Circuits 2

TOPIC TITLE: TRANSIENTS

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the topic session, the students should be able to:

1. understand the objectives and significance of Circuits 2 course,

2. recall the behavior of transient systems,
3. recall the concept of first order transient response,
4. analyze RC transient responses circuit problems,
5. analyze RL transient responses,
6. explain the concept of second order transient response,
7. analyze other types of network responses, and
8. solve illustrative problems.

MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT:

o OHP
o File/s (Transients)
· 01 Presentation.pdf
· 01 Quiz1.pdf
· 01 Homework.pdf

TOPIC PREPARATION:

o Prepare the slides (23 slides) to be presented in the class.

o Prepare the OHP for showing the slide acetates to the class
o Prepare the corrected preliminary exam papers to be returned to
the students

PRESENTATION OVERVIEW:

A. Introduction 10 min
B. Instructional Input
Transient Response 160 min
a. Explain objectives and significance of Circuits 2
course.
b. Demonstrate the behavior of transient systems
c. Discuss the concepts of first order transient
response
d. Discuss the concepts of second order transient
response
e. Discuss and solve problems regarding RC transient
responses
f. Discuss problems for RL transient responses
g. Explain the concepts of second order transient
response
h. Explain how to analyze different types of network
responses
i. Enhance student's understanding by asking them to
solve problems
C. Generalization 10 min
D. Application 180 min
Total duration 360 min

Transients *Property of STI

Page 1 of 17
 Circuits 2

TOPIC PRESENTATION:

A. Introduction

1. Start the session by asking the students about their knowledge on

capacitors and inductors. Ask them about the time constants and
system responses. This will serve as a sort of review for the students
on the last part of circuits 1.

Note: Always check the attendance of the class before the start of
each session.

2. Ask the students about the differences between AC and DC

systems.

B. Instructional Input

First-Order Circuits

Slide 1 1. Show Slide 1 of 23 01 Presentation.pdf. Have a review first on the

first order transient response systems.
Circuits 2

First Order Transients Any circuit with a single energy storage element, an arbitrary
number of sources and an arbitrary number of resistors is a
First-Order RC Circuits circuit of order 1.
c Any circuit with a single energy storage
element, an arbitrary number of sources
and an arbitrary number of resistors is a Any voltage or current in such a circuit is the solution to a 1st
circuit of order 1.
c Any voltage or current in such a circuit is order differential equation
the solution to a 1st order differential
equation.

Ideal Linear Capacitor

dq dv
i(t ) = =c
dt dt
Energy stored

1
w = ò pdt = ò cvdv = cv 2
2
A capacitor is an energy storage device ® memory
device.

Transients * Property of STI

Page 1 of 23

Figure 1.1 Capacitor Characteristics

The capacitance is equal to the product of the charge (q)

and the voltage (v) across it

dq dv
i(t ) = =c
dt dt
The current in the circuit is the change in charge over
change in time. This is the same as the capacitance
multiplied by the change in voltage over change in time.

A capacitor is an energy storage device and may also be

classified as a memory device because it can store and
maintain voltage levels.

The energy stored in the capacitor can be computed as

Transients *Property of STI

Page 2 of 17
 Circuits 2

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ʹ

Slide 2 2. Show Slide 2. Discuss briefly first order RC circuit.

Circuits 2

First-Order RC Circuits

vr(t)
+ -

R +
+
vc(t)
vs(t) C

-
-

c One capacitor and one resistor

c The source and resistor may be
equivalent to a circuit with many
resistors and sources.

Transients * Property of STI

Page 2 of 23

Figure 1.2 First order RC circuit

The circuit shows a first order RC circuit. This is considered

a first order RC circuit because it has one capacitor and one
resistor. The source and resistor may be equivalent to a
circuit with many resistors and sources. The voltages vs(t),
vr(t) and vc(t) varies with time. They are considered analog
signals or continuous-time signals.

