identify masking
perceptions of personal how flashback and flash-forward can be used in Stage Manager
growth restructuring the action of the play prompt book
scripting
• make connections between • plan basic blocking for scene scripted above design
their own lives and the motivation
drama • discuss in relation to activity in Creating: convention
(a) for participants in the crowd scenes: What were
• make constructive the problems associated with the crowd of
criticisms of the people in the space?
and others (b) for participants in the role of protagonist: What
motivated your movement in the space?
114
Year 3 – Term D-1: Improvisation

General Outcomes
utility box with props
Creating Students will be able to: Students may: costumes
decorations
Students will be aware of: • understand the keys of who, • establish a “where” through mime and sound. masks
what, where, why, and Teacher provides stimuli, e.g., in a beehive. objects
• creating, refining, and when in building a scene Students use their bodies as instruments, adding artifacts
deepening character • use plot, conflict, tension, sound newspapers
through improvisation crisis, climax, resolution in • improvise situations based on time, relationships, magazines
building a scene and conflict scenarios with focus on movement in newsprint
the space: pace, distance, levels, e.g., lion- markers
• show involvement with and
mouse-hunter photographs
relationship to various
CD player
stimuli • given an artifact, create an imaginary history for
• participate in guided the artifact; groups develop an improvisation
around the artifact. Resources
brainstorming sessions in
planning for improvisations • develop motives for their characters. Choose a
Improvisation for the
• demonstrate a series of “who” and “where” in the first instance and
Theatre by Viola
motivated movement gradually the teacher side coaches the
Spolin
activities introduction of a “what,” a one-word motive, e.g.,
old man at pharmacy: one-word motive – relief The Young Actor’s
• participate in character
• combine who, where, and what. Character A and Book of Improvisation
internalization exercises
B establish the scene. Without planning, Ages 12-16 by Sandra
• work within a given time Caruso and Susan
Character A and B begin to think in what way the
frame Kosoff
other character is an obstacle to their motive.
This develops into a conflict
Music CDs
115
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Interview/enquiry
• students will know through • understand that • in groups, arrange and compile stimuli in Research
historical, cultural, and improvisation can be built categories, e.g., parables/proverbs, newspaper
cross-cultural references around any possible stimuli headlines, photos, sequentially A – Z, etc. Brainstorming
• know that character is • compile a verb/action/motive/emotion dictionary Spontaneity

represented through the
ongoing actions and • research examples of picong in parang, calypso, Sequencing
choices of the actor and on election platforms
Negotiation
• research and develop • research the concepts and origins of extempore
students’ knowledge of Reflection
speech forms in their local • research the art and concept of impromptu
contexts speaking Oral/ Written
expression
• identify plot, conflict, • using a script as a guide, identify and explain the
tension, crisis, climax, concepts: plot, conflict, tension, crisis, climax,
resolution in a scene resolution Dramatic Technique
Improvisation
Critique
Scripting
Role on the Wall
116
Responding Students will be able to: Students may: internalization

tension
• students will respond with • express ideas and feelings • write one headline for a scene; everything in the motive
awareness to their own about the process of description of the scene must relate to the headline plot
work and that of others creating an improv in their conflict
journals • add detail to their one-word character motives by tension
engaging in Role on the Wall exercise crisis
• make constructive climax
criticisms of their • write to themselves about the process involved in resolution
performances and those of making improvisations. The emphasis should be extempore
their peers on thoughts and feelings theatrical
picong
• evaluate performances • critique a performance with reference to its impromptu
from the point of view of the dramatic and theatrical values
focus given
117
Year 3 – Term D-1: Technical Theatre
Creating Students will be able to: Students may: rostra

CD player
Students will be aware of: • create set designs • using realism or symbolism in a scene from a play,
illustrating concepts for create a set design producing: digital camera
• the elements that go into staging productions and (a) a floor plan
incorporating types of PC/Computer lab
the creation of (b) a three-dimensional model
environments for theatre stages multimedia projector
performances • work with a scripted scene, e.g., the Witches’
scene from Macbeth, and create a lighting design Resources
• create a lighting design to to enhance theme, actions, motives
Ideas that Work in
reflect the mood and Drama by Michael
• use house lights/ceiling classroom lights to cue
environment of the play or Theodore
scene entrances and exits, moments of dramatic tension
and transition blackouts for a scene Script extracts
• in groups, design costumes for different characters Student Skills
using paper, fabric, and found materials
Illustration
• choose a scene from a play:
• design costumes and
(a) design a sequence of vocal sound effects Design
make-up models for various
scenes and characters in a (b) design a sequence of off-stage sound effects Composition
play (c) choose a piece of music (taped or live) to
create mood and atmosphere Sequencing
• design/compose sound and Choose another scene that can accommodate a, b, Research/Enquiry
music to create mood and and c
atmosphere relevant to Documentation
script or scene
Negotiation
Critiquing
118
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Set design
• students will know through • identify the components of • research the components of technical theatre, Lighting design
historical, cultural, and technical theatre explain considerations of designing for theatre, list
cross-cultural references the elementary vocabulary of designers and Costume design
• explain the primary technicians
considerations in designing Sound design
for theatre • draw a chart or graphic organizer to represent
roles in the theatre. Identify roles and use arrows Soundscape
• increase their knowledge of to show a crossover of duties
technical theatre Use of realism and/or
• visit a formal theatre space and view a dramatic symbolism
• identify and explain the production. Critique technical aspects of the
roles of personnel in performance
technical theatre and the
possibilities for their
collaboration
• use the elementary

vocabulary of designers
and technicians
119
Responding Students will be able to: Students may: articulation

set
• students will respond with • express ideas and feelings • write about the experience of going to the theatre model
awareness to their own about projects in their in their journals projection
work and that of others journals sound effects
• store samples of sketches, costumes, floor plans, pitch
• make constructive etc. in journals impact
criticisms of their designs mood
and those of their peers • critique their designs and those of their peers atmosphere
during class discussions realism
• apply design skills to texts symbolism
• critique aspects of technical theatre in different components
productions enhance
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Year 3 – Term D-2: Playmaking/Writing
General Outcomes
CD player
Utility box of props
Students will be aware of: • develop a ritual using • in groups, design and perform a ritual, e.g., to Extracts from orators,
space, movement, symbol, make rain fall. Students are reminded of the e.g., Martin Luther
• the techniques involved in chants, and language elements to be used in the design King, Jr., Dr. Eric
the creation of rituals, Williams
processions, and choral • use a procession to explore • in groups, design and perform a ceremony, e.g., an
effects different types of occasions initiation Poems
PC/Computer lab
• develop choral and oration • develop and perform a procession based on a Internet Access
skills theme, e.g., victory – School wins football match.
Invisible Theatre can be incorporated Useful Websites
www.wordpress.com
• use extracts from famous historical orators to www.blogger.com
develop their own speeches and analyse public www.vineblogs.net
speakers’ performances for tools of oration, e.g.,
political leaders’ use of quotations from religious Student Skills
texts, etc.
ICT
• use poems and extracts from stories and plays Synthesize
with particularly strong imagery to develop chants
and choral work Document/Research
Sequence
N.B. students can be given other stimuli such as
weddings, funerals, christenings, wakes, etc. to Textual analysis
construct improvisations
Spontaneity
Empathy
Reflection
121
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Improvisation
• students will know through • compose definitions for • examine rituals that exist in their communities; Invisible Theatre
historical, cultural, and terms such as rituals and attend (individually or in groups) a ritual or
cross-cultural references ceremonies procession occurring in their environment Oration
• understand the form and • conduct interviews with participants in the ritual or Interviews
function of rituals, procession to collect authentic information
ceremonies, etc. in Metaphor
performance and in relation • set up a web-based journal-blog and post
to the origin of Caribbean information and ideas about Analogy
drama rituals/processions/choruses in their culture and
develop exchanges with students in other countries Vocabulary
• develop oral research skills
oration
ceremony
Responding procession
initiation
• students will respond to • discuss and critically • record, in role, the ritual process symbol
their own work and that of analyse the relevance of imagery
others the research to the process • deliver an oration, in role, for an occasion metaphor
of improvisation and analogy
playmaking • parallel their ritual as a metaphor or analogy for an ritual
everyday life situation chorus
• make constructive criticism chants
of the performance of their blog
peers and others media
122
Creating Students will be able to: Students may: Extracts from

scripted plays
Students will be aware of: • develop writing and • play the Memory Game, telling the story word by
playmaking skills word, sentence by sentence video recorder
• the process involved in the
creation of a script • depict, through tableau, the • plot turning points in a character’s life. Suggested digital camera
essence of a story techniques for teacher’s use: Voices in the Head,
Thought Tracking, and examination of The Ritual newsprint
• explore roles from within by Zeno Constance
the story Resources
• devise dialogue for development of tension, e.g.,
• use language effectively in through Telephone/Radio Conversations Plays by local and
different roles international
• use a storyboard to plot main events and then to playwrights
• produce a written script juggle the order of events of a story
from the playmaking 1. Odale's Choice by
process • in groups of five, develop a written script after Edward Brathwaite
reviewing, repeating, and editing during the
• create a recognizable voice playmaking process 2. The Ritual by Zeno
Constance
• mount a production of the
script including all elements 3. A Midsummer
of production: plot, setting, Night’s Dream by
characterization, style William
Shakespeare
123
Knowing Students will be able to: Students may: Interpretation
• students will know through • increase their knowledge of • using extracts, examine the language used in plays Brainstorming
historical, cultural, and language forms written by Trevor Rhone, Dennis Scott, Rawle
cross-cultural references Gibbons; and from other traditions, e.g., William Sequencing
• know the process of Shakespeare, Tennessee Williams, Wole Soyinka
playmaking Observation
• through discussion, assist other groups in revising
• integrate the elements of their plays’ structure and meaning Imagination
production
• as a class, develop a checklist for monitoring the Critical thinking
rehearsal and staging the production
Responding Textual analysis
• students will respond with their own lives and the • complete a self-assessment form Dramatic Technique
awareness to their own drama
work and that of others • use a digital camera to photo-journal their Storyboard
• reflect on and articulate production process
perceptions of their Storytelling
personal growth • journal in groups collectively (on sheets of
newsprint) before and after the process of Script writing
• express ideas and feelings playmaking/production
in their journals in relation Voices in the Head
to the drama • assess each other. Ask each member of a group to
analyse a character and to consider how the Thought Tracking
• make constructive criticism character was revealed and developed
of the performance of their Telephone/Radio
peers and others
Memory game
124
Year 1: Integrated Term
The Thematic Model: Museum Exhibition entitled “Discovering Me”
Framework
♦ This project model may take the form of research and activities related to Traditions
of Carnival in Trinidad and Tobago involving all four disciplines—Visual Art,
Dance, Drama, and Music.
♦ Teachers of the various disciplines coordinate all teaching activities to fulfil the
learning outcomes required for the completion of this model.
♦ The suggested time span for this model is one term.
♦ The project culminates in a production, for example, a morning programme on

Carnival Friday at the school.
♦ A display could be set up spanning the week leading up to Carnival.
♦ Student portfolios can be built and monitored as the project progresses to production
stage.
♦ Assessment could be based on performances, portfolios, organizational skills,

collaborative learning skills, initiative, creativity, etc.
♦ The presentations may be videotaped and photographed for documenting purposes.
The following is an outline of suggested learning outcomes and activities for the
model. The teachers involved in planning can develop this frame to suit their
preferences.
125
Intended Learning
Content Sample Activities
Outcomes
Visual Art Students will be able to: Students may:
• manipulate materials to • create posters to advertise the museum

create works of art exhibition
• construct a free-standing sculpture of where

they see themselves in 10 years
• make a wall painting representing their

neighbourhood
• mount a display of artifacts that represent their

cultural heritage
Dance • manipulate their bodies to • work in groups to create a sequence based on

create shapes, forms, a nursery rhyme from their childhood, e.g.,
movements, and gestures “Three Blind Mice”
that convey meaning
• combine a number of different
steps/movements in response to their
experience of family life
• use folk dances they have learned to tell the

story of their national identity
Drama • demonstrate an • create a monologue based on some aspect of

understanding of how the their school life; a dramatization of this would
individual communicates include costume and props
through body, language,
and voice • in groups, create a series of tableau pictures
that represent their hobbies or special interest
• participate in role play of various museum

personnel such as Curator, Security, Tour
Guides
• tell a story including one or some of the

artifacts in the visual arts display
126
Intended Learning
Outcomes
Music Students will be able to: Students may:
• manipulate instruments • analyse childhood nursery rhymes, compose

and voice to create rhymes with repeated rhythmic and melodic
musical passages and motifs
develop ideas in
composing • use samples of music enjoyed by their parents
to play as an echo, rhythmic patterns
• compose and perform an original

advertisement/jingle for the museum
exhibition
127
The Project Model: “Traditions of Carnival”
Performance at School
Framework
♦ This project model may take the form of research and activities related to Traditions
of Carnival in Trinidad and Tobago involving all four disciplines—Visual Art,
Dance, Drama, and Music.
♦ Teachers of the various disciplines coordinate all teaching activities to fulfil the
learning outcomes required for the completion of this model.
♦ The suggested time span for this model is one term.
♦ The project culminates in a production, for example, a morning programme on

