Hooke's Law gives the relationship between the force applied to an unstretched spring and the amount the

spring is stretched when the force is

applied.

law of elasticity discovered by the English scientist Robert Hooke in 1660, which states that, for relatively small deformations of an object, the
displacement or size of the deformation is directly proportional to the deforming force or load. Under these conditions the object returns to its
original shape and size upon removal of the load. Elastic behaviour of solids according to Hooke’s law can be explained by the fact that small
displacements of their constituent molecules, atoms, or ions from normal positions is also proportional to the force that causes the displacement.

Hooke's Law states that in an elastic material strain is proportional to stress. 

The point at which a material ceases to obey Hooke's Law is known as its elastic limit. 

The first part is very easy. It means that the bigger the weight (stress) you hang on the string the more it will stretch (strain). 

The second part is also easy. Whilst the elastic limit is not exceeded, the string will go back to its original length when you take the weights off it,
but if you add too much weight, the string will stretch without going back to its original length when you take the weights off it. If you leave a
very large weight hanging on the string, it will gradually get longer and longer until it breaks. In this state the wire is behaving as if it were a fluid
instead of a solid.

For this investigation you also need to know about Young's modulus. This is the coefficient of elasticity of stretching. It is the ratio of the stress
or stretching force per unit cross sectional area to the strain or amount of stretching per unit of length.

You can look Young's modulus up for any elastic material and see if the result you get in your experiments fit. So make sure that you measure the
length of your wire and its diameter. In fact if you know Young's modulus for the material you are using you will be able to predict exactly how
much your wire will stretch when you hang masses on it.

Hooke's law

One method of quantifying the force exerted on an object is via Hooke's law. This law--discovered by the English scientist Robert Hooke in

1660--states that the force exerted by a coiled spring is directly proportional to its extension . The extension of the spring is the
difference between its actual length and its natural length (i.e., its length when it is exerting no force). The force acts parallel to the axis of the
spring. Obviously, Hooke's law only holds if the extension of the spring is sufficiently small. If the extension becomes too large then the spring
deforms permanently, or even breaks. Such behaviour lies beyond the scope of Hooke's law.

Figure 21: Hooke's law

Figure 21 illustrates how we might use Hooke's law to quantify the force we exert on a body of mass when we pull on the handle of a spring

attached to it. The magnitude of the force is proportional to the extension of the spring: twice the extension means twice the force. As shown,
the direction of the force is towards the spring, parallel to its axis (assuming that the extension is positive). The magnitude of the force can be

quantified in terms of the critical extension required to impart a unit acceleration (i.e., ) to a body of unit mass (i.e., ).
According to Eq. (94), the force corresponding to this extension is 1 newton. Here, a newton (symbol N) is equivalent to a kilogram-meter per
second-squared, and is the mks unit of force. Thus, if the critical extension corresponds to a force of then half the critical extension
corresponds to a force of , and so on. In this manner, we can quantify both the direction and magnitude of the force we exert, by means
of a spring, on a given body.
Suppose that we apply two forces, and (say), acting in different directions, to a body of mass by means of two springs. As

illustrated in Fig. 22, the body accelerates as if it were subject to a single force which is the vector sum of the individual forces and . It
follows that the force appearing in Newton's second law of motion, Eq. (94), is the resultant of all the external forces to which the body whose
motion is under investigation is subject.

Hooke’s Law states that the amount of deformation of an elastic object is proportional to the force applied to deform it.
 
The concept of Hooke’s Law is that the amount of force applied to a spring or elastic object is proportional to the amount of deformation (length
of stretch or compression). The greater the force applied to an elastic object, the more deformation (stretch or compression) there is. With less
force applied, there will be less deformation in the spring. The formula for Hooke’s Law is F=kx where “F” is the force applied, “k” is the force
constant of the spring, and “x” is the amount of deformation in meters. To determine whether there is a stretch or compression in the spring, we
use a method of signs. If the spring is compressed, both “x” and “F” are negative(-) and when stretched both are positive(+).
 
