Milk and Milk Products: Second Edition

ISSN 0259-2916
Milk and Milk Products
Second edition
Second edition
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 2011
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information
product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or of the World Health
Organization (WHO) concerning the legal or development status of any country,
territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or
boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether
or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or
recommended by FAO or WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not
mentioned.
ISBN 978-92-5-106786-4
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© FAO and WHO 2011

PREFACE
THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION
The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an intergovernmental body with over

180 members established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
The C O D E X A L I M E N T A R I U S is the main result of the Commission’s

work: a set of international food standards, guidelines and codes of practice
with the goal to protect the health of consumers and ensure fair practices in
the food trade.

Second edition
This compilation contains in one volume all Codex standards and related texts
for milk and milk products adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission
up to 2011.
Further information on these texts, or any other aspect of the Codex

Alimentarius Commission, may be obtained from:
Secretariat of the Codex Alimentarius Commission

Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
00153 Rome, Italy
Fax: +39 06 57054593
E-mail: [email protected]
http:// www.codexalimentarius.net
CONTENTS
PREFACE iii
Standards for milk products

Milk powders and cream powder (CODEX STAN 207-1999) 1
Fermented milks (CODEX STAN 243-2003) 6
Blend of evaporated skimmed milk and vegetable fat (CODEX STAN 250-2006) 17
Blend of skimmed milk and vegetable fat in powdered form (CODEX STAN 251-2006) 21
Blend of sweetened condensed skimmed milk and vegetable fat (CODEX STAN 252-2006) 25
Dairy fat spreads (CODEX STAN 253-2006) 29
Butter (CODEX STAN 279-1971) 36
Milkfat products (CODEX STAN 280-1973) 38
Evaporated milks (CODEX STAN 281-1971) 41
Sweetened condensed milks (CODEX STAN 282-1971) 45
Cream and prepared creams (CODEX STAN 288-1976) 49
Whey powders (CODEX STAN 289-1995) 56
Edible casein products (CODEX STAN 290-1995) 59
Horizontal cheese standards

Cheeses in brine (CODEX STAN 208-1999) 64
Group standard for unripened cheese including fresh cheese (CODEX STAN 221-2001) 67
Extra hard grating cheese (CODEX STAN 278-1978) 73
General standard for cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978) 76
Standard for whey cheeses (CODEX STAN 284-1971) 83
Individual cheese standards

Mozzarella (CODEX STAN 262-2006) 86
Cheddar (CODEX STAN 263-1966) 93
Danbo (CODEX STAN 264-1966) 99
Edam (CODEX STAN 265-1966) 104
Gouda (CODEX STAN 266-1966) 109
Havarti (CODEX STAN 267-1966) 115
Samsø (CODEX STAN 268-1966) 120
Emmental (CODEX STAN 269-1967) 125
Tilsiter (CODEX STAN 270-1968) 131
Saint-Paulin (CODEX STAN 271-1968) 136
Provolone (CODEX STAN 272-1968) 142
Cottage cheese (CODEX STAN 273-1968) 148
Coulommiers (CODEX STAN 274-1969) 154
Cream cheese (CODEX STAN 275-1973) 159
Camembert (CODEX STAN 276-1973) 166
Brie (CODEX STAN 277-1973) 171
General texts for milk and milk products

General standard for the use of dairy terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999) 176
Code of hygienic practice for milk and milk products (CAC/RCP 57-2004) 181
Guidelines for the preservation of raw milk
by use of the lactoperoxidase system (CAC/GL 13-1991) 233
Model export certificate for milk and milk products (CAC/GL 67-2008) 240
vi
CODEX STANDARD FOR MILK POWDERS
AND CREAM POWDER
CODEX STAN 207-1999
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to milk powders and cream powder, intended for direct
consumption or further processing, in conformity with the description in Section 2 of
this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
Milk powders and cream powder are milk products which can be obtained by the
partial removal of water from milk or cream. The fat and/or protein content of the milk
or cream may have been adjusted, only to comply with the compositional requirements
in Section 3 of this Standard, by the addition and/or withdrawal of milk constituents in
such a way as not to alter the whey protein to casein ratio of the milk being adjusted.
3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS
3.1 Raw materials

Milk and cream
The following milk products are allowed for protein adjustment purposes:
– Milk retentate Milk retentate is the product obtained by concentrating
milk protein by ultrafiltration of milk, partly skimmed milk,
or skimmed milk;
– Milk permeate Milk permeate is the product obtained by removing milk
proteins and milkfat from milk, partly skimmed milk, or
skimmed milk by ultrafiltration; and
– Lactose1.
3.2 Composition
Cream powder
Minimum milkfat 42% m/m
Maximum water(a) 5% m/m
Minimum milk protein in milk solids-not-fat(a) 34% m/m
1
See Standard for Sugars (CODEX STAN 212-1999). 1
This Standard replaced the Standard for Whole Milk Powder, Partly Skimmed Milk Powder and Skimmed Milk Powder (A-5-1971) and
the Standard for Cream Powder, Half Cream Powder and High Fat Milk Powder (A-10-1971). Adopted in 1999. Amendment 2010.
milk and milk products (2nd Edition)
Whole milk powder

Milkfat Minimum 26% and less than 42% m/m
Partly skimmed milk powder

Milkfat More than 1.5% and less than 26% m/m
Skimmed milk powder

Maximum milkfat 1.5% m/m
(a) The water content does not include water of crystallization of the lactose; the milk solids‑not‑fat
content includes water of crystallization of the lactose.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Only those food additives listed below may be used and only within the limits specified.
INS no. Name of additive Maximum level
Stabilizers
331 Sodium citrates 5 000 mg/kg singly or in combination,
332 Potassium citrates expressed as anhydrous substances
Firming agents
508 Potassium chloride Limited by GMP
509 Calcium chloride Limited by GMP
Acidity regulators
339 Sodium phosphates
340 Potassium phosphates
450 Diphosphates
451 Triphosphates 5 000 mg/kg singly or in combination
expressed as anhydrous substances
452 Polyphosphates
500 Sodium carbonates
501 Potassium carbonates
Emulsifiers
322 Lecithins Limited by GMP
471 Mono‑ and diglycerides 2 500 mg/kg
of fatty acids
2
M ILK P OWDERS A ND C RE AM P OWDER (CODE X STA N 207-19 9 9)
Anticaking agents
170(i) Calcium carbonate
341(iii) Tricalcium phosphate
343(iii) Trimagnesium phosphate
504(i) Magnesium carbonate
530 Magnesium oxide
551 Silicon dioxide, amorphous 10 000 mg/kg singly or in
combination
552 Calcium silicate
553 Magnesium silicates
554 Sodium aluminosilicate
556 Calcium aluminium silicate
559 Aluminium silicate
Antioxidants
300 Ascorbic acid, L-
301 Sodium ascorbate 500 mg/kg expressed as ascorbic acid
304 Ascorbyl palmitate
320 Butylated hydroxyanisole 100 mg/kg
5. CONTAMINANTS
The products covered by this Standard shall comply with the Maximum Levels
for contaminants that are specified for the product in the General Standard for
Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CODEX STAN 193-1995).
The milk used in the manufacture of the products covered by this Standard shall comply
with the Maximum Levels for contaminants and toxins specified for milk by the General
Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CODEX STAN 193-1995) and
with the maximum residue limits for veterinary drug residues and pesticides established
for milk by the CAC.
6. HYGIENE
It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard be

prepared and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of the General
Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969), the Code of Hygienic Practice for
Milk and Milk Products (CAC/RCP 57-2004) and other relevant Codex texts such as
Codes of Hygienic Practice and Codes of Practice. The products should comply with
any microbiological criteria established in accordance with the Principles for the
Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods (CAC/GL 21-1997).
3
7. LABELLING
In addition to the provisions of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged
Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985) and the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms
(CODEX STAN 206-1999), the following specific provisions apply:
7.1 Name of the food

The name of the food shall be:
Cream powder
Whole milk powder according to the composition
Partly skimmed milk powder in Section 3.2
Skimmed milk powder
Partly skimmed milk powder may be designated “Semi-skimmed milk powder” provided
that the content of milkfat does not exceed 16% m/m and is not less than 14% m/m.
If allowed by national legislation or otherwise identified to the consumer in the country

where the product is sold, “whole milk powder” may be designated “full cream milk
powder” and “skimmed milk powder” may be designated “low fat milk powder”.
7.2 Declaration of milkfat content

If the consumer would be misled by the omission, the milkfat content shall be declared
in a manner found acceptable in the country of sale to the final consumer, either (i) as
a percentage by mass, or (ii) in grams per serving as quantified in the label provided
that the number of servings is stated.
7.3 Declaration of milk protein

If the consumer would be misled by the omission, the milk protein content shall be
declared in a manner acceptable in the country of sale to the final consumer, either as
(i) a percentage by mass, or (ii) grams per serving as quantified in the label provided
the number of servings is stated.
7.4 List of ingredients

Notwithstanding the provision of Section 4.2.1 of the General Standard for the
Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), milk products used only for
protein adjustment need not be declared.
7.5 Labelling of non‑retail containers

Information required in Section 7 of this Standard and Sections 4.1 to 4.8 of the
General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), and, if
necessary, storage instructions, shall be given either on the container or in accompanying
documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification, and the name
and address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container. However,
lot identification, and the name and address of the manufacturer or packer may be
replaced by an identification mark, provided that such a mark is clearly identifiable
with the accompanying documents.
4
M ILK P OWDERS A ND C RE AM P OWDER (CODE X STA N 207-19 9 9)
8. METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
See CODEX STAN 234-1999.
APPENDIX – ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

The additional information below does not affect the provisions in the preceding
sections which are those that are essential to the product identity, the use of the name
of the food and the safety of the food.
Additional quality factors

Whole milk Partially Skimmed milk Method
powder skimmed milk powder
powder
Titratable acidity max 18.0 max 18.0 max 18.0 See CODEX STAN
234-1999
(ml-0.1 N NaOH/ See CODEX STAN

10 g-solids-not-fat) 234-1999
Scorched particles max Disc B max Disc B max Disc B See CODEX STAN
234-1999
Solubility index max 1.0 max 1.0 max 1.0 See CODEX STAN
(ml) 234-1999
5
M ILK A ND milk products (2nd Edition)
CODEX STANDARD FOR FERMENTED MILKS

CODEX STAN 243-2003
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to fermented milks, that is Fermented Milk including, Heat
Treated Fermented Milks, Concentrated Fermented Milks and composite milk products
based on these products, for direct consumption or further processing in conformity
with the definitions in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Fermented Milk is a milk product obtained by fermentation of milk, which milk
may have been manufactured from products obtained from milk with or without
compositional modification as limited by the provision in Section 3.3, by the action of
suitable microorganisms and resulting in reduction of pH with or without coagulation
(iso-electric precipitation). These starter microorganisms shall be viable, active and
abundant in the product to the date of minimum durability. If the product is heat-
treated after fermentation the requirement for viable microorganisms does not apply.
Certain Fermented Milks are characterized by specific starter culture(s) used for
fermentation as follows:
Yoghurt: Symbiotic cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus

delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus.
Alternate Culture Yoghurt: Cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and any Lactobacillus species.
Acidophilus Milk: Lactobacillus acidophilus.
Kefir: Starter culture prepared from kefir grains, Lactobacillus kefiri, species
of the genera Leuconostoc, Lactococcus and Acetobacter growing in a
strong specific relationship.
Kefir grains constitute both lactose fermenting yeasts (Kluyveromyces
marxianus) and non-lactose-fermenting yeasts (Saccharomyces unisporus,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces exiguus).
Kumys: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Kluyveromyces marxianus.
Other microorganisms than those constituting the specific starter culture(s) specified
above may be added.
2.2 Concentrated Fermented Milk is a Fermented Milk the protein of which has been increased
prior to or after fermentation to minimum 5.6%. Concentrated Fermented Milks includes
traditional products such as Stragisto (strained yoghurt), Labneh, Ymer and Ylette.
2.3 Flavoured Fermented Milks are composite milk products, as defined in Section 2.3 of
the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999) which contain
a maximum of 50% (m/m) of non-dairy ingredients (such as nutritive and non nutritive
6 sweeteners, fruits and vegetables as well as juices, purees, pulps, preparations and
Adopted in 2003. Revision 2008, 2010.

FERMEN TED M ILK S (CODE X STA N 24 3 -20 03)
preserves derived therefrom, cereals, honey, chocolate, nuts, coffee, spices and other
harmless natural flavouring foods) and/or flavours. The non-dairy ingredients can be
mixed in prior to/or after fermentation.
2.4 Drinks based on Fermented Milk are composite milk products, as defined in Section 2.3
of the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999), obtained by
mixing Fermented Milk as described in Section 2.1 with potable water with or without the
addition of other ingredients such as whey, other non-dairy ingredients, and flavourings.
Drinks Based on Fermented Milk contain a minimum of 40% (m/m) fermented milk.
Other microorganisms than those constituting the specific starter cultures may be added.
3.1 Raw materials

– Milk and/or products obtained from milk.
– Potable water for the use in reconstitution or recombination.
3.2 Permitted ingredients

– Starter cultures of harmless microorganisms including those specified in Section 2;
– Other suitable and harmless microorganisms (in products covered by Section 2.4);
– Sodium chloride;
– Non-dairy ingredients as listed in Section 2.3 (Flavoured Fermented Milks);
– Potable water (in products covered by Section 2.4);
– Milk and milk products (in products covered by Section 2.4);
– Gelatine and starch in:
• fermented milks heat-treated after fermentation;
• flavoured fermented milk;
• drinks based on fermented milk; and
• plain fermented milks if permitted by national legislation in the country of sale
to the final consumer;
provided they are added only in amounts functionally necessary as governed
by Good Manufacturing Practice, taking into account any use of the stabilizers/
thickeners listed in section 4. These substances may be added either before or after
adding the non-dairy ingredients.
3.3 Composition
Fermented Yoghurt, Alternate Kefir Kumys
Milk Culture Yoghurt and
Acidophilus milk
Milk protein(a) (% m/m) min. 2.7% min. 2.7% min. 2.7%
Milk fat (% m/m) less than 10% less than 15% less than 10% less than 10%
Titrable acidity,
expressed as % min. 0.3% min. 0.6% min. 0.6% min. 0.7%
lactic acid (% m/m)
Ethanol (% vol./w) min. 0.5%
7
Fermented Yoghurt, Alternate Kefir Kumys

Milk Culture Yoghurt and
Acidophilus milk
Sum of microorganisms
constituting the starter
culture defined in min. 107 min. 107 min. 107 min. 107
section 2.1 (cfu/g, in
total)
Labelled
microorganisms(b) min. 106 min. 106
(cfu/g, total)
Yeasts (cfu/g) min. 104 min. 104
(a) Protein content is 6.38 multiplied by the total Kjeldahl nitrogen determined.
(b) Applies where a content claim is made in the labelling that refers to the presence of a specific
microorganism (other than those specified in section 2.1 for the product concerned) that has been added
as a supplement to the specific starter culture.
In Flavoured Fermented Milks and Drinks based on Fermented Milk the above criteria
apply to the fermented milk part. The microbiological criteria (based on the proportion
of fermented milk product) are valid up to the date of minimum durability. This
requirement does not apply to products heat-treated after fermentation.
Compliance with the microbiological criteria specified above is to be verified through

analytical testing of the product through to “the date of minimum durability” after the
product has been stored under the storage conditions specified in the labeling.
3.4 Essential manufacturing characteristics

Whey removal after fermentation is not permitted in the manufacture of fermented
milks, except for Concentrated Fermented Milk (Section 2.2).
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Only those additives classes indicated in the table below may be used for the product
categories specified. Within each additive class, and where permitted according to the
table, only those individual additives listed may be used and only within the limits specified.
In accordance with Section 4.1 of the Preamble to the General Standard for Food
Additives (CODEX STAN 192-1995), additional additives may be present in the flavoured
fermented milks and drinks based on fermented milk as a result of carry-over from non-
dairy ingredients.
Fermented Milks Heat Treated After

Fermented Milks and Drinks based Fermentation and Drinks based on
on Fermented Milk Fermented Milk Heat Treated After
Fermentation
Additive class Plain Flavoured Plain Flavoured
Acidity regulators − X X X
Carbonating agents X(b) X(b) X(b) X(b)
Colours − X − X
8
Fermented Milks Heat Treated After

Fermented Milks and Drinks based Fermentation and Drinks based on
on Fermented Milk Fermented Milk Heat Treated After
Fermentation
Additive class Plain Flavoured Plain Flavoured
Emulsifiers − X − X
Flavour enhancers − X − X
Packaging gases − X X X
Preservatives − − − X
Stabilizers X(a) X X X
Sweeteners − X − X
Thickeners X(a)
X X X
(a) Use is restricted to reconstitution and recombination and if permitted by national legislation
in the country of sale to the final consumer.
(b) Use of carbonating agents is technologically justified in Drinks based on Fermented Milk only.
X The use of additives belonging to the class is technologically justified. In the case of flavoured products
the additives are technologically justified in the dairy portion.
− The use of additives belonging to the class is not technologically justified
Acidity regulators, colours, emulsifiers, packaging gases and preservatives listed in Table
3 of the General Standard for Food Additives (CODEX STAN 192-1995) are acceptable
for use in fermented milk products categories as specified in the table above.
INS No. Name of additive Maximum level
Acidity regulators
334 Tartaric acid L(+)-
335(i) Monosodium tartrate
335(ii) Sodium L(+)-tartrate
2 000 mg/kg as tartaric acid
336(i) Monopotassium tartrate
336(ii) Dipotassium tartrate
337 Potassium sodium L(+)-tartrate
355 Adipic acid
356 Sodium adipate
1 500 mg/kg as adipic acid
357 Potassium adipate
359 Ammonium adipate
Carbonating agents
290 Carbon dioxide GMP
Colours
100(i) Curcumin 100 mg/kg
101(i) Riboflavin, synthetic
300 mg/kg
101(ii) Riboflavin 5’-phosphate, sodium
102 Tartrazine 300 mg/kg
104 Quinoline yellow 150 mg/kg
110 Sunset yellow FCF 300 mg/kg
120 Carmines 150 mg/kg
9

122 Azorubine (Carmoisine) 150 mg/kg
124 Ponceau 4R (Cochineal red A) 150 mg/kg
129 Allura red AC 300 mg/kg
132 Indigotine 100 mg/kg
133 Brilliant blue FCF 150 mg/kg
141(i) Chlorophylls, copper complexes
Chlorophyllins, copper complexes, 500 mg/kg
141(ii) sodium and potassium salts
143 Fast green FCF 100 mg/kg
150b Caramel II – sulfite caramel 150 mg/kg
150c Caramel III – ammonia caramel 2 000 mg/kg
150d Caramel IV – sulfite ammonia caramel 2 000 mg/kg
151 Brilliant black (Black PN) 150 mg/kg
155 Brown HT 150 mg/kg
160a(i) Carotene, beta-, synthetic
160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8’-
Carotenoic acid, methyl or ethyl ester, 100 mg/kg
160f beta-apo-8’-
160a(iii) Carotenes, beta-, Blakeslea trispora
160a(ii) Carotenes, beta-, vegetable 600 mg/kg
160b(i) Annatto extracts, bixin-based 20 mg/kg as bixin
160b(ii) Annatto extracts, norbixin-based 20 mg/kg as norbixin
160d Lycopenes 30 mg/kg as pure lycopene
161b(i) Lutein from Tagetes erecta 150 mg/kg
161h(i) Zeaxanthin, synthetic 150 mg/kg
163(ii) Grape skin extract 100 mg/kg
172(i) Iron oxide, black
172(ii) Iron oxide, red 100 mg/kg
172(iii) Iron oxide, yellow
Emulsifiers
432 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
433 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate
434 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate 3 000 mg/kg
435 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate
436 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate
472e Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol 10 000 mg/kg
473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids 5 000 mg/kg
474 Sucroglycerides 5 000 mg/kg
475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids 2 000 mg/kg
477 Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids 5 000 mg/kg
481(i) Sodium stearoyl lactylate 10 000 mg/kg
482(i) Calcium stearoyl lactylate 10 000 mg/kg
10

491 Sorbitan monostearate
492 Sorbitan tristearate
493 Sorbitan monolaurate 5 000 mg/kg
494 Sorbitan monooleate
495 Sorbitan monopalmitate
900a Polydimethylsiloxane 50 mg/kg
Flavour enhancers
580 Magnesium gluconate GMP
620 Glutamic acid, (L+)- GMP
621 Monosodium L-glutamate GMP
622 Monopotassium L-glutamate GMP
623 Calcium di-L-glutamate GMP
624 Monoammonium L-glutamate GMP
625 Magnesium di-L-glutamate GMP
626 Guanylic acid, 5’- GMP
627 Disodium 5’-guanylate- GMP
628 Dipotassium 5’-guanylate- GMP
629 Calcium 5’-guanylate GMP
630 Inosinic acid, 5’- GMP
631 Disodium 5’-inosinate GMP
632 Dipotassium 5’-inosinate GMP
633 Calcium 5’-inosinate GMP
634 Calcium 5’-ribonucleotides- GMP
635 Disodium 5’-ribonucleotides- GMP
636 Maltol GMP
637 Ethyl maltol GMP
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
201 Sodium sorbate
1 000 mg/kg as sorbic acid
202 Potassium sorbate
203 Calcium sorbate
210 Benzoic acid
211 Sodium benzoate
300 mg/kg as benzoic acid
212 Potassium benzoate
213 Calcium benzoate
234 Nisin 500 mg/kg
Stabilizers and Thickeners