Carnival Friday at the school.
♦ A display could be set up spanning the week leading up to Carnival.
♦ Student portfolios can be built and monitored as the project progresses to production
stage.
♦ Assessment could be based on performances, portfolios, organizational skills,

collaborative learning skills, initiative, creativity, and so on.
♦ The presentations may be videotaped and photographed for documentation purposes.
The following is an outline of suggested learning outcomes and activities for the model.
The teachers involved in planning can develop this frame to suit their preference.
128
Intended Learning
Outcomes
Visual Art Students will be able to: Students may:
• manipulate materials to • design and produce costumes of traditional

create works of art Carnival characters, e.g., Midnight Robber,
Dame Lorraine
• develop art-making
strategies • manipulate materials and colours to produce
Carnival parade banners
• create works from
imagination, memory, and • apply decorative craft skills to create masks
observation for traditional masked ball event
• interpret and analyse • examine the work of one famous mas’

artwork to apply meaning designer and analyse the historical and
cultural influence in the work
• mount a display of their design sketches
Dance • manipulate their bodies to • moving in time to rhythm – basic chip in

create shapes, forms, different directions
movements, and gestures
that convey meaning • explore the fight, action, and reaction in
Kalinda/Gathka
• explore dance/rhythm
movements based on • perform a variety of dances, e.g., sailor,
traditional Carnival calypso, etc.
dances, e.g., calypso,
kalinda • make connections between traditional dance
forms and traditional performance contexts
• distinguish between
various Carnival dances
• demonstrate the Carnival

dances through
movement sequences,
e.g., sailor
129
Intended Learning
Outcomes
Drama Students will be able to: Students may:
• create character through • perform dramatic presentations of traditional

the exploration of the characters, e.g., Midnight Robber, Indian
physical, voice, and speeches
improvisation
• dramatize traditional Carnival events, e.g.,
• enact dramatic Canboulay Riots;
presentations/readings of,
e.g., Midnight Robbers, • participate in brainstorming sessions to create
Red Indian, etc. speeches
• structure/manipulate • understand traditional carnival as a means of

language to create social commentary, e.g., ol’ mas’ characters
dramatic passages
suitable for traditional • in pairs, present extempore exchanges on
Carnival characters given stimuli
• structure/manipulate
language to create
extemporaneous
exchanges
• create dramatizations of
historical events in
traditional Carnival
Music • manipulate voice and • listen to various traditional calypso rhythms

instruments to create and examine the use of rhyme, metre, simile,
musical passages metaphor, alliteration, onomatopoeia,
imagery, and double meaning in calypso
• demonstrate appropriate
technical skills by • develop a “rhythm track” alongside recorded
performing on musical calypso
instruments
• write songs individually or in groups that
• examine the lyrical reflect the traditions of Carnival
content of songs and
establish the relationship • perform by singing their own compositions
between the lyrics and the
occasion • use available melodic and non-melodic
instruments to accompany each other as they
• distinguish between sing their own compositions
calypso rhythms and other
rhythms
130
Visual
And
Performing Arts
Music
Music
Internal Organizers
Listening, Appraising, and Researching

Creating/Composing, and Arranging
Performing
The three basic organizers for Music in secondary schools have been designed to develop
the required knowledge, skills, and abilities that will enrich the adult life of every student
who has been exposed to music education. Each fundamental organizer is premised on
the credo of sound before sight, and also contributes to the definition of more specific
learning outcomes.
Listening, Appraising, and Researching affords students the opportunity to develop the
ability to focus on the structural and expressive elements of music, using suitable musical
language to discuss how these elements are used in the conception, construction, and
performance of different styles and genres.
Creating/Composing and Arranging involves students in activities designed to foster

their ability to select appropriate sounds and order these sounds to convey ideas
musically. This includes adding their ideas to existing music (arranging), and/or
instinctively experimenting with new material while performing (improvising).
Performing gives students opportunities to present music on an instrument (including

voice); to develop appropriate technical skills; and to display sensitivity to, and to
develop an understanding of, musical structure and style.
133
Specific Learning Outcomes in Music
Listening, Appraising, and Researching
Pitch
distinguish between sounds that are high and low;

;
determine that high and low sounds can be produced on instruments (including voice)
or in the environment;
recognize that an instrument has a range that may be comparatively high or low
within a particular family of instruments;
identify name of notes on the treble and bass clef;
identify voice as soprano, alto, tenor, or bass;
recognize that pitches in a melody move in steps or by leaps;
indicate the contour of a melody;
recognize that a melody is made up of various pitches;
identify scale patterns within simple melodies;
recognize the music of various cultures by looking at the element of pitch.
Duration
recognize that music is made up of sound and silence;

recognize that sound/silence can be long or short;
hear that rhythm often has a recurring pulse;
determine that music is made up of stronger and weaker beats;
recognize that metre is usually organized in groups of twos, threes, or fours;
relate the melodic rhythmic pattern or prominent accompaniment figure to the steady
pulse of the music;
identify beat and off-beat;
identify rhythmic patterns;
134
identify note symbols and their corresponding rest;
identify simple time signature using crotchets as the beat;
interpret simple time signatures.
Dynamics
distinguish between loud and soft sounds;

become aware that dynamics (loud and soft) contribute to the expressive qualities of
music;
recognize that dynamic changes may be great or small;
recognize that dynamic changes may occur suddenly or gradually;
recognize that texture and balance affect dynamics;
use appropriate terminology to describe the dynamic changes.
Timbre
hear that sounds are made by different sources;

recognize that different kinds of sounds may be produced from a single sound source;
hear that timbre changes occur with different combination of voices, instruments,
machines, body sounds, environmental sounds, and so on;
identify the distinctive timbres of various instrumental and vocal ensembles;
identify timbres of various ethnic instruments.
Expressive Controls
Tempo
identify tempo changes and differences in music (fast, medium, and slow);
Articulation
recognize that tones are connected (legato) or detached (staccato).
135
Structure/Form
recognize that music is organized by the use of repetition/contrast;

identify simple polyphonic forms, for example, rounds, canons, partner songs;
recognize songs in binary and ternary forms;
develop an awareness of bridged passages in songs.
General
appreciate a variety of sounds, music, and other creative expressions;

understand the nature of music, and that there are a variety of musical expressions;
define various expressive and structural musical elements, including pitch, duration,
tempo, and timbre (tone colour);
work in cooperative situations in the design and development of various creative
expressions;
use appropriate musical language to describe the elements of pitch, duration,
dynamics, tempo, and timbre;
critique their own performances and those of others, using agreed standards and
musical ideas;
develop music literacy skills.
Creating/Composing, and Arranging
use extra-musical stimuli (e.g., environmental sounds and scenes, visual arts,
dramatic and literacy works) to develop ideas for their compositions;
use musical stimuli (e.g., rhythmic and melodic motifs, timbre) to develop ideas for
their own compositions;
use appropriate symbols (devised or traditional ) to notate compositions;
demonstrate that notation (devised or traditional) can be an aid in communicating
musical ideas;
use descriptive words and/or symbols (devised or traditional) to designate dynamics,
articulation, tempo, and timbre.
136
Performing
echo-play/clap short rhythmic melodic patterns;

use instruments, voices, and other materials or devices to create high, low, long,
short, loud, and soft sounds;
use body percussion (snap, clap, patchen, stamp) to produce sounds;
maintain a steady beat/pulse and tempo while playing an instrument or singing;
play simple rhythmic or melodic patterns (by ear, by reading, by rote—non-
traditional or traditional drawings);
play/sing using appropriate techniques, and displaying sensitivity to, and
understanding of, musical structure and style;
play or sing displaying appropriate interpretation of piece;
experience simultaneous sounds by displaying/singing descants and ostinati;
play an independent part (e.g., harmony, ostinato, etc.);
interpret simple musical scores;
demonstrate that notation is used in communicating musical ideas;
read and perform simple notation using quavers (eight notes), crotchets (quarter
notes), minims (half notes), semibreves (whole notes) and their corresponding rest in
simple, duple, triple, and quadruple time;
read and perform simple notation including skips of a third, fourth, fifth, and octave;
follow the musical score for a single voice or instrumental line;
demonstrate an understanding of key signature in C, F, and G majors;
interpret and respond to dynamic markings and symbols;
identify and define words that describe the timbre to produce, for example, soprano,
alto, tenor, bass, descant, chorus/choir, names of instruments, and so on.
137
Music: Connections to the Core Curriculum
The following outlines some of the more obvious bases for integrating music with other
subjects of the core curriculum:
• Singing and/or playing songs from foreign lands

• Use of appropriate music to illustrate culture of foreign countries
• Correlation of Italian performance terms with foreign language
Language Arts

• Imagery and symbolism in stories and/or poems and music
• Setting of lyrics to melodies and vice versa
• Selection of appropriate music to accompany poetry reading and storytelling
• Study of operatic songs and symphonic works based upon literature
Mathematics
• Beats, note values, and time signatures as they relate to the understanding of number
• Relationship between musical and mathematical vocabulary, for example, time
signatures, intervals, and note values
Physical Education
• Importance of proper breathing techniques to athletics and to the production of sound

in wind instruments and voice
• Understanding of skeletal structure and its relationship to posture
• Awareness of the body and movement
138
Science
• Experimenting with sound-producing materials to examine:

- pitch
- duration of sound
- intensity of sound
- reverberation and decay
• Study of vocal mechanism to include the function of:

- vocal cords
- lungs
- resonating chambers
- diaphragm
- ribcage
Social Studies
• Use of appropriate music to understand the meaning, implications, and import of

historical events
• Use of appropriate music to illustrate the ideals, religions, and traditions of
contemporary and past civilizations, cultures, nations, and times
• Study of appropriate music and composers to help build concepts of citizenship and
patriotism
• Use of appropriate music to illustrate and/or describe geography and climate of
various countries and regions
• Engagement in group work, peer review, and critiquing in listening and appraising,
performing and composing
• Operation of computers (hardware and software), cassette players/recorders, keyboard

synthesizers, and other technologies to compose, arrange, notate, and perform music
• Study of electronics and electronic equipment involved in the production of sound,
for example, amplifiers, microphones, mixing boards
• Selection and use of appropriate applications and technology tools to increase
productivity of individuals and in collaborative multimedia projects
139
Music: Connections to Other
Visual Arts
• Making and decorating simple musical instruments

• Use of appropriate music to stimulate composition of works of art and vice versa
• Study of form in music and in the visual arts
• Construction and decoration of scenery and backdrops for musical productions
• Study of rhythm in music and in the visual arts
• Study of historical periods and styles, for example, Impressionism, Classicism, that
are common to music and the visual arts
Dance
• Use of singing and movement games

• Study of rhythm in music and dance
• Study of form in music and dance
• Expression of musical form with body movements
• Choreography of dance to music
• Composition of music and dance style(s)
Drama
• Development of creative dramatizations of songs
• Use of music to reflect or affect mood
• Selection and/or composition of music for use with dramatizations
• Study of operatic songs and symphonic works based upon drama
140
Music: Course Outline
Year 1: Listening, Appraising, Researching, Performing, Creating
Strategies/ Sample Integration
Component Outcomes Resources Assessment
Sample Activities Activities
Rhythm Students will be able • Listen • Non-melodic • Teacher observation • Dance:

to: instruments, e.g., - dance steps that
• Patterns • Perform drums, tambourine, • Individual or group are related to
• explore and respond cymbals, claves presentation different styles,
to simple rhythmic • Demonstrate
• Performing using body e.g., waltz,
patterns • Clap, tap, jump, etc. to • Tape/CD player chutney, soca,
parts, e.g., hands, feet; or
simple rhythmic patterns dancing or playing bele, pique, etc.
played at different tempi percussion instruments in
response to rhythmic
parts
• Beat/Off-beat • analyse the beat • Clap, tap, jump, etc. on • Non-melodic and • Imitate rhythmic patterns
and off-beat to the beat and off the beat melodic instruments with regular pulse • Physical Education
simple rhythmic to simple rhythmic accentuating the beats students can
patterns played at patterns played at and off-beats exercise to rhythmic
different tempi different tempi patterns, e.g.,
• Individual or group aerobics
• Creating • compose rhythmic • Clapping or performing • Non-melodic and
on percussion melodic instruments performance of motifs
pattern as • Language –
instruments, answering created by students
answering phrase to rhythmic patterns in
given motifs phrases in response to poetry
patterns played by the
teacher
• Demonstrate the value of • Non-melodic and • Create pattern using
• Note symbols • recognize note
each symbol in crotchet melodic instruments, symbols of long and short
symbols that are
beats e.g., steel pan, duration
used in writing
rhythmic patterns: drum, recorder,
• Write patterns
semibreve, minim, synthesizer,
crotchet, quaver keyboard
141
• Rest symbols Students will be able • Create rhythmic patterns • Non-melodic and • Individual presentation of • Dance:
to: combining note and rest melodic instruments created patterns on an - create dance
symbols instrument steps to rhythmic
• recognize that each patterns
note symbol has a
corresponding rest • Drama:
symbol: semibreve, - display actions
minim, crotchet, and moods to
quaver rhythmic patterns
• Time signature • interpret simple time • Listen to recorded or live • Tape/CD player • Beat, clap, dance, etc. to
signature as simple music to determine determine time signature • Dance
• Synthesizer
duple, simple triple, regular measures of
and simple duple, triple, or quadruple • Keyboard
quadruple pulses • Other melodic
and/or non-melodic • Visual Arts, Dance,
instruments Drama:
- thematic or festive
• interpret time • Perform rhythmic patterns • Melodic and non- • Teacher observation presentation, e.g.,
signature in in simple duple, simple melodic instruments Christmas, Divali,
performance triple, and simple • Individual or group
Eid, The Family,
quadruple time on • Score sheets with presentations
The School
melodic and non-melodic simple phrases
instruments • Visual Arts, Dance,
Drama:
- thematic or festive
• create rhythmic • Write and perform original • Music manuscript • Individual presentation of presentation, e.g.,
motifs using simple compositions in simple own composition from a Christmas, Divali,
• Melodic or non- written score
time signatures time using standard Eid, The Family,
melodic instruments
notation The School
142
• Performing Students will be able • Individual or class • Performing area: • Teacher observation of • Visual Arts, Dance,
to: performances stage, seated students’ attitude, Drama:
audience, sound discipline, cooperation, - thematic or festive
• present musical system, lights, and participation, and other
performances in presentation, e.g.,
other necessary necessary performing Christmas, Divali,
class and for special props skills
occasions in school Eid, The Family,
The School
Dynamics • explore the use of • Listening aurally • CD/Tape player • Observation
the expressive • Dance:
elements of • Discriminate by listening • Melodic and non- • Class discussion and - large movements
dynamics in music to live or recorded music melodic instruments worksheets on loud passages
- small movements
on soft passages
• Terminology • use appropriate • Aural and written • CD/Tape player • Observation

musical terminology presentations to describe
to describe dynamic dynamic levels in live or • Melodic and non- • Class discussion and
levels, e.g., forte, recorded music melodic instruments worksheets
piano, cres., etc.
• Performing • interpret dynamic • Vocal or instrumental • CD/Tape player • Teacher observation as