Slide 3 3. Show Slide 3. Explain the time response of a first order RC circuit.
Circuits 2

Transient Response of RC
Circuits
E - vc
ic =
R
Switch is thrown to 1 KVL around the loop:
-
ic R + vC = E
+
- - R R 5W 5W
R
C

dvc
· o
2 C R + vc = E
dt
K t
o -
vC = Ae +E
 1 RC
E

Initial condition

vC (0+ ) =v C (0- )= 0
t t
- -
vC = E (1 - e RC
) = E (1 - e t )

dvc E -tt t = RC
ic = C = e
Called time
constant
dt R
Transients * Property of STI
Figure 1.3 First order RC circuit with switch K
Page 3 of 23

Consider the circuit shown above having one capacitor C,

one resistor R and the voltage source E and a switch K. The
switch connects the voltage source to the RC circuit.

Using KVL, the voltage equation on the loop is given by

ic R + vC = E

Transients *Property of STI

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 Circuits 2

Thus, the current can be solved as

E - vc
ic =
The voltage equation becomes R

dvc
C R + vc = E
dt
Assume that there is no initial charge across the capacitor

vC (0+ ) =vC (0- )= 0

Solving for Vc gives us

t
-
vC = Ae RC
+E
Simplifying Vc and Ic gives

t t
- -
vC = E (1 - e RC
) = E (1 - e t )
t
dv E -
ic = C c = et
dt R
t is called the time constant of the circuit

t = RC
Slide 4 4. Show Slide 4. Continue discussion on first order RC circuit
regarding time constants.
Circuits 2

Time Constant Given the same circuit as with Figure 1.3 we have:

+ -
t = RC
- - R R 5W 5W
R
C t
-
vC = E (1 - e t )
2
· o
K
o
 1 R=2k
E C=0.1mF

5V

SEL>>
RC0V
0s 1ms 2ms 3ms
Transients * Property of STI
V(2) Page 4 of 23

Figure 1.4 First order RC circuit with switch K

Transients *Property of STI

Page 4 of 17
 Circuits 2

Thus the time constant formula

t = RC
The charge of the capacitor at any time t can be computed
as

t
-
vC = E (1 - e ) t

Assuming R = 2kΩ and C = 0.1mF

Figure 1.5 Transient response of an RC circuit

The blue line shows the time constant of an RC circuit. This

is the time it takes for the capacitor to charge up to 63.2% of
its final value. This can be seen as the intersection of the
black curve and the blue dashed line in the figure. The full
charge of the capacitor will be equal to the source voltage E.

Slide 5 5. Show Slide 5. Explain to the class first order RL circuits.

Circuits 2
Consider the circuit with an inductor shown in Figure 1.6:
Ideal Linear Inductor

dy di (t )
v (t ) = =L
i(t)
+ dt dt
t
The 1
L -ò¥
rest
L v(t)
i (t ) = v( x)dx
of
the
circuit
-
di
P = iv = Li
dt
Energy stored:
1
wL (t ) = Li2 (t )
2
c One inductor and one resistor
c The source and resistor may be equivalent
to a circuit with many resistors and
sources.

Transients * Property of STI

Page 5 of 23
Figure 1.6 Circuit with an Inductor

A first order RL circuit is described by having one inductor

and one resistor. The source and resistor may be equivalent
to a circuit with many resistors and sources.

Transients *Property of STI

Page 5 of 17
 Circuits 2

The voltage across the inductor is given by

dy di(t )
v(t ) = =L
dt dt

And the current through an inductor is given by

t
1
L -ò¥
i (t ) = v( x)dx

So the power consumed by the inductor is given by

di
P = iv = Li
dt
The energy stored in the inductor can be computed as

1
wL (t ) = Li 2 (t )
2
Slide 6 6. Show Slide 6. Continue discussion on first order RL circuit
regarding transient response.
Circuits 2

Transient Response of RL Consider the RL circuit shown in Figure 1.7:

Circuits
di
vL = L
dt
Switch to 1 KVL around the loop:
+ -
-- R R 5W 5W
R
iR + vL = E
L
di
2
E=L + iR
· o dt
K Initial condition
o
 1 t = 0, i(o+ ) = i(o- ) = 0
E
R
E E - t
®i = (1 - e ) = (1 - e -t /t )
L
R R
® vR = iR = E (1 - e -t /t ) t = L/ R
time constant
di
vL = L = Ee -t /t
dt
Transients * Property of STI
Page 6 of 23

