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    Magnetic Moment: Classical Concept Review 27

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    Md Rizwan Ahmad
    1. A magnetic moment is proportional to angular momentum and arises when a system of charged particles is rotating. 2. For a single charged particle moving in a circular orbit, its magnetic moment is equal to the charge multiplied by the angular momentum, divided by twice the mass. 3. When a system with a magnetic moment is placed in an external magnetic field, it experiences a torque that causes the magnetic moment to align with the field direction or precess around it if spinning.

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    Magnetic Moment: Classical Concept Review 27

    Uploaded by

    Md Rizwan Ahmad
    48 views2 pages
    1. A magnetic moment is proportional to angular momentum and arises when a system of charged particles is rotating. 2. For a single charged particle moving in a circular orbit, its magnetic moment is equal to the charge multiplied by the angular momentum, divided by twice the mass. 3. When a system with a magnetic moment is placed in an external magnetic field, it experiences a torque that causes the magnetic moment to align with the field direction or precess around it if spinning.

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    Magnetic Moment

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    Magnetic Moment

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    1. A magnetic moment is proportional to angular momentum and arises when a system of charged particles is rotating. 2. For a single charged particle moving in a circular orbit, its magnetic moment is equal to the charge multiplied by the angular momentum, divided by twice the mass. 3. When a system with a magnetic moment is placed in an external magnetic field, it experiences a torque that causes the magnetic moment to align with the field direction or precess around it if spinning.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    48 views2 pages

    Magnetic Moment: Classical Concept Review 27

    Uploaded by

    Md Rizwan Ahmad
    1. A magnetic moment is proportional to angular momentum and arises when a system of charged particles is rotating. 2. For a single charged particle moving in a circular orbit, its magnetic moment is equal to the charge multiplied by the angular momentum, divided by twice the mass. 3. When a system with a magnetic moment is placed in an external magnetic field, it experiences a torque that causes the magnetic moment to align with the field direction or precess around it if spinning.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    CLASSICAL CONCEPT REVIEW 27

    Magnetic Moment
    If a system of charged particles is rotating, it has a magnetic moment proportional to
    its angular momentum, a result from classical electrodynamics sometimes known as
    the Larmor theorem. Consider a particle of mass M and charge q moving in a circle of
    radius r with speed v and frequency f = v>2pr; this constitutes a current loop. The
    angular momentum of the particle is L  Mvr. The magnetic moment of the current
    loop is the product of the current and the area of the loop. For a circulating charge, the
    current is the charge times the frequency,
    qv
    i = qf = MM-1
    2pr
    and the magnetic moment m is8
    v 1 L
    m = iA = qa b 1pr 2 2 = qa b MM-2
    2pr 2 M
    From Figure MM-1 we see that, if q is positive, the magnetic moment is in the same
    direction as the angular momentum. If q is negative,  and L point in opposite direc-
    tions, that is, they are antiparallel. This enables us to write Equation MM-2 as a vector
    L
    equation:
    q
     = L MM-3
    2M
    Equation MM-3, which we have derived for a single particle moving in a circle, also
    holds for a system of particles in any type of motion if the charge-to-mass ratio q>M
    is the same for each particle in the system.
    r The behavior of a system with a magnetic moment  in an external (to the sys-
    v
    M
    tem) magnetic field B can be visualized by considering a small bar magnet (Figure
    MM-2). When placed in an external magnetic field B, the bar magnet’s magnetic
    µ
    moment  experiences a torque  =  * B that tends to align the magnet with the
    field B. If the magnet is spinning about its axis, the effect of the torque is to make the
    spin axis precess about the direction of the external field, just as a spinning top or
    gyroscope precesses about the direction of the gravitational field.
    To change the orientation of the magnet relative to the applied field direction
    i
    (whether or not it is spinning), work must be done on it. If it is moved through angle
    MM-1  A particle moving du, the work required is
    in a circle has angular dW = t du = mB sin u du = d1 -mB cos2 = d1 - ~ B2
    momentum L. If the
    particle has a positive The potential energy of the magnetic moment  in the magnetic field B can thus
    charge, the magnetic be written
    moment due to the current
    is parallel to L. U = - ~ B MM-4

    78

    TIPLER_CCR.indd 78 23/11/11 5:46 PM


    Classical Concept Review 27 79

    If B is in the z direction, the potential energy is


    U = -mz B MM-5

    (a) B

    N
    θ

    τ=µ×B

    (b) B

    N
    θ

    τ=µ×B

    MM-2  Bar-magnet model of magnetic moment. (a) In an external magnetic field, the moment
    experiences a torque that tends to align it with the field. If the magnet is spinning (b), the torque
    causes the system to precess around the external field.

    TIPLER_CCR.indd 79 23/11/11 5:46 PM

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