• Application of the
indications from performances with students perform
expressive element
score sheets in dynamic markings • Melodic and non- individually or in groups
in concert
performance melodic instruments
performances by
VAPA
• Creating • compose short • Write/Score original • Music manuscript • Teacher observation as

melodic or rhythmic compositions using students perform
pieces with musical terms to indicate • A wide variety of individually or in groups
dynamics included dynamic changes and musical instruments
perform original
compositions
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Tempo Students will be able • Listen, discuss, perform, • A wide variety of • Teacher observation • Dance:
to: demonstrate musical instruments - movement
• explore and respond • Clap, tap, jump, etc. to • CD/cassette player • Drama:
to pieces played at short music pieces played - different moods
different tempi at various tempi set by music
played at different
tempi
• use appropriate • Aural and written • A wide variety of • Questions
terminology to presentation to describe musical instruments • Dance:
describe tempi, e.g., music played at different • Worksheets - movement
lento, largo, etc. tempi • CD/cassette player
• Drama:
- different moods
set by music
played at different
tempi
• interpret various • Vocal and instrumental • A wide variety of • Teacher observation
tempo indications in performance from score musical instruments • Dance:
performance sheets with tempo - movement
indications • CD/cassette player
• Drama:
- different moods
set by music
played at different
• Creating • compose short • Write/score original • A wide variety of • Teacher observation tempi
melodic or rhythmic compositions with tempo musical instruments
pieces with tempo indications • Dance:
indications included • CD/cassette player - movement
• Drama:
- different moods
set by music
played at different
tempi
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Pitch Students will be able Performance

to:
• Using Solfa notation, sing • Imitate by performing
• perform C Major the scales and arpeggios changes of pitch
scale and arpeggios of C, F, and G major performed by the teacher
ascending and
descending
• perform simple • Play the scale and • Melodic instruments • Imitate by performing
melodies in the keys arpeggios of C, F, and G changes of pitch
of C, F, and G major major on a melodic performed by the teacher
instrument
Demonstrations
• demonstrate • Drawing the staff • White board Observation

understanding of the
concept that pitches • Manuscript books
must be located on
a staff
• identify the pitches
as note names in
the musical alphabet
– a, b, c, d, e, f, g
• Drawing the treble and • Ongoing observation
• identify the treble bass clefs at the
and bass staffs beginning of the staff
• identify note • Drawing note symbols • Indicate by placing the
symbols such as semibreves, correct note names under
minims, crotchets, the symbols
• identify pitches on quavers Sight Reading
the treble and bass
staffs • Drawing pitches on the • Play the correct pitches
treble and bass staffs on a melodic instrument
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Timbre Students will be able

to:
• Indicate by drawing or
• recognize that • Listening to various • CD player
writing the names of
sound comes from sounds from kitchen
• Objects including objects in response to the
various sources musical instruments sound (worksheet)
Observation
Demonstration
• Use an instrument of
• recognize that • Listening to a variety of
choice to show a variety
different kinds of objects
in sound
sounds can come
• Seeing how each can be
from a single source • Individual presentation
manipulated to get
various sounds • Show how one
instrument can produce
different quality sounds
• Listen to a combination of • Students’ voices • Ongoing observation

• recognize that
timbre occurs with objects, human voices,
• Objects
different and musical instruments
combinations of • Musical instruments
voices
146
• Note symbols Students will be able • Demonstrate the value of • Non-melodic and • Imitate rhythmic patterns • Rhythmic patterns
to: each symbol in crotchet melodic using the given symbols found in local
• recognize note and minim beats instruments, e.g., genres/styles, e.g.,
symbols that are steel pan, parang
used in writing recorders, etc.
rhythmic patterns, • Relating dance
such as: steps to rhythmic
patterns of different
- semibreve genres/styles
- minim
- crotchet
- quaver
- semiquaver
• Individual presentation of • Dance:
• recognize that each • Create rhythmic patterns • Non-melodic and
• Rest symbols created patterns on an - create dance
note symbol has a combining note and rest melodic
corresponding rest symbols instruments, e.g., instrument steps to rhythmic
symbol: steel pan, patterns
recorders, etc.
- semibreve • Drama
- minim
- display actions
- crotchet
and moods to
- quaver
rhythmic patterns
- semiquaver
• Non-melodic and • Teacher observation of • Dance:
• Demonstrate, interpret
• Dotted notes • recognize that value performance/interpretation
the value of dotted notes melodic - create dance
of notes can be of dotted notes
instruments, e.g., steps to rhythmic
increased by using a
steel pan, patterns
dot
recorders, etc. • Drama
- display actions
and moods to
rhythmic patterns
147
• Time signature Students will be able • Demonstrate rhythmic • Non-melodic and • Perform short pieces • Dance:
to: patterns using the minim melodic instruments using the minim as the - create dance
• interpret simple time as the beat beat steps to rhythmic
• Score sheets with
signature as 2/2, short pieces patterns
3/2, 4/2
• Drama
- display actions
and moods to
rhythmic patterns
• Creating • create rhythmic • Write and perform original • Music manuscript • Individual presentations
motifs using the composition in simple of own compositions from
time using the minim as • Non-melodic and a written score
minim as the beat melodic instruments
the beat
• Performing • present musical • Individual, group, or class • Performing area: • Teacher observation of • Other areas of
performances in performances stage, seated attitude, discipline, VAPA and other
class for special audience, sound cooperation, participation, subject areas that
occasions in school system, light and other necessary can contribute to a
system, and other performing skills concert performance
necessary props
• recognize that a
Pitch melody ascends, • Listen to various • Indicate the contour by
descends, or melodies performed drawing/by hand and
remains at the same live/recorded body movements
pitch
• Indicate whether the
• recognize that a • Listen to various interval is small or large
melody is made up melodies performed by drawing/by hand and
of small and large live/recorded body movements
intervals
• identify intervals • Listen
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Pitch Students will be able • Comparing 3rds, perfect • Singing the intervals or
to: 5th, and octaves through playing the intervals on
use of melodic musical instruments
instruments and voice
• recognize that small • Listen to chromatic scales • Imitate by performing

intervals are called and identify their pitch changes of the intervals
tones and names with their performed by the teacher
semitones enharmonic equivalents
and signs as sharp, flat,
• identify accidentals and natural
Demonstration
• identify intervals on • Use the staff to • Draw given pitches and

the staff demonstrate what are identify their intervals
intervals
• identify the tonality • Listen to simple melodies • Indicate the tonality as

of a melody and in major and minor keys major or minor by hand or
major or minor body movements
• Discuss the differences
• identify the intervals • Listen to, analyse, and • Observation

that constitute the discuss the structure of
structure of a major intervals in a major scale
scale as tone, tone, semitone,
tone, tone, tone,
semitone
149
Pitch Students will be able • Listen to pitches in simple • Imitate by performing

to: familiar melodies changes of pitch
• recognize that a performed by the teacher
melody could be
performed using:
- solfa names; e.g.,
doh, ray, me, fah,
soh, lah, te, doh
- East Indian
notation, e.g., Sa,
Re, Ga, Ma, Pa,
Dha, Ni, Sa
• identify the correct • Sing major scales using

pitch names of the pitch names, solfa
major scale to the names/East Indian
solfa names/East notation
Indian notation
• analyse simple • Listen to the scales C, G, • Read the melody from a

musical and F major musical score written in
compositions staff notation while
through listening identifying pitch names,
key, solfa/East Indian
notation
• Use treble and bass clefs
• identify melodic • Listen to short pieces and • Melodic instruments • Use body movements to
sequences that are identify bars that consist show similarity in melodic
similiar of similar melodic sequences
patterns
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Pitch Students will be able • Listen to melodies that • Melodic instruments • Use body movements to
to: change through keys show key changes in
Transportation melodic patterns
• Sing vocal exercises to
• identify a melody develop and improve
played in different breath control, range, • Imitate by performing
keys tonal quality, and vocal exercises done by
articulation the teacher
• recognize
appropriate vocal
skills required for
good singing
• Play melodic instruments
• develop appropriate using appropriate • Performance
technical skills for techniques such as
playing musical fingering, tonguing, etc.
instruments that are applicable to the
instrument of choice
• Read and play simple
familiar melodies of • Performance
• develop music
various genres on
literacy by
melodic instruments in
performing on a
the keys of C, F, and G
melodic instrument
major
• develop • Sing/play simple
memorization melodies by rote in the
through keys of C, G, and F
performance major/their related minor
keys
• combine the • Compose simple
elements of pitch melodies using the first
and rhythm to three to five notes of a
compose melodies major scale in keys of C
Major, G, and A minor
151
Timbre • identify and classify • Listen to live or recorded • Identify orally or on

instruments that are music to identify worksheets, instruments
associated with instruments, e.g., parang, used in these styles of
different soca, bhagan, Western music
genre/styles art
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• Rhythm Students will be able • Listen to live and • CD/cassette player • Imitate rhythmic • Dance:
to: recorded music of various expressions on available - corresponding
• analyse the genres instruments steps to match
relationship between rhythmic patterns
genres/styles and of each genre
their rhythmic
patterns
Performance
• discuss the • Written exercises in
relationship between matching specific motifs • Different genres/styles
rhythmic motifs and to their genre/style
specific genre, e.g.,
calypso, waltz,
chutney, etc.
• Notate rhythmic • Listen to and write with • Music manuscript • Written rhythmic patterns
motifs time signature, different • CD/cassette player
rhythmic patterns played • Worksheets • Dance:
live or recorded • Melodic and non-
melodic instruments - corresponding
steps to match
• interpret time rhythmic patterns
• Time signature • Listen to performance, • Music manuscript • Written rhythmic patterns
signature as simple of each genre
live or recorded, to • CD/cassette player
duple, triple, or determine the time • Worksheets • Dance, Drama,
quadruple and signature • Melodic and non- Visual Arts:
compound duple melodic instruments
- combined
• interpret time • Perform simple music of • Melodic and non- activities that
signatures in different genres/styles in melodic instruments relate to music in
performance simple duple, triple, performances,
quadruple, and exhibitions,
compound duple displays, etc.
153
• Creating Students will be able • Instrumental or vocal • Melodic and non-

to: compositions in different melodic instruments
• compose rhythmic styles/genres, including
and melodic pieces dynamic markings and
in different tempo indications
genres/styles
including structural
expressive elements
of form, dynamics,
tempo, etc.
• perform using all the • Individual or ensemble • Students’ choice of • Individual and ensemble
• Performing
various structural performances on available performances in class or
and expressive instrument of choice instruments concerts
elements of music
• demonstrate • Play on melodic • Melodic instruments Performance

Pitch
appropriate instruments/sing the
technical skills for scales of C, G, F, and Bb • Perform using melodic
performing scales major and A, E, and D instruments (including
and arpeggios minor voice) with appropriate
techniques
• Play, either by rote or
• identify the
from printed score, the
chromatic scale Performance
chromatic scales on any
given note
• interpret studied • Play, by rote or reading
pieces with from printed score,
chromatic passages pieces in major and minor
keys
• compose or arrange • Play on an instrument of
musical pieces choice, original
compositions or
arrangements in major or
minor keys
154
Strategies/Sample Sample Integration
Activities Activities
Timbre Students will be able • Listen to live and • CD/cassette • Identify, orally or on • Drama –
to: recorded ensemble and recorder worksheets, instruments instruments can
solo performances and the role they perform represent
• distinguish the • Non-melodic in ensembles characters
quality of sound instruments, e.g.,
produced by a drums, drum kit, folk • Visual Arts –
variety of drums, tassa, tabla, instruments can
instruments dholak, etc. represent colour
• Melodic instruments,
e.g., piano, guitar,
cuatro, etc.
155
Visual
And
Performing Arts
Dance
Dance
Internal Organizers

