1

CHAPTER 1
1.1 We will illustrate two different methods for solving this problem: (1) separation of variables, and (2)
Laplace transform.

dv c
g v
dt m

Separation of variables: Separation of variables gives

1
 g  c v dv   dt
m

The integrals can be evaluated as

 c 
ln  g  v 
 
m 
 t C
c/m

where C = a constant of integration, which can be evaluated by applying the initial condition to yield

 c 
ln  g  v(0) 
C  
m
c/m

which can be substituted back into the solution

 c   c 
ln  g  v  ln  g  v(0) 
  m 
t  m 
c/m c/m

This result can be rearranged algebraically to solve for v,

v  v(0)e( c / m )t 
mg
c

1  e  ( c / m )t 
where the first part is the general solution and the second part is the particular solution for the constant
forcing function due to gravity. For the case where, v(0) = 0, the solution reduces to Eq. (1.10)

v
mg
c

1  e  ( c / m )t 
Laplace transform solution: An alternative solution is provided by applying Laplace transform to the
differential equation to give

g c
sV ( s )  v(0)   V (s)
s m

Solve algebraically for the transformed velocity

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 2

v(0) g
V (s)   (1)
s  c / m s ( s  c / m)

The second term on the right of the equal sign can be expanded with partial fractions

g A B A( s  c / m)  Bs
   (2)
s ( s  c / m) s s  c / m s ( s  c / m)

By equating like terms in the numerator, the following must hold

c
gA 0  As  Bs
m

The first equation can be solved for A = mg/c. According to the second equation, B = –A, so B = –mg/c.
Substituting these back into (2) gives

g mg / c mg / c
 
s ( s  c / m) s sc/m

This can be substituted into Eq. 1 to give

v(0) mg / c mg / c
V (s)   
sc/m s sc/m

Taking inverse Laplace transforms yields

mg mg  (c / m )t
v(t )  v(0)e( c / m )t   e
c c

or collecting terms

v(t )  v(0)e( c / m )t 
mg
c

1  e  ( c / m )t 
1.2 At t = 8 s, the analytical solution is 41.137 (Example 1.1). The relative error can be calculated with

analytical  numerical
absolute relative error   100%
analytical

The numerical results are:

absolute
step v(8) relative error
2 44.8700 9.074%
1 42.8931 4.268%
0.5 41.9901 2.073%

The error versus step size can then be plotted as

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 3

10%

8%

6%

4%

2%

0%
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

Thus, halving the step size approximately halves the error.

1.3 (a) You are given the following differential equation with the initial condition, v(t = 0) = 0,

dv c'
 g  v2
dt m

Multiply both sides by m/c′ gives

m dv m
 g  v2
c ' dt c '

Define a  mg / c '

m dv
 a2  v2
c ' dt

Integrate by separation of variables,

c'
a  mdt
dv
2

 v2

A table of integrals can be consulted to find that

1
a
dx x
2 2
 tanh 1
x a a

Therefore, the integration yields

1 v c'
tanh 1  t  C
a a m

If v = 0 at t = 0, then because tanh–1(0) = 0, the constant of integration C = 0 and the solution is

1 v c'
tanh 1  t
a a m

This result can then be rearranged to yield

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 4

gm  gc ' 
v tanh  t 
c'  m 

(b) Using Euler’s method, the first two steps can be computed as

 0.22 2 
v(2)  0  9.81  (0)  2  19.62
 68.1 
 0.22 
v(4)  19.62  9.81  (19.62) 2  2  36.75284
 68.1 

The computation can be continued and the results summarized along with the analytical result as:

t v-numerical dv/dt v-analytical

0 0 9.81 0
2 19.62 8.56642 18.83093
4 36.75284 5.446275 33.72377
6 47.64539 2.476398 43.46492
8 52.59819 0.872478 49.06977
10 54.34314 0.269633 52.05938
12 54.88241 0.079349 53.58978
 55.10572 0.022993 55.10572

A plot of the numerical and analytical results can be developed

60

40

20 v-numerical
v-analytical
0
0 4 8 12

gm
1.4 v(t )  (1  e ( c / m ) t )
c
9.81(70)
jumper #1: v(t )  (1  e (12/70) 9 )  44.99204
12
9.81(80)
jumper #2: 44.99204  (1  e (15/80) t )
15
44.99204  52.32  52.32e 0.1875 t

0.14006  e 0.1875 t

ln 0.14006  0.1875t

ln 0.14006
t  10.4836 s
0.1875

1.5 Before the chute opens (t < 10), Euler’s method can be implemented as

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 5

 10 
v(t  t )  v(t )  9.81  v(t )  t
 80 

After the chute opens (t  10), the drag coefficient is changed and the implementation becomes

 60 
v(t  t )  v(t )  9.81  v(t )  t
 80 

Here is a summary of the results along with a plot:

Chute closed Chute opened

t v dv/dt t v dv/dt
0 -20.0000 12.3100 10 52.5723 -29.6192
1 -7.6900 10.7713 11 22.9531 -7.4048
2 3.0813 9.4248 12 15.5483 -1.8512
3 12.5061 8.2467 13 13.6971 -0.4628
4 20.7528 7.2159 14 13.2343 -0.1157
5 27.9687 6.3139 15 13.1186 -0.0289
6 34.2826 5.5247 16 13.0896 -0.0072
7 39.8073 4.8341 17 13.0824 -0.0018
8 44.6414 4.2298 18 13.0806 -0.0005
9 48.8712 3.7011 19 13.0802 -0.0001
20 13.0800 0.0000

60

30

0
0 5 10 15 20
-30

1.6 (a) This is a transient computation. For the period ending June 1:

Balance = Previous Balance + Deposits – Withdrawals + Interest

Balance = 1522.33 + 220.13 – 327.26 + 0.01(1522.33) = 1430.42

The balances for the remainder of the periods can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated below:

Date Deposit Withdrawal Interest Balance

1-May $1,522.33
$220.13 $327.26 $15.22
1-Jun $1,430.42
$216.80 $378.51 $14.30
1-Jul $1,283.02
$450.35 $106.80 $12.83
1-Aug $1,639.40
$127.31 $350.61 $16.39
1-Sep $1,432.49

dB
(b)  D (t )  W (t )  iB
dt

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 6

(c) for t = 0 to 0.5:

dB
 220.13  327.26  0.01(1522.33)  91.91
dt
B (0.5)  1522.33  91.91(0.5)  1476.38

for t = 0.5 to 1:
dB
 220.13  327.260  0.01(1476.38)  92.37
dt
B (0.5)  1476.38  92.37(0.5)  1430.19

The balances for the remainder of the periods can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated below:

Date Deposit Withdrawal Interest dB/dt Balance

1-May $220.13 $327.26 $15.22 -$91.91 $1,522.33
16-May $220.13 $327.26 $14.76 -$92.37 $1,476.38
1-Jun $216.80 $378.51 $14.30 -$147.41 $1,430.19
16-Jun $216.80 $378.51 $13.56 -$148.15 $1,356.49
1-Jul $450.35 $106.80 $12.82 $356.37 $1,282.42
16-Jul $450.35 $106.80 $14.61 $358.16 $1,460.60
1-Aug $127.31 $350.61 $16.40 -$206.90 $1,639.68
16-Aug $127.31 $350.61 $15.36 -$207.94 $1,536.23
1-Sep $1,432.26

(d) As in the plot below, the results of the two approaches are very close.

$1,700 Bi-monthly
$1,600 Monthly

$1,500

$1,400
$1,300

$1,200
M M J A S

1.7 (a) The first two steps are

c(0.1)  100  0.175(100)0.1  98.25 Bq/L

c(0.2)  98.25  0.175(98.25)0.1  96.5306 Bq/L

The process can be continued to yield

t c dc/dt
0 100.0000 -17.5000
0.1 98.2500 -17.1938
0.2 96.5306 -16.8929
0.3 94.8413 -16.5972
0.4 93.1816 -16.3068
0.5 91.5509 -16.0214
0.6 89.9488 -15.7410
0.7 88.3747 -15.4656

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 7

0.8 86.8281 -15.1949

0.9 85.3086 -14.9290
1 83.8157 -14.6678

(b) The results when plotted on a semi-log plot yields a straight line

4.6

4.5

4.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

The slope of this line can be estimated as

ln(83.8157)  ln(100)
 0.17655
1

Thus, the slope is approximately equal to the negative of the decay rate. If we had used a smaller step size,
the result would be more exact.

1.8
J s kJ
Qstudents  35 ind  80  20 min  60   3,360 kJ
ind s min 1000 J
PVMwt (101.325 kPa)(11m  8m  3m  35  0.075 m3 )(28.97 kg/kmol)
m   314.796 kg
RT (8.314 kPa m3 / (kmol K)((20  273.15)K)
Qstudents 3,360 kJ
T    14.86571 K
mCv (314.796 kg)(0.718 kJ/(kg K))

Therefore, the final temperature is 20 + 14.86571 = 34.86571oC.