170(i) Calcium carbonate GMP
331(iii) Trisodium citrate GMP
11

338 Phosphoric acid
339(i) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
339(ii) Disodium hydrogen phosphate
339(iii) Trisodium phosphate
340(i) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
340(ii) Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
340(iii) Tripotassium phosphate
341(i) Monocalcium dihydrogen phosphate
341(ii) Calcium hydrogen phosphate
341(iii) Tricalcium orthophosphate
342(i) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate
342(ii) Diammonium hydrogen phosphate
343(i) Monomagnesium phosphate
343(ii) Magnesium hydrogen phosphate
1 000 mg/kg, singly or in
343(iii) Trimagnesium phosphate combination, as phosphorus
450(i) Disodium diphosphate
450(ii) Trisodium diphosphate
450(iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate
450(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate
450(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate
450(vii) Calcium dihydrogen diphosphate
451(i) Pentasodium triphosphate
451(ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate
452(i) Sodium polyphosphate
452(ii) Potassium polyphosphate
452(iii) Sodium calcium polyphosphate
452(iv) Calcium polyphosphate
452(v) Ammonium polyphosphate
542 Bone phosphate
400 Alginic acid GMP
401 Sodium alginate GMP
402 Potassium alginate GMP
403 Ammonium alginate GMP
404 Calcium alginate GMP
405 Propylene glycol alginate GMP
406 Agar GMP
407 Carrageenan GMP
407a Processed euchema seaweed (PES) GMP
410 Carob bean gum GMP
412 Guar gum GMP
413 Tragacanth gum GMP
414 Gum Arabic (Acacia gum) GMP
415 Xanthan gum GMP
416 Karaya gum GMP
417 Tara gum GMP
418 Gellan gum GMP
12

425 Konjac flour GMP
440 Pectins GMP
459 Cyclodextrin, -beta 5 mg/kg
460(i) Microcrystalline cellulose (Cellulose gel) GMP
460(ii) Powdered cellulose GMP
461 Methyl cellulose GMP
463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose GMP
464 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose GMP
465 Methyl ethyl cellulose GMP
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
466 GMP
(Cellulose gum)
467 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose GMP
Cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl
468 GMP
cellulose (Cross-linked cellulose gum)
Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,
469 enzymatically hydrolyzed (Cellulose GMP
gum, enzymatically hydrolyzed)
Salts of myristic, palmitic and stearic acids with
470(i) GMP
ammonia, calcium, potassium and sodium
Salts of oleic acid with calcium,
470(ii) GMP
potassium and sodium
471 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids GMP
472a Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol GMP
472b Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol GMP
472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol GMP
508 Potassium chloride GMP
509 Calcium chloride GMP
511 Magnesium chloride GMP
1200 Polydextrose GMP
1400 Dextrins, roasted starch GMP
1401 Acid treated starch GMP
1402 Alkaline treated starch GMP
1403 Bleached starch GMP
1404 Oxidized starch GMP
1405 Starches, enzyme treated GMP
1410 Mono starch phosphate GMP
1412 Distarch phosphate GMP
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate GMP
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate GMP
1420 Starch acetate GMP
1422 Acetylated distarch adipate GMP
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch GMP
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate GMP
1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate GMP
1451 Acetylated oxidized starch GMP
Sweeteners (a)
420 Sorbitol GMP
421 Mannitol GMP
13

950 Acesulfame potassium 350 mg/kg
951 Aspartame 1 000 mg/kg
952 Cyclamates 250 mg/kg
953 Isomalt (Hydrogenated isomaltulose) GMP
954 Saccharin 100 mg/kg
955 Sucralose (Trichlorogalactosucrose) 400 mg/kg
956 Alitame 100 mg/kg
961 Neotame 100 mg/kg
350 mg/kg on an acesulfame
962 Aspartame-acesulfame salt potassium equivalent basis
964 Polyglycitol syrup GMP
965 Maltitols GMP
966 Lactitol GMP
967 Xylitol GMP
968 Erythritol GMP
(a) The use of sweeteners is limited to milk-and milk derivative-based products energy reduced
or with no added sugar.
5. CONTAMINANTS
Contaminants and Toxins in Foods and Feeds (CODEX STAN 193-1995).
Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods and Feeds (CODEX STAN 193-1995) and
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING
14

7.1.1 The name of the products covered by sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, shall be fermented milk
or concentrated fermented milk as appropriate.
However, these names may be replaced by the designations Yoghurt, Acidophilus Milk,
Kefir, Kumys, Stragisto, Labneh, Ymer and Ylette, provided that the product complies
with the specific provisions of this Standard. Yoghurt may be spelled as appropriate in
the country of retail sale.
“Alternate culture yoghurt”, as defined in Section 2, shall be named through the use of
an appropriate qualifier in conjunction with the word “yoghurt”. The chosen qualifier
shall describe, in a way that is accurate and not misleading to the consumer, the nature
of the change imparted to the yoghurt through the selection of the specific Lactobacilli
in the culture for manufacturing the product. Such change may include a marked
difference in the fermentation organisms, metabolites and/or sensory properties of the
product when compared to the product designated solely as “yoghurt”. Examples of
qualifiers which describe differences in sensory properties include terms such as “mild”
and “tangy”. The term “alternate culture yoghurt” shall not apply as a designation.
The above specific terms may be used in connection with the term “frozen” provided
(i) that the product submitted to freezing complies with the requirements in this
Standard, (ii) that the specific starter cultures can be reactivated in reasonable numbers
by thawing, and (iii) that the frozen product is named as such and is sold for direct
consumption, only.
Other fermented milks and concentrated fermented milks may be designated with
other variety names as specified in the national legislation of the country in which the
product is sold, or names existing by common usage, provided that such designations
do not create an erroneous impression in the country of retail sale regarding the
character and identity of the food.
7.1.2 Products obtained from fermented milk(s) heat treated after fermentation shall be
named “Heat Treated Fermented Milk”. If the consumer would be misled by this name,
the products shall be named as permitted by national legislation in the country of retail
sale. In countries where no such legislation exists, or no other names are in common
usage, the product shall be named “Heat Treated Fermented Milk”.
7.1.3 The designation of Flavoured Fermented Milks shall include the name of the principal
flavouring substance(s) or flavour(s) added.
7.1.4 The name of the products defined in Section 2.4 shall be drinks based on fermented milk
or may be designated with other variety names as allowed in the national legislation of
the country in which the product is sold. In particular, water added as an ingredient to
fermented milk shall be declared in the list of ingredients1 and the percentage of fermented
milk used (m/m) shall clearly appear on the label. When flavoured, the designation shall
include the name of the principal flavouring substance(s) or flavour(s) added.
1
As prescribed in section 4.2.1.5 of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985) 15
7.1.5 Fermented milks to which only nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners have been added, may
be labeled as “sweetened ______”, the blank being replaced by the term “Fermented
Milk” or another designation as specified in Section 7.1.1 and 7.1.4. If non-nutritive
sweeteners are added in partial or total substitution to sugar, the mention “sweetened
with ______” or “sugared and sweetened with ______” should appear close to the name
of the product, the blank being filled in with the name of the artificial sweeteners.
7.1.6 The names covered by this Standard may be used in the designation, on the label, in
commercial documents and advertising of other foods, provided that it is used as an
ingredient and that the characteristics of the ingredient are maintained to a relevant
degree in order not to mislead the consumer.
7.2 Declaration of fat content

If the consumer would be mislead by the omission, the milk fat content shall be
(i) a percentage of mass or volume, or (ii) in grams per serving as qualified in the label,
provided that the number of servings is stated.
7.3 Labelling of non-retail containers

Information required in Section 7 of this Standard and Sections 4.1 to 4.8 of the General
Standard for the Labelling of Pre-packaged Foods, and, if necessary, storage instructions,
shall be given either on the container or in accompanying documents, except that the
name of the product, lot identification, and the name and address of the manufacturer
or packer, shall appear on the container. However, lot identification and the name and
address of the manufacturer or packager may be replaced by an identification mark,
provided that such mark is clearly identifiable with the accompanying documents.
16
CODEX STANDARD FOR A BLEND OF EVAPORATED
SKIMMED MILK AND VEGETABLE FAT
CODEX STAN 250-2006
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to a blend of evaporated skimmed milk and vegetable fat, also
known as a blend of unsweetened condensed skimmed milk and vegetable fat, which
is intended for direct consumption, or further processing, in conformity with the
description in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
A blend of evaporated skimmed milk and vegetable fat is a product prepared by

recombining milk constituents and potable water, or by the partial removal of water
and the addition of edible vegetable oil, edible vegetable fat or a mixture thereof, to
meet the compositional requirements in Section 3 of this Standard.
3.1 Raw materials

Skimmed milk and skimmed milk powders1, other non-fat milk solids, and edible
vegetable fats/oils.1
– Milk retentate Milk retentate is the product obtained by concentrating milk
protein by ultra-filtration of milk, partly skimmed milk, or
skimmed milk;
protein and milk fat from milk, partly skimmed milk, or
skimmed milk by ultra-filtration; and
– Lactose1
– Potable water
– Sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride as salt substitute.
3.3 Permitted nutrients

Where allowed in accordance with the General Principles for the Addition of Essential
Nutrients for Food (CAC/GL 9-1987), maximum and minimum levels for Vitamins A, D
and other nutrients, where appropriate, should be laid down by national legislation
in accordance with the needs of individual country including, where appropriate, the
prohibition of the use of particular nutrients.
17
1
See Standard for Sugars (CODEX STAN 212-1999).
Adopted in 2006. Amendment 2010.

3.4 Composition
Blend of evaporated skimmed milk and vegetable fat
Minimum total fat 7.5% m/m
Minimum milk solids-not-fat(a) 17.5% m/m
Reduced fat blend of evaporated skimmed milk and vegetable fat

Total fat More than 1% and less than 7.5% m/m
Minimum milk solids-not-fat(a) 19% m/m
(a) The milk solids-not-fat content includes water of crystallization of the lactose.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Only food additives listed below may be used and only within the limits specified.
Emulsifiers
Stabilizers
331(i) Sodium dihydrogen citrate Limited by GMP
331(iii) Trisodium citrate Limited by GMP
332(i) Potassium dihydrogen citrate Limited by GMP
332(ii) Tripotassium citrate Limited by GMP
333 Calcium citrate Limited by GMP
Acidity regulators
170(i) Calcium carbonate Limited by GMP
341(i) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate 4 400 mg/kg, singly or in
341(ii) Dicalcium hydrogen phosphate combination as phosphorous
18
BLEND OF E VA P OR ATED SK IMMED M ILK A ND VEGE TABLE FAT (CODE X STA N 250 -20 0 6)

452(i) Sodium polyphosphate 4 400 mg/kg, singly or in
452(ii) Potassium polyphosphate combination as phosphorous
452(iv) Calcium polyphosphates
452(v) Ammonium polyphosphates
500(i) Sodium carbonate Limited by GMP
500(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate Limited by GMP
500(iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate Limited by GMP
501(i) Potassium carbonates Limited by GMP
501(ii) Potassium hydrogen carbonate Limited by GMP
Thickeners
407 Carrageenan Limited by GMP
407a Processed euchema seaweed (PES) Limited by GMP
5. CONTAMINANTS
The vegetable oils/fat used in the manufacture of the products covered by this Standard
shall comply with the Maximum Levels for contaminants and toxins specified for the
oils/fats by the General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CODEX
STAN 193-1995) and with the maximum residue limits for pesticides established for the
oils/fats by the CAC.
6. HYGIENE

19
7. LABELLING
In addition to the provision of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged
Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985) the following specific provisions apply.

– Blend of Evaporated Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat; or
– Reduced Fat Blend of Evaporated Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat
Other names may be used if allowed by national legislation in the country of retail sale.
7.2 Declaration of total fat content

The total fat content shall be declared in a manner found acceptable in the country of
sale to the final consumer, either (i) as a percentage by mass or volume, or (ii) in grams
per serving as quantified in the label provided that the number of servings is stated.
A statement shall appear on the label as to the presence of edible vegetable fat and/or
edible vegetable oil. When required by the country of retail sale, the common name of
the vegetable from which the fat or oil is derived shall be included in the name of the
food or as a separate statement.

The milk protein content shall be declared in a manner acceptable in the country of

Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985) milk products used only for
7.5 Advisory statement

A statement shall appear on the label to indicate that the product should not be used
as a substitute for infant formula. For example, “NOT SUITABLE FOR INFANTS”.
20
CODEX STANDARD FOR A BLEND OF SKIMMED MILK
AND VEGETABLE FAT IN POWDERED FORM
CODEX STAN 251-2006
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to a blend of skimmed milk and vegetable fat in powdered
form, intended for direct consumption, or further processing, in conformity with the
2. DESCRIPTION
A blend of skimmed milk and vegetable fat in powdered form is a product prepared
by the partial removal of water from milk constituents with the addition of edible
vegetable oil, edible vegetable fat or a mixture thereof, to meet the compositional
requirements in Section 3 of this Standard.
3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION and QUALITY FACTORS
3.1 Raw materials

vegetable oils/ fats.1
protein by ultrafiltration of milk, partly skimmed milk, or
skimmed milk;
proteins and milk fat from milk, partly skimmed milk or
– Lactose1
3.3 Composition
Blend of skimmed milk and vegetable fat in powdered form
Minimum total fat 26% m/m
1

Maximum water (a) 5% m/m

Reduced fat blend of skimmed milk powder and vegetable fat in powdered form
Total fat More than 1.5% and less than 26% m/m
(a) The milk solids and milk solids-not-fat content includes water of crystallization of the lactose.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Only those food additives listed below may be used and only within limits specified.
Stabilizers
Acidity regulators
340(i) Potassium phosphate
341(i) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate
450(iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate 4 400 mg/kg, singly or in
combination as phosphorous
22
BLEND OF SK IMMED M ILK A ND VEGE TABLE FAT I N P OWDERED FORM (CODE X STA N 251-20 0 6)

Emulsifiers
471 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Limited by GMP
Anticaking agents
504(i) Magnesium carbonate Limited by GMP
530 Magnesium oxide Limited by GMP
551 Silicon dioxide, amorphous Limited by GMP
552 Calcium silicate Limited by GMP
553(i) Magnesium silicate, synthetic Limited by GMP
553(iii) Talc Limited by GMP
554 Sodium aluminosilicate Limited by GMP
556 Calcium aluminum silicate Limited by GMP
559 Aluminum silicate Limited by GMP
341(iii) Tricalcium phosphate 4 400 mg/kg, singly or in
343(iii) Trimagnesium phosphate combination as phosphorous
Antioxidants
300 Ascorbic acid, L-
500 mg/kg as ascorbic acid
301 Sodium ascorbate
304 Ascorbyl palmitate 80 mg/kg, singly or in
305 Ascorbyl stearate combination as ascorbyl stearate
319 Tertiary buthylydroquinone
100 mg/kg singly or in
320 Buthylated hydroxyanisole combination. Expressed on fat
321 Buthylated hydroxytoluene or oil basis
5. CONTAMINANTS
23
6. HYGIENE
It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard be prepared
and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of the General Principles of
Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969), the Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk and Milk Products
(CAC/RCP 57-2004) and other relevant Codex texts such as Codes of Hygienic Practice
and Codes of Practice. The products should comply with any microbiological criteria
established in accordance with the Principles for the Establishment and Application of
Microbiological Criteria for Foods (CAC/GL 21-1997).
7. LABELLING
Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985) the following specific provisions apply:

– Blend of Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat in Powdered Form; or
– Reduced Fat Blend of Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat in Powdered Form.

edible vegetable oil. When required by the country of retail sale, the common name of
the vegetable from which the fat or oil is derived shall be included in the name of the
food or as a separate statement.


7.5 Advisory Statement


24
CODEX STANDARD FOR A BLEND OF SWEETENED
CONDENSED SKIMMED MILK AND VEGETABLE FAT
CODEX STAN 252-2006
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to a blend of sweetened condensed skimmed milk and vegetable
fat, intended for direct consumption, or further processing, in conformity with the
2. DESCRIPTION
A blend of sweetened condensed skimmed milk and vegetable fat is a product prepared
by recombining milk constituents and potable water, or by the partial removal of
water, with the addition of sugar and with the addition of edible vegetable oil, edible
vegetable fat or a mixture thereof to meet the compositional requirements in Section 3
of this Standard.
3.1 Raw materials

vegetable fats/oils1.
protein by ultra-filtration of milk, partly skimmed milk, or
skimmed milk;
protein and milk fat from milk, partly skimmed milk, or
skimmed milk by ultra-filtration; and
– Lactose1 (Also for seeding purposes)

– Potable water
– Sugar
– Sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride as salt substitute.
In this product, sugar is generally considered to be sucrose, but a combination of

sucrose with other sugars, consistent with Good Manufacturing Practice, may be used.
1


3.4 Composition
Blend of sweetened condensed skimmed milk and vegetable fat
Minimum total fat 8% m/m
Reduced fat blend of sweetened condensed skimmed milk and vegetable fat
Total fat More than 1% and less than 8% m/m
(a) The milk solids-not-fat content includes water of crystallization of the lactose.
For a blend of sweetened condensed skimmed milk and vegetable fat the amount
of sugar is restricted by Good Manufacturing Practice to a minimum value which
safeguards the keeping quality of the product and a maximum value above which
crystallization of sugar, may occur.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Emulsifiers
Stabilizers
333 Calcium citrate Limited by GMP
Acidity regulators
339(ii) Disodium hydrogen phosphate 4 400 mg/kg, singly
or in combination as
339(iii) Trisodium phosphate phosphorous
26
BLEND OF SWEE TENED CONDENSED SK IMMED M ILK A ND VEGE TABLE FAT (CODE X STA N 252-20 0 6)

450(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate 4 400 mg/kg, singly
or in combination as
450(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate phosphorous
Thickeners
5. CONTAMINANTS
27
6. HYGIENE
7. LABELLING
Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985) the following specific provisions apply:

– Blend of Sweetened Condensed Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat; or
– Reduced Fat Blend of Sweetened Condensed Skimmed Milk and Vegetable Fat

edible vegetable oil. Where required by the country of retail sale, the common name
of the vegetable from which the fat or oil is derived shall be included in the name of
the food or as a separate statement.


7.5 Advisory statement


28
CODEX STANDARD FOR DAIRY FAT SPREADS
CODEX STAN 253-2006
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to dairy fat spreads intended for use as spreads for direct
consumption, or for further processing, in conformity with section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
Dairy fat spreads are milk products relatively rich in fat in the form of a spreadable
emulsion principally of the type of water-in-milk fat that remains in solid phase at a
temperature of 20°C.
3.1 Raw materials

– Milk and/or products obtained from milk.
Raw materials, including milk fat, may have been subjected to any appropriate
processing (e.g. physical modifications including fractionation) prior to its use.
3.2 Permitted Ingredients

The following substances may be added:
– Flavours and flavourings;
– Safe and suitable processing aids;
– Where allowed in accordance with the Codex General Principles for the Addition
of Essential Nutrients for Food (CAC/GL 9-1987), maximum and minimum levels
for vitamins A, D and other nutrients, where appropriate, should be laid down
by national legislation in accordance with the needs of individual countries
including, where appropriate, the prohibition of the use of particular nutrients;
– Sodium chloride and potassium chloride as a salt substitute;
– Sugars (any carbohydrate sweetening matter);
– Inulin and malto-dextrins (limited by GMP);
– Starter cultures of harmless lactic acid and/or flavour producing bacteria;
– Water;
– Gelatine and Starches (limited by GMP). These substances can be used in the same
function as thickeners, provided they are added only in amounts functionally
necessary as governed by GMP taking into account any use of the thickeners listed
in section 4.
29
Adopted in 2006. Amendment 2008, 2010.