Dance is an aesthetic discipline that possesses its own body of knowledge, at the centre of which
lies active communication. As an art form, however, it is unique, in that it embraces many facets
of other Visual and Performing Arts. Because of this characteristic, Dance can lay claim to
operate in equal measure within the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. It is for this
reason that Dance has been identified as an extremely effective methodology in the teaching of
other subjects.
The three basic organizers for Dance in secondary schools have been designed to focus on the
required knowledge, skills, and abilities that will enrich the adult life of every student who has
been exposed to Dance Education. Each fundamental organizer also contributes to the definition
of more specific learning outcomes.
Creating involves students in activities designed to deepen and develop levels of concentration,
listening, critical thinking, and movement. The confidence developed by these activities allows
for an environment where students are more at ease and, therefore, more creative.
Knowing affords students the opportunity to develop a range of physical and communicative
skills. It also helps students to recognize the importance of human relationships as well as
relationships with one’s environment.
Responding gives students the opportunity to display positive human values such as sympathy,
tolerance, and discipline. It contributes to human interaction and sensitivity to group dynamics,
and further enhances self-assessment and reflection.
159
Specific Learning Outcomes in Dance
Creating

perform different kinds of dances;
combine a number of different steps/movements to create dances;
show increased confidence and participation in dance activities;
demonstrate rhythmic acuity;
create space by moving at different levels;
create walking and running movements that are appropriate to different situations;
apply physical control and accuracy to simple dance movements;
use objects, props, etc.;
hold and sustain a “freeze” position;
use imagination to create a dance situation;
employ a range of gestures and facial expression;
demonstrate greater spatial awareness;
work in pairs to carry out different activities;
work at a task within a group;
work with others to produce a dance episode;
construct, dissolve, and reassemble a tableau;
practise clear articulation and correct pronunciation;
extend the use of memory in recalling and reconstructing experiences;
record dance experiences in a dance diary;
make clear, reasoned decisions within the dance work;
choose from a range of alternative actions.
160
Knowing

identify a range of physical skills and suggest ways in which these skills might be further
extended;
understand dance as a way to create and communicate meaning;
demonstrate an awareness of the need for safety in extending their range of physical
capability and in the general conduct of dance activities;
demonstrate an understanding of the nature of basic voice production and delivery;
examine the nature of trust and responsibility in the context of dance as a social art form;
discuss the relationship between physical gestures, body language, and communication;
examine the nature and function of facial expressions;
assess the importance of the relationship between movement and stillness;
assess the importance for dance of the relationship between sound and silence;
assess the importance for dance of the relationship between light and darkness, both as a
physical phenomenon and as a quality;
examine the fact that experiences can be used, imaginatively, to create new situations;
understand the relationship between self and others;
appreciate the quality of movement and stillness, sound and silence, light and darkness for
dance effect;
find/create alternatives to sex and violence.
explain the nature of dance as a social/cultural/indigenous/ritualistic art form.
Responding

empathize, display tolerance, and give support where needed;
show willingness to contribute ideas;
exhibit sensitivity to group dynamics;
appreciate the importance of teamwork;
respect their own artistic heritage and that of others;
recognize the importance of listening in acquiring vocal skills;
exhibit the discipline necessary for successful accomplishment of tasks;
161
appreciate the need for seriousness of approach;
cooperate with others in developing and successfully completing dance projects;
appreciate the importance of developing the creative imagination;
value the contribution a peer audience can make to the dance;
value the constructive criticism of others;
show willingness to adapt a dance to accommodate the criticisms of others;
show a willingness to commit effort to a task;
recognize that fun and recreation are aspects of dance and that learning can be achieved
through fun.
162
Dance: Connections to the Core Curriculum
The following constitute some of the more obvious bases for integrating dance with other
subjects of the core curriculum.
• Dancing to music from foreign lands

• Use of appropriate music to illustrate culture of foreign countries
• Correlation of Italian performance terms with foreign language
Language Arts

• Imagery and symbolism in stories and/or poems and music
• Use of dance movements to support literary interpretation and vice versa
• Use of appropriate dance as stimulus for creative writing
• Use of appropriate dances to accompany poetry reading and storytelling
Mathematics
• Beats, note values, and time signatures as they relate to the understanding of number
• Relationship between dance movements and mathematical vocabulary, for example, time
signatures, intervals, and note values
Physical Education
• Understanding of the importance of proper breathing techniques is necessary for athletics and
dance
• Understanding of the skeletal structure and its relationship to posture is necessary for dancers
• Awareness of the body and movement is necessary for dancers
163
Science
• Study of the body to include the function of:

- muscles
- lungs
- the skeleton
- diaphragm
- ribcage
Social Studies
• Use of appropriate dances to understand the meaning, implications, and import of historical
events
• Use of appropriate dances to understand the ideals, religions, and traditions of contemporary
and past civilizations, cultures, nations, and times
• Study of appropriate dances, dancers, and choreographers to aid in building concepts of
citizenship and patriotism
• Use of appropriate dances to illustrate and/or describe geography and climate of various
countries and regions
• Engagement in group work, peer review, and critiquing in listening and appraising,
performing and composing
• Operation of computers (hardware and software), video players/recorders, video cameras,

and other technologies to view, teach, choreograph, and perform dances
• Study of electronics and electronic equipment involved in the production of sound and
lighting effects, for example, amplifiers, microphones, mixing and lighting boards
• Selection and use of appropriate applications and technology tools to increase productivity of
individual and collaborative multimedia projects
164
Dance: Connections to Other
The following constitute some of the more obvious bases for integrating dance with the other
disciplines that comprise the Visual and Performing Arts:
Visual Arts
• Using dance poses as the basis for making drawings and paintings
• Use of appropriate dances to stimulate composition of works of art and vice versa
• Study of form in dance and in the visual arts
• Construction and decoration of scenery and backdrops for dance productions
• Study of rhythm in dance and in the visual arts
• Study of historical periods and styles common to dance and the visual arts, for example,
Romanticism, Classicism
Music
• Developing harmony of music and dance

• Study of rhythm in music and dance
• Study of form in music and dance
• Expression of musical form by means of body movements
• Choreography of dance to music
• Composition of specific music for dance style(s)
Drama
• Dramatization of creative dances to evoke emotions
• Use of dance to reflect or affect mood
• Selection of dramatic events as the basis for choreography
• Study of classical theatrical works on which to base dance sequences
165
Dance
Content
What all students should know and be able to do in the subject area
Form 1 – Term 1 Form 1 – Term 2 Form 1 – Term 3
Body Themes Body Themes Body Themes
• distinguish between locomotor (moving one • demonstrate standing and sitting spine • create a longer action phrase
point to the next) and non-locomotor stretches
(anchored on one spot) movements • combine all themes in a sequence
• combine movements with gestures to
• transfer weight create a sequence
Space Themes Space Themes Space Themes
• demonstrate size of movements • demonstrate different ways to travel and • understand the Diagonal Scale: (a) Right-
jump High-Forward (RHF-LHF); (b) Left-Low-
• understand the differences between Backward (LLB-LLF); (c) Left-High-Forward
personal and general space • have a sense of direction, e.g., right, left, (LHF-RHF); (d) Left-High-Backward (LHB-
up, and down RHB); (e) Right-Low-Forward (RLF-LLF); (f)
Right-High-Backward (RHB-LHB); (g) Left-
Low-Forward (LLF-RLF)
Dynamics Dynamics Dynamics
• demonstrate understanding of the • demonstrate understanding of how time is • display feelings in relation to movement
difference between a quick and a slow used in movement actions, e.g., happy, sad, angry
movement
• understand (cannon, copying, mirroring,
etc.)
167
Form 1 – Term 1 Form 1 – Term 2 Form 1 – Term 3
Relationships Relationships Relationships
• demonstrate movements in twos and threes • demonstrate grouping and breaking away • work in groups of more than three to create
with peers a basic A-B or A-B-A sequence
• demonstrate basic foreign folk steps in a
group, e.g., step, walk, skip, slip, etc. • work with partner to create a sequence • work in pairs to create a foreign folk
based on stories sequence, using steps learnt
• demonstrate basic foreign folk steps, e.g.,

snatch, set, hook, polka, gallop, etc.
Heritage/Festivals, e.g., Christmas, Divali Heritage/Festivals, e.g., Hosay Heritage/Festivals, e.g.,

Indian Arrival/Emancipation
• demonstrate three basic Jharoo steps, use • confidently perform four Kalinda • creatively use any of the folk dances learnt
of props (brooms), music, and costuming movements, Kalinda chants, etc. to tell life stories using any type of music
• identify folk music • create a sequence with peers depicting a • confidently perform for peers
competition, using variations taught by the
• demonstrate steps and costuming for the teacher
Castilian • appreciate and understand the history,
• speak on the religious aspect of Hosay music, costuming, and movement for the
• perform with confidence for school Bongo and Bele
population, parents, and teachers
• appreciate and understand the history,
• make journal entries based on their feelings music, costuming, movement for the
Kalinda and Ghatka
• make journal entries based on their feelings
Note. Depending on the Season/Festival, different dances could be done, including all dances from Tobago
168
Dance
Content
Form 2 – Term 1 Form 2 – Term 2 (Integrated Term) Form 2 – Term 3
Body Themes/Space Themes Body Themes/Space Themes Body Themes/Space Themes/ Dynamics
• demonstrate movement at any of the three • understand the visual image of the body–a • understand the dimensional scale:
levels—high, medium, low range of shapes, including ball, wall, flat, (a) place high –- place low/rising and
arrow, and screw sinking
• create different pathways using “stop” and
“go” • demonstrate the basic jumps (two feet to (b) sideways across and sideways
two feet; two feet to one foot; one foot to open/enclosing and opening
• demonstrate correct breathing technique the same foot; one to the other foot; one (c) backward and forward/retreating and
foot to two feet) advancing
• understand a structured warm-up
• move across the space using any one of • move through the floor space using any of • use steps from the Tobago Jig to show
the movements from the nation dances, the steps from the King Sailor, Fireman, exactly how the dimensional scale themes
modern dance, popular/social dance and Jab Molassie for peers (different can be incorporated in their sequence
Carnival characters can be used)
• demonstrate basic position of dance—1st • display proper body alignment when doing
turn out-1st parallel/2nd turnout-2nd parallel • display proper technique when jumping standing, floor, and across floor work
(dancers’ costuming and movement could
be used in displaying art for integration)
Dynamics Dynamics
• combine movement and meaning using • put effort into everyday working action to
time, weight, and flow produce a rhythmic phrase
• understand basic improvisational skills
169
Form 2 – Term 1 Form 2 – Term 2 (Integrated Term) Form 2 – Term 3
Relationships Relationships Relationships
• understand being alone in a mass – group • work in pairs, threes, fives, etc. • use poetry, prop, music, drums, etc. to
work with peers improvise (tell a story)
• mirroring each other (shape, action); • identify and create a tableau

question and answer (A then B)
• demonstrate basic group shapes, e.g.,

circle, etc.
Heritage/Festivals, e.g., Eid, Heritage/Festivals, e.g., Carnival, Phagwa Heritage/Festivals, e.g., Labour Day
Republic Day, & Independence
• recount the history of Eid, Republic Day, • research the history, dramatization, • research the history, dramatization,
and Independence costuming, and music of Carnival and costuming, and music of the Tobago
Phagwa Heritage Festival and Labour Day
• perform with confidence any of the nation • perform with confidence and enjoyment
dances, e.g., Ebo, Temne, etc./modern
dance
• identify and research the music, costuming,

chants, etc.
170
Dance
Content
Form 3 – Term 2 (Integrated Term/
Form 3 – Term 1 Form 3 – Term 3
Art Exhibition)
Exploration/Body Themes/ Exploration/Body Themes/Space Preparation for National Certificate of
Dynamics/Relationships/Heritage/ Themes/Dynamics/Relationships/ Secondary Education (NCSE) examinations –
Festivals, e.g., Religious Dances/Work Heritage/Festivals, e.g., Carnival, School-based assessment (Theory &
Dances Mimetic Characters Practical)
• follow specific dance forms and styles • become familiar with Carnival and Carnival Teachers will continue to review and coach
choreographed/given by the teacher, e.g., characters students before examinations
stimulus (auditory, visual, kinesthetic, and
tactile) • work on characterization of these
- creative dance characters, based on their history
- folk (foreign, local)
- modern • create traditional costuming
- ballet
- improvisational dance • listen to traditional and other types of music
- hip-hop that can be adapted to these kinds of
characters, movement, and choreography
• research dances and present papers for
coursework • create props and a set that will be suitable
for this festival
• present choreography using all elements of
dance learnt and dance forms (solos/duet/
groups) for end-of-term practicals
• critique
• make journal entries • make journal entries
171
Dance: Course Outline
What students should know and be able to do at various developmental levels while pursuing the subject area
Year 1 – Terms D-1, 2, & 3

Outcomes/ Suggested Teaching
Components Coaching Points Connected Activity Resources
Objectives Strategies
• Body Themes • action phrase • different ways of turning: • breathing • perform the rhythm on the CDs/folk music,
(turning) - on both feet drums for the folk dances instrumental
- pivoting or spinning • use of space – (Music)
• movement & personal/general Calypso (quick)
meaning - jumping, hopping
- inward or outward Cassette player/CD
• Warm-up • cultural emphasis accompanied by • quality of movement
arm/leg gesture Floor space
• introduction to • levels
structured warm-up • add facial expressions to Internet
(standing, sitting, sequence (love, anger, • extend gestures Notes/handout
floor work) happiness, etc.)
DVDs
• Space Themes • basic • different ways of jumping: • breathing Terminology
jumps(elevation) - two feet to two feet phrase
- two feet to one foot • stretching of legs
cultural
• space phrase - one foot to one foot emphasis
- one foot to two feet • pointing of feet
floor work
space
• start with a very small • use of space
explore
movement and increase sudden
in size to very large • levels
elevation
• move with large dimensional scale
• extend gestures
movement pivoting
away from the body gesture
• alternately move one side emotions
of the body with small folk
gestures and the other stillness
side with large gestures speed
(use folk steps) levels
Temne
172
Outcomes/ Suggested Teaching
Components Coaching Points Connected Activity Resources
Objectives Strategies
• Dynamics • explore free, • ask students to move • breathing Create a phrase adding and Ebo
continuous, hesitant, freely and continuously taking away counts (Math) modern dance
sudden, and strong • stretching of legs climax
movements • move with hesitation –
holding back mass
• pointing of feet solo
• elevation • make a series of sudden free
movements • use of space
• travel quickly and freely • levels

to end in sudden and
strong stillness and add • speed
elevation to the sequence
• Relationships • explore the • place high-place • use of space Resource personnel
dimensional scale: low/rising and sinking (based on their specific
• stretching of legs specialty)
- alone in a mass • sideways across-
- trio sideways open/enclosing
- duet • levels
and opening
- solo
• backward and forward/
retreating and advancing
• use the scale in any
sequence
• Heritage/ • Christmas • research history (music, • expression • group work Props
Festivals movement, costuming,
• Divali characterization, etc.) • projection • duets Folk skirt
enjoyment
• Hosay • soloists
• performances • space
Towel
• Indian Arrival
• dances – nation dances • clarity Calabash
• Emancipation (Ebo, Temne, etc.)/
modern dance • structure
• climax, etc.
• use of props, etc.
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Year 2 – Terms D-1, 2, & 3

