ASSIGNMENT No .

1 – 2010 - Model Answers

Question 1 :

a) Winding loss (Copper loss) : Power dissipated by resistive heating of the conductors caused by current
flowing through the windings. This depends on the current flowing through the transformer windings.
Core losses (Iron loss) :
à Hysteresis loss is that energy lost by reversing the magnetic field in the core as the magnetizing AC
rises and falls and reverses direction. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the
frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected.
à Eddy current loss is the resistive heating of the core material due to induced currents circulating within
the core in a plane normal to the flux. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of
supply frequency and inverse square of the material thickness. Eddy current losses can be reduced by
making the core of a stack of plates electrically insulated from each other, rather than a solid block.

b) ONAN – (Oil Natural Air Natural)Oil circulating naturally by thermosyphon effect, that is hot oil rises to
the top of the tank, passes to the cooling fins and is cooled so increases in density and sinks through the fins
back to the bottom of the tank. Air also passes through the cooling fins by natural convection.

ONAF : (Oil Natural Air Force ) Oil circulation is natural as above while a fan is used to force the air flow to
the cooling fins.

c) 21Yy6 –
2 - Group 2
1 - Possible connection type - 1
Y - HV side star connected
y - LV side star connected
6 - LV phasors lag HV phasors by 180 degrees

d)
A X b y * Virtually Connect ‘a’ and ‘C’.
* ‘C’ and ‘a’ will be at the same potential and ‘CZ’ and
B Y c ‘ax’ are parallel.
C z
Z
a x

HV side LV side A

b≡z b

a 60o
A
a≡y 60o x≡c
N≡X≡Y≡Z
C
120o

B
* Angle between HV phasor and LV phasor = 360 - (90 + 60o ) = 2100
o o

Vector Group – Yd7

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Question 2 :

a) - The voltage ratios must be the same.

- The per unit impedance of each machine on its own base must be the same.
- The polarity must be the same, so that there is no circulating current between the transformers.
- The phase sequence must be the same and no phase difference must exist between the voltages of the two
transformers.

b) Z1 Z1’

E IL

V1=132kV I1 V=11kV
Z2 Z2’

I2

Figure Q2-a Figure Q2-b

Referring impedances to the LV side,

2 2
/  11   11 
Z 1 = Z1   = (17.424 + j 26.136)  = (0.121 + j 0.1815)Ω
 132   132 

2 2
/  11   11 
Z2 = Z2   = (11.848 + j34.848)  = (0.0823 + j 0.242)Ω
 132   132 
From ‘Figure Q2-b’

/ / / /
V = E + I1 Z1 = E + I 2 Z 2 ⇒ ∴ I1 Z1 = I 2 Z 2 ; Also I1 + I 2 = I L

/ /
Z1 Z2
Hence I 1 = I L . / /
& I2 = IL. / /
(Z1 + Z 2 ) (Z1 + Z 2 )

Multiplyin g above by sec odary voltage of the transforme rs;

/
Z1
S1 = V .I 1 = V .I L . / /
− (1)
( Z1 + Z 2 )
/
Z2
& S 2 = V .I 2 = V .I L . / /
− (2)
(Z1 + Z 2 )

S = 35 x10 6 = VI L ⇒ I L = 3181.18 A ⇒ I L = 3181.18∠ − 36.87 o

Substitutu ing values in (1) & (2);
S1 = (11,506,352.15 − j11,473,008.58)VA
S 2 = (16,487,994.35 − j 9,522,829.43)VA

Take active power delivered by t/f 1 and t/f2 as P1 and P2 respectively.

Take reactive power delivered by t/f 1 and t/f2 as Q1 and Q2 respectively.

P1 = 11.52 MW Q1 = 11.47MVAr
P2 = 16.49 MW Q1 = 9.52MVAr

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Question 3 :

a) The measure of how well a power transformer maintains constant secondary voltage over a range of load
currents is called the transformer's voltage regulation. It can be calculated from the following formula:

Figure Q3 - a Figure Q3 - b

i)
2 2
/  240   240 
R2 = R1   + R2 = 0.2  + 0.002 = 0.004Ω
 2400   2400 

2 2
/  240   240 
X 2 = X1  + X 2 = 0.45  + 0.0045 = 0.009Ω
 2400   2400 
150 X 10 3
3V2 I 2 = 150 X 10 3 I2 = = 360.844 A I 2 = 360.844∠ − 31.78 A
3 X 240
240
E 2 = V2 + I 2 Z = + (360.844∠ − 31.78).(4 + j9).10 −3 = 141.516∠0.81V
3
 2400 
V1 = E1 =   E 2 = 10 X (141.516∠0.81) = 1415.16∠0.81V
 240 
V1 Line = 3.V1 = 3 X (1415.16∠0.81)V = 2451.13∠0.81V
 240 
I1 =   I 2 = 36.0844∠ − 31.78 A
 2400 
E1 1415.16∠0.81 E1 1415.16∠0.81
Ir = = = 0.141∠0.81A Ix = = = 0.913∠ − 89.19 A
Rc 10 4 Xm j1550
I = I 1 + I x + I r = 36.7∠ − 32.86A

ii)

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iii) I ( R cos φ + X sin φ )
VR =
E
360.844(0.004 X 0.85 + 0.009 X 0.53)
VR = = 0.02127
240
3
VR = 2.13%

iv) Pout = 150 X 10 3 X 0.85 = 127500W

PCu = 3 X (360.844 2 ) X 0.004 = 1562 .50W
Piron = 3 X (0.141) X 10 4 = 596 .43W
Pout 127500
η= = = .9833
Pout + Piron + PCu 127500 + 596 .43 + 1562 .5
η = 98.33%

Question 4 :

(a) i) ∆/Y connection

∆ à VL = VP = 2300V
Y à VL = √3.VP = √3.230 = 400V

ii) Rated power = 50kVA X 3 = 150 kVA

(b) From S/C test results;

Vsc 11
Z= = = 1.1Ω
I sc 10
P
R= = 25 / 100 = 0.25Ω
I2
X = Z 2 − R 2 = 1.071Ω

i) Considering a single transformer unit;

10X103 = 120 X I è I2 = 83.33∠-25.84 A

I1 = (120/480)X 83.33∠-25.84 = 20.83∠-25.84 A

= 120V
V V1 = 480 + (0.25+j1.071)X20.83∠-25.84

V1 = 494.73∠2.063 V

Primary line voltage = √3 . 494.73∠

∠2.063 = 856.9∠
∠2.063 V

ii)
| E NL − E FL | | 480 − 498.73 |
VR = = = 0.03069
E NL 480
V R = 3.069%