3.3 Composition
The milk fat content shall be no less than 10% and less than 80% (m/m) and shall
represent at least 2/3 of the dry matter.
Compositional modifications of Dairy Fat Spreads are restricted by the requirements of

section 4.3.3 of the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Only those additive functional classes indicated as technologically justified in the table
below may be used for the product categories specified. Within each additive class,
and where permitted according to the table, only those food additives listed below the
table may be used and only within the functions and limits specified.
Justified use in dairy fat spreads:

Additive functional class
< 70% milk fat content(a) ≥ 70% milk fat content
Acidity regulators X X
Anticaking agents – –
Antifoaming agents X X
Antioxidants X X
Bleaching agents – –
Bulking agents – –
Carbonating agents – –
Colours X X
Colour retention agents – –
Emulsifiers X –
Firming agents – –
Flavour enhancers X –
Foaming agents – –
Gelling agents – –
Humectants – –
Preservatives X X
Propellants X X
Raising agents – –
Sequestrants – –
Stabilizers X –
Thickeners X –
(a) The application of GMP in the use of emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and flavour enhancers includes
consideration of the fact that the amount required to obtain the technological function in the product
decreases with increasing fat content, fading out at fat content about 70%.
30
DA I RY FAT SPRE ADS (CODE X STA N 253 -20 0 6)
Colours
100(i) Curcumin 5 mg/kg
160a(ii) Carotene, beta-, Blakeslea trispora
35 mg/kg, singly or in combination
160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8’-
160f Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester beta-apo-8’-
160b(i) Annatto extracts, – bixin-based 20 mg/kg
Emulsifiers
432 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
433 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate 10 000 mg/kg, singly or in
combination
434 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate (Dairy fat spreads for baking
435 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate purposes only)
436 Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate
471 Mono and diglycerides of fatty acids Limited by GMP
472a Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Limited by GMP
472b Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Limited by GMP
472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol Limited by GMP
472e Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol 10 000 mg/kg
473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids 10 000 mg/kg, dairy fat spreads for
baking purposes only.
474 Sucroglycerides 10 000 mg/kg, dairy fat spreads for
baking purposes only.
475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids 5 000 mg/kg
476 Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic acid 4 000 mg/kg
481(i) Sodium stearoyl lactylate 10 000 mg/kg, singly or in
482(i) Calcium stearoy lactylate combination
493 Sorbitan monolaurate 10 000 mg/kg, singly or in
combination
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid 2 000 mg/kg, singly or in
combination (as sorbic acid) for fat
201 Sodium sorbate contents
202 Potassium sorbate < 59% and 1 000 mg/kg singly or in
combination (as sorbic acid) for fat
203 Calcium sorbate contents ≥ 59%
Stabilizers/thickeners
340 (i) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
340 (ii) Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
340 (iii) Tripotassium phosphate
880 mg/kg, singly or in
341 (i) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate combination, as phosphorous
341 (ii) Calcium hydrogen phosphate
341 (iii) Tricalcium phosphate
450 (i) Disodium diposphate
400 Alginic acid Limited by GMP
31
401 Sodium alginate Limited by GMP

402 Potassium alginate Limited by GMP
403 Ammonium alginate Limited by GMP
404 Calcium alginate Limited by GMP
406 Agar Limited by GMP
405 Propylene glycol alginate 3 000 mg/kg
410 Carob bean gum Limited by GMP
412 Guar gum Limited by GMP
413 Tragacanth gum Limited by GMP
414 Gum arabic (acacia gum) Limited by GMP
415 Xanthan gum Limited by GMP
418 Gellan gum Limited by GMP
422 Glycerol Limited by GMP
440 Pectins Limited by GMP
460 (i) Microcrystalline cellulose (Cellulose gel) Limited by GMP
460 (ii) Powdered cellulose Limited by GMP
461 Methyl cellulose Limited by GMP
463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Limited by GMP
464 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Limited by GMP
465 Methyl ethyl cellulose Limited by GMP
466 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cellulose gum) Limited by GMP
500 (i) Sodium carbonate Limited by GMP
500 (iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate Limited by GMP
1400 Dextrin, roasted starch Limited by GMP
1401 Acid-treated starch Limited by GMP
1402 Alkaline-treated starch Limited by GMP
1403 Bleached starch Limited by GMP
1404 Oxidized starch Limited by GMP
1405 Starches, enzyme treated Limited by GMP
1410 Monostarch phosphate Limited by GMP
1412 Distarch phosphate Limited by GMP
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate Limited by GMP
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate Limited by GMP
1420 Starch acetate esterified with acetic anhydride Limited by GMP
1422 Acetylated distarch adipate Limited by GMP
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch Limited by GMP
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate Limited by GMP
Acidity regulators
325 Sodium lactate Limited by GMP
326 Potassium lactate Limited by GMP
327 Calcium lactate Limited by GMP
329 Magnesium lactate, DL- Limited by GMP
32 331(i) Sodium dihydrogen citrate Limited by GMP
331(ii) Disodium monohydrogen citrate Limited by GMP

335 (i) Sodium (L+)-tartrate
335 (ii) Disodium tartrate 5 000 mg/kg, singly or in
336 (i) Monopotassium tartrate combination as tartaric acid
336 (ii) Dipotassium tartrate
337 Potassium sodium (L+)-tartrate
339 (i) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
339 (ii) Sodium hydrogen phosphate 880 mg/kg, singly or in
339 (iii) Trisodium phosphate combination as phosphorous
338 Phosphoric acid
524 Sodium hydroxide Limited by GMP
526 Calcium hydroxide Limited by GMP
Antioxidants
304 Ascorbyl palmitate
500 mg/kg, as ascorbyl stearate
305 Ascorbyl stearate
307 Tocopherols 500 mg/kg
310 Propyl gallate 200 mg/kg, singly or in
combination: butylated
hydroxyanisole (INS 320), butylated
hydroxytoluene (INS 321), and
propyl gallate (INS 310) as a
combined maximum level of 200
mg/kg on a fat or oil basis. May
be used only in dairy fat spreads
intended for cooking purposes.
320 Butylated hydroxyanisole 200 mg/kg, singly or in
combination: butylated
hydroxyanisole (INS 320), butylated
hydroxytoluene (INS 321), and
propyl gallate (INS 310) as a
combined maximum level of 200
mg/kg on a fat or oil basis. May
be used only in dairy fat spreads
intended for cooking purposes.
321 Butylated hydroxytoluene 75 mg/kg, singly or in combination:
butylated hydroxyanisole (INS
320), butylated hydroxytoluene
(INS 321), and propyl gallate (INS
310) as a combined maximum
level of 200 mg/kg on a fat or oil
basis. May be used only in dairy
fat spreads intended for cooking
purposes.
Anti-foaming agents
900 a Polydimethylsiloxane 10 mg/kg in dairy fat spreads for
frying purposes, only
Flavour enhancers
627 Disodium 5’-guanylate Limited by GMP
628 Dipotassium 5’-guanylate Limited by GMP
33
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

7.1.1 The name of the food shall be ”Dairy Fat Spread”. Other names may be used if allowed
by national legislation in the country of retail sale.
7.1.2 Dairy fat spreads with reduced fat content may be labelled as “reduced fat” in line with
the Guidelines for the Use of Nutrition and Health Claims (CAC/GL 23-1997).
7.1.3 The designations and any qualifying terms should be translated into other languages
in a non-misleading way and not necessarily word for word and should be acceptable
in the country of retail sale.
7.1.4 Dairy fat spreads may be labelled to indicate whether it is salted or unsalted according
to national legislation.
7.1.5 Dairy fat spreads that have been sweetened shall be labelled to indicate that they have
been sweetened.
34
7.2 Declaration of fat content

The milk fat content shall be declared in a manner found acceptable in the country of
retail sale, either (i) as a percentage by mass, or (ii) in grams per serving as quantified
in the label provided that the number of servings is stated.

General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985) and, if
documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification and the name
lot identification and the name and address of the manufacturer or packer may be
replaced by an identification mark, provided that such a mark is clearly identifiable on
the accompanying documents.
35
CODEX STANDARD FOR BUTTER

CODEX STAN 279-1971
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to butter intended for direct consumption or for further
processing in conformity with the description in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
Butter is a fatty product derived exclusively from milk and/or products obtained from
milk, principally in the form of an emulsion of the type water-in-oil.
3.1 Raw materials

Milk and/or products obtained from milk.

– Sodium chloride and food grade salt
– Starter cultures of harmless lactic acid and/or flavour producing bacteria
– Potable water.
3.3 Composition
Minimum milkfat content 80% m/m
Maximum water content 16% m/m
Maximum milk solids-not-fat content 2% m/m
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Food additives listed in Tables 1 and 2 of the General Standard for Food Additives
(CODEX STAN 192-1995) in Food Category 02.2.1 (Butter) may be used in foods subject
to this standard.
5. CONTAMINANTS
The milk used in the manufacture of the products covered by this Standard shall
comply with the Maximum Levels for contaminants and toxins specified for milk by the
General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CODEX STAN 193-
1995) and with the maximum residue limits for veterinary drug residues and pesticides
established for milk by the CAC.
36
Formerly CODEX STAN A-1-1971. Adopted in 1971. Revision 1999. Amendment 2003, 2006, 2010.
Butter (CODE X STA N 279 -1971)
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The name of the food shall be “Butter”. The name “butter” with a suitable qualification
shall be used for butter with more than 95% fat.
7.1.1 Butter may be labelled to indicate whether it is salted or unsalted according to national
legislation.

a percentage by mass, or (ii) in grams per serving as quantified in the label provided
that the number of servings is stated.

General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985),
and, if necessary, storage instructions, shall be given either on the container or in
accompanying documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification, and
the name and address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container.
However, lot identification, and the name and address of the manufacturer or packer
may be replaced by an identification mark, provided that such a mark is clearly
identifiable with the accompanying documents.
37
CODEX STANDARD FOR MILKFAT PRODUCTS

CODEX STAN 280-1973
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Anhydrous Milkfat, Milkfat, Anhydrous Butteroil, Butteroil

and Ghee, which are intended for further processing or culinary use, in conformity with
the description in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Anhydrous Milkfat, Milkfat, Anhydrous Butteroil and Butteroil are fatty products
derived exclusively from milk and/or products obtained from milk by means of processes
which result in almost total removal of water and non‑fat solids.
2.2 Ghee is a product exclusively obtained from milk, cream or butter, by means of processes
which result in almost total removal of water and non‑fat solids, with an especially
developed flavour and physical structure.
3.1 Raw materials


Starter cultures of harmless lactic acid producing bacteria.
3.3 Composition
Anhydrous milkfat/ Milkfat Butteroil Ghee
Anhydrous butteroil
Minimum milkfat (% m/m) 99.8 99.6 99.6 99.6
Maximum water (% m/m) 0.1 – – –
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
(CODEX STAN 192-1995) in Food Category 02.1.1 (Butter oil, anhydrous milkfat, ghee)
may be used in foods subject to this standard.
4.1 Inert gas with which airtight containers are flushed before, during and after filling
with product.
38
Formerly CODEX STAN A-2-1973. Adopted in 1973. Revision 1999. Amendment 2006, 2010.
M ilkfat products (CODE X STA N 28 0 -1973)
5. CONTAMINANTS
The milk used in the manufacture of the products covered by this Standard shall
comply with the Maximum Levels for contaminants and toxins specified for milk by the
General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CODEX STAN 193-
1995) and with the maximum residue limits for veterinary drug residues and pesticides
established for milk by the CAC.
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

Anhydrous milkfat
Milkfat According to description specified in
Anhydrous butteroil Section 2, composition specified in 3 and
Butteroil the use of antioxidants (see Section 4).
Ghee

39
1. Other quality factors
Anhydrous milkfat/
Milkfat Butteroil Ghee
Anhydrous butteroil
Maximum free fatty acids 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4
(% m/m as oleic acid)
Maximum peroxide value 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6
(milli-equivalents of oxygen/kg fat)
Taste and odour Acceptable for market requirements after heating

a sample to 40–45°C
Texture Smooth and fine granules to liquid,
depending on temperature
2. OTHER CONTAMINANTS
Heavy metals
The following limits apply to Anhydrous Milkfat, Milkfat, Anhydrous Butteroil and
Butteroil and Ghee:
Metal Maximum level

Copper 0.05 mg/kg
Iron 0.2 mg/kg
3. OTHER METHODS OF ANALYSIS
40
E vaporated milk s (CODE X STA N 281-1971)
CODEX STANDARD FOR EVAPORATED MILKS

CODEX STAN 281-1971
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to evaporated milks, intended for direct consumption or further
processing, in conformity with the description in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
Evaporated milks are milk products which can be obtained by the partial removal of
water from milk by heat, or by any other process which leads to a product of the same
composition and characteristics. The fat and/or protein content of the milk may have
been adjusted, only to comply with the compositional requirements in Section 3 of this
Standard, by the addition and/or withdrawal of milk constituents in such a way as not
to alter the whey protein to casein ratio of the milk being adjusted.
3.1 Raw materials

Milk and milk powders1, cream and cream powders1, milkfat products1.
– milk retentate Milk retentate is the product obtained by concentrating
milk protein by ultrafiltration of milk, partly skimmed milk,
or skimmed milk;
– milk permeate Milk permeate is the product obtained by removing milk
– lactose1.
– Potable water
– Sodium chloride.
3.3 Composition
Evaporated milk
Minimum milkfat 7.5% m/m
Minimum milk solids(a) 25% m/m
Minimum milk protein in milk solids‑not‑fat(a) 34% m/m
Evaporated skimmed milk

Maximum milkfat 1% m/m
1
Formerly CODEX STAN A-3-1971. Adopted in 1971. Revision 1999. Amendment 2010.
Evaporated partly skimmed milk

Milkfat More than 1% and less than 7.5% m/m
Evaporated high‑fat milk

Minimum milk solids‑not‑fat(a) 11.5% m/m
(a) The milk solids and milk solids‑not‑fat content include water of crystallization of the lactose.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Firming agents
508 Potassium chloride 2 000 mg/kg singly or 3 000 mg/kg in
combination, expressed as anhydrous
509 Calcium chloride substances
Stabilizers
331 Sodium citrates
2 000 mg/kg singly or 3 000 mg/kg in
332 Potassium citrates combination, expressed as anhydrous
333 Calcium citrates substances
Acidity regulators
170 Calcium carbonates
341 Calcium phosphates
450 Diphosphates combination, expressed as anhydrous
451 Triphosphates substances
452 Polyphosphates
Thickener
407 Carrageenan 150 mg/kg
Emulsifier
42
E vaporated milk s (CODE X STA N 281-1971)
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

Evaporated milk
Evaporated skimmed milk according to the composition
Evaporated partly skimmed milk specified in Section 3
Evaporated high‑fat milk
Evaporated partly skimmed milk may be designated “evaporated semi‑skimmed milk”

if the milkfat content is 4.0–4.5% and the minimum milk solids is 24% m/m.

a percentage by mass or volume, or (ii) in grams per serving as quantified in the label
43

(i) a percentage by mass or volume, or (ii) grams per serving as quantified in the label


Information required in Section 7 of this Standards and Sections 4.1 to 4.8 of the
44
CODEX STANDARD FOR SWEETENED CONDENSED MILKS
CODEX STAN 282-1971
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to sweetened condensed milks, intended for direct consumption
or further processing, in conformity with the description in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
Sweetened condensed milks are milk products which can be obtained by the partial
removal of water from milk with the addition of sugar, or by any other process which
leads to a product of the same composition and characteristics. The fat and/or protein
content of the milk may have been adjusted, only to comply with the compositional
requirements in Section 3 of this Standard, by the addition and/or withdrawal of milk
constituents in such a way as not to alter the whey protein to casein ratio of the milk
being adjusted.
3.1 Raw materials

Milk and milk powder1, cream and cream powders1, milkfat products1.
protein by ultrafiltration of milk, partly skimmed milk, or
skimmed milk;
– Lactose1 (Also for seeding purposes)

– Potable water
– Sugar
In this product, sugar is generally considered to be sucrose, but a combination of

sucrose with other sugars, consistent with Good Manufacturing Practice, may be used.
1
3.3 Composition
Sweetened condensed milk
Minimum milk solids** 28% m/m
Minimum milk protein in milk solids-not-fat** 34% m/m
Sweetened condensed skimmed milk

Maximum milkfat 1% m/m
Sweetened condensed partly skimmed milk

Milkfat More than 1% and less than 8% m/m
Minimum milk solids-not-fat** 20% m/m
Sweetened condensed high‑fat milk

Minimum milk solids-not-fat** 14% m/m
** The milk solids and milk solids-not-fat content include water of crystallization of the lactose.
For all sweetened condensed milks the amount of sugar is restricted by Good
Manufacturing Practice to a minimum value which safeguards the keeping quality of
the product and a maximum value above which crystallization of sugar, may occur.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Firming agents
508 Potassium chloride 2 000 mg/kg singly or 3 000 mg/kg in
combination, expressed as anhydrous
509 Calcium chloride substances
Stabilizers
331 Sodium citrates
332 Potassium citrates combination, expressed as anhydrous
333 Calcium citrates substances
46
Sweetened condensed milk s (CODE X STA N 282-1971)
Acidity regulators
341 Calcium phosphates
450 Diphosphates combination, expressed as anhydrous
451 Triphosphates substances
452 Polyphosphates
Thickener
407 Carrageenan 150 mg/kg
Emulsifier
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING
47

Sweetened condensed milk
Sweetened condensed skimmed milk according to the composition
Sweetened condensed partly skimmed milk specified in Section 3
Sweetened condensed high‑fat milk
Sweetened condensed partly skimmed milk may be designated “sweetened condensed

semi‑skimmed milk” if the milkfat content is 4.0–4.5% and the minimum milk solids is
28% m/m.

a percentage by mass or volume, or (ii) in grams per serving as quantified in the label

(i) a percentage by mass or volume, or (ii) grams per serving as quantified in the label
provided the number of servings is stated.


8. METHODS OF SAMPLING and ANALYSIS
48
CODEX STANDARD FOR CREAM AND PREPARED CREAMS
CODEX STAN 288-1976
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to cream and prepared creams for direct consumption or further
processing as defined in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Cream is the fluid1 milk product comparatively rich in fat, in the form of an emulsion of
fat-in-skimmed milk, obtained by physical separation from milk.
2.2 Reconstituted cream is cream obtained by reconstituting milk products with or without
the addition of potable water and with the same end product characteristics as the
product described in Section 2.1.
2.3 Recombined cream is cream obtained by recombining milk products with or without
the addition of potable water and with the same end product characteristics as the
product described in Section 2.1.
2.4 Prepared creams are the milk products obtained by subjecting cream, reconstituted
cream and/or recombined cream to suitable treatments and processes to obtain the
characteristic properties as specified below.
2.4.1 Prepackaged liquid cream is the fluid1 milk product obtained by preparing and packaging
cream, reconstituted cream and/or recombined cream for direct consumption and/or
for direct use as such.
2.4.2 Whipping cream is the fluid1 cream, reconstituted cream and/or recombined cream that
is intended for whipping. When cream is intended for use by the final consumer the
cream should have been prepared in a way that facilitates the whipping process.
2.4.3 Cream packed under pressure is the fluid1 cream, reconstituted cream and/or
recombined cream that is packed with a propellant gas in a pressure-propulsion
container and which becomes Whipped Cream when removed from that container.
2.4.4 Whipped cream is the fluid1 cream, reconstituted cream and/or recombined cream into
which air or inert gas has been incorporated without reversing the fat-in-skimmed milk
emulsion.
1
Fluid means capable of pouring at temperatures above freezing. 49
Formerly CODEX STAN A-9-1976. Adopted in 1976. Revision 2003, 2008. Amendment 2010.
2.4.5 Fermented cream is the milk product obtained by fermentation of cream, reconstituted
cream or recombined cream, by the action of suitable micro-organisms, that results in
reduction of pH with or without coagulation. Where the content of (a) specific micro-
organism(s) is(are) indicated, directly or indirectly, in the labelling or otherwise indicated
by content claims in connection with sale, these shall be present, viable, active and
abundant in the product to the date of minimum durability. If the product is heat-
treated after fermentation the requirement for viable micro-organisms does not apply.
2.4.6 Acidified cream is the milk product obtained by acidifying cream, reconstituted cream
and/or recombined cream by the action of acids and/or acidity regulators to achieve a
reduction of pH with or without coagulation.
3.1 Raw materials

All creams and prepared creams:
Milk, which may have been subjected to mechanical and physical treatments prior to
cream processing.
Additionally, for creams made by reconstitution or recombination:

Butter2, milk fat products2, milk powders2, cream powders2, and potable water.
Additionally, for prepared creams described in Section 2.4.2 through to Section 2.4.6:
The product that remains after the removal of milk fat by churning milk and cream to
manufacture butter and milk fat products (often referred to as buttermilk) and that
may have been concentrated and/or dried.

Only those ingredients listed below may be used for the purposes and product
categories specified, and only within the limitations specified.
For use in products only for which stabilizers and/or thickeners are justified (see table
in Section 4):
– Products derived exclusively from milk or whey and containing 35% (m/m) or
more of milk protein of any type (including casein and whey protein products and
concentrates and any combinations thereof) and milk powders: These products
can be used in the same function as thickeners and stabilizers, provided they are
added only in amounts functionally necessary not exceeding 20 g/kg, taking into
account any use of the stabilizers and thickeners listed in Section 4.
– Gelatine and starch: These substances can be used in the same function as
stabilizers, provided they are added only in amounts functionally necessary as
governed by Good Manufacturing Practice taking into account any use of the
stabilizers/thickeners listed in section 4.
50 2
For specification, see relevant Codex Standard.
C RE AM A ND PREPA RED C RE AMS (CODE X STA N 28 8 -1976)
Additionally, for use in fermented cream, only:

– Starter cultures of harmless micro-organisms including those specified in Section 2
of the Standard for Fermented Milks (CODEX STAN 243-2003).
Additionally, for use in fermented cream and acidified cream, only:

– Rennet and other safe and suitable coagulating enzymes to improve texture
without achieving enzymatic coagulation.
3.3 Composition
Milk fat: Minimum 10% (w/w)
Compositional modification below the minimum specified above for milk fat is not
considered to be in compliance with the Section 4.3.3 of the General Standard for the
Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999).
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Only those additives classes indicated in the table below may be used for the product
categories specified. Within each additive class, and where permitted according to the
table, only those additives listed below may be used and only within the limits specified.
Stabilizers and thickeners, including modified starches may be used singly or in

combination, in compliance with the definitions for milk products and only to the
extent that they are functionally necessary, taking into account any use of gelatine and
starch as provided for in Section 3.2.