Suggested Teaching
Components Outcomes/Objectives Coaching Points Connected Activity Resources
Strategies
• Body Themes • action phrase • different ways of opening, • breathing Students will learn CDs/folk music,
(opening, closing, closing, stretching: songs for folk dances instrumental
stretching) • use of space (Music)
- symmetrically/asymmetrically Cassette/CD player
- with parts of the body • stretching of legs
• Warm-up isolated or with the whole Floor space
body • levels
- led by different parts Internet
• expression
- with transference of weight Resource books
• Space Themes • space phrase: • start in the corner of the dance • breathing Dance Composition
- backward area, move backwards to by J.M. Smith
- forward centre front • use of space
Golden Heritage by
- curve • move in a series of curves to
- centre • stretching of legs Molly Ahye
end centre front
- right Notes/Handouts
• move slightly right then left • levels
- left
- circular pathway • move on a wide circular Local folk music
- diagonal across pathway to the right and end in • expression
- corner the left back corner Drumming
- backward • alignment
• move diagonally across the Different types of
- forward music
space from the left back corner
to the right front corner
Selected music
• move backwards towards the
centre and then exit from one of Resource
the four corners personnel
• Carnival characters’ (based on their
movements should be used to specific specialty)
enhance the lesson DVDs
174
Suggested Teaching
Strategies
• Dynamics • explore light, slow, • move lightly and slowly • breathing • Students will Vocabulary
strong, tension (firm, • slowly with changing tensions research history of
light), accelerating, • use of space Tobago Heritage
• travel quickly, alternating opening
and decelerating • stretching of legs (History) closing
between firm tension and light
qualities diagonal
• levels levels
• spin accelerating and tension
decelerating to end in a strong • expression
accelerating
held position • alignment decelerating
• perform the Jig improvisation
Phagwa
• Relationships • Dance improvisation: • use some of these words as • quality of Labour Day
- alone in a mass stimuli to improvise and movement Tobago Heritage
- duet compose a sequence:
• change of rhythm
- solo - hover
- group of 10 - twist • use of space Props
- swirl
- lift • levels Folk skirt
- dip • breathing
- fall Towel
- circle • expression
- sway Calabash
• depict the following ideas:
- movement of the wind
- movement of birds
• Heritage/Festivals • Eid • research history (music, • expression • group work
• Republic Day movement, costuming, • projection
characterization, etc.) enjoyment • duets
• Carnival
• Phagwa • performances • space • soloists, etc.
• Labour Day • dances –- nation dances (Ebo, • clarity
Temne, etc)/modern dance/ • structure
• Tobago Heritage Tobago Jig
• climax
• Emancipation Day
• use of props
175
Year 3 – Terms D-1, 2, & 3

Suggested Teaching
Strategies
• Introduction to • Students will be able • Teacher gives notes and • Students group and DVDs
Term’s Work to research the history instructs students on create dances based on
and styles of all different ways of doing history, music, Books
• Research dances; they must their research in order to dramatization,
Paper – course review work from gain information in an costuming, etc. Dance Composition by
work Forms 1& 2 efficient and reliable way J.M. Smith
• Choreography Golden Heritage by

(all styles of Molly Ahye
dance will be
taught by the Resource personnel
teacher)
Magazines
• Stimuli for • Students will be • Notes will be given on Internet

Dance introduced to stimuli the definition of stimuli
for dance composition CDs
• Teacher will brainstorm
with students CD player
• Auditory Stimuli • Students will have • Teacher will focus on • Students will listen to Floor space
(music, increased knowledge the nature of the music, different types of
instruments, of auditory stimuli and e.g., emotive, religious music, e.g.,
voice) their components, atmospheric, abstract, Spanish, French, etc.
e.g., religious music etc., and link creative (Languages)
movement
• Notes
176
Suggested Teaching
Strategies
• Auditory Stimuli • Students will • Teacher will focus on • Creative use of any Vocabulary
(words ,songs, understand auditory mood, character, poem in groups (Drama)
poems) stimuli (AS) and be rhythm, poems, songs, choreography
able to focus and etc., link movement stimuli
create based on the sequences auditory
different components visual
of AS for practical • Notes poems
assessment focus
research
• Visual Stimuli • Students will have • Teacher looks at stimuli • Create a work song abstract
(picture, increased knowledge for a work dance, using voice, and look at mood
sculptures, of visual stimuli (taking students create dance work actions (Music) character
objects, the idea behind the sequence based on
patterns, and visual image) sound or picture, e.g.,
shapes) picture of persons
working in a cane field
Books
• Kinesthetic • Students should • Give an example of • Use of technology in Dance Composition by

Stimuli understand that some kinesthetic stimuli; look classroom (IT) J.M. Smith
(dance about movement phrases at video, and critique,
movement itself) have no e.g., hip-hop Golden Heritage by
communicative Molly Ahye
purpose but have a
mood, style, Resource personnel
dynamics, pattern, or
form Magazines
Internet
• Mimetic • Students will • Look at videos to • Characterization • Use of technology in
Carnival understand the establish character, classroom (IT) CD
Characters characterization, movement, style • Rhythm
CD player
movement, costuming, • Use of props • Design costumes (Art)
music, history of the Floor space
Baby doll, Dame • Space
Lorraine, etc.
• Enjoyment
177
Suggested Teaching
Strategies
• Traditional • Students will • Listen to traditional • Work with art teacher to Vocabulary
Calypso Music understand the calypsoes and soca, create choreography for
difference between looking at rhythm, exhibition kinesthetic
calypso music and styles, and mood, etc. mimetic
soca music Baby Doll
Dame Lorraine
technology
• Heritage/ • Christmas hip-hop
Festivals mood
• Divali style
• Review of dynamics
Year’s Work • Hosay pattern or form
• Indian Arrival
• Emancipation
178
Part 3
Glossary
Glossary of Key Terms in the Visual Arts
Abstraction
Art that is representational, or that converts forms observed in reality to patterns that
are read by the viewer as independent relationships.
Assemblage
The use of three-dimensional found objects combined to make art.
Chroma or Hue
The degree of saturation, or vividness of a colour, ranging from pure primary colours
to colours muted by mixture with their complements, black or white.
Complementary Colours
Colours that fall opposite one another on a circle (or wheel) showing the primary
colours and their combinations are said to be complementary (e.g., red/green,
yellow/violet, blue/orange).
Composition
The combination and arrangement of shape, form, colour, line, texture, and space so
that they seem satisfactory to the artist.
Contour Drawing
A drawing that defines the outline of a form. By varying the thickness and character
of the line, an artist can suggest volume and weight.
Elements of Visual Arts

Elements are generally considered to be line, colour, shape or form, space, and value.
Foreground, Middle Ground, and Background

Layers of implied space or planes in the picture space of a two-dimensional work.
The foreground is closest to the viewer, then the middle ground and, most distant, the
background.
Gradation
See Value
Hue
See Chroma
181
Media and Techniques
The materials and procedures used in making art, such as drawing/painting materials;
sculptural materials such as clay, wood, or stone; procedures such as modelling,
carving, or construction; print-making materials and techniques such as relief
printing, etching, or lithography; electronic media and techniques such as film-
making or computer-generated imagery.
Pattern
A decorative arrangement created by repeating a motif.
Perspective
A method of representing the illusion of volume in three-dimensional objects and
depth of space on a two-dimensional surface. Techniques include:
Atmospheric perspective: the use of gradation of colour, overlapping and relative
degrees of detail to suggest an impression of depth in space.
Linear perspective: the use of real or suggested lines that converge on a vanishing
point or points on the horizon or at eye level (and link receding planes as they do
so) to suggest depth in space.
Isometric perspective or projection: the use of lines to represent an object in
which the lines parallel to edges are drawn in their true length and do not
converge; sometimes used in architectural or mechanical drawing to convey the
actual dimensions of an object.
Primary and Secondary Colours

Primary colours are red, yellow, and blue. Mixing pairs of primary colours in equal
proportion forms secondary colours. These are orange, green, and violet.
Printmaking
Techniques of art that are designed to create reproducible images: etching, engraving,
woodblock and other relief printing, lithography, serigraphy (silkscreen).
Proportion
The ratio between the respective parts of a work and its whole. A canon of proportion
is a mathematical formula establishing ideal proportions of the human body, as seen
in ancient Egyptian and Greek sculpture and reinterpreted in the Renaissance by
Leonardo da Vinci.
Representational Art
Art that seeks to portray things seen in the visible world; sometimes called figurative
art.
Schematic Layout
Sketches or diagrams of works made for projecting the appearance of a final work.
182
Sculpture
Any work carried out in three dimensions, as opposed to drawing, painting, flat
collage, and printmaking, which are usually two-dimensional. Relief sculpture refers
to compositions in which parts project from a flat surface.
Style
A manner of expression characteristic of an individual, national or cultural group,
genre, or historic period. Several key terms spanning all arts disciplines (and most
often applied to Western art forms) include:
Folk: forms of arts that are linked to the social life and traditions of specific
communities. Participation is not restricted to the professional artist.
Classical: in Western art, forms that conform to Greek and/or Roman models, or
highly developed and refined styles of any culture; those that aspire to an
emotional and physical equilibrium and which are rationally, rather than
intuitively, constructed. Classical forms have developed all over the world.
Romantic: in Europe and America, 18th and 19th century forms that express the
individual’s right to expression and imagination.
Modern: forms that broke with romantic and classical traditions in the late 19th
and early 20th centuries, and which established new approaches to creating and
performing based on ideas and technologies that looked toward the future; forms
are sometimes called avant-garde (before their time).
Postmodern: forms that emerged in the 1970s, primarily in the United States and
Europe. As a reaction to modernism, artists—and particularly architects—
returned to borrowing from the classical tradition, often using allusions ironically.
Symbol
Something that stands for, or suggests, something else by reason of relationship,
association, convention, or accidental resemblance.
Symmetry
Arrangement of elements that are balanced around a line or point: bilateral symmetry
– balanced distribution of elements on the opposite sides of a linear axis or medial
plane (forms like leaves or the human body); radial symmetry – balanced distribution
of elements around a central axis (forms like composite flowers).
Texture, Surface Texture, Visual Texture

The tactile quality of the surface of a painting, sculpture, or building (rough, smooth,
patterned). Visual texture refers to the illusion of texture created on a flat surface
through line or brush stroke.
Three-Dimensional (3D)
The physical characteristics of artwork that have depth, width, height, and volume
(most sculpture).
183
Two-Dimensional (2D)
The physical characteristics of artwork that are carried out primarily on a flat surface
(most drawing, painting, printmaking).
Value and Gradation of Colours or Greys

Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a colour, or to gradations of black, greys,
and white.
184
Glossary of Key Terms in Drama
Act
To perform or play a role; a division of drama.
Actor
A person who performs in a play, who assumes the role of a character.
Amphitheatre
A building, usually circular or oval, in which tiers of seats rise from a central open
arena.
Antagonist
The main opponent of the protagonist; a character or force against which another
character struggles.
Atmosphere
(a) A special mood or character associated with a place.
(b) The prevailing tone or mood/feeling of a novel, symphony, or painting, or other
work of art.
Arena Stage
Also called theatre-in-the round; theatre space where the audience sits on all four
sides of the auditorium and watches the action in an area set in the middle.
Artefact
Something made or given shape by man, such as a tool or work of art.
Backstage
The area behind the stage not visible to the audience.
Blocking
A way to organize the action onstage.
Body Language
The non-verbal imparting of information by means of conscious or subconscious
bodily gestures, postures, movement.
Ceremony
A formal observance or solemn rite.
185
Character
A person, animal, or entity in a story, scene, or play with distinguishing physical,
mental, and attitudinal attributes.
Characterization
The process of creating a believable person by exploring the physical, social, and
psychological dimensions of a role.
Choreographer
A person who designs and directs a dance.
Chorus
A group of characters in Greek tragedy (and in later forms of drama), who comment
on the action of a play without participation in it.
Climax
The highest point of dramatic tension.
Conflict
The fundamental struggle that leads to crisis and climax of a scene or play.
Context
(a) The conditions and circumstances that are relevant to an event or fact.
(b) The parts of a piece of writing that precede and follow a word or passage and
contribute to its full meaning.
Crisis
A decisive moment or turning point in the dramatic action.
Cue
The signal for an actor to speak or perform an action, usually a line spoken by another
actor.
Dialogue
The lines of the play spoken by the actors.
Diaphragm
The dome-shaped muscular partition that separates the abdominal and thoracic
cavities in mammals.
Diction
The degree of clarity of enunciation or distinctness of speech.
Director
The person in charge; the one who gives directions to the actors and assumes ultimate
responsibility for the production.
186
Drama
(a) A term applied loosely to the whole body of work written for the theatre.
(b) A term applicable to any situation in which there is conflict, resolution of that
conflict with the assumption of character. It implies the cooperation of at least two
actors.
(c) Plays of high emotional content.
Dramatist
Anyone writing for the theatre, including the playwright.
Dramatization
The creation of a play from a poem or story.
Extempore
Without planning or preparation.
Extemporize
To perform, speak, or compose a piece of music without planning or preparation.
Flashback
Theatrical convention in which the audience is able to see scenes from the past
through the eyes of one of the characters in a play. An interruption of a work’s
chronology to describe or present an incident that occurred prior to the main time
frame of a work’s action.
Gait
Manner of walking or running. The pattern is distinguished by a particular rhythm
and footfall.
Gesture
The movement of a body part or combination of parts with the emphasis on the
expressive aspects of the move.
Imitate
To copy or mimic the actions, appearance, mannerisms, or speech of others.
Impact
The impression made by an idea, cultural movement, and social group (noun); to have
a strong effect on.
Improvisation
The spontaneous use of movement and speech to create a character or object in a
particular situation.
Intonation
The sound pattern of phrases and sentences produced by pitch variation in the voice.
187
Mannerism
A distinctive and individual gesture or trait.
Mask
A covering for the face with openings for the eyes and mouth. It was originally made
of carved wood or painted linen, later of papier-mâché or lightweight plastics. The
wearing of masks in the theatre derives from the use of animal skins and heads in
primitive religious rituals. In the Greek theatre, masks served, in an all-male
company, to distinguish between the male and the female characters and to show the
age and chief characteristics of each— hate, anger, fear, cunning.
Masking
An actor is said to be masking another actor if he gets between the actor and the
audience so that he cannot be seen properly.
Masquerade
(a) A party or other gathering to which the guests wear masks and costumes.
(b) The disguise worn at such a function.
Mime
Acting without words.
Mirroring
Copying the movement and/or expression or look of someone else exactly.
Model
A representation, usually on a smaller scale, of a structure.
Monologue
Uninterrupted speech delivered by one character in a play to other characters that are
at least present if not listening.
Mood
A prevailing atmosphere or feeling; a state of mind.
Motive
The reason or reasons for a character’s behaviour; an incentive or inducement for
further action for a character.
Pace
(a) Single step in walking.
(b) The rate at which a group runs or walks or proceeds at some other activity.
188
Picong
Any teasing or satirical banter, originally a verbal duel in song (picon – Spanish,
meaning mocking)
Pitch
To sing or play accurately a note, interval.
Playwright
A person who writes plays.
Plot
The story.
Posture
(a) A position or attitude of the limbs or body.
(b) A characteristic manner of bearing the body.
Production
The total theatrical product, including the play, the acting, the direction, scenery,
costumes, lighting, and special effects.
Project
(a) To cause an image to appear on a surface.
(b) To cause one’s voice to be heard clearly at a distance.
Props
Short for properties; any article, except costume or scenery, used as part of a dramatic
production; any moveable object that appears on stage during a performance.
Proscenium
A theatre in which the audience sits on one side with the action being viewed through
an opening or frame (the proscenium arch) that separates the acting area from the
audience space.
Protagonist
The principal character who carries the main thought of the play.
Realism
An attempt in theatre to represent everyday life and people as they are or appear to be
through careful attention to detail in character motivation, costume, setting, and
dialogue.
Recitation
The formal reading of a verse before an audience: repeating aloud from memory
before an audience.
189
Rehearsal
Repeated practice in preparation for performance.
Repertoire
A collection of parts played by an actor or actress.
Resolution
The final unfolding of the solution to the complications in the plot of a play.
Rhythm
The regular pattern of movement and/or sound. It is a relationship between time and
force factors. It is felt, seen, or heard.
Ritual
The prescribed or established form of a religious or other ceremony.
Role
The characteristic and expected social behaviour of an individual in a given position.
Scenery
The large pieces (backdrops, furniture, etc.) that are placed onstage to represent the
location.
Scenes
The subdivision of an act in a play, identified by place and time.
Script
The written dialogue, description, and directions provided by the playwright.
Set
The physical surroundings, visible to the audience, in which the action of the play
takes place.
Set Designer
The person who designs the physical surroundings in which the action of the play
takes place.
Setting
The time and place of a scene or a play.
Situation
A combination of circumstances at a given moment.
Soliloquy
A speech in which an actor, usually alone on stage, speaks the inner thoughts of
his/her character aloud.
190
Sound
Anything that can be heard.
Sound Effect
Any sound artificially produced or reproduced from a recording to create a theatrical
effect.
Stage Business
Actions or behaviour of an actor on stage used to give information, enhance
character, define focus, or establish importance.
Stage Directions
Notes added to the script of a play to convey information about its performance not
already explicit in the dialogue. Generally speaking, they are concerned with the
actor’s movements and the scenery or stage effects:
• Cross means to go across the stage.
• Exit means to go out.
• Exeunt omnes means all go out.
• Manet means he remains.
• Movement around an object on stage is expressed as above or below an object
and not as “in front or behind.”
• Scissor-cross is the simultaneous crossing of two actors intentionally, usually
for a humorous effect; it is regarded as an ugly movement denoting a clumsy
technique.
Stage Manager
The person in charge backstage.
Status
(a) The relative position or standing of a person or thing.
(b) A social or professional position, condition, or standing to which varying degrees
of responsibility, privilege, and esteem are attached.
Subtext
(a) The underlying theme in a piece of writing.
(b) A message that is not stated directly but can be inferred.
Symbol
An object or action in a literary work that means more than itself, that stands for
something beyond itself.
Tableau
A technique in creative drama in which actors create a frozen picture, as if the action
were paused; plural is tableaux. A representation of a scene, painting, sculpture by a
person or group posed silent and motionless.
191
Tension
A situation or condition of hostility, suspense, or uneasiness.
Text
The basis of dramatic activity and performance; a written script or an agreed-upon
structure and content for an improvisation.
Texture
The surface of a material as perceived by the sense of touch.
Theme
A topic or subtopic developed in a play; the subject on which the plot is based.
Thrust Stage
A stage or platform that extends into the auditorium with the audience seated down
three sides.
Tone
Sound with reference to quality, pitch, or volume.
Wings
The side areas of the stage out of view of the audience, the area where the actors wait
for their entrances.
192
Glossary of Key Terms in Music
AB
A two-part musical form in which both parts are distinctly different.
ABA
A three-part musical form in which the second section (B) contrasts with the first
section. The third section is a restatement of the first (sometimes in a condensed,
abbreviated, or extended form).
Accompaniment
A part performed with the main part for richer effect.
Alto
(a) The lowest voices of women and pre-pubescent boys.
(b) Instruments that play the notes of these voices.
Arpeggio
The production of tones in a chord in succession, rather than simultaneously.
Arrangement
Music that has been changed from the original way in which it was written.
Articulation
(a) In performance, the characteristic of attack and decay of tones, and the manner
and extent to which tones in sequence are connected or disconnected.
(b) The way in which musical sounds begin, end, and are connected with each other.
Bar or Measure
A number of notes grouped between stressed beats that are usually the same number
of beats apart.
Bar-Line
A vertical line across the staff dividing the music into bars (measures).
Bass
(a) The lowest voices of men.
Beat
The unit of rhythm; rhythmic pulse felt in most music.
193
Cadence
A group of chords or notes at the end of a phrase or piece that gives a feeling of
pausing/finishing.
Canon
A composition in which one part or voice is imitated in its entirety by the other parts.
The parts overlap and may or may not be on the same pitches.
Chord
A combination of three or more tones sounding together.
Chorus
(a) The part of a piece of music where everyone joins in and performs together.
(b) A group of singers and the music written for them.
Clef
A symbol written at the beginning of a musical staff (stave) to indicate the pitch of
notes.
Compose
To create original music by organizing sound.
Consonance
Two or more sounds that are perceived to have stability; in harmony, consonant
intervals are those that are treated as stable and do not require resolution to another
set of intervals.
Contour
The shape or direction in which a succession of tones moves.
Countermelody
A second melody played against, or simultaneously with, the melody.
Density or Texture
The “thickness” of the musical sounds.
Descant
A countermelody added above the melody.
Devised Scale
A scale that is constructed by an individual and which does not conform to any of the
common scale patterns.
Devised Symbols
Symbols that are not part of the notational system in common use and are invented by
an individual to represent a particular sound.
194
Dissonance
An interval or a chord that sounds unstable and pulls toward a consonance.
Double Bar-Line
A double-vertical line, the second line of which is usually thicker. It is used to signify
the end of a piece or section.
Duple Time
Music with two beats to the bar.
Dynamics
(a) Degrees of loudness.
(b) The effect of varying degrees of loudness/softness in the performance of music.
Elements of Music
Pitch, rhythm, harmony, dynamics, phrasing, style, interpretation, and appropriate
variations in dynamics and tempo.
Ensemble
(a) The harmonious blending of the efforts of the many artistes involved in a musical
activity.
(b) Any group of players or singers.
Flat
A sign that is used to indicate that the pitch of a note is lowered by one semitone.
Form
The overall structural organization of a music composition (e.g., AB, ABA, call and
response, rondo, theme and variation, sonata-allegro) and the interrelationships of
music events within the overall structure.
Fugue
A composition in which a theme is stated in one voice and imitated in other voices
successively. The theme appears frequently during the composition, but other melodic
material may also be introduced.
Harmonic Minor Scale

A scale that contains the pattern: tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, one and a half tone,
semitone.
Harmony
(a) The simultaneous sounding of two or more tones.
(b) Structure in terms of treatment of chords.
195
Homophonic Texture
A melodic line supported by a harmonic accompaniment that has a similar rhythm to
the melody.
Improvise
To perform music as an immediate reproduction of simultaneous mental processes.
Interval
The distance in pitch between two notes.
Key
Music is said to be in a particular “key” when it is based on the scale starting with the
key note of the same name (e.g., music in the key of F major is based on the scale of
F major).
Key Note or Tonic

The starting note of a scale. Key signature and scales are named after their key note.
Key Signature
A group of sharps or flats placed on the staff immediately after the clef to indicate the
key of the music.
Leap or Skip
An interval that skips at least one letter name and is therefore larger than a step (e.g.,
C-F, A-C, B-G, etc.).
Major Scale
A scale that contains the pattern: tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone
(using the solfa names doh, re, me, fah, soh, lah, ti, doh).
Major Tonality
Tonally, the organization of music around a key that is based on a major scale.
Measure
See Bar
Melodic Minor Scale

A scale that contains the pattern: tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, tone, semitone,
when ascending and the pattern: tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, tone,
when descending.
Melody
(a) The tune.
(a) Arrangement of notes in sequence to form a musical idea.
196
Metre or Meter
The basic pattern of beats in successive measures, usually expressed in time
signature.
Minor Tonality
Tonally, the organization of music around a key that is based on a minor scale.
Monophonic Texture
Music having a single melody without accompaniment.
Motif or Motive
(a) The shortest recognizable melodic pattern.
(b) A pattern of two or more tones.
Moveable Doh
A system of music reading in which each scale step is given a name. Because the
intervals between the levels, or degrees, of a scale remain fixed, the scale steps are the
same in all keys.
Natural
A sign that is used to cancel the effect of a flat or sharp and restore a note to its
original pitch.
Natural Minor Scale

A scale that contains the pattern: tone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone.
Notation
The name given to ways of writing music.
Note
(a) A musical sound.
(b) A sign that represents a musical sound.
Octave
(a) An interval of eight notes.
(b) A distance of eight pitch names or scale degrees (e.g., C to C; B to B, etc.).
Ostinato (pl. ostinati)

