Examples and Observations

 "A hasty generalization is a broad claim based on too-limited evidence. It is unethical

to assert a broad claim when you have only anecdotal or isolated evidence or instances.
Consider two examples of hasty generalizations based on inadequate data:

- Three congressional representatives have had affairs. Therefore, members of

Congree are adulterers.

- An environmental group illegally blocked loggers and workers at a nuclear plant.

Therefore, environmentalists are radicals who take the law into their own hands.

False Cause
A set of statements leads to conclusion X. Yet conclusion Y is drawn.
An argument is given from which a perfectly valid and sound conclusion may be drawn, yet the
stated conclusion is something else.
Example
There has been an increase in burglary in the area. It must be because there are more people
moving into the area.
The Chief Executive has a Law degree. We'd better make sure we're all above board.
You are hot and I am cold. You are wearing a brown coat. So let's go for a drink.

Task 7.2
Below are optimistic expressions of the status of social justice today. Do you
agree or disagree with the expressions below? Present your arguments using
PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONALS.
1. We live in a fair and just society. I agree/disagree because
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. It is important to treat others with justice and fairness. I agree/disagree because
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Revenge can sometimes be justified. I agree/disagree because
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
4. There is justice and fairness in my school. I agree/disagree because
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Task 8: WHAT IF?
Complete the sentences with the correct form of past conditional verbs in
parentheses:
1. If Rodrigo (exert) more effort, he (pass) the test.
2. If Daisy (go) on ahead, you (be) able to reserve seats for all of us.
3. If they only (ask) Jane, she (give) the tickets to the ballgame.
4. If money not (blind) Jean, she (marry) her childhood sweetheart.
5. If Shakespeare (write) nothing but this sonnets, he still (become) one of
England’s greatest poets.
6. If Girlie (follow) the doctor’s advice, she still (be) alive today.
7. If Cris (walk) more slowly, he not (stumble)
8. If Nelson (campaign) more vigorously, he (win).
9. If freedom of speech not (be) curtailed, incidence of graft (report) by the press.
10. If Francis not (offend) Ms. San Diego, his teacher, he (go) home sooner.
Task 9: IF ONLY
Complete the phrases below:
1. If Luisa had eaten less,…
2. If Joanne had watered the plants,…
3. If Shiela had gone home early,…
4. If cooler heads had not intervened,..
5. If conditions had not been different,…
Complete these phrases to form sentences:
6. The swimming would have been more enjoyable if…
7. We would not have been late if…
8. The business would have prospered if…
9. We would have won our freedom sooner if…
10. The house would have been completely demolished…
Task 10: “IF” SALAD
This is a mastery test on the conditional sentence- the future, present, and past
conditional. Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb in parentheses.
1. If I like the book, you (buy) it for me?
2. How would you feel if someone (treat) you like a trash?
3. If Nelson had asserted himself, he not (feel) so bad.
4. If you exercise and not overeat, you (live) longer.
5. If he had borrowed the magazine, you (lend) it to him?
6. You (allow) me to attend the school dance if I (promise) to come home early?
7. It would have been better if she not (give) up.
8. If you treated unfairly, how you (respond)?
9. If the worst possible thing had happened to you, how you (feel)?
10. If you knew that smoking causes lung cancer, heart disease, and
emphysema, you still (go) ahead and smoke?
Present Real Conditional

FORM

[If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...]

[... Simple Present ... if / when ... Simple Present ...]

USE

The Present Real Conditional is used to talk about what you normally do in real-life
situations.

Examples:

 If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of wine or some flowers.
 When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.
 If the weather is nice, she walks to work.
 Jerry helps me with my homework when he has time.
 I read if there is nothing on TV.
 A: What do you do when it rains?
B: I stay at home.
 A: Where do you stay if you go to Sydney?
B: I stay with my friends near the harbor.

IMPORTANT If / When

Both "if" and "when" are used in the Present Real Conditional. Using "if" suggests that
something happens less frequently. Using "when" suggests that something happens
regularly.

Examples:

 When I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.

I regularly have days off from work.
 If I have a day off from work, I usually go to the beach.
I rarely have days off from work.

Present Unreal Conditional

FORM

[If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...]

[... would + verb ... if ... Simple Past ...]

USE

The Present Unreal Conditional is used to talk about what you would generally do in
imaginary situations.

Examples:

 If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.

 She would travel around the world if she had more money. But she doesn't have much
money.
 I would read more if I didn't watch so much TV.
 Mary would move to Japan if she spoke Japanese.
  If they worked harder, they would earn more money.
 A: What would you do if you won the lottery?
B: I would buy a house.
 A: Where would you live if you moved to the U.S.?
B: I would live in Seattle.

EXCEPTION If I were … In the Present Unreal Conditional, the form

"was" is not considered grammatically correct. In written English or in
testing situations, you should always use "were." However, in everyday
conversation, "was" is often used.

Examples:

 If he were French, he would live in Paris.

 If she were rich, she would buy a yacht.
 I would play basketball if I were taller.
 I would buy that computer if it were cheaper.
 I would buy that computer if it was cheaper. Not Correct (But often said in
conversation.)

IMPORTANT Only use "If"

Only the word "if" is used with the Present Unreal Conditional because you are discussing
imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.

Examples:

 I would buy that computer when it were cheaper. Not Correct

 I would buy that computer if it were cheaper. Correct

EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs

There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:

would + can = could

would + shall = should

would + may = might

The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead, they must be
used in these special forms.

Examples:

 If I went to Egypt, I would can learn Arabic. Not Correct

 If I went to Egypt, I could learn Arabic. Correct
 If she had time, she would may go to the party. Not Correct
 If she had time, she might go to the party. Correct

The words "could," should," "might" and "ought to" include conditional, so you cannot
combine them with "would."

Examples:

 If I had more time, I would could exercise after work. Not Correct
 If I had more time, I could exercise after work. Correct
 If he invited you, you really would should go. Not Correct
 If he invited you, you really should go. Correct