Product category
Stabilizers(a) Acidity Thickeners(a) and Packing gases
regulators(a) emulsifiers(a) and propellants
Prepackaged liquid cream (2.4.1): X X X –
Whipping cream (2.4.2): X X X –
Cream packed under pressure (2.4.3): X X X X
Whipped cream (2.4.4): X X X X
Fermented cream (2.4.5): X X X –
Acidified cream (2.4.6): X X X –
(a) These additives may be used when needed to ensure product stability and integrity of the emulsion, taking into
consideration the fat content and durability of the product. With regard to the durability, special consideration
should be given to the level of heat treatment applied since some minimally pasteurized products do not
require the use of certain additives.
X The use of additives belonging to the class is technologically justified.
– The use of additives belonging to the class is not technologically justified.
51
Acidity regulators
270 Lactic acid, L-, D- and DL-
325 Sodium lactate
326 Potassium lactate
327 Calcium lactate
330 Citric acid
333 Calcium citrates GMP
500(i) Sodium carbonate
500(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate
500(iii) Sodium sesquicarbonate
501(i) Potassium carbonate
501(ii) Potassium hydrogen carbonate
Stabilizers and thickeners

331(i) Sodium dihydrogen citrate
331(iii) Trisodium citrate
GMP
332(i) Potassium dihydrogen citrate
332(ii) Tripotassium citrate
516 Calcium sulfate
339(i) Monosodium dihydrogen phosphate
341(i) Calcium dihydrogen phophate
1 100 mg/kg expressed as phosphorus
450(vi) Calcium diphosphate
400 Alginic acid
401 Sodium alginate
402 Potassium alginate GMP
403 Ammonium alginate
52 404 Calcium alginate

405 Propylene glycol alginate 5 000 mg/kg
406 Agar
407 Carrageenan
407a Processed euchema seaweed (PES)
410 Carob bean gum
412 Guar gum
414 Gum arabic (Acacia gum)
415 Xanthan gum
418 Gellan gum
GMP
440 Pectins
460(i) Microcrystalline cellulose (Cellulose gel)
460(ii) Powdered cellulose
461 Methyl cellulose
463 Hydroxypropyl cellulose
464 Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
465 Methyl ethyl cellulose
466 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cellulose gum)
472e Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol 5 000 mg/kg
508 Potassium chloride
509 Calcium chloride
1410 Monostarch phosphate
1412 Distarch phosphate
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate GMP
1420 Starch acetate
1422 Acetylated distarch adipate
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate
Emulsifiers
322(i) Lecithin GMP
432 Polyixyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate
433 Polyixyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate
434 Polyixyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate 1 000 mg/kg
435 Polyixyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate
436 Polyixyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate
471 Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
472a Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol
GMP
472b Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol
472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol
473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids 5 000 mg/kg
475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids 6 000 mg/kg
493 Sorbitan monolaurate 5 000 mg/kg
53
Packing gases
290 Carbon dioxide
GMP
941 Nitrogen
Propellant
942 Nitrous oxide GMP
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE
7. LABELLING

7.1.1 The name of the food shall be as specified in section 2 of this Standard, as appropriate
and taking into account section 7.1.3. However, “prepackaged liquid cream” may be
designated as “cream” and ”cream packed under pressure” may be designated by
another descriptive term that refers to its nature or intended use or as “Whipped
Cream”. The term “prepared cream” should not apply as a designation.
The products covered by this Standard may alternatively be designated with other
names specified in the national legislation of the country in which the product is
manufactured and/or sold or with a name existing by common usage, provided that
54 such designations do not create an erroneous impression in the country of retail sale
regarding the character and identity of the food.
In addition, labelling statements, such as product designation of fermented creams

and content claims, may include reference to the terms ”Acidophilus”, “Kefir”, and
“Kumys”, as appropriate, provided that the product has been fermented by the
corresponding specific starter culture(s) specified in section 2.1 of the Standard for
Fermented Milks (CODEX STAN 243-2003), and provided that the product complies with
those compositional microbiological criteria that are applicable to the corresponding
fermented milk as specified in section 3.3 of that Standard.
7.1.2 The designation shall be accompanied by an indication of the fat content that is acceptable
in the country of retail sale, either as a numerical value or by a suitable qualifying term,
either as part of the name or in a prominent position in the same field of vision.
Nutrition claims, when used, shall be in accordance with the Guidelines for Use of
Nutrition Claims (CAC/GL 23-1997). For this purpose only, the level of 30% milk fat
constitutes the reference.
7.1.3 Creams which have been manufactured by the recombination or reconstitution of dairy
ingredients as specified in Sections 2.2 and 2.3 shall be labelled as “Recombined cream”
or “Reconstituted cream” or another truthful qualifying term if the consumer would
be misled by the absence of such labelling.
7.1.4 An appropriate description of the heat treatment should be given, either as part of the
name or in a prominent position in the same field of vision, if the consumer would be
misled by the absence of such labelling.
When reference is made in the labelling to the type of heat treatment(s) applied, the
definitions established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission shall apply.
7.2 Declaration of milk fat content

The milk fat content shall be declared in a manner acceptable in the country of sale to
the final consumer, either as (i) a percentage of mass or volume, (ii) in grams per serving
as qualified in the label, provided that the number of servings is stated.
Where the fat content of the product is indicated by a numerical value in accordance
with Section 7.1.2, such indication may constitute the fat declaration, provided that the
indication includes any additional information as required above.

Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), and, if necessary,
storage instructions, shall be given either on the container or in accompanying documents,
except that the name of the product, lot identification, and the name and address of the
manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container. However, lot identification and the
name and address of the manufacturer or packer may be replaced by an identification
mark provided that such a mark is clearly identifiable with the accompanying documents.

55
CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEY POWDERS

CODEX STAN 289-1995
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Whey Powder and Acid Whey Powder, intended for direct
this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
Whey powders are milk products obtained by drying whey or acid whey.
Whey is the fluid milk product obtained during the manufacture of cheese, casein
or similar products by separation from the curd after coagulation of milk and/or of
products obtained from milk. Coagulation is obtained through the action of, principally,
rennet type enzymes.
Acid whey is the fluid milk product obtained during the manufacture of cheese, casein
or similar products by separation from the curd after coagulation of milk and/or of
products obtained from milk. Coagulation is obtained, principally, by acidification.
3.1 Raw materials

Whey or acid whey.

Seed lactose1 in the manufacture of pre-crystallized whey powder.
3.3 Composition
Whey powder:
Criteria Minimum content Reference content Maximum content
Lactose (a)
n.s. 61.0% (m/m) n.s.
Milk protein(b) 10.0% (m/m) n.s. n.s.
Milk fat n.s. 2.0% (m/m) n.s.
Water(c) n.s. n.s. 5.0% (m/m)
Ash n.s n.s. 9.5% (m/m)
pH (in 10% solution)(d) > 5.1 n.s. n.s.
56 1
See Standard for Sugars (CODEX STAN 212-1999).
Formerly CODEX STAN A-15-1995. Adopted in 1995. Revision 2003. Amendment 2006, 2010
Whey powders (CODE X STA N 289 -19 95)
Acid whey powder:

Criteria Minimum content Reference content Maximum content
Lactose(a) n.s. 61.0% (m/m) n.s.
Milk protein (b)
7.0% (m/m) n.s. n.s.
Milk fat n.s. 2.0% (m/m) n.s.
Water(c) n.s. n.s. 4.5% (m/m)
Ash n.s. n.s. 15.0% (m/m)
pH (in 10% solution)(e) n.s. n.s. 5.1
(a) Although the products may contain both anhydrous lactose and lactose monohydrate, the lactose content
is expressed as anhydrous lactose. 100 parts of lactose monohydrate contain 95 parts of anhydrous lactose.
(b) Protein content is 6.38 multiplied by the total Kjeldahl nitrogen determined.
(c) The water content does not include water of crystallization of the lactose.
(d) Or titratable acidity (calculated as lactic acid) <0.35%.
(e) Or titratable acidity (calculated as lactic acid) ≥ 0.35%.
In accordance with the provision of section 4.3.3 of the General Standard for the
Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999), whey powders may be modified in
composition to meet the desired end-product composition, for instance, neutralization
or demineralization. However, compositional modifications beyond the minima
or maxima specified above for milk protein and water are not considered to be in
compliance with the Section 4.3.3.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
(CODEX STAN 192-1995) in Food Category 01.8.2 (Dried whey and whey products,
excluding whey cheese) may be used in foods subject to this standard.
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

Codes of Hygienic Practice and Codes of Practice. The products should comply with 57
7. LABELLING

Whey powder According to the definitions in section 2 and
Acid whey powder compositions as specified in Section 3.3.
The designation of products in which the fat and/or lactose contents are below or
above the reference content levels specified in Section 3.3 of this Standard shall be
accompanied by an appropriate qualification describing the modification made or the
lactose and/or fat content, respectively, either as part of the name or in a prominent
position in the same field of vision.
The term “sweet” may accompany the name of whey powder, provided that the whey
powder meets the following compositional criteria:
minimum lactose: 65%
minimum protein: 11%
maximum ash: 8.5%
pH (10% solution)*: >6
* or titratable acidity of maximum 0.16% (calculated as lactic acid).

replaced by an identification mark, provided that such mark is clearly identifiable with
58
CODEX STANDARD FOR EDIBLE CASEIN PRODUCTS
CODEX STAN 290-1995
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to edible acid casein, edible rennet casein and edible caseinate,
intended for direct consumption or further processing, in conformity with the
2. DESCRIPTION
Edible acid casein is the milk product obtained by separating, washing and drying the
acid-precipitated coagulum of skimmed milk and/or of other products obtained from
milk.
Edible rennet casein is the milk product obtained by separating, washing and drying
the coagulum of skimmed milk and/or of other products obtained from milk. The
coagulum is obtained through the reaction of rennet or other coagulating enzymes.
Edible caseinate is the milk product obtained by action of edible casein or edible casein
curd coagulum with neutralizing agents followed by drying.
3.1 Raw materials

Skimmed milk and/or other products obtained from milk.

– Starter cultures of harmless lactic acid producing bacteria
– Rennet or other safe and suitable coagulating enzymes
– Potable water.
3.3 Composition
Rennet casein Acid casein Caseinates
Minimum milk protein 84.0% m/m 90.0% m/m 88.0% m/m

in dry matter(a)
Minimum content of casein 95.0% m/m 95.0% m/m 95.0% m/m

in milk protein
Maximum water(b) 12.0% m/m 12.0% m/m 8.0% m/m
Maximum milkfat 2.0% m/m 2.0% m/m 2.0% m/m
Ash (including P2O5) 7.5% m/m (min.) 2.5% m/m (max.) –
Maximum lactose(c) 1.0% m/m 1.0% m/m 1.0% m/m

59
Maximum free acid – 0.27 ml 0.1 N –

NaOH/g
Maximum pH value – – 8.0
(a) Protein content is 6.38 multiplied by the total Kjeldahl nitrogen determined.
(b) The water content does not include water of crystallization of the lactose.
(c) Although the products may contain both anhydrous lactose and lactose monohydrate, the lactose content
is expressed as anhydrous lactose. 100 parts of lactose monohydrate contain 95 parts of anhydrous lactose.
In accordance with the provision of section 4.3.3 of the General Standard for the Use
of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999), edible casein products may be modified in
composition to meet the desired end-product composition. However, compositional
modifications beyond the minima or maxima specified above for milk protein in
dry matter, casein, water, milkfat, lactose and free acid are not considered to be in
compliance with the Section 4.3.3.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Only those additives listed below may be used within the limits specified.
Caseinates
Acidity regulators
170 Calcium citrates
261(i) Potassium acetate
262(i) Sodium acetate
263 Calcium acetate
325 Sodium lactate
326 Potassium lactate
327 Calcium lactate
Limited by GMP
328 Ammonium lactate
329 Magnesium lactate, DL-
331 Sodium citrates
332 Potassium citrates
345 Magnesium citrates
380 Triammonium citrates
4 400 mg/kg singly or in combination
341 Calcium phosphates expressed as phosphorous*
342 Ammonium phosphates
342 Magnesium phosphates
452 Polyphosphates 2 200 mg/kg singly or in combination
expressed as phosphorous*
60
ED IBLE C A SEI N PRODUC T S (CODE X STA N 29 0 -19 95)

503 Ammonium carbonates
504 Magnesium carbonates
524 Sodium hydroxide Limited by GMP
525 Potassium hydroxide
526 Calcium hydroxide
527 Ammonium hydroxide
528 Magnesium hydroxide
Emulsifiers
322 Lecithins
471 Mono- and di-glycerides of Limited by GMP
fatty acids
Bulking agents
Anti-caking agents
460 Cellulose
504(i) Magnesium carbonate
530 Magnesium oxide
551 Silicon dioxide, amorphous 4 400 mg/kg singly or in
combination*
1442 Hydroxypropyl distach
phosphate
* Total amount of phosphorous shall not exceed 4 400 mg/kg.
5. CONTAMINANTS
61
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

Edible acid casein
According to the descriptions in Section 2 and the
Edible caseinate
compositions in Section 3.3.
Edible rennet casein
The name of edible caseinate shall be accompanied by an indication of the cation used.

replaced by an identification mark, provided that such mark is clearly identifiable with
62
ED IBLE C A SEI N PRODUC T S (CODE X STA N 29 0 -19 95)
1. Other quality factors
1.1 Physical appearance

White to pale cream; free from lumps which do not break up under slight pressure.
1.2 Flavour and odour

Not more than slight foreign flavours and odours. The product must be free from
offensive flavours and odours.
2. Processing aids
Acids used for precipitation purposes:

INS no. Name
260 Acetic acid, glacial
270 Lactic acid, L-, D- and DL-
330 Citric acid
338 Orthophosphoric acid
507 Hydrochloric acid
513 Sulphuric acid
For renneting enhancement purposes:
509 Calcium chloride
3. Additional quality factors

Maximum sediment 15 mg/25g 22.5 mg/25g 22.5 mg/25g (spray dried)
(scorched particles) 81.5 mg/25g (roller dried)
Heavy metals
The following limits apply:
Metal Maximum limit
Copper 5 mg/kg
Iron 20 mg/kg (50 mg/kg in roller dried caseinates)
4. Additional methods of analysis

63
CODEX GROUP STANDARD FOR CHEESES IN BRINE

CODEX STAN 208-1999
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Cheeses in Brine, intended for direct consumption or further
processing, in conformity with the description in Section 2 of this Standard. Subject
to the provisions of this Group Standard, Codex standards for individual varieties of
Cheeses in Brine may contain provisions which are more specific than those in this
Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
Cheeses in Brine are semi-hard to soft ripened cheeses in conformity with the General
Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978). The body has a white to yellowish colour
and a compact texture suitable for slicing, with none to few mechanical openings.
The cheeses have no actual rind and have been ripened and preserved in brine until
delivered to, or prepacked for, the consumer. Certain individual Cheeses in Brine
contain specific herbs and spices as part of their identity.
3.1 Raw materials


– Starter cultures of harmless lactic acid and/or flavour producing bacteria and
cultures of other harmless micro-organisms
– Safe and suitable enzymes
– Sodium chloride
– Potable water
– Herbs and spices where part of the identity of the Cheese in Brine.
3.3 Composition
Soft Semi-hard
Minimum fat in dry matter, % 40 40
Minimum dry matter, % 40 52
64
Adopted in 1999. Amendment 2001, 2010.

C HEESES I N B R I NE (CODE X STA N 20 8 -19 9 9)
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Only those food additives listed may be used and only within the limits specified.
Acidity regulators
270 Lactic acid, L‑, D‑ and DL‑ Limited by GMP
575 Glucono delta-lactone Limited by GMP
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE
7. LABELLING
(CODEX STAN 206-1999), the following specific provisions apply.

The name of the food shall be Cheese in Brine. However, the word “Cheese in Brine”
may be omitted in the designation of an individual Cheese in Brine variety reserved by
a Codex standard for individual Cheese in Brine, and, in the absence thereof, a variety
name specified in the national legislation of the country in which the product is sold,
provided that the omission does not create an erroneous impression regarding the
character of the food.
65

The milkfat content shall be declared in a manner found acceptable in the country of
sale to the final consumer, either (i) as a percentage by mass, (ii) as a percentage of fat
in dry matter, or (iii) in grams per serving as quantified in the label provided that the
number of servings is stated.
Additionally, the following terms may be used:
High fat (if the content of FDM is above or equal to 60%)

Full fat (if the content of FDM is above or equal to 45%
and less than 60%)
Medium fat (if the content of FDM is above or equal to 25%
and less than 45%)
Partially skimmed (if the content of FDM is above or equal to 10%
and less than 25%)
Skim (if the content of FDM is less than 10%)

8.1 Sampling
Special requirements for Cheese in Brine: A representative piece of cheese is placed on
a cloth or on a sheet of absorbent paper for 5 to 10 min. A slice of 2–3 cm is cut off and
sent to the laboratory in a sealed insulated box for analysis.
66
CODEX GROUP STANDARD FOR UNRIPENED CHEESE
INCLUDING FRESH CHEESE
CODEX STAN 221-2001
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to unripened cheese including fresh cheese, intended for direct
this Standard. Subject to the provisions of this Standard, Codex Standards for individual
varieties of unripened cheese may contain provisions, which are more specific than
those in this Standard and in these cases; those specific provisions shall apply.
2. DESCRIPTION
Unripened cheeses including fresh cheeses are products in conformity with the General
Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978), which are ready for consumption shortly
after manufacture.
3.1 Raw materials


– Starter cultures of harmless lactic acid and/ or flavour producing bacteria and
– Sodium chloride
– Potable water
– Gelatine and starches: Notwithstanding the provisions in the General Standard
for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978), these substances can be used in the same
function as stabilizers, provided they are added only in amounts functionally
necessary as governed by Good Manufacturing Practice taking into account any
use of the stabilisers/thickeners listed in section 4
– Vinegar
– Rice, corn and potato flours and starches: Notwithstanding the provisions in the
General Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978), these substances can be
used in the same function as anti-caking agents for treatment of the surface of
cut, sliced, and shredded products only, provided they are added only in amounts
functionally necessary as governed by Good Manufacturing Practice taking into
account any use of the anti-caking agents listed in section 4.
67
Adopted 2001. Amendment 2008, 2010.

4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Additives not listed below but provided for in individual Codex standards for varieties
of Unripened Cheeses may also be used in similar types of cheese within the limits
specified within those standards.
Acidity regulators
170 Calcium carbonates Limited by GMP
260 Acetic acid, glacial Limited by GMP
270 Lactic acid, L-, D- and DL- Limited by GMP
296 Malic acid, DL- Limited by GMP
330 Citric acid Limited by GMP
338 Phosphoric acid 880 mg/kg expressed as phosphorous
500 Sodium carbonates Limited by GMP
501 Potassium carbonates Limited by GMP
507 Hydrochloric acid Limited by GMP
575 Glucono delta‑lactone (GDL) Limited by GMP
Stabilizers/thickeners
Stabilizers and thickeners including modified starches may be used in compliance with the definition
for milk products and only to the extent they are functionally necessary taking into account any use of
gelatine and starch as provided for in section 3.2.
331 Sodium citrates
332 Potassium citrates Limited by GMP
341 Calcium phosphates 1 540 mg/kg, singly or in
combination, expressed as
450(i) Disodium diphosphate phosphorous
541 Sodium aluminium phosphate
400 Alginic acid
401 Sodium alginate
403 Ammonium alginate
404 Calcium alginate
405 Propylene glycol alginate 5 g/kg
406 Agar
407 Carrageenan
410 Carob bean gum
413 Tragacanth gum
415 Xanthan gum
416 Karaya gum
68
UN R I PENED C HEESE I NC LUD I NG FRESH C HEESE (CODE X STA N 221-20 01)
417 Tara gum

440 Pectins
460 Cellulose Limited by GMP
466 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cellulose gum)
576 Sodium gluconate
Modified starches as follows:

1400 Dextrins, roasted starch white and yellow
1401 Acid‑treated starch
1402 Alkaline treated starch
1403 Bleached starched
1404 Oxidized starch
1405 Starches, enzyme‑treated
1410 Monostarch phosphate
1412 Distarch phosphate esterified with sodium Limited by GMP
trimetasphosphate;
esterified with phosphorus oxychloride
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate
1420 Starch acetate
1422 Acetylated distarch adipate
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
Colours
100 Curcumins (for edible cheese rind) Limited by GMP
101 Riboflavins Limited by GMP
140 Chlorophyll Limited by GMP
141 Copper chlorophylls 15 mg/kg, singly or combined
160a(i) Carotene, beta-, synthetic 25 mg/kg
160b(ii) Annatto extracts – norbixin-based 25 mg/kg
160c Paprika oleoresins Limited by GMP
160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8’- 35 mg/kg
160f Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta-apo-8’- 35 mg/kg
162 Beet red Limited by GMP
171 Titanium dioxide Limited by GMP
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
1 000 mg/kg of cheese, singly or in
202 Potassium sorbate combination, expressed as sorbic
acid
203 Calcium sorbate
234 Nisin 12.5 mg/kg
280 Propionic acid
281 Sodium propionate
Limited by GMP
282 Calcium propionate
283 Potassium propionate
69
For surface/rind treatment only:

235 Natamycin (pimaricin) 2 mg/dm2 of surface. Not present in
a depth of 5 mm.
Foaming agents (for whipped products only)

290 Carbon dioxide Limited by GMP
941 Nitrogen Limited by GMP
Anticaking agents (Sliced, cut, shredded and grated products only (surface treatment))
460 Cellulose Limited by GMP
551 Silicon dioxide, amorphous
10 000 mg/kg singly or in
554 Sodium aluminosilicate combination.
556 Calcium aluminium silicate Silicates calculated as silicon dioxide
560 Potassium silicate
Preservatives (Sliced, cut, shredded and grated products only (surface treatment))
200 Sorbic acid
1 000 mg/kg of cheese, singly or in
202 Potassium sorbate combination, expressed as sorbic
acid
203 Calcium sorbate
280 Propionic acid
Limited by GMP
235 Natamycin (pimaricin) 20 mg/kg applied to the surface
added during kneading and
stretching process
5. CONTAMINANTS
70
UN R I PENED C HEESE I NC LUD I NG FRESH C HEESE (CODE X STA N 221-20 01)
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The name of the food shall be unripened cheese. However, the words “unripened
cheese” may be omitted in the designation of an individual unripened cheese variety
reserved by a Codex standard for individual cheeses, and, in the absence thereof, a
variety name specified in the national legislation of the country in which the product
is sold, provided that the omission does not create an erroneous impression regarding
the character of the food.
In case the product is not designated by an alternative or a variety name, but with the
designation “unripened cheese”, the designation may be accompanied by a descriptive
term such as provided for in Section 7.1.1 of the General Standard for Cheese (CODEX
STAN 283-1978).
Unripened cheese may alternatively be designated “fresh cheese” provided it is not

misleading to the consumer in the country in which the product is sold.

in dry matter, or (iii) in grams per serving as quantified in the label, provided that the

and less than 60%)
and less than 45%)
and less than 25%)
Skim (if the content of FDM is less than 10%) 71

documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification and the name and
address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container, and, in the absence
of such a container on the cheese itself. However, lot identification and the name and
address of the manufacturer or packer may be replaced by an identification mark,
provided that such mark is clearly identifiable with the accompanying documents.
72
Codex Standard
for Extra Hard Grating Cheese
CODEX STAN 278-1978
1. Designation of cheese
Extra Hard Grating
2. Depositing country
United States of America
3. Raw materials
3.1 Kind of milk: cow’s milk, goat’s milk or sheep’s milk and mixtures of these milks.
3.2 Authorized additions

3.2.1 Necessary additions:
– cultures of harmless lactic acid producing bacteria (starter)
– rennet or other suitable coagulating enzymes
– sodium chloride.
3.2.2 Optional additions:
– calcium chloride, max.200 mg anhydrous/kg of the milk used
– harmless flavour producing bacteria
– harmless enzymes to assist in flavour development (solids of preparation not to
exceed 0.1% of weight of milk used)
– chlorophyll, including copper chlorophyll complex, max. 15 mg/kg cheese
– sorbic acid or its sodium or potassium salts, maximum 1 g/kg calculated as sorbic
acid in the final product.
4. Principal characteristics of the cheese ready for consumption
4.1 Type
4.1.1 Consistency: extra hard, suitable for grating.
4.1.2 Short description: extra hard, dry, slightly brittle, suitable for grating. Period of curing
at least 6 months.
4.2 Shape: various.
4.3 Dimensions and weights: various.
73
Formerly CODEX STAN C-35-1978. Adopted in 1978.

