Sanchit Aggarwal et al.

International Journal of Recent Research Aspects ISSN: 2349-7688,

Vol. 5, Issue 1, March 2018, pp. 133-137

Modern Web-Development using ReactJS

Sanchit Aggarwal
Department of Information Technology, Northern India Engineering College, New Delhi, India
sanchit.niec@gmail.com

Abstract — ReactJS is a component based library which is deployed for the development of interactive user interfaces.
Currently it is the most popular front-end JS library. It incorporates the view (V) layer in M-V-C (Model View
Controller) pattern. It is supported by Facebook, Instagram and a community of individual developers and
organisations. React basically enables development of large and complex web based applications which can change its
data without subsequent page refreshes. It targets to provide better user experiences and with blazing fast and robust
web apps development. ReactJS can also integrated with other JavaScript libraries or frameworks in MVC, such as
AngularJS.

Keywords — Application development, React, ReactJS, MVC, virtual DOM, Front-end development.

I. INTRODUCTION
ReactJS is JavaScript library which is deployed to develop reusable user interface (UI) components. According to
React official documentation, following is the definition React is a library for building modular user interfaces [9].
React basically enables development of large and complex web based applications which can change its data
without subsequent page refreshes. It is used as the View (V) in the Model-View-Controller(MVC). React
abstracts the Document Object Model (DOM), thus offering a simple, performing and robust application
development experience. React mostly renders on server side using NodeJS, and support for native mobile apps
is offered using React Native. React implements unidirectional data flow thus simplifying the boilerplate and
hence proves to be much easier than traditional data binding.

II. FEATURES
A) Lightweight DOM(Document Object Model) For Better Performance
React provides a much efficient and light weight document object model. It does not interact with the DOM
generated by the browser but reacts to the document object model stored in the memory. This results in a blazing
fast and robust performance of the application. In most of the other web development frameworks, direct
interaction with the browser DOM is made which results in direct entire DOM tree manipulation on each and
every page triggering event. As a result, when a large chunk of data is to be modified, the performance gets
intensively affected. On the contrary, ReactJS uses something known as a virtual DOM. The working of it is quite
simple. Comparisons to virtual DOM and actual DOM are made using an diff() algorithm and only the nodes
changes the thus reflected back into the document object model tree [11].
B) Easy Learning Curve
The easy and non-complex nature of ReactJS enables one to quickly get comfortable with the framework. The
learning curve is extremely easy and gets one along without any complications. The architecture is intensively
easy the idea of using JSX feels to be an entirely natural and pleasing phenomenon that a developer gets along
with the framework very easily. Initial levels of expertise in the framework can easily be achieved without any
hindrances or complications.
C) JSX
JSX is a language which is very similar to the tech giant XML. It is not at all mandatory to use JSX while
developing a react based application but it is highly popular between the developers as it is a short hand that makes
development easy, whenever they are writing mark-ups for components and the corresponding binding events. It
is the tendency of human nature to opt of pleasing and non complex techniques that makes JSX intensively
popular.
D) Performance
ReactJS is known to be a highly efficient performer. This is one of the key factors that makes the frameworks
stand out of dozens of frameworks out there in the competitive world. The reason for highly efficient performance
of the framework is essentially is the virtual DOM feature of the framework. What happens is that ReactJS
maintains a virtual document object model inside the memory. Whenever a change is to be reflected to the
currently displayed webpage, instead of instantly updating the browse DOM, first changes to virtual DOM are
made. After changes to virtual DOM are made, a diff() algorithm is applied which compares the tow, the virtual
DOM and the browse DOM and only relevant and desired nodes of browser DOM tree are updated, which results
in blazing fast performance of the application.