1.9 The first two steps yield

 450 450 
y (0.5)  0  3 sin 2 (0)  0.5  0  (0.36) 0.5  0.18
 1250 1250 
 450 450 
y (1)  0.18  3 sin 2 (0.5)  0.5   0.18  ( 0.11176) 0.5  0.23588
 1250 1250 

The process can be continued to give the following table and plot:

t y dy/dt t y dy/dt
0 0.00000 -0.36000 5.5 1.10271 0.17761
0.5 -0.18000 -0.11176 6 1.19152 -0.27568
1 -0.23588 0.40472 6.5 1.05368 -0.31002
1.5 -0.03352 0.71460 7 0.89866 0.10616
2 0.32378 0.53297 7.5 0.95175 0.59023
2.5 0.59026 0.02682 8 1.24686 0.69714
3 0.60367 -0.33849 8.5 1.59543 0.32859

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 8

3.5 0.43443 -0.22711 9 1.75972 -0.17657

4 0.32087 0.25857 9.5 1.67144 -0.35390
4.5 0.45016 0.67201 10 1.49449 -0.04036
5 0.78616 0.63310

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-0.5

1.10 The first two steps yield

 450 150(1  0)1.5 

y (0.5)  0  3 sin 2 (0)   0.5  0  0.12(0.5)   0.06
 1250 1250 
 450 150(1  0.06)1.5 
y (1)  0.06  3 sin 2 (0.5)   0.5  0.06  0.13887(0.5)  0.00944
 1250 1250 

The process can be continued to give

t y dy/dt t y dy/dt
0 0.00000 -0.12000 5.5 1.61981 0.02876
0.5 -0.06000 0.13887 6 1.63419 -0.42872
1 0.00944 0.64302 6.5 1.41983 -0.40173
1.5 0.33094 0.89034 7 1.21897 0.06951
2 0.77611 0.60892 7.5 1.25372 0.54423
2.5 1.08058 0.02669 8 1.52584 0.57542
3 1.09392 -0.34209 8.5 1.81355 0.12227
3.5 0.92288 -0.18708 9 1.87468 -0.40145
4 0.82934 0.32166 9.5 1.67396 -0.51860
4.5 0.99017 0.69510 10 1.41465 -0.13062
5 1.33772 0.56419

2.0

1.5

1.0
0.5

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-0.5

1.11 When the water level is above the outlet pipe, the volume balance can be written as

dV
 3sin 2 (t )  3( y  yout )1.5
dt

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 9

In order to solve this equation, we must relate the volume to the level. To do this, we recognize that the
volume of a cone is given by V = r2y/3. Defining the side slope as s = ytop/rtop, the radius can be related to
the level (r = y/s) and the volume can be reexpressed as


V 2
y3
3s

which can be solved for

3s 2V
y3

(1)
and substituted into the volume balance

1.5
dV  3s 2V 
 3sin 2 (t )  3  3  yout  (2)
dt   
 

For the case where the level is below the outlet pipe, outflow is zero and the volume balance simplifies to

dV
 3sin 2 (t ) (3)
dt

These equations can then be used to solve the problem. Using the side slope of s = 4/2.5 = 1.6, the
initial volume can be computed as


V (0)  0.83  0.20944 m3
3(1.6) 2

For the first step, y < yout and Eq. (3) gives

dV
(0)  3sin 2 (0)  0
dt

and Euler’s method yields

dV
V (0.5)  V (0)  (0)t  0.20944  0(0.5)  0.20944
dt

For the second step, Eq. (3) still holds and

dV
(0.5)  3sin 2 (0.5)  0.689547
dt
dV
V (1)  V (0.5)  (0.5) t  0.20944  0.689547(0.5)  0.554213
dt

Equation (1) can then be used to compute the new level,

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 10

3(1.6) 2 (0.554213)
y3  1.106529 m


Because this level is now higher than the outlet pipe, Eq. (2) holds for the next step

dV
(1)  2.12422  3 1.106529  1  2.019912
1.5
dt
V (1.5)  0.554213  2.019912(0.5)  1.564169

The remainder of the calculation is summarized in the following table and figure.

t Qin V y Qout dV/dt

0 0 0.20944 0.8 0 0
0.5 0.689547 0.20944 0.8 0 0.689547
1 2.12422 0.554213 1.106529 0.104309 2.019912
1.5 2.984989 1.564169 1.563742 1.269817 1.715171
2 2.480465 2.421754 1.809036 2.183096 0.29737
2.5 1.074507 2.570439 1.845325 2.331615 -1.25711
3 0.059745 1.941885 1.680654 1.684654 -1.62491
3.5 0.369147 1.12943 1.40289 0.767186 -0.39804
4 1.71825 0.93041 1.31511 0.530657 1.187593
4.5 2.866695 1.524207 1.55031 1.224706 1.641989
5 2.758607 2.345202 1.78977 2.105581 0.653026
5.5 1.493361 2.671715 1.869249 2.431294 -0.93793
6 0.234219 2.202748 1.752772 1.95937 -1.72515
6.5 0.13883 1.340173 1.48522 1.013979 -0.87515
7 1.294894 0.902598 1.301873 0.497574 0.79732
7.5 2.639532 1.301258 1.470703 0.968817 1.670715
8 2.936489 2.136616 1.735052 1.890596 1.045893
8.5 1.912745 2.659563 1.866411 2.419396 -0.50665
9 0.509525 2.406237 1.805164 2.167442 -1.65792
9.5 0.016943 1.577279 1.568098 1.284566 -1.26762
10 0.887877 0.943467 1.321233 0.5462 0.341677