4.4 Rind (where present)

4.4.1 Consistency: extra hard.
4.4.2 Appearance: dry, may be coated with vegetable oil, food grade wax or plastic materials.
4.4.3 Colour: amber.
4.5 Body
4.5.1 Texture: granular, slightly brittle.
4.5.2 Colour: natural uncoloured to light cream colour.
4.6 Holes (when holes are a typical characteristic of the variety)

4.6.1 Number: few.
4.6.2 Shape: small, round.
4.6.3 Size: approximately 1–2 mm.
4.6.4 Appearance: characteristic gas holes.
4.7 Minimum fat content in dry matter: 32%
4.8 Maximum moisture content: 36%
5. Method of manufacture
5.1 Method of coagulation: rennet or other suitable coagulating enzymes; with the
possible addition of a lactic acid starter.
5.2 Heat treatment: milk may be raw or pasteurized. If pasteurized the milk is heated to
not less than 72 °C (161 °F) for 15 seconds.
5.3 Fermentation procedure: lactic acid fermentation or other flavour producing cultures
and enzymes.
5.4 Maturation procedure: after the curd which may be lightly salted is shaped into forms,
the cheese may again be salted in brine, dry salted or both; held in a cool and well
aerated or temperature controlled room for not less than 6 months.
6. Sampling and analysis
74
E xtra Hard G rating C heese (CODE X STA N 278 -1978)
7. Marking and labelling
7.1 Only cheese conforming with this standard may be designated Extra Hard Grating Cheese
or any recognized variety name in the consuming country. A “coined” or “fanciful”
name, may be used however, provided it is not misleading and is accompanied by the
phrase “Extra Hard Grating Cheese”.
7.2 It shall be labelled in conformity with the appropriate sections of the General Standard
for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978).
75
CODEX GENERAL STANDARD FOR CHEESE

CODEX STAN 283-1978
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to all products, intended for direct consumption or further
processing, in conformity with the definition of cheese in Section 2 of this Standard.
Subject to the provisions of this Standard, standards for individual varieties of cheese,
or groups of varieties of cheese, may contain provisions which are more specific than
those in this Standard and in these cases, those specific provisions shall apply.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Cheese is the ripened or unripened soft, semi-hard, hard, or extra-hard product, which
may be coated, and in which the whey protein/casein ratio does not exceed that of
milk, obtained by:
(a) coagulating wholly or partly the protein of milk, skimmed milk, partly skimmed
milk, cream, whey cream or buttermilk, or any combination of these materials,
through the action of rennet or other suitable coagulating agents, and by
partially draining the whey resulting from the coagulation, while respecting
the principle that cheese-making results in a concentration of milk protein (in
particular, the casein portion), and that consequently, the protein content of the
cheese will be distinctly higher than the protein level of the blend of the above
milk materials from which the cheese was made; and/or
(b) processing techniques involving coagulation of the protein of milk and/or
products obtained from milk which give an end-product with similar physical,
chemical and organoleptic characteristics as the product defined under (a).
2.1.1 Ripened cheese is cheese which is not ready for consumption shortly after manufacture
but which must be held for such time, at such temperature, and under such other
conditions as will result in the necessary biochemical and physical changes characterizing
the cheese in question.
2.1.2 Mould ripened cheese is a ripened cheese in which the ripening has been accomplished
primarily by the development of characteristic mould growth throughout the interior
and/or on the surface of the cheese.
2.1.3 Unripened cheese including fresh cheese is cheese which is ready for consumption
shortly after manufacture.
3.1 Raw materials

76
Formerly CODEX STAN A-6-1973. Adopted in 1973. Revision 1999, Amendments 2006, 2008.
C HEESE (CODE X STA N 283 -1978)

– Starter cultures of harmless lactic acid and/or flavour producing bacteria and
cultures of other harmless microorganisms
– Safe and suitable enzymes
– Sodium chloride
– Potable water.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Unripened cheeses
As listed in the Standard for Unripened Cheese Including Fresh Cheese (CODEX STAN
221-2001).
Cheeses in brine
As listed in the Standard for Cheeses in Brine (CODEX STAN 208-1999).
Ripened cheeses, including mould ripened cheeses

Additives not listed below but provided for in Codex individual standards for varieties
of ripened cheeses may also be used for similar types of cheese within the limits
specified within those standards.
Colours
100 Curcumins (for edible cheese rind) Limited by GMP
101 Riboflavins Limited by GMP
120 Carmines (for red marbled cheeses only) Limited by GMP
140 Chlorophyll (for green marbled cheeses Limited by GMP
only)
141 Chlorophylls, copper complexes 15 mg/kg
160a(i) Carotene, beta-, synthetic 25 mg/kg
160b(ii) Annatto extracts, norbixin-based 50 mg/kg
160c Paprika oleoresin Limited by GMP
160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8’- 35 mg/kg
160f Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta-apo-8’- 35 mg/kg
162 Beet red Limited by GMP
Acidity regulators
504 Magnesium carbonates Limited by GMP
575 Glucono delta-lactone
77
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
201 Sodium sorbate 3 000 mg/kg calculated as sorbic
202 Potassium sorbate acid
203 Calcium sorbate
239 Hexamethylene tetramine (Provolone only) 25 mg/kg, expressed as
formaldehyde
251 Sodium nitrate
50 mg/kg, expressed as NaNO3
252 Potassium nitrate
280 Propionic acid
3 000 mg/kg, calculated as
281 Sodium propionate propionic acid
1105 Lysozyme Limited by GMP
For surface/rind treatment only:
200 Sorbic acid
202 Potassium sorbate combination, calculated as sorbic
acid
203 Calcium sorbate
235 Natamycin (pimaricin) 2 mg/dm2 of surface. Not present
in a depth of 5 mm
Miscellaneous additive
Sliced, cut, shredded or grated cheese

Anti-caking agents
460 Celluloses Limited by GMP
554 Sodium aluminosilicate 10 000 mg/kg singly or in
combination. Silicates calculated
555 Potassium aluminium silicate as silicon dioxide
560 Potassium silicate
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
202 Potassium sorbate combination, calculated as sorbic
203 Calcium sorbate acid
78
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The name of the food shall be cheese. However, the word “cheese” may be omitted
in the designation of an individual cheese variety reserved by a Codex standard for
individual cheeses, and, in the absence thereof, a variety name specified in the national
legislation of the country in which the product is sold, provided that the omission does
not create an erroneous impression regarding the character of the food.
7.1.1 In case the product is not designated with a variety name but with the designation
“cheese” alone, the designation may be accompanied by the appropriate descriptive
terms in the following table:
DESIGNATION ACCORDING TO FIRMNESS AND RIPENING CHARACTERISTICS

According to firmness: Term 1
According to principal ripening: Term 2
MFFB% Designation
< 51 Extra hard Ripened
49–56 Hard Mould ripened
54–69 Firm/Semi‑hard Unripened/Fresh
> 67 Soft In Brine
79
MFFB equals percentage moisture on a fat-free basis, i.e.,
Weight of moisture in the cheese

× 100
Total weight of cheese – Weight of fat in the cheese
Example:
The designation of a cheese with moisture on a fat‑free basis of 57% which is ripened
in a manner similar in which Danablu is ripened would be:
“Mould ripened firm cheese or firm mould ripened cheese.”

The milkfat content shall be declared in a manner found acceptable in the country of

and less than 60%)
and less than 45%)
and less than 25%)
Skim (if the content of FDM is less than 10%)
7.3 Date marking

Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 4.7.1 of the General Standard for the
Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), the date of minimum durability
need not be declared in the labelling of firm, hard and extra hard cheese which are not
mould/soft-ripened and not intended to be purchased as such by the final consumer: in
such cases the date of manufacture shall be declared.

documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification, and the name and
address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container, and in the absence
of such a container on the cheese itself. However, lot identification, and the name and
address of the manufacturer or packer may be replaced by an identification mark,
provided that such a mark is clearly identifiable with the accompanying documents.
80 See CODEX STAN 234-1999.

Appendix1
Cheese rind
During ripening of the moulded cheese curd in natural creation or in environments

in which the air humidity and, possibly, air composition are controlled, the outside of
the cheese will develop into a semi-closed layer with a lower moisture content. This
part of the cheese is called rind. The rind is constituted of cheese mass which, at the
start of the ripening, is of the same composition as the internal part of the cheese. In
may cases, the brining of cheese initiates the formation of rind. Due to the influence
of the salt gradient in the brine, of oxygen, of drying out and of other reactions, the
rind successively becomes of a somewhat different composition than the interior of the
cheese and often presents a more bitter taste.
During or after ripening the cheese rind can be treated or can be naturally colonized
with desired cultures of microorganisms, for instance Penicillium candidum or
Brevibacterium linens. The resulting layer, in some cases referred to as smear, forms a
part of the rind.
Rindless cheese is ripened by the use of a ripening film. The outer part of that cheese
does not develop a rind with a lower moisture content although influence of light of
course can cause some difference compared to the inner part.
Cheese surface
The term “cheese surface” is used for the outside layer of cheese or parts of cheese,
even in the sliced, shredded or grated form. The term includes the outside of the whole
cheese, disregarding whether a rind has been formed or not.
Cheese coatings
Cheese can be coated prior to the ripening, during the ripening process or when the
ripening has been finished. When a coating is used during ripening the purpose of the
coating is to regulate the moisture content of the cheese and to protect the cheese
against micro-organisms.
Coating of a cheese after the ripening has been finished is done to protect the
cheese against microorganisms and other contamination, to protect the cheese from
physical damage during transport and distribution and/or to give the cheese a specific
appearance (e.g. coloured).
Coating can be distinguished very easily from rind, as coatings are made of non-cheese
material, and very often it is possible to remove the coating again by brushing, rubbing
or peeling it off.
1
Amendment adopted by the 26th Session of the Codex Alimentarius Commission (2003). 81
Cheese can be coated with:

– A film, very often polyvinylacetate, but also other artificial material or material
composed of natural ingredients, which helps to regulate the humidity during
ripening and protects the cheese against microorganisms (for example, ripening
films).2
– A layer, mostly wax, paraffin or a plastic, which normally is impermeable to
moisture, to protect the cheese after ripening against microorganisms and against
physical damage during retail handling and, in some cases to contribute to the
presentation of the cheese.
2
Wheat gluten or wheat protein products should not be used for technological reasons e.g. coating or processing aids for foods
82 which are gluten-free by nature – Standard for Wheat Protein Products including Wheat Gluten (CODEX STAN 163-1987).
CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEY CHEESES
CODEX STAN 284-1971
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to all products intended for direct consumption or further
processing, in conformity with the definition of whey cheeses in Section 2 of this
Standard. Subject to the provisions of this Standard, Codex standards for individual
varieties of whey cheeses may contain provisions which are more specific than those in
this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Whey Cheeses are solid, semi-solid, or soft products which are principally obtained
through either of the following processes:
(1) the concentration of whey and the moulding of the concentrated product;
(2) the coagulation of whey by heat with or without the addition of acid.
In each case, the whey may be pre-concentrated prior to the further concentration of
whey or coagulation of the whey proteins. The process may also include the addition
of milk, cream, or other raw materials of milk origin before or after concentration or
coagulation. The ratio of whey protein to casein in the product obtained through the
coagulation of whey shall be distinctly higher than that of milk.
The product obtained through the coagulation of whey may either be ripened or
unripened.
2.2 Whey Cheese obtained through the concentration of whey is produced by heat
evaporation of whey, or a mixture of whey and milk, cream, or other raw materials of
milk origin, to a concentration enabling the final cheese to obtain a stable shape. Due
to their relatively high lactose content these cheeses are typically yellowish to brown in
colour and possess a sweet, cooked, or caramelized flavour.
2.3 Whey Cheese obtained through the coagulation of whey is produced by heat
precipitation of whey, or a mixture of whey and milk or cream, with or without the
addition of acid. These whey cheeses have a relatively low lactose content and a white
to yellowish colour.
3.1 Raw materials

(1) For products obtained through the concentration of whey:
whey, cream, milk and other raw materials obtained from milk.
(2) For products obtained through the coagulation of whey:
whey, milk, cream and buttermilk.
83
Formerly CODEX STAN A-7-1971. Adopted in 1971. Revision 1999, 2006. Amendment 2010.

Only for use in products obtained by coagulation of whey:
– Sodium chloride
– Starter cultures of harmless lactic acid bacteria.
Only for use in products obtained through the concentration of whey by heat treatment
– Sugars (limited by GMP).
Nutrients for Food (CAC/GL 9-1987), maximum and minimum levels for minerals and
other nutrients, where appropriate, should be laid down by national legislation in
accordance with the needs of individual country including, where appropriate, the
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
(CODEX STAN 192-1995) in Food Category 01.6.3 (Whey cheese) and 01.6.6 (Whey
protein cheese) may be used in foods subject to this standard.
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING
84 (CODEX STAN 206-1999), the following specific provisions apply:
WHE Y C HEESES (CODE X STA N 28 4 -1971)

The name of the food shall be whey cheese. Where it is considered necessary for
consumer information in the country of sale, a description of the nature of the product
may be required. The words “whey cheese” may be omitted in the designation of an
individual whey cheese variety reserved by a Codex standard for individual cheeses,
and, in the absence thereof, a variety name specified in the national legislation of the
country in which the product is sold, provided that the omission does not create an
erroneous impression regarding the character of the food.
In case a whey cheese obtained through the co-agulation of whey is not designated
by a variety name, but with the designation “whey cheese”, the designation may be
accompanied by a descriptive term such as provided for in Section 7.1.1 of the General
Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978).
Unripened whey cheese obtained through the concentration of whey may be

designated according to the fat content as provided in Section 7.2.
7.2 Declaration of milk fat content

For cheeses obtained from the concentration of whey, the declaration of milk fat
content may be combined with an indication of the fat content as follows:
Fat on the dry basis1

Creamed whey cheese minimum 33%
Whey cheese minimum 10% and less than 33%
Skimmed whey cheese less than 10%

Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), and, if necessary,
storage instructions, shall be given either on the container or in accompanying documents,
except that the name of the product, lot identification, and the name and address of the
manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container. However, lot identification, and
the name and address of the manufacturer or packer may be replaced by an identification
mark, provided that such a mark is clearly identifiable with the accompanying documents.
85
1
The dry matter content of whey cheese includes water of crystallization of the lactose.
CODEX STANDARD FOR MOZZARELLA

CODEX STAN 262-2006
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Mozzarella intended for direct consumption or for further
processing, in conformity with the description in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
Mozzarella is an unripened cheese in conformity with the General Standard for Cheese
(CODEX STAN 283-1978) and the Standard for Unripened Cheese Including Fresh Cheese
(CODEX STAN 221-2001). It is a smooth elastic cheese with a long stranded parallel-
orientated fibrous protein structure without evidence of curd granules. The cheese is
rindless1 and may be formed into various shapes.
Mozzarella with a high moisture content is a soft cheese with overlying layers that may
form pockets containing liquid of milky appearance. It may be packed with or without
the liquid. The cheese has a near white colour.
Mozzarella with a low moisture content is a firm/semi-hard homogeneous cheese

without holes and is suitable for shredding.
Mozzarella is made by “pasta filata” processing, which consists of heating curd of

a suitable pH value kneading and stretching until the curd is smooth and free from
lumps. Still warm, the curd is cut and moulded, then firmed by cooling. Other processing
techniques, which give end products with the same physical, chemical and organoleptic
characteristics are allowed.
3.1 Raw materials

Cows’ milk or buffaloes’ milk, or their mixtures, and products obtained from these milks.

– Sodium chloride and potassium chloride as a salt substitute
– Safe and suitable processing aids
– Vinegar
– Potable water.
86 1
The cheese has been kept in such a way that no rind is developed (a “rindless” cheese).
Adopted 2006. Amendment 2010.

MOZ Z A RELL A (CODE X STA N 262-20 07)
cut, sliced, and shredded Mozzarella with a low moisture content only, provided
they are added only in amounts functionally necessary as governed by Good
Manufacturing Practice, taking into account any use of the anti-caking agents
listed in section 4.
3.3 Composition
Minimum content Maximum content Reference level

Milk constituent (m/m) (m/m) (m/m)
Milkfat in dry matter:

 with high moisture: 20% Not restricted 40% to 50%
 with low moisture 18% Not restricted 40% to 50%
Dry matter: Depending on the fat in dry matter content, according to the table below.
Corresponding minimum
dry matter content (m/m):
Fat in dry matter content (m/m):
With low With high
moisture moisture
Equal to or above 18% but less than 30%: 34% –

Equal to or above 20% but less than 30%: – 24%
Equal to or above 30% but less than 40%: 39% 26%
Compositional modifications beyond the minima and maxima specified above for
milkfat and dry matter are not considered to be in compliance with section 4.3.3 of the
General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999).
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Only those additives classes indicated as justified in the table below may be used for
the product categories specified. Within each additive class, and where permitted
according to the table, only those food additives listed below may be used and only
within the functions and limits specified.
87
JUSTIFIED USE
Mozzarella Mozzarella
with low moisture content with high moisture content
Additive
functional class
Cheese Surface Cheese Surface
mass treatment mass treatment
Colours: X(a) – X(a) –

Bleaching agents: – – – –
Acidity regulators: X – X –
Stabilizers: X – X –
Thickeners: X – X –
Emulsifiers: – – – –
Antioxidants: – – – –
Preservatives: X X X
Foaming agents: – – – –
Anti–caking agents: – X(b) –
(a) Only to obtain the colour characteristics, as described in Section 2.
(b) For the surface of sliced, cut, shredded or grated cheese, only.
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
201 Sodium sorbate 1 000 mg/kg
singly or in combination as
202 Potassium sorbate sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
235 Natamycin (pimaricin) Not exceeding 2 mg/dm2 and
not present in a depth of 5 mm
280 Propionic acid
Limited by GMP
Acidity regulators
261(i) Potassium acetate Limited by GMP
261(ii) Potassium diacetate Limited by GMP
262(i) Sodium acetate Limited by GMP
263 Calcium acetate Limited by GMP
88 330 Citric acid Limited by GMP
338 Phosphoric acid 880 mg/kg as phosphorous

350(i) Sodium hydrogen DL-malate Limited by GMP
350(ii) Sodium malate Limited by GMP
351(i) Potassium hydrogen malate Limited by GMP
351(ii) Potassium malate Limited by GMP
352(ii) Calcium malate, D, L- Limited by GMP
501(i) Potassium carbonate Limited by GMP
504(ii) Magnesium hydrogen carbonate Limited by GMP
575 Glucono-delta-lactone Limited by GMP
577 Potassium gluconate Limited by GMP
578 Calcium gluconate Limited by GMP
Stabilizers
333 Calcium citrates Limited by GMP
342(ii) Diammonium hydrogen phosphate 4 400 mg/kg, singly or in
343(ii) Magnesium hydrogen phosphate combination, expressed as
phosphorus
407 Carrageenan Limited by GMP 89

416 Karaya gum Limited by GMP
417 Tara gum Limited by GMP
466 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Limited by GMP
(Cellulose gum)
Colours
140 Chlorophylls Limited by GMP
141(i) Chlorophyll copper complexes
5 mg/kg
141(ii) Chlorophyllin copper complex, singly or in combination
sodium and potassium salts
Anticaking agents
460(i) Microcrystalline cellulose Limited by GMP
(cellulose gel)
460(ii) Powdered cellulose Limited by GMP
553(i) Magnesium silicate, synthetic 10 000 mg/kg
554 Sodium aluminosilicate silicon dioxide
5. CONTAMINANTS
The products covered by this Standard shall comply with the Maximum Levels for
contaminants that are specified for the product in the General Standard for Contaminants
and Toxins in Food and Feed (CODEX STAN 193-1995).
6. HYGIENE
It is recommended that the product covered by the provisions of this standard be

90 Codes of Hygienic Practice and Codes of Practice The products should comply with
7. LABELLING

The name Mozzarella may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), provided that
the product is in conformity with this Standard. Where customary in the country of
retail sale, alternative spelling may be used.
The use of the name is an option that may be chosen only if the cheese complies
with this standard. Where the name is not used for a cheese that complies with this
standard, the naming provisions of the General Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN
283-1978) apply.
The designation of Mozzarella with a high moisture content shall be accompanied by a

qualifying term describing the true nature of the product.
The designation of products in which the fat content is below or above the reference
range but above the absolute minimum specified in section 3.3 of this Standard shall
be accompanied by an appropriate qualification describing the modification made or
the fat content (expressed as fat in dry matter or as percentage by mass whichever is
acceptable in the country of retail sale), either as part of the name or in a prominent
position in the same field of vision. Suitable qualifiers are the appropriate characterizing
terms specified in Section 7.3 of the General Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-
1978) or a nutritional claim in accordance with the Guidelines for the Use of Nutritional
Claims (CAC/GL 023-1997)2.
The designation may also be used for cut, sliced, shredded or grated products made
from cheese which cheese is in conformity with this Standard.
7.2 Country of origin