A short rhythmic or melodic pattern that is persistently repeated.
Pentatonic Scale
(a) A scale of five notes.
(b) One in which the tones are arranged like a major scale, with the fourth and
seventh tones omitted.
197
Phrase
A continuous length of melody or harmony that acts as complete thought (similar to a
sentence or a line of poetry) consisting of two or more motifs.
Pitch
The height or depth of a sound.
Polyphonic Texture
Two or more independent melody lines sounding together.
Quadruple Time
Music with four beats to the bar.
Question-Answer Phrases
A pair of phrases, the first of which ends inconclusively, sounding as though it should
be “answered.” The question phrase ends on a note other than the tonic, while its
“answer” generally ends on the tonic.
Range
The distance between the lowest and highest pitches that a particular instrument or
voice can produce.
Refrain
(a) The chorus.
(b) A phrase or verse that occurs at the end of each stanza of a song.
Register
The pitch location of a group of tones (if the group of tones consists of all high
sounds they are in a high register).
Rest
A sign that indicates a period of silence.
Rhythm
The treatment of time in music. In a broad sense, it includes metre, melody, harmony,
and the whole movement of music through the grouping of bars into phrases, phrases
into sentences, and sentences into a completely integrated piece of music.
Rondo
A musical form in which one theme or section alternates with two or more contrasting
sections (e.g., ABACA, ABACADA, ABACABA).
Round
A song in which two or more voice parts sing the same words and pitches, but start
and finish at different times.
198
Scale
(a) A series of notes in alphabetical order, starting with the key note after which the
scale is named.
(b) An arrangement of pitches from lower to higher according to a specific pattern of
intervals or steps.
Semitone
The smallest interval from one note to another in Western music.
Sequence
Repetition of a melodic pattern at a different pitch level.
Sharp
A sign that is used to indicate that the pitch of a note is raised by one semitone.
Simple Time
Time where the main beat can be subdivided in two. In Simple Time, the top number
of the Time Signature is usually two, three, or four (duple, triple, and quadruple
respectively).
Skip or Leap
See Leap
Soprano or Treble
(a) The higher voices of women or pre-pubescent boys.
Staff or Stave
The five lines and four spaces on which music is written.
Tempo
The speed of music.
Tenor
(a) The higher voices of men.
(b) Instruments that play the notes of these notes.
Texture
(a) The thickness or thinness of the musical sound based upon the number of different
tones produced simultaneously or in proximity to one another.
(b) The kind of horizontal and vertical relationships of musical materials (e.g., one
unaccompanied melody, a melody supported by harmony [or chords], two or
more melodies sounding simultaneously).
199
Theme and Variations
A form in which a basic melody (theme) is presented and then repeated in a series of
modified versions.
Timbre
(a) The character or quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument, voice, or other
sound source from another.
(b) The quality or “colour” of a tone.
Time
The number of beats in a bar.
Time Signature
Two numbers (written one above the other) or a sign placed on the staff at the
beginning of music (after the clef and key signature). The top number gives the
number of beats in a bar, while the lower number gives the type (or value) of the
beats.
Tonality
The harmonic relationship of tones with respect to a definite centre or point of rest.
Tone
A musical sound; the quality of sound made by a voice or instrument; two semitones.
Tonic
See Key Note
Traditional Symbols
Notational symbols found in common use in Western music.
Treble
See Soprano
Triple Time
Music with three beats to a bar.
Unison
Two or more voices, or instruments, singing or playing the same notes.
Verse-Refrain
A form, common in folk and popular songs, in which verses having the same music,
but different words, are each followed by the same refrain.
200
Glossary of Key Terms in Dance
Adrenaline
A hormone secreted by the adrenal gland, which prepares the body for “fight or flight.”
It has widespread effects on the muscles, circulation, and sugar metabolism.
Alignment
Positioned in a straight line.
Biceps
This term is most often used for the muscles at the front of the upper arms, but there are
also biceps at the back of the thighs.
Carbon dioxide
A colourless gas formed in the tissues during metabolism, which is carried in the blood
to the lungs and then exhaled.
Centering
This term refers to the technique of centering the body by strengthening and stabilizing
the powerhouse (the area from the abdominal muscles to the buttocks, which stretches
round the body at the back and the front).
Cervical lordosis
A postural problem of the spine that occurs in the neck area. The muscles at the back of
the neck contract, while those at the front overexpand. The chin protrudes forward and
over time this condition can cause inflammation of the joints, including arthritis.
Ch’i
According to Chinese tradition, this energy, or “life force,” permeates everything—it is
within and around all things, living or otherwise.
Cortisol
This is a steroid hormone produced in the body that is important for normal stress-
response and carbohydrate metabolism.
Deltoids
These are the thick triangular muscles that cover the shoulder joints—they are
responsible for raising up the arms from the sides of the body.
Ectomorph
One of three basic body shapes—the other two are endomorph and mesomorph.
Ectomorph people tend to be light and delicate, often tall and thin with long limbs. This
body shape is often linked to an alert, inhibited, and intellectual personality.
201
Endomorph
One of the three basic body shapes. People with this body shape will be heavy or
rounded, and may have trouble keeping their body weight down. This shape is quite
often linked to placidity, a relaxed attitude, and hedonism.
Endorphins
“Happy” chemicals that occur naturally in the brain and have pain-relieving qualities.
They are also responsible for feelings of pleasure.
Fight-or-Flight Response
A process that prepares the body for physical effort. When the body is under extreme
stress, it gears up to meet the immediate threat by releasing adrenaline and other
hormones into the system. The heartbeat, metabolism, and breathing become more
rapid, and any bodily function that is not essential to immediate survival—including the
immune system and digestion processes—are automatically shut down.
Force
The instigator of movement, a push or pull.
Form
The overall structural organization of a dance or music composition (e.g., AB,
ABA, call and response, rondo, theme, and variations) and the interrelationships
of movements within the overall structure.
Gesture
The movement of a body part or combination of parts, with the emphasis on the
expressive aspects of the move.
Gluteus Maximus
These paired muscles are located within the fleshy part of the buttocks.
Gluteus Minimus
These are the paired muscles situated above the fleshy part of the buttocks.
Improvisation
Movement that is created spontaneously, ranging from free-form to highly
structured environments, but always with an element of chance.
Levator Scapulis
Muscles at the sides and back of the neck.
Leucocytes
White blood cells that help to protect the body against foreign substances and
disease.
202
Locomotor Movements
Movement in space, including walking, running, skipping, hopping, galloping,
sliding, leaping, etc.
Lumbar Lordosi
A postural problem of the spine in which the abdominal muscles are weakened,
pulling the stomach forward and creating an unnatural inward curve in the lower
back.
Lymph
The name for the fluid present in the lymphatic system (a network of vessels). Lymph
carries leucocytes, or white blood cells, which play a key role in helping the body to
fight off disease.
Mesomorph
One of the three basic body shapes. People with this body shape will be athletic or
muscular, with large chests, limbs, and muscles. This body shape is sometimes
associated with an aggressive tendency. Mesomorphs are often athletic and excel at
sports.
Mirror Imaging
A “follow the leader” exercise for two or more dancers in which one person
initiates movement and the other(s) attempts to imitate the leader simultaneously
and exactly.
Musicality
The attention and sensitivity given to the musical elements of dance during
creation or performance.
Neuromuscular Coordination
The efficient and appropriate response of muscle groups in the execution of an
action or task.
Non-Locomotor Movement
Movement in place, including twisting, balancing, and extending.
Pantomime
A situation in which the performer relies totally on gesture, facial expression, and
movement, rather than speech, for enactment of material.
Personal Space
The “space bubble” or the kinesphere that one occupies; it includes all levels, planes,
and directions, both near and far from the body’s centre.
Phrase
A brief sequence of related movements that has a sense of rhythmic completion.
203
Positive Body Image
Acceptance of one’s body as it is, with recognition of its capabilities and limitations.
Powerhouse
The area from the abdominal muscles to our buttocks, stretching round the body. In
Pilates, this is the area from which all energy and effort travel outward.
Projection
(a) A confident presentation of one’s body and energy to vividly communicate
movement and meaning to an audience.
(b) Performance quality.
Quadriceps
Muscles situated in the thighs.
Reordering
A choreographic process in which known and defined elements (specific movements,
movement phrases, etc.) are separated from their original relationship and
restructured in a different pattern.
Repetition
Performing a movement theme, or a portion of it, a number of times for emphasis.
Rhythmic Acuity
The physical, auditory recognition of various complex time elements.
Rickets
A disease of childhood in which the bones do not harden and become soft and
malformed. It is caused by a deficiency of vitamin D.
Rondo
A choreographic form that reflects the musical form of the same name, in which one
principal theme is repeated at intervals, with contrasting episodes between the
repetitions.
Shape
The positioning of the body in space (curved, straight, angular, twisted, symmetrical,
or asymmetrical).
Space
The medium in which movement takes place; a defined area.
Strength
The ability to exert tension against resistance. Dancers build strength at all the joint
angles by doing exercises that require movement through the full range of motion.
204
Stylistic Nuance
The subtle or slight movements that identify the distinct characteristics of a particular
performer, or the dances of a particular choreographer or period.
Sway Back
A postural problem where the thoracic spine becomes distorted and results in weak
ligaments and muscles.
T'ai Chi Ch'uan

This is a flowing form of movement, working on mind, body, and spirit, which dates
back to China at least 2,000 years.
Tan Tien
The Chinese word for the reservoir of ch'i energy situated in the abdominal area.
Tempo
(a) The rate of pulses or beats in music.
(b) The relative speed at which a dance phrase or composition is to be performed.
Thoracic Breathing
Sometimes known as “lateral breathing.” This technique involves breathing into the
back and lower ribs: as the air goes into the lungs, the back and sides of the rib cage
expand, then they contract as the air is exhaled. In this way, the abdomen can stay
contracted and tight and yet not interfere with the intake of breath.
Thoracic Kyphosis
This is a postural problem that causes excessive outward curvature of the spine and
eventual hunching of the back.
Thoracic Straight Spine

This is a postural problem that causes the spine to straighten as a result of muscle
contraction. It causes pain in the arms and strain in the chest area.
Unison
Dance movement that takes place at the same time in a group.
205
Part 4
Resources for the
Visual and Performing Arts
Bibliography
The Arts and Arts Education
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Greene, M. (1989). Arts education in the humanities: Towards a breaking of the
boundaries. Portland, ME: Maine Alliance for Arts Education.
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Perkins, D. (1981). The mind’s best work. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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Pinker, S. (1997). How the mind works. (1997). New York: Norton.
Very Special Arts. (1992). Start with the arts. Washington, DC: Author.
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Winner, E. (1982). Invented worlds: The psychology of the arts. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Arts Education Position Papers

Americans for the Arts. (1998). Arts programs for at-risk youth: How US communities
are using the arts to rescue their youth and deter crime. Washington, DC: Author.
Americans for the Arts. (1998). YouthARTS Toolkit: Arts programs for youth at risk.
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Arts, Education and Americans Panel. (1977). Coming to our senses. New York:
McGraw Hill.
209
Gary, C. L. (1997). Transforming ideas for teaching and learning the arts. Washington
DC: National Institute on Student Achievement, Curriculum and Assessment,
Office of Educational Research, US Department of Education.
McLaughlin, J. (1990). Building a case for arts education: An annotated bibliography of
major research. Lexington, KY: Kentucky Alliance for Arts Education and
Kentucky Arts Council.
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nations. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
National Endowment for the Arts. (1995). The arts and education: Partners in achieving
our national education goals. Washington, DC: Author.
National Endowment for the Arts. (1998). Toward civilization: A report on arts
education. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Pankratz, D. B., &. Mulcahy, K. V. (Eds.). (1989). The challenge to reform arts
education: What role can research play? New York: American Council for the
Arts.
Arts and Education Reform Issues

Catterall, J. S. (1997). Involvement in the arts and success in secondary school
(Americans for the Arts Monograph, Vol. 1, No. 9). Washington, DC: Americans
for the Arts.
Eisner E. W. (1991). What really counts in schools. Educational Leadership, 48(5), 10–
17.
Eisner E. W. (1994). Cognition and curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press.
Eisner E. W. (1994). The educational imagination: On the design and evaluation of
school programs (rev. ed.). New York: Macmillan.
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Education, 51(1), 7–15.
Goodlad, J. (1984). A place called school. New York: McGraw Hill.
Greene, M. (1995). Releasing the imagination: Essays on education in the arts and social
change. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Jacob, H. H. (Ed.). (1989). Interdisciplinary curriculum design and implementation.
Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Lightfoot, S. L. (1983). The good high school: Portraits of character and culture. New
York: Basic Books.
Robinson, K. (Ed.). (1993). The arts in schools. London: Calouste Gulbenkian
Foundation.
Arts and Education Partnerships

Dreeszen, C. (1992). Intersections: Community arts and education collaboration.
Amherst, MA: Arts Extension Service, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
Remer, J. (1996). Beyond enrichment: Building effective arts partnerships with schools
and your community. New York: American Council for the Arts.
Welch, N., & Fisher, Paul. (1995). Working relationships: The arts, education and
community development. Washington, DC: National Assembly of Local Arts
Agencies.
210
Assessment
Beattie, D. K. (1997). Assessment in art education. Worcester, MA: Davis Pub.
Herman, J. L., Aschbacher, P., & Winters, L. (1992). A practical guide to alternative
assessment. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum
Development.
Lazear, D. (1994). Multiple intelligences approaches to assessment: Solving the
assessment conundrum. Tucson, AZ: Zephyr Press.
Lerman, L. (1993, Winter). Toward a process for a critical response. High Performance,
No. 64, 46–48.
Mitchell, R., & Wolf, D. P.; with Phillip, F. (1993). Issues concerning a national
assessment of arts education. Washington: Council of Chief State School
Officers.
Seidel, S., Walters, J., Kirby, E., Olff, N., Powell, K., & Veenema, S. (1997). Portfolio
practices. Washington, DC: National Education Association.
Winner, E. (Ed.). (1991). Arts PROPEL: An introductory handbook. Cambridge, MA:
Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education.
Winner, E. (Ed.). (1992). Arts PROPEL: Music handbook. Cambridge, MA: Project
Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education.
Winner, E. (Ed.). (1992). Arts PROPEL: Visual arts handbook. Cambridge, MA: Project
Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education.
Winner, E. (Ed.). (1993). Arts PROPEL: Imaginative writing handbook, Cambridge,
MA: Project Zero, Harvard Graduate School of Education.
Wolf, D. P., & Pistone, N. (1991). Taking full measure: Rethinking assessment through
the arts. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.
Art and Craft