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
V y

1.12 (a) The force balance can be written as:

dv R2
m   mg (0)  cd v v
dt ( R  x) 2

Dividing by mass gives

dv R2 c
  g (0) 2
 dvv
dt ( R  x) m

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 11

(b) Recognizing that dx/dt = v, the chain rule is

dv dv
v
dt dx

Setting drag to zero and substituting this relationship into the force balance gives

dv g (0) R 2

dx v ( R  x) 2

(c) Using separation of variables

R2
v dv   g (0) dx
( R  x)2

Integrating gives

v2 R2
 g (0) C
2 Rx

Applying the initial condition yields

v02 R2
 g (0) C
2 R0

which can be solved for C = v02/2 – g(0)R, which can be substituted back into the solution to give

v2 R2 v2
 g (0)  0  g (0) R
2 Rx 2

or

R2
v   v02  2 g (0)  2 g (0) R
Rx

Note that the plus sign holds when the object is moving upwards and the minus sign holds when it is
falling.

(d) Euler’s method can be developed as

 g (0) R2 
v( xi 1 )  v( xi )    ( x  xi )
2  i 1
 v( xi ) ( R  xi ) 

The first step can be computed as

 9.81 (6.37  106 ) 2 

v(10, 000)  1,500    6 2
(10, 000  0)  1,500  (0.00654)10, 000  1434.600
 1,500 (6.37  10  0) 

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 12

The remainder of the calculations can be implemented in a similar fashion as in the following table

x v dv/dx v-analytical
0 1500.000 -0.00654 1500.000
10000 1434.600 -0.00682 1433.216
20000 1366.433 -0.00713 1363.388
30000 1295.089 -0.00750 1290.023
40000 1220.049 -0.00794 1212.475
50000 1140.643 -0.00847 1129.884
60000 1055.973 -0.00912 1041.049
70000 964.798 -0.00995 944.206
80000 865.317 -0.01106 836.579
90000 754.742 -0.01264 713.299
100000 628.359 -0.01513 564.197

For the analytical solution, the value at 10,000 m can be computed as

(6.37  106 ) 2
v  1,5002  2(9.81)  2(9.81)(6.37  106 )  1433.216
(6.37  106  10, 000)

The remainder of the analytical values can be implemented in a similar fashion as in the last column of the
above table. The numerical and analytical solutions can be displayed graphically.
1600 v-analytical
1200 v-numerical
800
400
0
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000

1.13 The volume of the droplet is related to the radius as

4 r 3
V (1)
3

This equation can be solved for radius as

3V
r 3 (2)
4

The surface area is

A  4 r 2 (3)

Equation (2) can be substituted into Eq. (3) to express area as a function of volume

2/3
 3V 
A  4  
 4 

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 13

This result can then be substituted into the original differential equation,

2/3
dV  3V 
 k 4   (4)
dt  4 

The initial volume can be computed with Eq. (1),

4 r 3 4 (2.5)3
V   65.44985 mm3
3 3

Euler’s method can be used to integrate Eq. (4). For the first step, the result is

2/3
dV  3(65.44985) 
V (0.25)  V (0)  (0)  t  65.44985  0.08(4)    0.25
dt  4 
 65.44985  6.28319(0.25)  63.87905

Here are the beginning and ending steps

t V dV/dt
0 65.44985 -6.28319
0.25 63.87905 -6.18225
0.5 62.33349 -6.08212
0.75 60.81296 -5.98281
1 59.31726 -5.8843
•
•
•
9 23.35079 -3.16064
9.25 22.56063 -3.08893
9.5 21.7884 -3.01804
9.75 21.03389 -2.94795
10 20.2969 -2.87868

A plot of the results is shown below. We have included the radius on this plot (dashed line and right scale):
80
V r 2.4
60
40 2
20
0 1.6
0 2 4 6 8 10
Eq. (2) can be used to compute the final radius as

3(20.2969)
r 3  1.692182
4

Therefore, the average evaporation rate can be computed as

(2.5  1.692182) mm mm
k  0.080782
10 min min

which is approximately equal to the given evaporation rate of 0.08 mm/min.

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 14

1.14 The first two steps can be computed as

T (1)  70   0.019(70  20)  2  68  (0.95)2  68.1

T (2)  68.1   0.019(68.1  20)  2  68.1  (0.9139)2  66.2722

The remaining results are displayed below along with a plot of the results.

t T dT/dt t T dT/dt
0 70.00000 -0.95000 12.00000 59.62967 -0.75296
2 68.10000 -0.91390 14.00000 58.12374 -0.72435
4 66.27220 -0.87917 16.00000 56.67504 -0.69683
6 64.51386 -0.84576 18.00000 55.28139 -0.67035
8 62.82233 -0.81362 20.00000 53.94069 -0.64487
10 61.19508 -0.78271