The country of origin (which means the country of manufacture, not the country in
which the name originated) shall be declared. When the product undergoes substantial
transformation3 in a second country, the country in which the transformation is
performed shall be considered to be the country of origin for the purpose of labelling.
2
For the purpose of comparative nutritional claims, the minimum fat content of 40% fat in dry matter constitutes the references.
3
For instance, repackaging, cutting, slicing, shredding and grating is not regarded as substantial transformation. 91

retail sale, either (i) as a percentage by mass, (ii) as a percentage of fat in dry matter,
or (iii) in grams per serving as quantified in the label, provided that the number of
servings is stated.
7.4 Labelling of non retail containers

Information specified in Section 7 of this Standard and Sections 4.1 to 4.8 of the
General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985)
the name of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container, and in the
absence of such a container, on the product itself. However, lot identification and the
name and address may be replaced by an identification mark, provided that such mark
is clearly identifiable with the accompanying documents.
Determination of equivalency between “pasta filata” processing and other processing

techniques:
Identification of the typical structure by confocal laser scanning microscopy.
Mozzarella with a high moisture content

1.1 The principal starter culture micro-organisms are Streptococcus thermophilus and/or
Lactococcus spp.
1.2 Products made from buffalo’s milk shall be salted in cold brine.
92
CODEX STANDARD FOR CHEDDAR
CODEX STAN 263-1966
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Cheddar intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Cheddar is a ripened hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard for Cheese
(CODEX STAN 283-1978). The body has a near white or ivory through to light yellow
or orange colour and a firm-textured (when pressed by thumb), smooth and waxy
texture. Gas holes are absent, but a few openings and splits are acceptable. The cheese
is manufactured and sold with or without1 rind which may be coated.
For Cheddar ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and
body characteristics is normally from 5 weeks at 7–15 °C depending on the extent of
maturity required. Alternative ripening conditions (including the addition of ripening
enhancing enzymes) may be used, provided the cheese exhibits similar physical,
biochemical and sensory properties as those achieved by the previously stated ripening
procedure. Cheddar intended for further processing need not exhibit the same extent
of ripening when justified through technical and/or trade needs.
3.1 Raw materials


cultures of other harmless microorganisms
– Potable water
– Safe and suitable enzymes to enhance the ripening process
1
This is not to mean that the rind has been removed before sale, instead the cheese has been ripened and/or kept in such a
way that no rind is developed (a “rindless” cheese). Ripening film is used in the manufacture of rindless cheese. Ripening film
may also constitute the coating that protects the cheese. For rindless cheese see also the Appendix to the General Standard for
Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978). 93
Formerly CODEX STAN C-1-1966. Adopted in 1996. Revision 2007. Amendment 2008, 2010.
functionally necessary as governed by Good Manufacturing Practice, taking into

3.3 Composition
Milk constituent Minimum content Maximum content Reference level

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)
Milkfat in dry Not restricted 48% to 60%

22%
matter:
Corresponding minimum dry
Fat in dry matter content (m/m): matter content (m/m):
Equal to or above 22% but less than 30%: 49%

Equal to or above 60%: 66%
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justified use
Additive functional class:
Cheese mass Surface/rind treatment
Colours: X(a)
–
Bleaching agents: – –
Acidity regulators: X –
Stabilizers: – –
Thickeners: – –
Emulsifiers: – –
Antioxidants: – –
Preservatives: X X
Foaming agents: – –
Anti–caking agents: – X(b)

94
C HEDDA R (CODE X STA N 263 -19 6 6)
Colours
101(i) Riboflavin, syntenthic 300 mg/kg
160a(iii) Carotene, beta-, Blakeslea trispora 35 mg/kg
160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8’- Singly or in combination
160f Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta-apo-8’-
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
201 Sodium sorbate 1 000 mg/kg based on sorbic acid.
202 Potassium sorbate Surface treatment only *
203 Calcium sorbate
235 Natamycin (pimaricin) 2 mg/dm2 Not present at a depth of
5 mm. Surface treatment only *
251 Sodium nitrate 35 mg/kg
Singly or in combination
252 Potassium nitrate (expressed as nitrate ion)
280 Propionic acid
281 Sodium propionate 3 000 mg/kg
Surface treatment only *
Acidity regulators
504 (i) Magnesium carbonate Limited by GMP
Anticaking agents
460(i) Microcrystalline cellulose (cellulose gel) Limited by GMP
553(i) Magnesium silicate, synthetic
10 000 mg/kg
553(iii) Talc Singly or in combination
Silicates calculated as silicon dioxide
* For the definition of cheese surface and rind see Appendix to the General Standard for Cheese
(Codex STAN 283-1978)
95
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE
It is recommended that the product covered by the provisions of this standard be prepared
Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969), the Code of Hygienic Practice Milk and Milk Products
7. LABELLING

The name Cheddar may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
283-1978) apply.
the fat content (expressed as fat in dry matter or as percentage by mass, which ever is
96
C HEDDA R (CODE X STA N 263 -19 6 6)


retail sale either (i) as a percentage by mass, (ii) as a percentage of fat in dry matter,
servings is stated.
7.4 Date marking

Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), the date of manufacture may
be declared instead of the minimum durability information, provided that the product
is not intended to be purchased as such by the final consumer

2
For the purpose of comparative nutritional claims, the minimum fat content of 48% fat in dry matter constitutes the reference.
3
1.1 Starter cultures consist of non-gas forming lactic acid producing bacteria.
1.2 After coagulation, the curd is cut and heated in its whey to a temperature above
the coagulation temperature. The curd is separated from the whey and stirred or
cheddared. In traditional manufacture the curd is cut into blocks which are turned
and progressively piled, keeping the curd warm, which results in the curd becoming
compressed, smooth and elastic. After cheddaring the curd is milled. When the desired
acidity is reached the curd is salted. The curd and salt are then mixed and moulded.
Other processing techniques, which give end products with the same physical, chemical
and organoleptic characteristics may be applied.
98
CODEX STANDARD FOR DANBO
CODEX STAN 264-1966
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Danbo intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Danbo is a ripened firm/semi-hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard for
Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978). The body has a near white or ivory through to light
yellow or yellow colour and a firm-textured (when pressed by thumb) texture, suitable
for cutting, with few to plentiful, evenly distributed, smooth and round pea sized (or
mostly up to 10 mm in diameter) gas holes, but a few openings and splits are acceptable.
The shape is flat squared or parallelepiped. The cheese is manufactured and sold with or
without1 hard or slightly moist smear ripened rind, which may be coated.
For Danbo ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and
procedure. Danbo intended for further processing need not exhibit the same extent of
ripening when justified through technical and/or trade needs.
3.1 Raw materials


– Potable water
1
This is not to mean that the rind has been removed before sale, instead the cheese has been ripened and/or kept in such a way
that no rind is developed (a “rindless” cheese). Ripening film is used in the manufacture of rindless cheese. Ripening film may
also constitute the coating that protects the cheese. For rindless cheese, see also the Appendix to the General Standard for
3.3 Composition
(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)
Milkfat in dry 20% Not restricted 45% to 55%

matter:
Fat in dry matter content (m/m): matter content (m/m):

Equal to or above 45 but less than 55%: 52%
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justified use
Colours: X(a)
–
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: X X
Anti-caking agents: – X(b)

100
danbo (CODE X STA N 26 4 -19 6 6)

Colours
101(i) Riboflavin, synthetic 300 mg/kg
Carotene, beta-, Blakeslea
160a(iii)
trispora 35 mg/kg
160e Carotenal, beta-apo-8’- singly or in combination
Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta-
160f apo-8’-
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
2 mg/dm2 Not present at a depth of
235 Natamycin (pimaricin) 5 mm.
singly or in combination
280 Propionic acid
Acidity regulators
504 (i) Magnesium carbonate Limited by GMP
Anticaking agents
Microcrystalline cellulose
460(i) Limited by GMP
(cellulose gel)
10 000 mg/kg
553(iii) Talc singly or in combination
* For the definition of cheese surface and rind see Appendix to the General Standard for Cheese (CODEX
STAN 283-1978).
101
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The name Danbo may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
283-1978) apply.
102
danbo (CODE X STA N 26 4 -19 6 6)


servings is stated.
7.4 Date marking

is not intended to be purchased as such by the final consumer.

2
3
CODEX STANDARD FOR EDAM

CODEX STAN 265-1966
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Edam intended for direct consumption or for further processing
in conformity with the description in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
Edam is a ripened firm/semi-hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard for
yellow or yellow colour and a firm-textured (when pressed by thumb) texture, suitable
for cutting, with few more or less round rice to pea sized (or mostly up to 10 mm in
diameter) gas holes, distributed in a reasonable regular manner throughout the interior
of the cheese, but few openings and splits are acceptable. The shape is spherical, of a
flat block or of a loaf. The cheese is manufactured and sold with dry rind, which may
be coated. Edam of flat block or loaf shape is also sold without rind1.
For Edam ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and body
characteristics is normally from 3 weeks at 10–18 °C depending on the extent of maturity
required. Alternative ripening conditions (including the addition of ripening enhancing
enzymes) may be used, provided the cheese exhibits similar physical, biochemical and
sensory properties as those achieved by the previously stated ripening procedure. Edam
intended for further processing need not exhibit the same degree of ripening when
justified through technical and/or trade needs.
3.1 Raw materials


– Sodium chloride and potassium chloride as salt substitute
– Potable water
1
104 also constitute the coating that protects the cheese. For rindless cheese, see also the Appendix to the General Standard for
Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978).
Formerly CODEX STAN C-4-1966. Adopted 1966. Revision 2007. Amendment 2008, 2010.
EDAM (CODE X STA N 265 -19 6 6)
3.3 Composition

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)

matter:
Fat in dry matter content (m/m): Corresponding minimum dry
matter content (m/m):

4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justified use
Colours: X(a) –
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: X X
105
Colours
160a(iii) Carotene, beta-, Blakeslea trispora
35 mg/kg
160f Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta-
apo-8’-
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
202 Potassium sorbate Surface treatment only*
203 Calcium sorbate
5 mm.
Surface treatment only*
252 Potassium nitrate Singly or in combination
(expressed as nitrate ion)
280 Propionic acid
Acidity regulators
Anticaking agents
460(i) Microcrystalline cellulose Limited by GMP
554 Sodium aluminosilicate Silicates calculated as silicon dioxide
STAN 283-1978).
5. CONTAMINANTS
106
EDAM (CODE X STA N 265 -19 6 6)
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The names Edam, Edamer or Edammer may be applied in accordance with section 4.1
of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985),
provided that the product is in conformity with this Standard. Where customary in the
country of retail sale, alternative spelling may be used.
283-1978) apply.
range but above the absolute minimumspecified in section 3.3 of this Standard shall
2
For the purpose of comparative nutritional claims, the minimum fat content of 40% fat in dry matter constitutes the reference. 107


The milk fat content shall be declared in a manner found acceptable in the country of retail
sale, either (i) as a percentage by mass, (ii) as a percentage of fat in dry matter, or (iii) in
grams per serving as quantified in the label, provided that the number of servings is stated.
7.4 Date marking


APPENDIX– ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1. Appearance characteristics
Edam, in the spherical form, is normally manufactured with a weights ranging from
1.5 to 2.5 kg.
Salting method: Salted in brine.
108 3
For instance, repackaging, cutting, slicing, shredding and grating is not regarded as substantial transformation.
CODEX STANDARD FOR GOUDA
CODEX STAN 266-1966
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Gouda intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Gouda is a ripened firm/semi-hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard

for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978). The body has a near white or ivory through to
light yellow or yellow colour and a firm-textured (when pressed by thumb) texture,
suitable for cutting, with few to plentiful, more or less round pin’s head to pea sized (or
mostly up to 10 mm in diameter) gas holes, distributed in a reasonable regular manner
throughout the interior of the cheese, but few openings and splits are acceptable. The
shape is of a flattened cylinder with convex sides, a flat block, or a loaf. The cheese is
manufactured and sold with a dry rind, which may be coated. Gouda of flat block or
loaf shape is also sold without1 rind.
For Gouda ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and
procedure. Gouda intended for further processing and Gouda of low weights (< 2.5 kg)
need not exhibit the same degree of ripening when justified through technical and/or
trade needs.
3.1 Raw materials

Cows’ milk or buffaloes’ milk, or their mixtures, and products obtained from these
milks.

– Sodium chloride;and potassium chloride as a salt substitute
– Potable water
1
Formerly CODEX STAN C-5-1966. Adopted 2001. Revision 2007. Amendment 2008, 2010.

3.3 Composition

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)

matter:

Gouda with between 40 and 48% FDM and with a weight of less than 2.5 kg can be
sold with a DM content of min. 50%, provided that the name is qualified by the term
“baby”.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
110
GOUDA (CODE X STA N 26 6 -19 6 6)
Justified use
Colours: X(a) –
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: X X


Colours
160a(iii) Carotene, beta-, Blakeslea trispora
35 mg/kg
160f Carotenoic acid, ethyl ester, beta-
apo-8’-
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
5 mm.
280 Propionic acid
Acidity regulators
111
Anticaking agents
10 000 mg/kg
STAN 283-1978).
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The name Gouda may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
112
GOUDA (CODE X STA N 26 6 -19 6 6)
283-1978) apply.


retail sale , either (i) as a percentage by mass, (ii) as a percentage of fat in dry matter,
servings is stated.
7.4 Date marking


2
3
Gouda is normally manufactured with weights ranging from 2.5 to 30 kg. Lower
weights are normally qualified by the term “Baby”.
Salting method: Salted in brine.
114
CODEX STANDARD FOR HAVARTI
CODEX STAN 267-1966
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Havarti intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Havarti is a ripened firm/semi-hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard for
yellow or yellow colour and a texture suitable for cutting, with plentiful, irregular and
coarse large rice seed sized (or mostly 1–2 mm in width and up to 10 mm in length)
gas holes. The shape is flat cylindrical, rectangular or of a loaf shape. The cheese is sold
with or without1 a slightly greasy smear ripened rind, which may be coated.
For Havarti ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and
body characteristics is normally, depending on weight, 1–2 weeks at 14–18 °C (for smear
development) followed by from 1–3 weeks at 8–12 °C depending on the extent of
procedure. Havarti intended for further processing need not exhibit the same degree
of ripening when justified through technical and/or trade needs.
3.1 Raw materials


– Potable water
1
Formely CODEX STAN C-6-1966. Adopted 1966. Revision 2007. Amendment 2008, 2010.
3.3 Composition

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)
Milkfat in dry matter: 30% Not restricted 45% to 55%

Corresponding minimum
Fat in dry matter content (m/m): dry matter content (m/m):

4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justified use
Colours: X (a)
–
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: X X

116
HAVA R T I (CODE X STA N 267-19 6 6)
Colours
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
280 Propionic acid
Acidity regulators
Anticaking agents
552 Calcium cilicate
10 000 mg/kg

STAN 283-1978).
5. CONTAMINANTS
117
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The name Havarti may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
283-1978) apply.
Havarti with a fat in dry matter content of minimum 60% may alternatively be
designated Cream Havarti.
118 2
HAVA R T I (CODE X STA N 267-19 6 6)


servings is stated.
7.4 Date marking


3
CODEX STANDARD FOR SAMSØ

CODEX STAN 268-1966
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Samsø intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Samsø is a ripened hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard for Cheese
(CODEX STAN 283-1978). The body has a near white or ivory through to light yellow
or yellow colour and a firm-textured (when pressed by thumb) texture suitable for
cutting, with few to plentiful, evenly distributed, smooth and round pea to cherry
sized (or mostly up to 20 mm in diameter) gas holes, but few openings and splits are
acceptable. The shape is a flat cylindrical, flat square or rectangular. The cheese is sold
with or without1 a hard, dry rind, which may be coated.
For Samsø ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and body
characteristics is normally from 3 weeks at 8–17 °C depending on the extent of maturity
sensory properties as those achieved by the previously stated ripening procedure.
Samsø intended for further processing need not exhibit the same degree of ripening
when justified through technical and/or trade needs.
3.1 Raw materials


– Potable water
1
120 Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978).
SAMSØ (CODE X STA N 26 8 -19 6 6)
3.3 Composition
(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)


4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justified use
Colours: X(a) –
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: X X

121
Colours
160f Carotenoic acid, beta-apo-8’-ethyl ester
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
280 Propionic acid
Acidity regulators
Anticaking agents
10 000 mg/kg
* For the definition of cheese surface and rind see Appendix to the General Standard for Cheese (Codex STAN
283-1978).
5. CONTAMINANTS
122
SAMSØ (CODE X STA N 26 8 -19 6 6)
6. HYGIENE

Milk and Milk Products (CAC/RCP 57- 2004) and other relevant Codex texts such as
7. LABELLING

The name Samsø may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
283-1978) apply.
2


servings is stated.
7.4 Date marking


124 3
CODEX STANDARD FOR EMMENTAL
CODEX STAN 269-1967
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Emmental intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Emmental is a ripened hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard for
Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978). The body has a ivory through to light yellow or yellow
colour and an elastic, sliceable but not sticky texture, with regular, scarce to plentiful
distributed, mat to brilliant, cherry to walnut sized (or mostly from 1 to 5 cm in
diameter) gas holes, but few openings and splits are acceptable. Emmental is typically
manufactured as wheels and blocks of weights from 40 kg or more but individual
countries may on their territory permit other weights provided that the cheese exhibit
similar physical, biochemical and sensory properties. The cheese is manufactured and
sold with or without1 a hard, dry rind. The typical flavour is mild, nut-like and sweet,
more or less pronounced.
For Emmental ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and
body characteristics is normally from 2 months at 10–25°C depending on the extent of
enhancing enzymes) may be used, provided a minimum period of 6 weeks is observed
and provided the cheese exhibits similar physical, biochemical and sensory properties
as those achieved by the previously stated ripening procedure. Emmental intended
for further processing need not exhibit the same degree of ripening, when justified
through technical and/or trade needs.
3.1 Raw materials


– Sodium chloride and Potassium chloride as a salt substitute
1
Formerly CODEX STAN C-9-1967 – Standard for Emmentaler.

Adopted 1967. Revision 2007. Amendment 2008, 2010.
– Potable water
3.3 Composition
Milk constituent Minimum content Maximum content Reference leve

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)


Propionic acid in
cheese ready for minimum150 mg/100g
sale(a):
Calcium content(a): minimum 800 mg/100g
(a) The purpose of these criteria is to provide targets for the validation (initial assessment prior to the design
of the manufacturing process), respectively, of (i) whether the intended fermentation and ripening
conditions are capable of achieving the activity of propionic acid producing bacteria, and of (ii) whether
the curd management and pH development are capable of obtaining the characteristic texture.

Emmental is obtained by microbiological fermentation, using thermophilic lactic acid
producing bacteria for the primary (lactose) fermentation; the secondary (lactate)
fermentation is characterized by the activity of propionic acid producing bacteria.
The curd is heated after cutting to a temperature significantly above2 the coagulation
temperature.
2
The temperature required to obtain the compositional and sensory characteristics specified by this Standard depends on a
number of other technology factors, including the suitability of the milk for Emmental manufacture, the choice and activity
of coagulating enzymes and of primary and secondary starter cultures, the pH at whey drainage and at the point of whey
removal, and the ripening/storage conditions. These other factors differ according to local circumstances: in many cases, in
particular where traditional technology is applied, a cooking temperatures of approx. 50 ºC is typically applied; in other cases,
126 temperatures above and below are applied.
EMMEN TAL (CODE X STA N 269 -19 67)
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justified use
Colours: X(a) –
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: X X


Colours
160f Carotenoic acid, ethyl esters, beta-apo-8’-
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
5 mm.
127
Acidity regulators
Anticaking agents
Silicates calculated as silicon
554 Sodium aluminosilicate dioxide
STAN 283-1978).
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

Milk and Milk Products (CAC/RCP 57–2004) and other relevant Codex texts such as
128
EMMEN TAL (CODE X STA N 269 -19 67)
7. LABELLING

The names Emmental or Emmentaler may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of
the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985),
provided that the product is in conformity with this Standard. Where customary in the
country of retail sale, alternative spelling may be used.
283-1978) apply.
The designation of products in which the fat content is above the reference range
specified in section 3.3 of this Standard shall be accompanied by an appropriate
qualification describing the modification made or the fat content (expressed as fat in
dry matter or as percentage by mass whichever is acceptable in the country of retail
sale), either as part of the name or in a prominent position in the same field of vision.
Suitable qualifiers are the appropriate characterizing terms specified in Section 7.3
of the General Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978) or a nutritional claim in
accordance with the Guidelines for the Use of Nutritional Claims (CAC/GL 23-1997)3.


retail sale. either (i) as a percentage by mass, (ii) as a percentage of fat in dry matter,
servings is stated.
7.4 Date marking

3
4

Usual dimensions:
Shape: Wheel Block

Height: 12–30 cm 12–30 cm
Diameter: 70–100 cm –
Minimum weight: 60 kg 40 kg
2.1 Fermentation procedure:  Microbiologically derived acid development.
130
CODEX STANDARD FOR TILSITER
CODEX STAN 270-1968
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Tilsiter intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Tilsiter is a ripened firm/semi-hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard for
yellow or yellow colour and a firm-textured (when pressed by thumb) texture suitable
for cutting, with irregularly shaped, shiny and evenly distributed gas holes. The cheese
is manufactured and sold with or without1 a well-dried smear-developed rind, which
may be coated.
For Tilsiter ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and
procedure. Tilsiter intended for further processing need not exhibit the same degree of
ripening when justified through technical and/or trade needs.
3.1 Raw materials


– Potable water
1

3.3 Composition

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)


4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justified use
Colours: X(a) –
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: X X