Arnheim, R. (1974). Art and visual perception (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press.
Arnheim, R. (1989). Thoughts on arts education. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Center for
Education in the Arts.
Barzun, J. (1973). The use and abuse of art. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Chaet, B. (1978). The art of drawing (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rineheart & Winston.
Collier, G. (1966). Form, space and vision. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Cross, J. (1977). For art’s sake. London: George Allen & Unwin.
Dunstan, B. (1977). Composing your paintings. London: Studio Vista.
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Hodge, A. (1991). Hands-on art and craft. London: Alladin Books.
Janson, H. W. (1962). History of art. New York: Abrams.
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York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston.
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211
Ramsawak, A. (1984). Adventure into basic drawing. Port of Spain: Al Production.
Richard, C. (1968). Draw they must. London: Edward Arnold.
Tyler, K. (1955). Pottery without a wheel. London: Dryad.
Drama
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Alto, CA: Dale Seymour Publications.
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Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
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situations from Shakespeare to Spielberg: Ages 7–11. Portsmouth, NH:
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Caruso, S., & Kosoff, S. (1998). The young actor’s book of improvisation: Dramatic
situations based on literature: Ages 12–16. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Charters, J., & Gately, A. (1987). Drama anytime. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Engelsman, A., & Engelsman, P. (1997). Theatre arts 1: Students handbook. Colorado
Springs, CO: Meriwether Publishing Ltd/Contemporary Drama Service.
Engelsman, A., & Engelsman, P. (1997). Theatre arts 1: Teachers course guide.
Colorado Springs, CO: Meriwether Publishing Ltd/Contemporary Drama Service.
Engelsman, A., & Engelsman, P. (1998). Theatre arts 2: Students handbook. Colorado
Springs, CO: Meriwether Publishing Ltd/Contemporary Drama Service.
Engelsman, A., & Engelsman, P. (1998). Theatre arts 2: Teachers course guide.
Colorado Springs, CO: Meriwether Publishing Ltd/Contemporary Drama Service.
Heathcote, D., & Bolton, G. (1995). Drama for learning. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Heinig, R. B. (1993). Improvisation with favorite tales: Integrating drama into the
reading/writing classroom. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Ingham, R., & Covey, L. (1992). The costume designer’s handbook: A complete guide for
amateur and professional costume designers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
King, N. (1996). Playing their part: Language and learning in the classroom.
Neelands, Jonothan. (1985). Making sense of drama: A guide to classroom practice.
O’Neill, C., & Lambert, A. (1984). Drama structures: A practical handbook for teachers.
Rawlins, G., & Rich, J. (1992). Look, listen and trust: A framework for learning through
drama. Studio City, CA: Players Press.
Salazar, L. G. (1995). Teaching dramatically, learning thematically. Charlottesville, VA:
New Plays Inc.
Saldaña, J. (1995). Drama of color: Improvisation with multiethnic folklore. Portsmouth,
NH: Heinemann.
Tanner, F. E. (1999). Basic drama projects (7th ed). Topeka, KS: Clark Pub.
Watts, I. (1990). Just a minute: Ten short plays and activities for your classroom.
Williams, M. Y. (1987). Let ‘em talk: Oral language activities for the classroom (Grades
K-8). Topeka, KS: Clark Pub.
212
Music
Anderson, W. M. (Comp.). (1991). Teaching music with a multicultural approach.
Reston, VA: Music Educators National Conference.
Anderson, W. M., & Campbell, P. S. (Eds.). Multicultural perspectives in music
education. Reston, VA: Music Educators National Conference.
Bennett, R. (1998). Fortissimo! Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Berz, W. L., & Bowman, J. (1994). Applications of research in music technology. Reston,
VA: Music Educators National Conference.
Boardman, E. (Ed.). (1989). Dimensions of musical thinking. Reston, VA: Music
Educators National Conference.
Colwell, R. (Ed.). (1992). Handbook of research on music teaching and learning. Reston,
VA: Music Educators National Conference and Schirmer Books.
Elder, J.D. (1973). Song games from Trinidad and Tobago. Port of Spain: National
Cultural Council Publications.
Fyfe, S. (1990). Teach yourself to play pan – Volume 1: The tenor pan. Port of Spain:
MAJOR & minor Productions.
Fyfe, S. (1990). Teach yourself to play pan – Volume 2: The double tenor. Port of Spain:
Fyfe, S. (1994). Teach yourself to play pan – Volume 3: The double second. Port of
Spain: MAJOR & minor Productions.
Fyfe, S. (1994). Teach yourself to play pan – Volume 4: Advanced pan. Port of Spain:
Gilbert, J. (1997). Festivals. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Haines, N. (1997). Composing at the electronic keyboard – Book 1. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Haines, N. (1997). Composing at the electronic keyboard – Book 2. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Hiscock, C., & Metcalfe, M. (1992). Music matters. Oxford, UK: Heinemann
Educational.
Levenson, T. (1994). Measure for measure: A musical history of science. New York:
Simon & Schuster.
McNicol, R. (1992). Sound inventions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Miles, E. (1997). Tune your brain: Using music to manage your mind, body, and mood.
New York: Berkley Books.
Music Educators National Conference. (1991). Growing up complete: The report of the
National Commission on Music Education. Reston, VA: Author.
Salaman, W. (1990). The new composer. New York: Boosey & Hawkes.
Wilson, S. A. (1999). Steelpan playing with theory. Quebec, Canada: Salahpan.
Winters, G. (1995). Listen, compose, perform. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press.
Winters, G. (1996). StartercComposing pack (with music by Jim Northfield). Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.
213
Dance
Adams, C., & Adams Strandberg, J. (1997). Dancing through the curriculum: A guide to
dance videotapes curated and designed to enrich the school curriculum.
Providence, RI: JayEss Press.
Bartenieff, I., with Lewis, D. (1980). Body movement: Coping with the environment. New
York: Gordon and Breach.
Dell, C. (1977). A primer for movement description. New York: Dance Notation Bureau.
Emery, L. F. (1998). Black dance in the United States from 1619 to 1970. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton Books.
Gere, D., Segal, L., Zimmer, E., & Koelsch, P. C. (Eds.). Looking out: Perspectives on
dance and criticism in a multicultural world. New York: Macmillan.
Gilbert, A. G. (1992). Creative dance for all ages. Reston, VA: American Alliance for
Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance.
Goldman, E. (1994). As others see us: Body movement and the art of successful
communication. New York: Gordon and Breach.
Guest, A. H. (1983). Your move: A new approach to the study of movement and dance.
New York: Gordon and Breach.
Humphrey, D. (1959). The art of making dances. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Book
Company.
Laban, R. (1966). The language of movement. London: McDonald and Edwards.
Levine, M. N. (1994). Widening the circle: Towards a new vision for dance education: A
Report by the National Task Force on Dance Education. Washington, DC:
Dance/USA..
Morgenroth, J. (1987). Dance improvisation. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh
Press.
Schlaich, J., & Dupont, B. (1988). The art of teaching dance technique. Reston, VA:
American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance.
Teck, K. (1994). Ear training for the body: A dancer’s guide to music. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton Book Company.
214
Associations and Organizations
Arts Education
Americans for the Arts
927 15th Street, NW, 12th Floor, Washington, DC 2005, 202/371-2830
Website: www.artusa.org/
Artsedge
The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 2700 F Street, NW, Washington,
DC 20566-0001, USA
Website: http://www.artsedge.kennedy-center.org/artsedge.html
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development

1703 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311-1717; 703/578-9600
Website: www.ascd.org/
Getty Education Institute for the Arts

1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 600, LA, CA 90049-7704, 310/440-7315
Music Educators National Conference

1806 Robert Fulton Drive, Reston, VA 22091, 800/828-0229
Website: www.menc.org/
National Art Education Association

1916 Association Drive, Reston, VA 20919-1590; 703/860-8000
Website: www.naea-reston.org/
Very Special Arts

818 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20006, USA
Website: http://www.vsarts.org
Art Education
Art and Craft Teachers Association of Trinidad and Tobago

c/o Curriculum Officer, Art and Craft, Rudranath Capildeo Learning Resource Centre,
Mc Bean, Couva
E-mail: [email protected]
National Art Education Association

1916 Association Drive, Reston, VA 22091, USA.
Website: http://www.naea-reston.org
215
Community Arts Organizations
Caribbean Contemporary Arts
CCA7, Building 7, Fernandes Industrial Centre, Eastern Main Road, Laventille, Trinidad
and Tobago.
National Carnival Bands Association

Queen’s Park Savannah, Queen’s Park West, Port of Spain
Tel: (868) 627-1422
National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago

Tel: (868) 627-1350
National Council of Indian Culture

Uriah Butler Highway
Tel: (868) 671-6242
National Dance Association of Trinidad and Tobago

c/o Carol La Chapelle, 67 Cipriani Blvd., Port of Spain
Tel: (868) 627-6339
National Drama Association of Trinidad and Tobago

4 Hillcrest Avenue, Port of Spain
Tel: (868) 625-0312
Pan Trinbago
Tel: (868) 627-2894
San Fernando Arts Council

c/o Marion Philomen, St. Joseph Road, San Fernando
Trinbago Unified Calypsonians Organization

Tel: (868) 627-7876
Trinbago Unified Calypsonians Organization (South Branch)

c/o City Hall, Harris Promenade, San Fernando
Trinidad Art Society

Art Centre, Jamaica Blvd and St. Vincent Ave., Federation Park, Port of Spain
216
Drama/Theatre Education
American Alliance for Theatre and Education
4811-B Saint Elmo Ave, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
Website: http://www.aate.com
Caribbean Association of Secondary Schools Drama Associations

c/o Victor Edwards
Tel: (868) 655-0826
Educational Theatre Association

2343 Auburn Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45219-2819, USA
Website: http://www.edta.org
International Association of Theatre for Children and Young People

Box 6033 S-121-06, Johanneshov, Sweden
Website: http://www.ass.itej.org
Secondary Schools Drama Association of Trinidad and Tobago

c/o Fyzabad Composite School, Old Siparia Road, Fyzabad
Music Education
American Orff-Schulwerk Association

P.O. Box 391089, Cleveland, OH 44139-8089, USA
Association of Caribbean Music Educators

Head Office, P.O. Box 544, Castries, St. Lucia
Association of Caribbean Music Educators, Trinidad and Tobago Office

c/o Curriculum Officer – Music, Rudranath Capildeo Learning Resource Centre, Mc
Bean, Couva, Trinidad and Tobago
Music Educators National Conference

1806 Robert Fulton Drive, Reston, VA 22091, USA
Website: http://www.menc.org
Organization of American Kodaly Educators

1612 29th Avenue South, Moorhead, MN 56560
Website: http://www.oakes.org
Pan in Schools Coordinating Council

c/o Trinidad and Tobago Unified Teachers’ Association, Southern Main Road, Curepe,
Trinidad and Tobago
217
Dance Education
American Dance Legacy Institute at Brown University
Tel: (401) 863-7596
Website: http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Theatre_Speech_Dance/
Amer._Dance_Legacy_Inst.html
Dance Horizons Videos & Dance Book Club (videos and books on all styles of dance)
614 Route 130 Hightstown, NJ 08520
Tel: (800) 220-7149
Dance/USA
1111 16th St, NW, Suite 300, Washington DC 20036
Tel: (202) 833-1717
Website: www.danceusa.org
Human Kinetics
P.O. Box 5076, Champaign, Il 61825-5076, USA
Website: http://www.humankinetics.com
Multicultural Media
56 Browns Mill Road, Berlin, VT 05602, USA
Website: www.worldmusicstore.com
Additional Resource
National Standards for Arts Education

Developed by the Consortium of National Arts Education Associations. Outlines basic
arts learning outcomes.
Available at: http://artsedge.kennedy.center.org/teach/standards/
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REPUBLIC OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

Secondary Education Modernization Programme

SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM

Visual and Performing Arts

Curriculum Planning and Development Division, Ministry of Education

Published in 2008 by the

Minister’s Foreword iii

Part 1: The National Curriculum for Forms 1–3

Part 2: The Visual and Performing Arts Curriculum

Part 4: Resources for the Visual and Performing Arts

Instructional decisions must be based on sound, contemporary educational theory,

Sharon Douglass Mangroo

• The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and its staff

Names Subjects School/Institution

Mrs. Cheryl Davis Visual Arts Cunupia High School

Ms. Cindy Lou Edwards Drama Roxborough Composite School

Mrs. Joanna Francis Dance Barataria Senior Comprehensive

Mr. Dennis Frederick Visual Arts Fyzabad Composite School

Ms. Cherry Ann Glod Drama La Romaine High School

Mrs. Beverley Hinds-

Mrs. Allison Seepaul Dance Tranquillity Government

Mr. Glen Worrell Music Barataria Senior Comprehensive

Ms. Saira Dhanoo Drama Debe High School

Ms. Iezora Edwards Drama Cowen Hamilton Secondary

Ms. Alison Mykoo Visual Arts Naparima Girls’ High School

Ms. Charmaine Rahaman Visual Arts Naparima Girls’ High School

Mr. Victor Edwards Drama Curriculum Officer

Mr. Shastri Maharaj Visual Arts Curriculum Officer

…Nationally, the reform of the education system is driven by several local,

i. To ensure an alignment of the education system to government’s strategic

The Secondary Curriculum

In its commitment to comprehensive reform and expansion of the secondary school

This curriculum displays a learner-centred design. Its philosophical assumptions are

The result of these consultations was agreement on:

As implementation proceeded, feedback was sought by the Curriculum Development

An internal analysis of the education system, together with research conducted in

National Curriculum Policy

Inclusive Education Policy

The Ministry of Education is committed to “support the delivery of inclusive education

• Varied approaches to teaching, learning, and assessment should be planned to allow

• Students with special needs should be given additional instructional support in

• Suitable technology must be used in instruction to facilitate learning and enhance

ICT in the Curriculum

Curriculum Content and Learning Resources

• Curriculum and content must increasingly maximize the use of ICT.

The essential learning outcomes are described more fully below.

Students, for example:

 demonstrate understanding of the contribution of the arts to daily life, cultural

 demonstrate understanding of the ideas, perceptions, and feelings of others as

Students situate themselves in a multicultural, multi-ethnic environment, and understand

Students, for example:

 demonstrate understanding of sustainable development and its implications for the

 demonstrate understanding of Trinidad and Tobago’s political, social, and economic

Students, for example:

 demonstrate understanding of facts and relationships presented through words,

 critically reflect on and interpret ideas presented through a variety of media.

Students, for example:

 demonstrate preparedness for the transition to work and further learning;

 make appropriate decisions and take responsibility for those decisions;

 work and study purposefully, both independently and in cooperative groups;

demonstrate understanding of the contribution of the arts to daily life, cultural

demonstrate understanding of the ideas, perceptions, and feelings of others as

demonstrate understanding of sustainable development and its implications for the

demonstrate understanding of Trinidad and Tobago’s political, social, and economic

demonstrate understanding of facts and relationships presented through words,

critically reflect on and interpret ideas presented through a variety of media.

demonstrate preparedness for the transition to work and further learning;

make appropriate decisions and take responsibility for those decisions;

work and study purposefully, both independently and in cooperative groups;

demonstrate an understanding of the relationship between health and lifestyle;

discriminate among a wide variety of career opportunities;

demonstrate coping, management, and interpersonal skills;

display intellectual curiosity, an entrepreneurial spirit, and initiative;

reflect critically on ethical and other issues;

acquire, process, and interpret information critically to make informed decisions;

solve problems individually and collaboratively;

identify, describe, formulate, and reformulate problems;

frame and test hypotheses;

ask questions, observe relationships, make inferences, and draw conclusions;

identify, describe, and interpret different points of view;

distinguish facts from opinions.

demonstrate understanding of and use existing and developing technologies

demonstrate understanding of the impact of technology on society;

demonstrate understanding of ethical issues related to the use of technology in local