80

70

60

50
0 5 10 15 20

1.15 The pair of differential equations to be solved are

di R 1
 i q
dt L CL
dq
i
dt

or substituting the parameters

di
 40i  2, 000q
dt
dq
i
dt

The first step can be implemented by first using the differential equations to compute the slopes

di
 40(0)  2, 000(1)  2, 000
dt
dq
0
dt

Then, Euler’s method can be applied as

i (0.01)  0  2, 000(0.01)  20

q(0.01)  1  0(0.01)  1

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 15

For the second step

di
 40(20)  2, 000(1)  1, 200
dt
dq
 20
dt
i (0.02)  20  1, 200(0.01)  32
q(0.02)  1  20(0.01)  0.8

The remaining steps are summarized in the following table and plot:

t i q di/dt dq/dt
0 0 1 -2000 0
0.01 -20 1 -1200 -20
0.02 -32 0.8 -320 -32
0.03 -35.2 0.48 448 -35.2
0.04 -30.72 0.128 972.8 -30.72
0.05 -20.992 -0.1792 1198.08 -20.992
0.06 -9.0112 -0.38912 1138.688 -9.0112
0.07 2.37568 -0.47923 863.4368 2.37568
0.08 11.01005 -0.45548 470.5485 11.01005
0.09 15.71553 -0.34537 62.12813 15.71553
0.1 16.33681 -0.18822 -277.034 16.33681

40 1

20 0.5

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-20 -0.5

-40 i q -1

1.16 (a) The solution of the differential equation is

N  N0 et

The doubling time can be computed as the time when N = 2N0,

2N 0  N 0 e  (20)

ln 2 0.693
   0.034657/hr
20 hrs 20 hrs

(b) The volume of an individual spherical cell is

 d3
cell volume  (1)
6

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 16

The total volume is

 d3
volume  N (2)
6

The rate of change of N is defined as

dN
 N (3)
dt

If N = N0 at t = 0, Eq. 3 can be integrated to give

N  N 0 e t (4)

Therefore, substituting (4) into (2) gives an equation for volume

 d3
volume  N 0 e t (5)
6

(c) This equation can be solved for time

6  volume
ln
 d 3 N0
t (6)


The volume of a 500 m diameter tumor can be computed with Eq. 2 as 65,449,847. Substituting this value
along with d = 20 m, N0 = 1 and  = 0.034657/hr gives

 6  65,449,847 
ln  
 203 (1) 
t   278.63 hr  11.6 d (6)
0.034657

1.17 Continuity at the nodes can be used to determine the flows as follows:

Q1  Q2  Q3  0.6  0.4  1.0 m3 s

Q10  Q1  1.0 m3 s
Q9  Q10  Q2  1.0  0.6  0.4 m3 s
Q4  Q9  Q8  0.4  0.3  0.1 m3 s
Q5  Q3  Q4  0.4  0.1  0.3 m3 s
Q6  Q5  Q7  0.3  0.2  0.1 m3 s

Therefore, the final results are

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 17

1 0.4 0.3

0.6 0.1 0.1 0.2

1 0.4 0.3

1.18 (a) Substituting Eq. (1.10) into Eq. (P1.18) gives

dx gm
 (1  e  ( c / m )t )
dt c

Separation of variables gives

x t
  1 e
gm  ( c / m )t
dx  dt
0 c 0

Integration yields

gm gm 2
x t  2 (1  e ( c / m )t )
c c

(b) Euler’s method can be applied for the first step as

dv c 12.5
(0)  g  v  9.81  0  9.81
dt m 68.1
dx
(0)  v  0
dt
dv
v(2)  v(0)  (0)t  0  9.81(2)  19.62
dt
dx
x(2)  x(0)  (0)t  0  0(2)  0
dt

For the second step:

dv 12.5
(2)  9.81  19.62  6.2087
dt 68.1
dx
(0)  19.62
dt
v(4)  19.62  6.2087(2)  32.0374
x(4)  0  19.62(2)  39.24

The remaining steps can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated below along with the analytical
solution:

t vnum xnum dv/dt dx/dt vanal xanal

0 0.0000 0.0000 9.8100 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 19.6200 0.0000 6.2087 19.6200 16.4217 17.4242

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 18

4 32.0374 39.2400 3.9294 32.0374 27.7976 62.3380

6 39.8962 103.3147 2.4869 39.8962 35.6781 126.2949
8 44.8700 183.1071 1.5739 44.8700 41.1372 203.4435
10 48.0179 272.8472 0.9961 48.0179 44.9189 289.7305

(c)
50 vnum 400
vanal
40
xnum 300
30 xanal
200
20
100
10

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

1.19 (a) For the constant temperature case, Newton’s law of cooling is written as

dT
 0.12(T  10)
dt

The first two steps of Euler’s methods are

dT
T (0.5)  T (0)  (0)  t  37  0.12(10  37)(0.5)  37  3.2400  0.50  35.3800
dt
T (1)  35.3800  0.12(10  35.3800)(0.5)  35.3800  3.0456  0.50  33.8572