132
T IL SI TER (CODE X STA N 270 -19 6 8)
Colours
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
235 Natamycin (natamycin) 5 mm.
280 Propionic acid
Acidity regulators
Anticaking agents
551 Silicon dioxide, (amorphous)
10 000 mg/kg
* For the definition of cheese surface and rind see Appendix to the General Standard for Cheese (Codex STAN
283-1978).
5. CONTAMINANTS
133
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The name Tilsiter may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
283-1978) apply.
Claims (CAC/GL 23-1997).2
134 2
T IL SI TER (CODE X STA N 270 -19 6 8)


servings is stated.
7.4 Date marking


3
CODEX STANDARD FOR SAINT-PAULIN

CODEX STAN 271-1968
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Saint-Paulin intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Saint-Paulin is a ripened firm/semi-hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard

for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978). The body has a near white or ivory through to
light yellow or yellow colour and a firm-textured (when pressed by thumb) but flexible
texture. Gas holes are generally absent, but few openings and splits are acceptable. The
cheese is manufactured and sold with or without1 a dry or slightly moist rind, which is
hard, but elastic under thumb pressure, and which may be coated.
For Saint-Paulin ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and
body characteristics is normally from 1 week at 10–17 °C depending on the extent of
procedure. Saint-Paulin intended for further processing need not exhibit the same
degree of ripening when justified through technical and/or trade needs.
3.1 Raw materials


– Potable water
1
that no rind is developed (a “rindless” cheese). Ripening film may be used in the manufacture of rindless cheese. Ripening film
may also constitute the coating that protects the cheese. For rindless cheese, see also the Appendix to the General Standard for
SA I N T- PAUL I N (CODE X STA N 271-19 6 8)

3.3 Composition

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)


4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justified use
Colours: X(a) –
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: X X
137
Colours
160f Carotenoic acid, rethyl ester, beta-apo-8’-
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
280 Propionic acid
Acidity regulators
Anticaking agents
10 000 mg/kg
STAN 283-1978).
5. CONTAMINANTS
138
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The name Saint-Paulin may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
283-1978) apply.
2


servings is stated.
7.4 Date marking


140 3
1.1 Shape: Small flat cylinder with slightly convex sides. Other shapes are possible.
1.2 Dimensions and weights:
a) Usual variant: Diameter approx. 20 cm; min. weight 1.3 kg

b) “Petit Saint‑Paulin”: Diameter 8–13 cm; min. weight 150 g.
c) “Mini Saint‑Paulin”: Min. weight 20 g.
2.1 Fermentation procedure: Microbiologically derived acid development.
2.2 Other characteristics: The cheese is salted in brine.
3. Qualifiers
The designations “Petit Saint-Paulin” and “Mini Saint-Paulin” should be used when the
cheese complies with the provisions for dimensions and weights (1.2).
141
CODEX STANDARD FOR PROVOLONE

CODEX STAN 272-1968
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Provolone intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Provolone is a ripened firm/semi-hard cheese in conformity with the General Standard

for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978). The body has a near white or ivory through to light
yellow or yellow colour and a fibrous texture with long stranded parallel-orientated
protein fibres. It is suitable for cutting and, when aged, for grating as well. Gas holes
are generally absent, but few openings and splits are acceptable. The shape is mainly
cylindrical or pear-shaped, but other shapes are possible. The cheese is manufactured
and sold with or without1 a rind, which may be coated.
For Provolone ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and
body characteristics is normally from 1 month at 10–20 °C depending on the extent of
procedure. Provolone intended for further processing and Provolone of low weights (<
2 kg) need not exhibit the same degree of ripening when justified through technical
and/or trade needs.
Provolone is made by “pasta filata” processing which consists of heating curd of a

suitable pH value, kneading and stretching until the curd is smooth and free from
lumps. Still warm, the curd is cut and moulded, then firmed by cooling in chilled water
or brine. Other processing techniques, which give end products with the same physical,
chemical and organoleptic characteristics are allowed.
3.1 Raw materials


1
provolone (CODE X STA N 272-19 6 8)
– Sodium chloride and potassium chloride as salt substitute

– Potable water
3.3 Composition

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)



The principal starter culture micro-organisms shall be Lactobacillus helveticus,
Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus
and Lactobacillus casei.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
143
Justified use
Colours: X(a)
–
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: X X

Colours
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
5 mm.
239 Hexamethylene tetramine 25 mg/kg Expressed as formaldehyde
280 Propionic acid
Acidity regulators
144
Anticaking agents
10 000 g/kg
STAN 283-1978).
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE
7. LABELLING

The name Provolone may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
retail sale, alternative spelling may be used. 145
283-1978) apply.
accordance with the Guidelines for the Use of Nutritional Claims (CAC/GL 23-1997).2


servings is stated.
7.4 Date marking


2
For the purpose of comparative nutritional claims, the average minimum fat content of 45% fat in dry matter constitutes the
reference.
146 3
1.1 Typical shapes: Cylindrical (Salame), pear-shaped (Mandarino), pear‑shaped cylinder
(Gigantino) and flask (Fiaschetta).
1.2 Typical packing: The cheese is typically encased in ropes.
147
CODEX STANDARD FOR COTTAGE CHEESE

CODEX STAN 273-1968
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Cottage Cheese intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Cottage Cheese is a soft, rindless1, unripened cheese in conformity with the General
Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978) and the Standard for Unripened Cheese
Including Fresh Cheese (CODEX STAN 221-2001). The body has a near white colour
and a granular texture consisting of discrete individual soft curd granules of relatively
uniform size, from approximately 3–12 mm depending on whether small or large type
of curd is desired, and possibly covered with a creamy mixture.
3.1 Raw materials


– Gelatin and starches: These substances can be used in the same function as
stabilizers/thickeners listed in section 4
– Potable water
– Safe and suitable processing aids.
3.3 Composition
Minimum content Maximum content Reference level

Milk constituent (m/m) (m/m) (m/m)
Milkfat: 0% Not restricted 4–5%

Fat free dry matter: 18% Restricted by the MFFB
148 1
The cheese has been kept in such a way that no rind is developed (a “rindless” cheese).
Formerly CODEX STAN C-16-1968. Adopted in 1968. Revision 2007, 2010.

COT TAGE C HEESE (CODE X STA N 273 -19 6 8)
Compositional modifications beyond the minimum and maximum specified above for
fat free dry matter are not considered to be in compliance with section 4.3.3 of the
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justified use
Cheese mass (b)
Surface/rind treatment
Colours: – –
Stabilizers: X(a) –
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: X –
Anti–caking agents: – –
(a) Stabilizers including modified starches may be used in compliance with the definition of milk products and
only to the extent they are functionally necessary, taking into account any use of gelatine and starches as
provided for in section 3.2.
(b) Cheese mass includes creaming mixture.
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
202 Potassium sorbate as sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
280 Propionic acid
Limited by GMP
Acidity regulators
149

338 Phosphoric acid 880 mg/kg as phosphorous
350(ii) Sodium DL-malate Limited by GMP
Stabilizers
1 300 mg/kg, singly or in
341(i) Calcium dihydrogen phosphate combination, expressed as
phosphorus
342(ii) Ammonium hydrogen phosphate
343(ii) Magnesium hydrogen phosphate
150

451(i) Pentasodium triphosphate 1 300 mg/kg, singly or in
combination, expressed as
451(ii) Pentapotassium triphosphate phosphorus
466 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Limited by GMP
(Cellulose gum)
1400 Dextrins, roasted starch Limited by GMP
1402 Alkaline-treated starch Limited by GMP
1405 Starches, enzyme-treated Limited by GMP
1420 Starch acetate Limited by GMP
151
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The name Cottage Cheese may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
retail sale, alternative spelling may be used. The name may be translated into other
languages so that the consumer in the country of retail sale will not be mislead.
283-1978) apply.
range specified in section 3.3 of this Standard shall be accompanied by an appropriate
Suitable qualifiers include nutritional claims in accordance with the Guideline for the
152
Use of Nutritional Claims2 (CAC/GL 23-1997). In addition the appropriate characterizing

terms describing the nature or style of the product may accompany the name of the
food. Such terms include “dry curd” or “creamed”


servings is stated.

2
For the purpose of comparative nutritional claims, the fat content of 4% constitutes the reference.”
3
CODEX STANDARD FOR COULOMMIERS

CODEX STAN 274-1969
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Coulommiers intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Coulommiers is a soft, surface ripened, primarily mould ripened cheese in conformity

with the General Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978) which has a shape of
a flat cylinder or sectors thereof. The body has a near white through to light yellow
colour and a soft-textured (when pressed by thumb), but not crumbly texture, ripened
from the surface to the center of the cheese. Gas holes are generally absent, but few
openings and splits are acceptable. A rind is to be developed that is soft and entirely
covered with white mould but may have red, brownish or orange coloured spots. Whole
cheese may be cut or formed into sectors prior to or after the mould development.
For Coulommiers ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour
and body characteristics is normally from 10 days at 10–16 °C depending on the
extent of maturity required. Alternative ripening conditions (including the addition
of ripening enhancing enzymes) may be used, provided the cheese exhibits similar
physical, biochemical and sensory properties as those achieved by the previously stated
ripening procedure. Coulommiers intended for further processing need not exhibit the
same extent of ripening when justified through technical and/or trade needs.
3.1 Raw materials


cultures of other harmless micro-organisms, including Geotrichum candidum,
Brevibacterium linens, and yeast
– Potable water
154
COULOMM IERS (CODE X STA N 274 -19 69)

3.3 Composition

(m/m) (m/m)


3.4 Essential sizes and shapes

Maximum height: approx. 5 cm;
Weight: Whole cheese of flat cylinder: min. 300 g.
3.5 Essential ripening procedure

Rind formation and maturation (proteolysis) from the surface to the center is
predominantly caused by Penicillium candidum and/or Penicillium camembertii and
Penicillium caseicolum.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
155
Justified use
Colours: X (a)
–
Thickeners: – –
Preservatives: – –
Anti-caking agents: – –

Colours
Acidity regulators
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969), the Code of Hygienic Practice and
156 Milk and Milk Products (CAC/RCP 57-2004) and other relevant Codex texts such as
COULOMM IERS (CODE X STA N 274 -19 69)
7. LABELLING

The name Coulommiers may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
283-1978) apply.


servings is stated.
1
2

APPENDIX - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
1.2 Type of coagulation: Coagulation of the milk protein is typically obtained through
the combined action of microbial acidification and proteases
(e.g. rennet) at an appropriate coagulation temperature.
158
CODEX STANDARD FOR CREAM CHEESE
CODEX STAN 275-1973
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Cream Cheese intended for direct consumption or for further
In some countries, the term “cream cheese” is used to designate cheeses, such as high
fat ripened hard cheese, that do not conform to the description in Section 2. This
Standard does not apply to such cheeses.
2. DESCRIPTION
Cream Cheese is a soft, spreadable, unripened and rindless1 cheese in conformity with
the Standard for Unripened Cheeses Including Fresh Cheeses (CODEX STAN 221-2001)
and the General Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978). The cheese has a near
white through to light yellow colour. The texture is spreadable and smooth to slightly
flaky and without holes, and the cheese spreads and mixes readily with other foods.
3.1 Raw materials


– Potable water
– Gelatine and starches: These substances can be used in the same function as
stabilizers/thickeners listed in section 4
– Vinegar.
1
The cheese has been kept in such a way that no rind is developed (a “rindless” cheese). 159
3.3 Composition

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)
Milk fat in dry matter: 25% Not restricted 60–70%
Moisture on fat free basis: 67% – Not specified
Dry matter: 22% Restricted by the MFFB Not specified
Compositional modifications of Cream Cheese beyond the minima and maxima specified
above for milkfat, moisture and dry matter are not considered to be in compliance with
section 4.3.3 of the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999).
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
Justified use
Colours: X (a)
–
Stabilizers: X(b) –
Thickeners: X(b) –
Emulsifiers: X –
Antioxidants: X –
Preservatives: X(b) –
Foaming agents: X(c) –
Anticaking agents: – –

(b) Stabilizers and thickeners including modified starches may be used in compliance with the definition of
milk products and only to heat treated products to the extent they are functionally necessary, taking into
account any use of gelatine and starches as provided for in section 3.2.
(c) For whipped products, only.
160
C RE AM C HEESE (CODE X STA N 275 -1973)
Preservatives
200 Sorbic acid
202 Potassium sorbate as sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
280 Propionic acid
Limited by GMP
Acidity regulators
335(i) Monosodium tartrate
335(ii) Sodium L(+)-tartrate 1 500 mg/kg
336(i) Monopotassium tartrate as tartaric acid
336(ii) Dipotassium tartrate
337 Potassium sodium L(+)-tartrate
338 Phosphoric acid 880 mg/kg as phosporous
350(ii) Sodium DL-malate Limited by GMP
161
507 Hidrochloric acid Limited by GMP

Stabilizers
342(ii) Diammonium hydrogen phosphate
4 400 mg/kg
343(ii) Magnesium hydrogen phosphate singly or in combination,
expressed as phosphorus
418 Gellan gum Limited by GMP
466 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Cellulose gum) Limited by GMP
162
1400 Dextrins, roasted starch Limited by GMP

1402 Alkaline treated starch Limited by GMP
1405 Starches, enzyme-treated Limited by GMP
1420 Starch Acetate Limited by GMP
Emulsifiers
470(i) Salt of myristic, palmitic and stearic acids wit Limited by GMP
ammonia, calcium, potassium and sodium
470(ii) Salt of oleic acid with calcium, potassium and Limited by GMP
sodium
471 Mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids Limited by GMP
472a Acetic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Limited by GMP
472b Lactic and fatty acid esters of glycerol Limited by GMP
472c Citric and fatty acid esters of glycerol Limited by GMP
472e Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of glycerol 10 000 mg/kg
Antioxidants
300 Ascorbic acid, L- Limited by GMP
301 Sodium ascorbate Limited by GMP
302 Calcium ascorbate Limited by GMP
304 Ascorbyl palmitate 500 mg/kg
305 Ascorbyl stearate ascorbyl stearate
307b Tocopherol concentrate, mixed 200 mg/kg
307c Tocopherol, dl-alpha- singly or in combination
Colours
Foaming agent
290 Carbon dioxide Limited by GMP
941 Nitrogen Limited by GMP
163
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE
Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969), Code of Hygienic Practice for Milk and Milk Products
7. LABELLING

The name Cream Cheese may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General
retail sale, alternative spelling may be used. The name may be translated into other
languages so that the consumer in the country of retail sale will not be mislead.
283-1978) apply.
range but equal to or above 40% fat in dry matter as specified in section 3.3 of
this Standard shall be accompanied by an appropriate qualification describing the
modification made or the fat content (expressed as fat in dry matter or as percentage
by mass whichever is acceptable in the country of retail sale), either as part of the name
or in a prominent position in the same field of vision. The designation of products in
which the fat content is below 40% fat in dry matter but above the absolute minimum
164 specified in section 3.3 of this Standard shall either be accompanied by an appropriate
qualifier describing the modification made or the fat content (expressed as fat in
dry matter or as percentage by mass), either as part of the name or in a prominent
position in the same field of vision, or alternatively the name specified in the national
legislation of the country in which the product is manufactured and/or sold or with a
name existing by common usage, in either case provided that the designation used
does not create an erroneous impression the retail sale regarding the character and
identity of the cheese.

transformation3 in a second country, the country in which the transformation is performed
shall be considered to be the country of origin for the purpose of labelling.

retail sale , either (i) as a percentage by mass, (ii) as a percentage of fat in dry matter,
servings is stated.

2
For the purpose of comparative nutritional claims, the minimum fat content of 60 % fat in dry matter constitutes the reference.
3
CODEX STANDARD FOR CAMEMBERT

CODEX STAN 276-1973
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Camembert intended for direct consumption or for further
2. DESCRIPTION
Camembert is a soft surface ripened, primarily mould ripened cheese in conformity

with the General Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978), which has a shape of
a flat cylinder or sectors thereof. The body has a near white through to light yellow
colour and a soft-textured (when pressed by thumb), but not crumbly texture, ripened
from the surface to the center of the cheese. Gas holes are generally absent, but few
openings and splits are acceptable. A rind is to be developed that is soft and entirely
covered with white mould but may have red, brownish or orange coloured spots. Whole
cheese may be cut or formed into sectors prior to or after the mould development.
For Camembert ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and
body characteristics is normally from 10 days at 10–16 °C depending on the extent of
procedure. Camembert intended for further processing need not exhibit the same
extent of ripening when justified through technical and/or trade needs.
Carré de Camembert is a soft surface ripened cheese with a square shape and which
comply with all other criteria and requirements specified for Camembert.
3.1 Raw materials


– Potable water
166
C AMEMBER T (CODE X STA N 276 -1973)
3.3 Composition
Milk constituent: Minimum content Maximum content Reference level

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)


Equal to or above 55% 48%

Weight: Whole cheese of flat cylinder (Camembert)
or square (Carré de Camembert): approx. 80 g to 500 g.

Rind formation and maturation (proteolysis) from the surface to the centre is
predominantly caused by Penicillium candidium and /or Penicillium camembertii and
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
167
Justified use
Colours: X(a)
–
Thickeners: – –
Anticaking agents: – –

Colours
Acidity regulators
5. CONTAMINANTS
6. HYGIENE

168
C AMEMBER T (CODE X STA N 276 -1973)
Milk and Milk Products (CAC/RC 57-2004) and other relevant Codex texts such as
7. LABELLING

The names Camembert and Carré de Camembert may be applied in accordance with
section 4.1 of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX
STAN 1-1985), provided that the product is in conformity with this Standard. Where
customary in the country of retail sale, alternative spelling may be used.
The term “Carré de” may be replaced by other appropriate term(s) related to shape
that are suitable in the country of retail sale.
The use of the names is an option that may be chosen only if the cheese complies
283-1978) apply.

1
2

servings is stated.

1.2 Type of coagulation: Coagulation of the milk protein is typically obtained through the
combined action of microbial acidification and proteases (e.g.
rennet) at an appropriate coagulation temperature.
170
CODEX STANDARD FOR BRIE
CODEX STAN 277-1973
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to Brie intended for direct consumption or for further processing
in conformity with the description in Section 2 of this Standard.
2. DESCRIPTION
Brie is a soft surface ripened, primarily white mould ripened cheese in conformity with
the General Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978), which has a shape of a flat
cylinder or sectors thereof. The body has a near white through to light yellow colour
and a soft-textured (when thumbs-pressed), but not crumbly texture, ripened from the
surface to the center of the cheese. Gas holes are generally absent, but few openings
and splits are acceptable. A rind is to be developed that is soft and entirely covered
with white mould but may have red, brownish or orange coloured spots. Whole cheese
may be cut or formed into sectors prior to or after the mould development.
For Brie ready for consumption, the ripening procedure to develop flavour and body
characteristics is normally from 10 days at 10–16 °C depending on the extent of maturity
sensory properties as those achieved by the previously stated ripening procedure. Brie
intended for further processing need not exhibit the same extent of ripening when
justified through technical and/or trade needs
3.1 Raw materials


– Potable water
171
3.3 Composition
Milk constituent: Minimum content Maximum content Reference level

(m/m) (m/m) (m/m)

Fat in dry matter content (m/m): Corresponding minimum dry
matter content (m/m):


Weight: Whole cheese of flat cylinder: approx. 500 g to 3 500 g

Rind formation and maturation (proteolysis) from the surface to the centre is
predominantly caused by Penicillium candidium and/or Penicillium camembertii and
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
172
B R IE (CODE X STA N 277-1973)
Justified use
Colours: X (a)
-
Thickeners: – –
Anti-caking agents: – –

Colours
Acidity regulators
5. CONTAMINANTS
173
6. HYGIENE

7. LABELLING

The name Brie may be applied in accordance with section 4.1 of the General Standard
for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), provided that the
product is in conformity with this Standard. Where customary in the country of retail
sale, alternative spelling may be used.
The use of the name is an option that may be chosen only if the cheese complies with
this standard. Where the name is not used for a cheese that complies with this standard,
the naming provisions of the General Standard for Cheese (CODEX STAN 283-1978) apply.

transformation2 in a second country, the country in which the transformation is performed
shall be considered to be the country of origin for the purpose of labelling.
1
174 2
B R IE (CODE X STA N 277-1973)

servings is stated.