Figure 1.7 RL circuit

The voltage across the inductor is given by

di
vL = L
dt

Using KVL, the loop voltage equation is now given by

iR + vL = E

Transients *Property of STI

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 Circuits 2

or

di
E=L + iR
dt

Assuming there is no initial charge on the inductor

t = 0, i(o+ ) = i(o- ) = 0
R
E - t E
® i = (1 - e L ) = (1 - e -t /t )
R R
® vR = iR = E (1 - e -t /t )
di
vL = L = Ee -t /t
dt

The voltage across the inductor at any time t can be

computed using the equations above.

t = L/R is the time constant for an RL circuit

Slide 7 7. Show Slide 7. Derive the equation for first order transient response.
Circuits 2
Considering the RL circuit shown
Transient Response of RL
Circuits

Switch to 2 di
+ -
-- R R 5W 5W
L + iR = 0
dt
R
L di R
= - dt
i L
2 R
· o - t
® i = Ae L
K
o
 1 Initial condition
E
E
t = 0, i0 =
R

E - RL t E -t /t
i= e = e
R R

Transients * Property of STI

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Figure 1.8 RL circuit

When the voltage source E is disconnected from the circuit,

this is done by connecting the switch to 2 instead of 1.

The voltage equation on the circuit becomes

di
L + iR = 0
dt
di R
= - dt
i L
R
- t
®i = Ae L
Transients *Property of STI
Page 7 of 17
 Circuits 2

Using the initial condition

E
t = 0, i0 =
R

Then the current in the circuit at any time t can be computed

as

E - RL t E -t /t
i= e = e
R R
Slide 8 8. Show Slide 8. Continue discussion on first order RL circuit regarding
transient response.
Circuits 2

Transient Response of RL Altering the connection of the switch to 1 and 2 will give a
Circuits
charging and discharging response of the RL circuit the
4.0mA
charging response of the RL circuit as shown below
+ -
-- R R 5W 5W
R
L

2
2.0mA
4.0mA
· o
K
o 0A
0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms
 1
E 4.0mA

2.0mA

SEL>>
0A
0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms
Transients * Property of STI
Page 8 of 23

2.0mA

0A
0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms

Transients *Property of STI

Page 8 of 17
 Circuits 2

Likewise, the discharge response of the RL circuit is shown

below

4.0mA

2.0mA

SEL>>
0A
0s 1ms 2ms 3ms 4ms

Slide 9 9. Show Slide 9. Show to the class a short summary of the first order
RC and RL circuits.
Circuits 2

Summary Time Constants:

• For an RC circuit, t = RC
The Time Constant

• For an RL circuit, t = L/R

• For an RC circuit, t = RC
• For an RL circuit, t = L/R
• -1/t is the initial slope of an exponential
with an initial value of 1 • -1/t is the initial slope of an exponential with an initial
Also, t is the amount of time necessary
•
for an exponential to decay to 36.7% of its value of 1
initial value

• Also, t is the amount of time necessary for an

exponential to decay to 36.7% of its initial value

Transients * Property of STI

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Transients *Property of STI

Page 9 of 17
 Circuits 2

10. Show Slide 10. Continue with the summary of the first order RC and
Slide 10 RL circuits.
Circuits 2
How to determine initial conditions for a transient circuit?
Summary
When a sudden change occurs, only two types of quantities
will remain the same as before the change.
• How to determine initial conditions for a
transient circuit. When a sudden change
occurs, only two types of quantities will
remain the same as before the change. IL(t), inductor current
– IL(t), inductor current
– Vc(t), capacitor voltage
• Find these two types of the values before
the change and use them as the initial
Vc(t), capacitor voltage
conditions of the circuit after change.

Find these two types of the values before the change and
use them as the initial conditions of the circuit after change.