The remaining calculations are summarized in the following table:

t Ta T dT/dt
0:00 10 37.0000 -3.2400
0:30 10 35.3800 -3.0456
1:00 10 33.8572 -2.8629
1:30 10 32.4258 -2.6911
2:00 10 31.0802 -2.5296
2:30 10 29.8154 -2.3778
3:00 10 28.6265 -2.2352
3:30 10 27.5089 -2.1011
4:00 10 26.4584 -1.9750
4:30 10 25.4709 -1.8565
5:00 10 24.5426 -1.7451

(b) For this case, the room temperature can be represented as

Ta  20  2t

where t = time (hrs). Newton’s law of cooling is written as

dT
 0.12(T  20  2t )
dt

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 19

The first two steps of Euler’s methods are

T (0.5)  37  0.12(20  37)(0.5)  37  2.040  0.50  35.9800

T (1)  35.9800  0.12(19  35.9800)(0.5)  35.9800  2.0376  0.50  34.9612

The remaining calculations are summarized in the following table:

t Ta T dT/dt
0:00 20 37.0000 -2.0400
0:30 19 35.9800 -2.0376
1:00 18 34.9612 -2.0353
1:30 17 33.9435 -2.0332
2:00 16 32.9269 -2.0312
2:30 15 31.9113 -2.0294
3:00 14 30.8966 -2.0276
3:30 13 29.8828 -2.0259
4:00 12 28.8699 -2.0244
4:30 11 27.8577 -2.0229
5:00 10 26.8462 -2.0215

Comparison with (a) indicates that the effect of the room air temperature has a significant effect on the
expected temperature at the end of the 5-hr period (difference = 26.8462 – 24.5426 = 2.3036oC).

(c) The solutions for (a) Constant Ta, and (b) Cooling Ta are plotted below:
40
Constant Ta
36 Cooling Ta

32

28

24
0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00

1.20 (a)
dx dy dvx c dv y c
 vx  vy   vx g vy
dt dt dt m dt m

(b) The first step,

dx
x(1)  x(0)  t  0  180(1)  180
dt
dy
y (1)  y (0)  t  100  0(1)  100
dt
dv 12.5
vx (1)  vx (0)  x t  180  180(1)  147.8571
dt 70
dv y  12.5 
v y (1)  v y (0)  t  0  9.81  (0)  (1)  9.81
dt  70 

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 20

The second step

x(2)  180  147.8571(1)  327.8571

y (1)  100  9.81(1)  90.19
12.5
vx (1)  147.8571  147.8571(1)  121.4541
70
 12.5 
v y (1)  9.81  9.81  (9.81)  (1)  17.8682
 70 

These along with the remaining results can be tabulated as

t x y vx vy dx/dt dy/dt dvx/dt dvy/dt

0 0.0000 -100.0000 180.0000 0.0000 180.0000 0.0000 -32.1429 9.8100
1 180.0000 -100.0000 147.8571 9.8100 147.8571 9.8100 -26.4031 8.0582
2 327.8571 -90.1900 121.4541 17.8682 121.4541 17.8682 -21.6882 6.6192
3 449.3112 -72.3218 99.7659 24.4875 99.7659 24.4875 -17.8153 5.4372
4 549.0771 -47.8343 81.9505 29.9247 81.9505 29.9247 -14.6340 4.4663
5 631.0276 -17.9096 67.3165 34.3910 67.3165 34.3910 -12.0208 3.6687
6 698.3441 16.4814 55.2957 38.0598 55.2957 38.0598 -9.8742 3.0136
7 753.6398 54.5411 45.4215 41.0734 45.4215 41.0734 -8.1110 2.4755
8 799.0613 95.6145 37.3105 43.5488 37.3105 43.5488 -6.6626 2.0334
9 836.3718 139.1633 30.6479 45.5823 30.6479 45.5823 -5.4728 1.6703
10 867.0197 184.7456 25.1751 47.2526 25.1751 47.2526 -4.4955 1.3720

(c) The following plot indicates that the jumper will hit the ground in about t = 5.6 s at about x = 670 m.
-150 y versus x
-100
-50
0 200 400 600 800
0

50
100

150

-150
y versus t
-100

-50
0 2 4 6 8
0

50

100

150

1.21 (a) The force balance can be written as

dv 1
m  mg   v v ACd
dt 2

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 21

Dividing by mass gives

dv  ACd
g vv (1)
dt 2m

The mass of the sphere is sV where V = volume (m3). The area and volume of a sphere are d2/4 and
d3/6, respectively. Substituting these relationships gives

dv 3  Cd
g vv
dt 4d  s
dx
v
dt

(b) The first step for Euler’s method is

dv 3(1.3)0.47
 9.81  ( 40) 40  10.0363
dt 4(1.2)2700
dx
 40
dt
v  40  10.0363(2)  19.9274
dx
 100  40(2)  20
dt

The remaining steps are shown in the following table:

t x v dx/dt dv/dt
0 100.0000 -40.0000 -40.0000 10.0363
2 20.0000 -19.9274 -19.9274 9.8662
4 -19.8548 -0.1951 -0.1951 9.8100
6 -20.2450 19.4249 19.4249 9.7566
8 18.6049 38.9382 38.9382 9.5956
10 96.4813 58.1293 58.1293 9.3321
12 212.7399 76.7935 76.7935 8.9759
14 366.3269 94.7453 94.7453 8.5404

(c) The results can be graphed as (notice that we have reversed the axis for the distance, x, so that the
negative elevations are upwards.