A rubber band behaves according to Hooke’s Law. When the rubber band is pulled on (force applied), the
rubber band stretches and the force is proportional to the stretch of the rubber band. The more force there is, the more stretch. With less force, the
rubber band does not stretch as much. After a person has applied a force to the rubber band by pulling it and starts to let it go, easing on the force
applied, the stretch of the rubber band becomes less. Therefore, the force applied is proportional to the amount of deformation on the rubber band.
 
Example: What is the force required to stretch a spring whose constant value is 100 N/m by an amount of 0.50 m?
 
Solution: Using the formula F=kx solve the question
F=force(N)
k=force constant(N/m)
x=stretch or compression(m)
F=(100)(0.50)
F=50 N

Figure 22: Addition of forces

Suppose that the resultant of all the forces acting on a given body is zero. In other words, suppose that the forces acting on the body exactly
balance one another. According to Newton's second law of motion, Eq. (94), the body does not accelerate: i.e., it either remains at rest or moves
with uniform velocity in a straight line. It follows that Newton's first law of motion applies not only to bodies which have no forces acting upon
them but also to bodies acted upon by exactly balanced forces.
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Key Terms associated with Hooke's Law

Amplitude ( A ): The maximum distance that an object moves from its equilibrium position. A simple harmonic oscillator moves back
and forth between the two positions of maximum displacement, at x = A and x = - A .

Period ( T ): The time that it takes for an oscillator to execute one complete cycle of its motion. If it starts at t = 0 at x = A , then it gets
back to x = A after one full period at t = T .
 Frequency ( f ): The number of cycles (or oscillations) the object completes per unit time.

The unit of frequency is usually taken to be 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second.

Helpful Notes on Hooke's Law

The negative sign in Hooke's law ensures that the force is always opposite to the direction of the displacement and therefore back
towards the equilibrium position (restoring force).

The constant k in Hooke's law is traditionally called the "spring constant" for the system, even when the restoring force is not provided
by a simple spring.

Energy of a Spring

The total mechanical energy of a mass m, on a spring, when no other forces do work, is given by the sum of the kinetic and potential
energies.

E = 1/2 mv2 + 1/2 kx2

It is easy to evaluate E in terms of the amplitude A of the motion, because v = 0 when x is at its maximum value of A.

E = 1/2 kA2

To find the velocity of an object the following equation can easily be used:

vmax = 2A/T

What is Hooke's Law?

Hooke's law is the relationship between the force exerted on the mass and its position x. Consider a object with mass m, that is on a
frictionless surface and is attached to a spring with spring constant k. The force the spring exerts on the mass depends on how much
the spring is stretched or compressed, and so this force is a function of the mass's position.

The idea behind Hooke's Law

 Any object that is initially displaced slightly from a stable equilibrium point will oscillate about its equilibrium position. It will, in
general, experience a restoring force that depends on the displacement x from equilibrium.

Hooke's Law is written:

Fs = - kx

http://asms.k12.ar.us/classes/physics/general/kenneth/hooke.htm

Determine the Spring Constant

Hooke's Law states that the restoring force of a spring is directly proportional to a small displacement. In equation form, we write

F = -kx       

where x is the size of the displacement. The proportionality constant k is specific for each spring.

The object of this virtual lab is to determine the spring constant k.

Displacement is measured in centimeters. Each of the blue weights has a mass of 50 grams. The gray virtual weight hanger has no mass.

Snapshots of the lab are found in the four figures that follow.

Mass Displacement
 (grams)  (cm) These data have been entered into the table to the left.

 50 2
For each snapshot above the downward pull of gravity is balanced by the upward pull
100 4 of the spring. A force or free-body diagram of this is shown on the right-hand side.
150 6
Note that the restoring spring force is given by Hooke's Law as kx.
200 8

This equilibrium can be expressed as

W = kx.       