Transients * Property of STI

Page 10 of 23

Second-Order Circuits

Slide 11 1. Show Slides 11-12. Start now the discussion on second order RLC
circuits.
Circuits 2

2nd Order Circuits Any circuit with a single capacitor, a single inductor, an
arbitrary number of sources, and an arbitrary number of
c Any circuit with a single capacitor, a single
resistors is a circuit of order 2.
inductor, an arbitrary number of sources,
and an arbitrary number of resistors is a
circuit of order 2.
c Any voltage or current in such a circuit is
Any voltage or current in such a circuit is the solution to a 2nd
the solution to a 2nd order differential
equation.
order differential equation.

Transients * Property of STI

Page 11 of 23

Slide 12 Consider the RLC circuit shown below

Circuits 2

A 2nd Order RLC Circuit

i (t)

R
+

vs(t) C

Application: Filters
q A bandpass filter such as the IF amp for
the AM radio.
q A lowpass filter with a sharper cutoff than
can be obtained with an RC circuit.

Transients * Property of STI

Figure 1.9 RLC circuit
Page 12 of 23

Transients *Property of STI

Page 10 of 17
 Circuits 2

This is a second order RLC circuit because it contains an

inductor, a capacitor, a resistor and a voltage source. When
you get the differential equation of the circuit, you will have a
second order differential equation, that’s why it’s considered
as second order RLC circuit. Some applications of a
second order RLC circuit are as follows:

q A bandpass filter such as the IF amp for the AM

radio.

q A lowpass filter with a sharper cutoff than can be

obtained with an RC circuit.

Slide 13 2. Show Slides 13-14. Explain to the class the derivation of the
equation for the RLC circuit.
Circuits 2

The Differential Equation Given the second order RLC circuit as shown below,
+i (t) vr(t) -

R +
+
vs(t) C vc(t)

-
vl(t) -
- +

KVL around the loop:

vr(t) + vc(t) + vl(t) = vs(t)

t
1 di (t )
Ri (t ) + ò i( x)dx + L dt = vs (t )
C -¥
R di (t ) 1 d 2i (t ) 1 dvs (t )
+ i (t ) + =
L dt LC dt 2 L dt

Transients * Property of STI

Page 13 of 23

Figure 1.10 RLC circuit

A series RLC circuit is shown. The current flowing through

the circuit is i(t). Each electronic component, resistor,
inductor and capacitor has voltage drops represented as V r,
Vl and Vc.

The loop voltage equation of the circuit is given as the sum

of the voltage drops on the resistor, inductor and capacitor.

vr(t) + vc(t) + vl(t) = vs(t)

Substituting the formulas for the individual voltage drops, the

loop voltage equation becomes
t
1 di(t )
Ri(t ) + ò i ( x)dx + L = vs (t )
C -¥ dt
Eliminate the integral operation by differentiating all the
elements of the equation will yield

R di(t ) 1 d 2i(t ) 1 dvs (t )

+ i(t ) + =
L dt LC dt 2 L dt

Transients *Property of STI

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 Circuits 2

The differential equation shown above is a second order

Slide 14 differential equation. This is the reason why RLC circuits are
called second order systems.
Circuits 2

The Differential Equation The voltage and current in a second order circuit is the
solution to a differential equation of the following form:
The voltage and current in a second order
circuit is the solution to a differential equation
of the following form:

d 2 x(t )
+ 2a
dx(t )
+ w02 x(t ) = f (t ) d 2 x(t ) dx(t )
dt 2 dt
2
+ 2a + w02 x(t ) = f (t )
Xp(t) is the particular solution (forced
response) and Xc(t) is the complementary
solution (natural response).
dt dt
x(t ) = x p (t ) + xc (t )
x(t ) = x p (t ) + xc (t )
Xp(t) is the particular solution (forced response) and Xc(t) is
Transients * Property of STI
Page 14 of 23
the complementary solution (natural response).

Slide 15 3. Show Slide 15. Explain to the class the particular solution of the
second order differential equation.
Circuits 2

The Particular Solution The particular solution xp(t) is usually a weighted sum of f(t)
and its first and second derivatives.
c The particular solution xp(t) is usually a
weighted sum of f(t) and its first and If f(t) is constant, then xp(t) is constant.
second derivatives.
c If f(t) is constant, then xp(t) is constant.
c If f(t) is sinusoidal, then xp(t) is sinusoidal. If f(t) is sinusoidal, then xp(t) is sinusoidal.