120 v

80

40

0
0 5 10 15
-40 v

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 22

-100 x
0 5 10 15
0

100

200

300

x
400

(d) Inspecting the differential equation for velocity (Eq. 1) indicates that the bulk drag coefficient is

 ACd
c' 
2

Therefore, for this case, because A = (1.2)2/4 = 1.131 m2, the bulk drag coefficient is

1.3(1.131)0.47 kg
c'   0.3455
2 m

1.22 (a) A force balance on a sphere can be written as:

dv
m  Fgravity  Fbuoyancy  Fdrag
dt

where

Fgravity  mg Fbuoyancy  Vg Fdrag  3 dv

Substituting the individual terms into the force balance yields

dv
m  mg  Vg  3 dv
dt

Divide by m

dv Vg 3 dv
g 
dt m m

Note that m = sV, so

dv  g 3 dv
g 
dt s  sV

The volume can be represented in terms of more fundamental quantities as V = d3/6. Substituting this
relationship into the differential equation gives the final differential equation

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 23

dv    18
 g 1   v
dt   s  s d
2

(b) At steady-state, the equation is

   18
0  g 1   v
  s  s d
2

which can be solved for the terminal velocity

g s   2
v  d
18 

This equation is sometimes called Stokes Settling Law.

(c) Before computing the result, it is important to convert all the parameters into consistent units. For the
present problem, the necessary conversions are

m g 106 cm3 g kg
d  10 μm  6
 105 m  1 3
 3
 3  1000 3
10 μm cm m 10 kg m
g 106 cm3 g kg g 100 cm kg kg
 s  2.65   3  2650 3   0.014    0.0014
cm3 m3 10 kg m cm s m 1000 g ms

The terminal velocity can then computed as

9.81 2650  1000 m

v  (1 105 ) 2  6.42321 105
18 0.0014 s

(d) The Reynolds number can be computed as

 dv 1000(105 )6.42321 105

Re    0.0004588
 0.0014

This is far below 1, so the flow is very laminar.

(e) Before implementing Euler’s method, the parameters can be substituted into the differential equation to
give

dv  1000  18(0.0014)
 9.81 1   2
v  6.108113  95,094v
dt  2650  2650(0.00001)

The first two steps for Euler’s method are

v(3.8147  106 )  0  (6.108113  95,094(0))  3.8147  106  2.33006  105

v(7.6294  106 )  2.33006  105  (6.108113  95,094(2.33006 105 ))  3.8147  10 6  3.81488  105

The remaining steps can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated and plotted below:

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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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 24

t v dv/dt t v dv/dt
0 0 6.108113 2.2910–5 5.99E-05 0.409017
3.8110–6 2.33E-05 3.892358 2.6710–5 6.15E-05 0.260643
–6
7.6310 3.81E-05 2.480381 3.0510–5 6.25E-05 0.166093
–5
1.1410 4.76E-05 1.580608 3.4310–5 6.31E-05 0.105842
1.5310–5 5.36E-05 1.007233 3.8110–5 6.35E-05 0.067447
1.9110–5 5.75E-05 0.641853

1.23 (a) A force balance on a sphere can be written as:

dv 1
m  mg  Vg   v v ACd
dt 2

(b) Dividing by mass gives

dv  Vg  ACd
g  vv
dt m 2m

The mass of the sphere is sV where V = volume (m3). The area and volume of a sphere are d2/4 and
d3/6, respectively. Substituting these relationships gives

dv    3 Cd
 g 1    vv
dt  s  4 s d

(c) At steady state, for a sphere falling downward

   3  Cd 2
0  g 1    v
 s  4s d

which can be solved for

4 g s d   
v 1  
3  Cd   s 

Substituting the parameters gives

4(9.81)2700(0.01)  1000  m
v 1    0.68783
3(1000)0.47  2700  s

(d) Before implementing Euler’s method, the parameters can be substituted into the differential equation to
give

dv  1000  3(1000)0.47 2
 9.811   v  6.176667  13.055556v 2
dt  2700  4(2700)(0.01)