W is the weight of the added mass. Therefore, the spring constant k is the slope of the straight line W versus x plot.

Weight is mass times the acceleration of gravity or W = mg where g is about 980 cm/sec2. Using this Weight Displacement
relationship weights are computed for the masses in the table above. The results are on the right.  (dynes)  (cm)
 49000 2
Data from this table are plotted on the graph below. Note that the points fall precisely on the line since this is a
 98000 4
147000 6
virtual experiment.
196000 8

Standard non-virtual lab data will be scattered a bit. Just spot the best straight line fit and draw the line in with a ruler (or run a linear least
squares calculation).

As stated above the relationship depicted on the graph is W = kx where k is the spring constant. Therefore, the spring constant is the slope of
the line.

Slope of a line is commonly defined as the rise over the run. This is figured in the final plot of W versus x. Thus, the spring constant of the
virtual spring is 24,000 dynes/cm.

http://www.4physics.com/phy_demo/HookesLaw/HookesLawLab.html

The generalized Hooke's Law can be used to predict the deformations caused in a given material by an arbitrary combination of stresses.

The linear relationship between stress and strain applies for 

where: E is the Young's Modulus
n is the Poisson Ratio

The generalized Hooke's Law also reveals that strain can exist without stress. For example, if the member is experiencing a load in the y-
direction (which in turn causes a stress in the y-direction), the Hooke's Law shows that strain in the x-direction does not equal to zero. This is
because as material is being pulled outward by the y-plane, the material in the x-plane moves inward to fill in the space once occupied, just like
an elastic band becomes thinner as you try to pull it apart. In this situation, the x-plane does not have any external force acting on them but they
experience a change in length. Therefore, it is valid to say that strain exist without stress in the x-plane.

Hooke's Law is the basic law in elasticity.

It states that the extension produced in a wire is directly proportional to the load attached to it .

Thus , according to Hooke's Law ,extension is directly proportional to load. However, this proportionality holds good up to a certain limit called
the elastic limit.

This law can be easily verified by suspending a long metallic wire of uniform area of cross-section from a rigid support and noting the extension (
increase in its length ) on loading it .The extension can be measured accurately with a Vernier arrangement. As load is increased in steps, it is
found that the extension is directly proportional to the load.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_Is_Hooke's_Law

Hooke's Law is a law that shows the relationship between the forces applied to a spring and its elasticity. The relationship is best explained by the
equation F=-kx. F is force applied to the spring this can be either the strain or stress that acts upon the spring. X is the displacement of the spring
with negative value demonstrating that the displacement of the spring when it is stretched. When the spring is compressed the the x value is
positive. K is the spring constant and details how stiff the spring is. This law gets its name from the Robert Hooke the 17th century physicist who
discovered it in 1660 and published a work that included a description of it in 1678.
The law had many important practical applications with one being the creation of a balance spring that made the creation of a portable timepiece
possible. Hooke's law is the first classical example of an explanation of elasticity. So you can thank Hooke's law for the wristwatch that you wear
or the alarm clock next to your bed.

Another interesting thing about Hooke's law is that it is a a perfect example of the First Law of Thermodynamics. Any spring when compressed
or extended almost perfectly conserved the energy applied to it. The only energy lost is due to natural friction.

Like most classical mechanics Hooke's Law only works in a limited frame of reference. In this case, it is that the law is only most effective for
relatively small deformations in the spring. Anything greater would need another method to be explained mathematically.Hooke's law is just the
basic understanding of elasticity. There are other principles that explain this for other substances.

Another interesting characteristic of Hooke's law is that it has a wave like periodic function. A spring released from a deformed position will
return to its original position with proportional force repeatedly in a periodic function. The wavelength and frequency of the motion can also be
observed and calculated.

If you enjoyed this article there are several others that you will enjoy on Universe Today. There is an interesting article about classical mechanics.
There is also an interesting article about gravity.

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