Transients * Property of STI

Page 15 of 23

Slide 16 4. Show Slides 16-17. Explain to the class the complementary solution
of second order differential equation.
Circuits 2

The Complementary The complementary solution has the following form:

Solution

The complementary solution has the following

form:
xc (t ) = Kest
K is a constant determined by initial
conditions. K is a constant determined by initial conditions.
s is a constant determined by the coefficients
of the differential equation.

s is a constant determined by the coefficients of the

xc (t ) = Kest
differential equation.
d 2 Ke st dKe st
+ 2a + w02 Ke st = 0
dt 2 dt

s 2 Kest + 2a sKest + w02 Kest = 0 d 2 Ke st dKe st

s 2 + 2a s + w02 = 0 2
+ 2a + w02 Kest = 0
dt dt
Transients * Property of STI
Page 16 of 23

s 2 Kest + 2a sKest + w02 Kest = 0

s 2 + 2a s + w02 = 0

Transients *Property of STI

Page 12 of 17
 Circuits 2

To find the complementary solution, we need to solve the

Slide 17 characteristic equation:
Circuits 2
The characteristic equation has two roots-call them s1 and
Characteristic Equation s2.
s 2 + 2zw0 s + w02 = 0
c To find the complementary solution, we

a = zw0
need to solve the characteristic equation:
c The characteristic equation has two roots-
call them s1 and s2.

s 2 + 2zw0 s + w02 = 0 xc (t ) = K1es1t + K2es2t

a = zw0
xc (t ) = K1es1t + K2es2t
s1 = -zw0 + w0 z 2 - 1
s1 = -zw0 + w0 z 2 - 1
s2 = -zw0 - w0 z 2 - 1

s2 = -zw0 - w0 z 2 - 1
Transients * Property of STI
Page 17 of 23

Slide 18 5. Show Slide 18. Explain to the class natural frequency and the
damping ratio.
Circuits 2

Damping Ratio and From the characteristics equations

Natural Frequency

a
z =
w0
s1 = -zw0 + w0 z 2 - 1 s1 = -zw0 + w0 z 2 - 1
Damping ratio
s2 = -zw0 - w0 z 2 - 1
c The damping ratio determines what type of
s2 = -zw0 - w0 z 2 - 1
solution we will get:
Exponentially decreasing (z >1)
q

Exponentially decreasing sinusoid (z <

q
1) Where
c The natural frequency is w0

a
q It determines how fast sinusoids
wiggle.

z =
w0
Transients * Property of STI
Page 18 of 23 This is called the damping ratio. The damping ratio
determines what type of solution we will get:

q Exponentially decreasing (z >1)

q Exponentially decreasing sinusoid (z < 1)

The natural frequency is w0. It determines how fast

sinusoids wiggle.

Transients *Property of STI

Page 13 of 17
 Circuits 2

6. Show Slide 19. Explain to the class the characteristics of

Slide 19 overdamping.
Circuits 2
Overdamped : Real Unequal Roots
Overdamped : Real Unequal
Roots
c If z > 1, s1 and s2 are real and not equal.
c If z > 1, s1 and s2 are real and not equal.

æç -Vw +w V 2 -1 ö÷ t æç -Vw -w V 2 -1 ö÷ t
æç -Vw +w V 2 -1 ö÷ t æç -Vw -w V 2 -1 ö÷ t
ic (t ) = K1e è + K 2eè
0 0 0 0
ø ø

ic (t ) = K1e + K 2e
0 0 0 0
è ø è ø
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
i(t)

0.4
i(t)

0.4
0.2 0.2

i(t)
0 0
-1.00E-06
-1.00E-06
-0.2 1
t t 0.9
0.8
Transients * Property of STI
Page 19 of 23
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-1.00E-06

t
i(t)

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-1.00E-06
-0.2

Transients *Property of STI

Page 14 of 17
 Circuits 2

The system is overdamped because instead of going to s set

point or a steady value, the graph goes to zero, meaning the
damping goes to 100%. A setpoint is any value that the
system response must go. Normally it is not zero.

An overdamped system the system does not oscillate and

returns to its equilibrium position without oscillating but at a
slower rate than critically damped system.