The first two steps for Euler’s method are

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may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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 25

v(0.03125)  0  (6.176667  13.055556(0) 2 )0.03125  0.193021

v(0.0625)  0.193021  (6.176667  13.055556(0.193021) 2 )0.03125  0.370841

The remaining steps can be computed in a similar fashion as tabulated and plotted below:

t v dv/dt t v dv/dt
0 0.000000 6.176667 0.15625 0.643887 0.763953
0.03125 0.193021 5.690255 0.1875 0.667761 0.355136
0.0625 0.370841 4.381224 0.21875 0.678859 0.160023
0.09375 0.507755 2.810753 0.25 0.683860 0.071055
0.125 0.595591 1.545494

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 0.0625 0.125 0.1875 0.25

1.24 Substituting the parameters into the differential equation gives

10000
dy

dx 24(2  1011 )0.000325
 4 x3  12(4) x 2  12(4)2 x 
 2.5641 105  x3  12 x 2  48 x 

The first step of Euler’s method is

 2.5641105  (0)3  12(0) 2  48(0)   0

dy
dx
y (0.125)  0  0(0.125)  0

The second step is

 2.5641 10 5  (0.125)3  12(0.125) 2  48(0.125)   0.000149

dy
dx
y (0.25)  0  0.000149(0.125)  1.86361 105

The remainder of the calculations along with the analytical solution are summarized in the following table
and plot. Note that the results of the numerical and analytical solutions are close.

x y-Euler dy/dx y-analytical x y-Euler dy/dx y-analytical

0 0 0 0 2.125 0.001832 0.001472 0.001925
0.125 0 0.000149 9.42E-06 2.25 0.002016 0.001504 0.002111
0.25 1.86E-05 0.000289 3.69E-05 2.375 0.002204 0.001531 0.002301
0.375 5.47E-05 0.00042 8.13E-05 2.5 0.002395 0.001554 0.002494

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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 26

0.5 0.000107 0.000542 0.000141 2.625 0.00259 0.001574 0.00269

0.625 0.000175 0.000655 0.000216 2.75 0.002787 0.001591 0.002887
0.75 0.000257 0.000761 0.000305 2.875 0.002985 0.001605 0.003087
0.875 0.000352 0.000859 0.000406 3 0.003186 0.001615 0.003288
1 0.000459 0.000949 0.000519 3.125 0.003388 0.001624 0.003491
1.125 0.000578 0.001032 0.000643 3.25 0.003591 0.00163 0.003694
1.25 0.000707 0.001108 0.000777 3.375 0.003795 0.001635 0.003898
1.375 0.000845 0.001177 0.00092 3.5 0.003999 0.001638 0.004103
1.5 0.000992 0.00124 0.001071 3.625 0.004204 0.00164 0.004308
1.625 0.001147 0.001298 0.00123 3.75 0.004409 0.001641 0.004513
1.75 0.00131 0.001349 0.001395 3.875 0.004614 0.001641 0.004718
1.875 0.001478 0.001395 0.001567 4 0.004819 0.001641 0.004923
2 0.001653 0.001436 0.001744

0 1 2 3 4
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004 y-Euler
y-analytical
0.005
0.006

1.25 [Note that students can easily get the underlying equations for this problem off the web]. The volume of a sphere
can be calculated as

4
Vs   r 3
3

The portion of the sphere above water (the “cap”) can be computed as

 h2
Va   3r  h 
3

Therefore, the volume below water is

4  h2
Vs   r 3   3r  h 
3 3

Thus, the steady-state force balance can be written as

4 4  h2 
s g  r 3   f g   r 3   3r  h   0
3 3 3 

Cancelling common terms gives

4 4 h2 
s r 3   f  r 3   3r  h   0
3 3 3 

Collecting terms yields

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
 27

f
3

h3  r  f h 2   s   f  43 r 3  0
1.26 [Note that students can easily get the underlying equations for this problem off the web]. The total volume of a
right circular cone can be calculated as

1
Vt   r22 H
3

The volume of the frustum below the earth’s surface can be computed as

  H  h1 
Vb 
3
r
1
2
 r22  r1r2 
Archimedes’ principle says that, at steady state, the downward force of the whole cone must be balanced by the upward
buoyancy force of the below ground frustum,

  H  h1  2 2
1 2
3
 r2 Hg  g 
3

r1  r2  r1r2 g b  (1)

Before proceeding we have too many unknowns: r1 and h1. So before solving, we must eliminate r1 by recognizing that
using similar triangles (r1/h1 = r2/H)

r2
r1  h1
H

which can be substituted into Eq. (1) (and cancelling the g’s)

1 2   H  h1    r2 2 2 r22 
 r2 H  g    h1   r2  h1  b
3 3  H  H 


Therefore, the equation now has only 1 unknown: h1, and the steady-state force balance can be written as

4 4  h2 
s g  r 3   f g   r 3   3r  h   0
3 3 3 

Cancelling common terms gives

4 4 h2 
s r 3   f  r 3   3r  h   0
3 3 3 

and collecting terms yields

f
3

h3  r  f h 2   s   f  43 r 3  0

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this Manual
may be displayed, reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.