E) One way data flow

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Sanchit Aggarwal et al. International Journal of Recent Research Aspects ISSN: 2349-7688,
Vol. 5, Issue 1, March 2018, pp. 133-137
ReactJS id designed in such a way that unidirectional data flow that is downstream is allowed and supported. Id
bidirectional data flow is required, that additional features needs to be implemented. This was done as the
components need to be immutable and data within them must not change under any circumstances. Thus, listen
to data coming in one direction only is made, not the other. Henceforth React.js is well-known for the generation
of canonical data sources that remains synchronized across the components that which pay attention to it. As a
result, it proves to be one of the best framework to develop interactive web based applications. If a certain change
is to be made on the upstream data, the components using that data will automatically re-render in hope to reflect
the changes. This is the reason why they have to be in synchronisation with the data that is flowing downstream.
Similar style of data binding is provided by Flux in React.js, which is an alternative to the common model view
controller (MVC).

F) Virtual DOM
Another key feature of ReactJS is the virtual DOM (Virtual document object model ) of ReactJS. It is similar to
the document object model generated by the browser but with a difference that it is stored it memory. The working
of virtual DOM is quite simple. Whenever a request for changing the page content is made, the changes are
reflected to the memory residing virtual DOM first. After that a diff() algorithm compares the two i.e. the virtual
DOM and the browser DOM an then the required changes only are reflected to the browser DOM, instead of re-
rendering the entire DOM. This provides a gigantic boost to the performance of application, essentially when
thousands of data changes are to be made.

III. WORKING
The model view controller or M-V-C design paradigm is popular and fundamental to the user interface
development, not only in web apps but in front-end applications running on any platform. DOM represents
physical View in case of web-applications. The DOM is made via a HTML template which itself is fetched from
a different file, script block or a precompiled template function. The textual template is given life as a DOM by
the View entity itself. It plays a key role of handling the Events and manipulating the document object model tree
as a part of its life cycle. A view can only be useful if and only if it makes the user interaction possible as well as
display the required data.
Data is an entity that is brought from some Data-Store, which could be a Database ,a web service or a Local Store.
Frameworks provide a way to bind view to the data store in order to make sure that changes made to the database
are automatically reflected back. This process of automatic data updates pushing is commonly referred to as Data-
Binding. There are many application program interfaces or API’s which make this process merely a cakewalk.
As shown in figure 1 [1-2], the M-V-C paradigm is completed by the C component i.e. the Controller which
engages the rest two components i.e. the model and the view and enables the data model flow into the View and
user events out of View, eventually leading to changes in the Model.

Fig. 1 Interaction between M-V-C components

In order to understand how React manages all of these tasks, a much deeper understanding of components is
required, starting with the Component. The Component is the major building-block in React. The entire user
interface can be designed by assembling a tree of multiple components. An intermediate DOM is generated by

© 2018 IJRAA All Rights Reserved page - 134-

Sanchit Aggarwal et al. International Journal of Recent Research Aspects ISSN: 2349-7688,
Vol. 5, Issue 1, March 2018, pp. 133-137
the render() method present in each of the React components. As shown in figure 2, a Call to
the React.renderComponent() method on the root Component leads to recursively going down the Component-
tree and generating the intermediate-DOM. Then afterwards this intermediate DOM is converted to the actual
HTML DOM.

Fig. 2 Conversion of intermediate DOM to HTML DOM

React makes use of a convenient XML-based extension to JavaScript, known as the JSX, to generate the
component tree as a combination of multiple XML nodes. This makes DOM visualization and understanding easy
and much more convenient. JSX also plays a key role in simplifying the association of the event handlers and
properties as XML attributes. The final JavaScript is generated using a command line and in browser tool. A
Component is directly mapped by a JSX XML node. It is important to note that React works independent of JSX
and the using JSX only plays the task of simplifying the task of generating intermediate DOM.
Component Life Cycle
All of the Components in the ReactJS framework have a very particular lifecycle and contains a state-machine
that has three distinct states.
The Mounting process gives life to a Component. When Mounting is passed through a render-pass the
component tree or the Intermediate DOM is generated. This tree is then converted and placed into a container-
node of the real document object model. All of this process happens when React.renderComponent() method is
called.
As shown in figure 3, after mounting has been done, the component remains in the Update state. Any
component gets updated when state is changed using the setState() method or when properties are changed using
setProps() method. This is followed by a call to the render () method, which synchronizes the document object
model with the data i.e. props and state. React calculates the delta between the previous component-tree and the
newly generated tree between subsequent updates.
This step is highly optimized and a flagship feature that minimizes the real DOM manipulation. The final state
is then Un-mounted. This happens automatically if a component that tends to be a child is no longer generated in
a render() call. Most often developers don't have to worry about this and just allows React do the required.
Now it would have been a big remiss, if React didn't informed when it switched the places between
the Mounted-Update-Un-mounted states. But that is not the case and hooks are provided which can be over-ridden
in order to notify whenever a state change happens.