Slide 20 7. Show Slide 20. Explain to the class the characteristics of

underdamping systems.
Circuits 2

Underdamped: Complex Underdamped: Complex Roots

Roots

c If z < 1, s1 and s2 are complex. c If z < 1, s1 and s2 are complex.

c Define the following constants:

a = zw0 wd = w0 1 - z 2 c Define the following constants:

xc (t ) = e -a t
( A1 cos wd t + A2 sin wd t )
1
0.8
0.6
a = zw0
0.4

wd = w0 1 - z 2
0.2
i(t)

0
-1.00E-05
-0.2 1.00E-05 3.00E-05
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

t
Transients * Property of STI
Page 20 of 23

xc (t ) = e-a t ( A1 cos wd t + A2 sin wd t )

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
i(t)

0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

t
This is a typical response of underdamp systems the system
response oscillates from the positive system response to the
negative system response.

Transients *Property of STI

Page 15 of 17
 Circuits 2

8. Show Slide 21. Explain to the class the characteristics of critically

Slide 21 damped systems.
Circuits 2
Critically damped: Real Equal Roots
Critically damped: Real
Equal Roots
n If z = 1, s1 and s2 are real and equal.
n If z = 1, s1 and s2 are real and equal.

xc (t ) = K1e-Vw0t + K2te-Vw0t
xc (t ) = K1e-Vw0t + K2te-Vw0t
A critically damped system is one in which the system does not
oscillate and returns to its equilibrium position without oscillating.

Transients * Property of STI

Page 21 of 23

Slide 22 9. Show Slide 22. Explain the sample problem on system responses.
After that, discuss the solution.
Circuits 2

Example

For the example, what are z and w0?

i (t)

10W d 2i(t ) R di(t ) 1 1 dvs (t )

+
+ + i(t ) =
dt 2 L dt LC L dt
769p
F
- d 2 xc (t ) dx (t )
+ 2zw0 c + w02 xc (t ) = 0
dt 2 dt
159m
H

1 R R C
w02 = , 2zw0 = , z =
LC L 2 L

Transients * Property of STI

Page 22 of 23

For the example, what are z and w0?

d 2i(t ) R di(t ) 1 1 dvs (t )

2
+ + i(t ) =
dt L dt LC L dt

d 2 xc (t ) dx (t )
2
+ 2zw0 c + w02 xc (t ) = 0
dt dt

1 R R C
w02 = , 2zw0 = , z =
LC L 2 L

z = 0.011

w0 = 2p455000

Is this system over damped, under damped, or critically

damped?

Transients *Property of STI

Page 16 of 17
 Circuits 2

What will the current look like?

Slide 23

Circuits 2
1
Example 0.8
0.6
c z = 0.011
c w0 = 2p455000
c Is this system over damped, under
0.4
damped, or critically damped?
0.2

i(t)
c What will the current look like?

0
1
0.8
-0.2
0.6
0.4 -0.4
0.2
i(t)

-1.00E-05
0
-0.2 1.00E-05 3.00E-05
-0.6
-0.4
-0.6 -0.8
-0.8
-1
-1
t

Transients * Property of STI

Page 23 of 23
t
C. GENERALIZATION

1. Ask the students to show and discuss their solutions to their

homeworks.

D. APPLICATION

1. Using 01 Laboratory Exercise 1.pdf, ask the students to perform the

laboratory experiment. Ask them to gather all the materials and
equipment that will be used in the experiment. Tell them to write
their observations on the worksheet

E. REFERENCES:

Siskind, C. (2007). Electrical Circuits, direct and alternating current.

McGraw Hill

Irwin, D.J. & Wu, C.H., (2011). Engineering Circuit Analysis, International
Student Version, 10th Edition.

Hayt, W. & Kemmerly, J. (2011). Engineering circuit analysis. McGraw-

Hill

Johnson, D., Johnson, J., Hilburn, John. (2007). Electric circuit analysis.
Prentice-Hall

Laboratory Manual & Workbook for EE Theory 2 Lab. Manila: AdU

Zbar, P. (1974). Basic electricity, A text-lab manual (4th ed.).

Transients *Property of STI

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