© 2018 IJRAA All Rights Reserved page - 135-

Sanchit Aggarwal et al. International Journal of Recent Research Aspects ISSN: 2349-7688,
Vol. 5, Issue 1, March 2018, pp. 133-137

Fig. 3 The React Component life cycle

IV. THE DIFFERENCE

With React, out of the Model, View and Controller in MVC paradigm, the View-part has prominence and is
packed into an entity called the Component. An immutable property set called props and a state that represents
the user-driven state of the User interface is maintained by the Component. It is the view generation part of the
component in React that makes it intensively interesting and pleasing and makes it stand out of all of the
frameworks present in the market. Instead of directly interacting with the browser DOM , a virtual DOM is
maintained inside the memory which after comparison with the actual browser DOM pushes changes into the real
DOM.
Event handling and data binding is performed as an integral part of the intermediate DOM generation. Similar
strategies are adopted by language runtimes (aka Virtual Machines) in case of interpreted languages. The
JavaScript runtime at the very first generates an intermediate representation before the native code is presented.
React cleverly generates an intermediate document object model before generating the final HTML DOM. The
intermediate document object model is nothing but a JavaScript object graph and is not rendered directly. The real
document object model is generated after a translation process. This is the technique that enable blazing fast DOM
manipulations and make react stand out of other frameworks in the market.

V. LIMITATIONS
React has a few limitations too that must be considered before React is chosen for any project development.
These are:
 Only the View entity in the mobile view controller or MVC is handled by the react. Thus additional tooling is
required in order to complete the project development.
 Use of inline templates and JSX sometimes proves to be an intensively complex and tiring task for a few set
of developers.
 Also, in case of ReactJS, failures happen at compile time instead of runtime as in case of other languages and
frameworks, which can sometimes be very frustrating and tiring.

VI. CONCLUSIONS
Despite of a few minor disadvantages that that ReactJS has, it is definitely a sure shot game changer. Modern
web is day to day becoming more dynamic and user interactive. User experience design trends are continuously
changing and evolving. The client scripts now makes sure that only necessary and essential data is pushed, and a
seamless and pleasing experience is maintained across the entire web. It is today’s world’s demand for ease,
efficiency, and greater accessibility. ReactJS has intense power and features to meet requirements of today’s
trends. In a nutshell, it can said that ReactJS is definitely going to impact the way apps are written for the web.

© 2018 IJRAA All Rights Reserved page - 136-

 Sanchit Aggarwal et al. International Journal of Recent Research Aspects ISSN: 2349-7688,
Vol. 5, Issue 1, March 2018, pp. 133-137
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work would not have been possible without the support of Mrs. Jyoti Verma, faculty of Information
Technology , Northern India Engineering College, New Delhi who have been intensively supportive not only
during this research as but also of my career goals and worked actively to provide me with the protected academic
time to pursue those goals. As my teacher and mentor, she has taught me more than I could ever give her credit
for here. She has shown me, by her example, what a good teacher (and person) should be. Nobody has been more
important to me in the pursuit of this project than the members of my family. I would like to thank my parents,
whose love and guidance are with me in whatever I pursue. They are the ultimate role models.

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