1.2 Type of coagulation: Coagulation of the milk protein is typically obtained through the
combined action of microbial acidification and proteases (e.g.
rennet) at an appropriate coagulation temperature.
175
CODEX GENERAL STANDARD

FOR THE USE OF DAIRY TERMS
CODEX STAN 206-19991
1. SCOPE
This General Standard applies to the use of dairy terms in relation to foods to be offered
to the consumer or for further processing.
2. DEFINITIONS
2.1 Milk is the normal mammary secretion of milking animals obtained from one or more
milkings without either addition to it or extraction from it, intended for consumption
as liquid milk or for further processing.
2.2 Milk product is a product obtained by any processing of milk, which may contain food
additives, and other ingredients functionally necessary for the processing.
2.3 Composite milk product is a product of which the milk, milk products or milk constituents
are an essential part in terms of quantity in the final product, as consumed provided
that the constituents not derived from milk are not intended to take the place in part
or in whole of any milk constituent.
2.4 A reconstituted milk product is a product resulting from the addition of water to the
dried or concentrated form of the product in the amount necessary to re-establish the
appropriate water to solids ratio.
2.5 A recombined milk product is a product resulting from the combining of milkfat and
milk-solids-non-fat in their preserved forms with or without the addition of water to
achieve the appropriate milk product composition.
2.6 Dairy terms means names, designations, symbols, pictorial or other devices which refer
to or are suggestive, directly or indirectly, of milk or milk products.
3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Foods shall be described or presented in such a manner as to ensure the correct use
of dairy terms intended for milk and milk products, to protect consumers from being
confused or misled and to ensure fair practices in the food trade.
176 1
This Standard replaced the Code of Principles Concerning Milk and Milk Products.
GENER AL STA NDA RD FOR THE USE OF DA I RY TERMS (CODE X STA N 20 6 -19 9 9)
4. APPLICATION OF DAIRY TERMS
4.1 General requirements

4.1.1 The name of the food shall be declared in accordance with Section 4.1 of the General
Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985).
4.1.2 A word or words denoting the animal or, in the case of mixtures, all animals from which
the milk has been derived shall be inserted immediately before or after the designation
of the product. Such declarations are not required if the consumer would not be misled
by their omission.
4.2 Use of the term milk

4.2.1 Only a food complying with the definition in Section 2.1 may be named “milk”. If such
a food is offered for sale as such it shall be named “raw milk” or other such appropriate
term as would not mislead or confuse the consumer.
4.2.2 Milk which is modified in composition by the addition and/or withdrawal of milk
constituents may be identified with a name using the term “milk”, provided that a
clear description of the modification to which the milk has been subjected is given in
close proximity to the name.
4.2.3 Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 4.2.2 of this Standard, milk which is adjusted
for fat and/or protein content and which is intended for direct consumption, may also
be named “milk” provided that:
• it is sold only where such adjustment is permitted in the country of retail sale;
• the minimum and maximum limits of fat and/or protein content (as the case may
be) of the adjusted milk are specified in the legislation of the country of retail sale.
In this case the protein content shall be within the limits of natural variation within
that country;
• the adjustment has been performed according to methods permitted by the
legislation of the country of retail sale, and only by the addition and/or withdrawal
of milk constituents, without altering the whey protein to casein ratio; and
• the adjustment is declared in accordance with Section 4.2.2 of this standard.
4.3 Use of the names of milk products in Codex commodity standards

4.3.1 Only a product complying with the provisions in a Codex standard for a milk product
may be named as specified in the Codex standard for the product concerned.
4.3.2 Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 4.3.1of this Standard and Section 4.1.2 of
the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985),
a milk product may be named as specified in the Codex standard for the relevant milk
product when manufactured from milk, the fat and/or protein content of which has
been adjusted, provided that the compositional criteria in the relevant standard are
met.
177
4.3.3 Products that are modified through the addition and/or withdrawal of milk constituents
may be named with the name of the relevant milk product in association with a
clear description of the modification to which the milk product has been subjected
provided that the essential product characteristics are maintained and that the limits
of such compositional modifications shall be detailed in the standards concerned as
appropriate.
4.4 Use of terms for reconstituted and recombined milk products

Milk and milk products may be named as specified in the Codex Standard for the
relevant milk product when made from recombined or reconstituted milk or from
recombination or reconstitution of milk products in accordance with Section 4.1.2 of
the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), if
the consumer would not be misled or confused.
4.5 Use of terms for composite milk products

A product complying with the description in Section 2.3 may be named with the term
“milk” or the name specified for a milk product as appropriate, provided that a clear
description of the other characterizing ingredient(s) (such as flavouring foods, spices,
herbs and flavours) is given in close proximity to the name.
4.6 Use of dairy terms for other foods

4.6.1 The names referred to in Sections 4.2 to 4.5 may only be used as names or in the
labelling of milk, milk products or composite milk products.
4.6.2 However, the provision in Section 4.6.1 shall not apply to the name of a product the
exact nature of which is clear from traditional usage or when the name is clearly used
to describe a characteristic quality of the non-milk product.
4.6.3 In respect of a product which is not milk, a milk product or a composite milk product,
no label, commercial document, publicity material or any form of point of sale
presentation shall be used which claims, implies or suggests that the product is milk,
a milk product or a composite milk product, or which refers to one or more of these
products2.
4.6.4 However, with regard to products referred to in Section 4.6.3, which contain milk
or a milk product, or milk constituents, which are an essential part in terms of
characterization of the product, the term “milk”, or the name of a milk product may be
used in the description of the true nature of the product, provided that the constituents
not derived from milk are not intended to take the place, in part or in whole, of any
milk constituent. For these products dairy terms may be used only if the consumer
would not be misled.
2
This excludes descriptive names as defined in Section 4.1.1.3 of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods
178 (GSLPF) and ingredients lists as defined in Section 4.2.1.2 of the GSLPF providing the consumer would not be misled.
GENER AL STA NDA RD FOR THE USE OF DA I RY TERMS (CODE X STA N 20 6 -19 9 9)
If however the final product is intended to substitute milk, a milk product or composite
milk product, dairy terms shall not be used.
For products referred to in Section 4.6.3 which contain milk, or a milk product, or
milk constituents, which are not an essential part in terms of characterization of the
product, dairy terms can only be used in the list of ingredients, in accordance with the
General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985). For
these products dairy terms cannot be used for other purposes.
5. LABELLING OF PREPACKAGED FOODS
Prepackaged milk, milk products and composite milk products shall be labelled in
accordance with Section 4 of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged
Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), except to the extent otherwise expressly provided in a
specific Codex standard or in Section 4 of this Standard.
179
CODE OF HYGIENIC PRACTICE FOR MILK
AND MILK PRODUCTS
CAC/RCP 57-2004
INTRODUCTION 183
1. OBJECTIVES 184
2. SCOPE AND USE OF THE DOCUMENT 184
2.1 Scope 184
2.2 Use of the document 184
2.3 Overarching principles applying to the production, processing and handling
of all milk and milk products 185
2.4 Relative roles of milk producers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers,
transporters, consumers, and competent authorities 185
2.5 Definitions 187
2.6 Suitability 187
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION 188
3.1 Environmental hygiene 189
3.2 Hygienic production of milk 189
3.3 Handling, storage and transport of milk 191
3.4 Documentation and record keeping 192
4. ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES 192
4.1 Equipment 192
5. CONTROL OF OPERATION 192
5.1 Control of food hazards 193
5.2 Key aspects of hygiene control systems 194
5.3 Incoming material (other than milk) requirements 197
5.4 Water 197
6. ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND sANITATION 198
6.1 Maintenance and cleaning 198
6.2 Cleaning programmes 198
7. ESTABLISHMENT: PERSONAL HYGIENE 198
8. TRANSPORTATION 198
8.1 Requirements 199
8.2 Use and maintenance 199
9. PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS 199
9.1 Labelling 199
10. TRAINING 199
10.1 Training programmes 199
181
ANNEX I – GUIDELINES FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF MILK 200
iNTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 200
SCOPE 200
USE OF ANNEX I 200
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION 202
3.1 Environmental hygiene 202
3.2 Hygienic production of milk 202
3.3 Handling, storage and transport of milk 208
3.4 Documentation and recordkeeping 212
ANNEX II – GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CONTROL MEASURES
DURING AND AFTER PROCESSING 213
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES 213
SCOPE 213
USE OF ANNEX II 213
Definitions 214
5. Control of operations 214
5.1 Control of food hazards 214
5.2 Key aspects of hygiene control systems 220
Appendix A – Microbiostatic control measures 222
Appendix B – Microbiocidal control measures 225
182
CODE OF HYGIENIC PRACTICE FOR MILK
AND MILK PRODUCTS
CAC/RCP 57-2004
INTRODUCTION
Milk and milk products are a rich and convenient source of nutrients for people in
many countries and international trade of milk-based commodities is significant. The
purpose of this Code is to provide guidance to ensure the safety and suitability of
milk and milk products to protect consumers’ health and to facilitate trade. The Code
satisfies the food hygiene provisions in the Codex Alimentarius Procedural Manual
under “Relations Between Commodity Committees and General Committees” for
use in the various dairy standards.
All foods have the potential to cause food borne illness, and milk and milk
products are no exception. Dairy animals may carry human pathogens. Such
pathogens present in milk may increase the risk of causing food borne illness.
Moreover, the milking procedure, subsequent pooling and the storage of milk
carry the risks of further contamination from man or the environment or growth of
inherent pathogens. Further, the composition of many milk products makes them
good media for the outgrowth of pathogenic micro-organisms. Potential also exists
for the contamination of milk with residues of veterinary drugs, pesticides and other
chemical contaminants. Therefore, implementing the proper hygienic control of
milk and milk products throughout the food chain is essential to ensure the safety
and suitability of these foods for their intended use. It is the purpose of this Code
to provide guidance to countries so that their appropriate level of public health
protection for milk and milk products may be achieved. It is also the purpose of this
code to prevent unhygienic practices and conditions in the production, processing,
and handling of milk and milk products, as in many countries milk and milk
products form a large portion of the diet of consumers especially infants, children,
and pregnant and lactating women. This document is formatted in accordance
with the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969). This Code presents
principles for the hygienic production and manufacture of milk and milk products
and guidance on their application. This Code takes into consideration, to the extent
possible, the various production and processing procedures as well as the differing
characteristics of milk from various milking animals used by member countries.
It focuses on acceptable food safety outcomes achieved through the use of one
or more validated food safety control measures, rather than mandating specific
processes for individual products.
183

1. OBJECTIVES
The objective of this Code is to apply the recommendations of the Recommended

Code of Practice: General Principles of Food Hygiene to the particular case of
milk and milk products. It also provides guidance on how to achieve the general
requirements contained in the hygiene sections of the Codex commodity standards
for milk products.
2. SCOPE AND USE OF THE DOCUMENT
2.1 Scope
This Code applies to the production, processing and handling of milk and milk
products as defined in the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms1(CODEX
STAN 206-1999). Where milk products are referred to in the code it is understood
that this term also includes composite milk products. The scope of this Code does
not extend to the production of raw drinking milk.
This Code applies to products in international trade. It may also serve as a basis for
national legislation.
2.2 Use of the document

The provisions of this document are supplemental to and must be used in conjunction
with, the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969).
This document consists of a series of principles, explanatory narratives and guidelines.

Over-arching principles that are applicable to all phases of production, processing
and handling of milk and milk products are given in Section 2.3.
Specific principles and their associated explanatory narratives and guidelines are
given in the appropriate section.
Principles, shown in bold text, are a statement of the goal or objective that is to
be achieved. Explanatory narratives, shown in italicized text, serve to explain the
purpose of the stated principle. Guidelines for the application of the stated principle
are shown in normal text.
The annexes are an integral part of this Code. They provide guidelines for different
approaches to the application of the principles. The purpose of the guidelines
contained in the annexes is to explain and illustrate how principles in the main
body of this code may be met in practice. Thus, the General Principles of Food
Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969), the main body of this Code and its annexes must be
used together to obtain complete guidance on the hygienic production of milk and
milk products.
184 1
This code applies to the milk and milk products obtained from all milking animals.
CODE OF HYG IEN IC PR AC T IC E FOR M ILK A ND M ILK PRODUC T S (C AC /RC P 57-20 0 4)
2.3 Overarching principles applying to the production, processing and handling

of all milk and milk products
The following overarching principles apply to the production, processing and
handling of all milk and milk products.
• From raw material production to the point of consumption, dairy products

produced under this Code should be subject to a combination of control measures,
and these control measures should be shown to achieve the appropriate level of
public health protection.
• Good hygienic practices should be applied throughout the food chain so

that milk and milk products are safe and suitable for their intended use.
No part of this Code should be used without consideration of what takes place
in the chain of events prior to the particular measure being applied or what will
take place subsequent to a particular step. The Code should only be used within
the context of an understanding that there is a continuum of controls that are
applied from production to consumption.
• Wherever appropriate, hygienic practices for milk and milk products

should be implemented within the context of HACCP as described in
the Annex to the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969).
This principle is presented with the recognition that there are limitations to the
full application of HACCP principles at the primary production level. In the case
where HACCP cannot be implemented at the farm level, good hygienic practices,
good agricultural practices and good veterinary practices should be followed.
• Control measures should be validated as effective. The overall effectiveness of

the system of control measures should be subject to validation. Control measures
or combinations thereof should be validated according to the prevalence of
hazards in the milk used, taking into consideration the characteristics of the
individual hazards(s) of concern and established Food Safety Objectives and/or
related objectives and criteria. Guidance on validating control measures should
be obtained from the Guidelines for the Validation of Food Hygiene Control
Measures (CAC/GL 69-2008).
2.4 Relative roles of milk producers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers,

transporters, consumers, and competent authorities
Although the responsibility lies with the manufacturer for ensuring that the foods
manufactured are safe and suitable, there is a continuum of effective effort or
controls needed by other parties, including milk producers, to assure the safety and
suitability of milk products. It is important to recognize that distributors, competent
authorities and consumers also have a role in ensuring the safety and suitability of
milk and milk products.
185
The interrelationship and impact of one segment of the food chain on another
segment is important to ensure that potential gaps in the continuum are dealt
with through communication and interaction between the milk producer,
the manufacturer, the distributor and the retailer. While it is principally the
responsibility of the manufacturer to conduct the hazard analysis within the context
of developing a control system based on HACCP and thus to identify and control
hazards associated with the incoming raw materials, the milk producer should
also have an understanding of the hazards associated with milk, so as to assist in
minimizing their presence in the raw material.
To achieve an effective continuum, the various parties should pay attention, in

particular, to the following responsibilities.
• Producers should ensure that good agricultural, hygienic and animal husbandry
practices are employed at the farm level. These practices should be adapted, as
appropriate, to any specific safety-related needs specified and communicated by
the manufacturer.
• Manufacturers should utilize good manufacturing and good hygienic practices,
especially those presented in this Code. Any needs for additional measures with
regard to controlling hazards during primary production should be effectively
communicated to suppliers to enable the milk producer to adapt their operations
to meet them. Likewise, the manufacturer may have to implement controls or
adapt their manufacturing processes based on the ability of the milk producer
to minimize or prevent hazards associated with the milk. Such additional
needs should be supported by an adequate hazard analysis and should, where
appropriate, take into consideration technological limitations during processing,
and/or market demands.
• Distributors, transporters and retailers should assure that milk and milk products
under their control are handled and stored properly and according to the
manufacturer’s instructions.
• Consumers should accept the responsibility of ensuring that milk and milk
products in their possession are handled and stored properly and according to
the manufacturer’s instructions.
• In order to effectively implement this Code, competent authorities should have in
place legislative framework (e.g., acts, regulations, guidelines and requirements),
an adequate infrastructure and properly trained inspectors and personnel.
For food import and export control systems, reference should be made to the
Guidelines for the Design, Operation, Assessment and Accreditation of Food
Import and Export Inspection and Certification Systems (CAC/GL 26-1997). Control
programmes should focus on auditing relevant documentation that shows
that each participant along the chain has met their individual responsibilities
to ensure that the end products meet established food safety objectives and/or
related objectives and criteria.
It is important that clear communications and interactions exist between all parties
to help assure good practices are employed, that problems are identified and
resolved in an expeditious manner, and that the integrity of the entire food chain
186 is maintained.
2.5 Definitions
Definitions contained in the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX
STAN 206-1999) are incorporated into this document by reference. Definitions
relevant to a particular annex (e.g., heat treatment definitions) will be contained in
the relevant annex.
Avoid – To keep away from, to the extent reasonably practicable. This term will be
used when it is possible, in theory, to have no contamination or to constrain a
particular practice.
Control measure – Any action and activity that can be used to prevent or eliminate
a food safety hazard or reduce it to an acceptable level.2
Food safety objective3
Minimize – To reduce the likelihood of occurrence or the consequence of an
unavoidable situation such as microbiological growth.
Process criteria4 – The process control parameters (e.g. time, temperature) applied
at a processing step.
Raw milk – Milk (as defined in the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms
(CODEX STAN 206-1999)) which has not been heated beyond 40ºC or undergone
any treatment that has an equivalent effect.
Shelf life – The period during which the product maintains its microbiological safety
and suitability at a specified storage temperature and, where appropriate,
specified storage and handling conditions.
Validation5
2.6 Suitability
Food Suitability as defined in the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP
1-1969) is: “Assurance that food is acceptable for human consumption according to
its intended use”.
For the purposes of this Code, Suitability includes:

• The concept of wholesomeness and soundness.
• Only matters relating to hygiene. Matters relating to grade, commercial quality
or compliance to standards of identity are not included.
Additionally:
• Suitability of milk and milk products may be achieved by observing good hygienic
practice as outlined in the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969)
and specified in detail in this Code. The use of a management system based on
HACCP principles is an effective way of ensuring suitability and demonstrating
that suitability is achieved.
2
For purposes of this Code, a control measure encompasses any action or activity used to eliminate a hazard or reduce it to an
acceptable level. In addition the term refers to any action or activity taken to reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of a hazard
in milk or milk products. Thus, control measures include both process controls such as heating, cooling, acidification, etc., as
well as other activities such as general hygiene and pest control programmes, etc.
3
Procedural Manual, Codex Alimentarius Commission.
4
This term is defined in Guidelines for the Validation of Food Hygiene Control Measures (CAC/GL 69-2008).
5
This term is defined in Guidelines for the Validation of Food Hygiene Control Measures (CAC/GL 69-2008). 187
• Milk and milk products may not be suitable if the milk or milk product, for
example:
– Is damaged, deteriorated or perished to an extent that makes the milk or milk
product unfit for its reasonable intended use; or
– Contains any damaged, deteriorated or spoiled substance that makes the milk
or milk product unfit for its reasonable intended use; or
– Contains a biological or chemical agent, or other matter or substance, that is
foreign to the nature of the food and that makes the milk or milk product unfit
for its reasonable intended use.
• The “intended use” is the purpose for which the product is specifically stated
or could reasonably be presumed to be intended having regard to its nature,
packaging, presentation and identification.
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION
These principles and guidelines supplement those contained in Section 3 of the

General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) and the general principles
presented in Section 2.3 above. Details on specific approaches to the production of
milk are given in Annex I of this Code.
PRINCIPLES APPLYING TO THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF MILK

Milk should not contain any contaminant at a level that jeopardizes the appropriate
level of public health protection, when presented to the consumer.
Because of the important influence of primary production activities on the safety
of milk products, potential microbiological contamination from all sources should
be minimized to the greatest extent practicable at this phase of production. It is
recognized that microbiological hazards can be introduced both from the farm
environment and from the milking animals themselves. Appropriate animal
husbandry practices should be respected and care should be taken to assure
that proper health of the milking animals is maintained. Further, lack of good
agricultural, animal feeding and veterinary practices and inadequate general
hygiene of milking personnel and equipment and inappropriate milking methods
may lead to unacceptable levels of contamination with chemical residues and other
contaminants during primary production.
Contamination of milk from animal and environmental sources during primary

production should be minimized.
Note: A contaminant is “any biological or chemical agent, foreign matter, or other
substances not intentionally added to food which may compromise food safety or
suitability” (General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969)).
188
The microbial load of milk should be as low as achievable, using good milk
production practices, taking into account the technological requirements for
subsequent processing.
Measures should be implemented at the primary production level to reduce the
initial load of pathogenic micro-organisms and micro-organisms affecting safety
and suitability to the extent possible to provide for a greater margin of safety and/
or to prepare the milk in a way that permits the application of microbiological
control measures of lesser stringency than might otherwise be needed to assure
product safety and suitability.
USE OF THIS SECTION

Guidelines for applying the principles in this section are contained in Annex I. The
guidelines are intended to result in raw material that is acceptable for further
processing and that will ultimately result in the level of protection required for the
particular finished milk product.
Annex I provides details of the general approach that should be used for the
primary production of milk intended for further processing of an unspecified
nature. Additional provisions to be used in the production of milk intended for
the manufacture raw milk products are identified in relevant sections of the annex.
Flexibility in the application of certain aspects of the primary production of milk
for small holder dairy farms is also provided for. Milk produced according to the
provisions of this section should be subjected to the application of control measures
described in Annex II.
3.1 Environmental hygiene

Water and other environmental factors should be managed in a way that minimizes
the potential for the transmission, directly or indirectly, of hazards into the milk.
Contaminated water, and for example pests (such as insects and rodents), chemicals
and the internal and external environments where the animals are housed and
milked, may contaminate feed, equipment or milking animals leading to the
introduction of hazards into milk.
Water used in primary production operations should be suitable for its intended
purpose and should not contribute to the introduction of hazards in milk.
3.2 Hygienic production of milk
3.2.1 Areas and premises for milk production

Areas including premises used for the production of milk should be designed,
situated, maintained and, to the extent practicable, used in a manner that minimizes
the introduction of hazards into milk.
Improperly protected and maintained premises for the holding and milking of dairy
animals have been shown to contribute to the contamination of milk.
189
3.2.2 Animal health

The health status of milking animals and herds should be managed in a manner
that addresses the hazards of concern for human health.
Milk should come from animals in good health so that, considering the end use, it
does not adversely affect the safety and suitability of the end product.
It is important to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases among animals and from
animals (including milking animals) to milk. Milk and milk products produced from
milk obtained from certain diseased animals has been known to be neither safe nor
suitable for human consumption.
Maintenance of healthy milking animals has been shown to reduce the likelihood
that human pathogens will be introduced into the milk via the mammary gland or
from the faeces.
3.2.3 General hygienic practice
3.2.3.1 Feeding
With consideration given to the end use of the milk, forage and feed for lactating
animals should not introduce, directly or indirectly, contaminants into milk in
amounts that present an unacceptable health risk to the consumer or adversely
affect the suitability of milk or milk products.
It has been shown that improper procurement, manufacturing and handling of
animal feed can result in the introduction of pathogens and spoilage organisms to
milking animals and the introduction of chemical hazards such as pesticide residues,
mycotoxins and of other contaminants which can affect the safety and suitability of
milk or milk products.
3.2.3.2 Pest control

Pests should be controlled, and in a way that does not result in unacceptable levels
of residues, such as pesticides, in the milk.
Pests such as insects and rodents are known vectors for the introduction of human
and animal diseases into the production environment. Improper application of pest
control chemicals used to control these pests may introduce chemical hazards into
the production environment.
3.2.3.3 Veterinary drugs

Animals should only be treated with veterinary drugs authorized by the competent
authority for the specific use and in a manner that will not adversely impact on the
safety and suitability of the milk, including adherence to the withdrawal period
specified.
Milk from animals that have been treated with veterinary drugs that can be
transferred to milk should be discarded appropriately until the withdrawal period
specified for the particular veterinary drug has been achieved.
Residues of veterinary drugs in milk should not exceed levels that would present
an unacceptable risk to the consumer.
The improper use of veterinary drugs has been shown to result in potentially harmful
residues in milk and milk products, and may affect the suitability of milk intended
190 for the manufacture of cultured products.
3.2.4 Hygienic milking

Milking should be carried out in such a manner that minimizes contamination of
the milk being produced.
Effective hygienic practice during milking is an important element of the system of
controls necessary to produce safe and suitable milk and milk products. Failure to
maintain adequate sanitation and employee practices has been shown to contribute
to the contamination of milk with undesirable or pathogenic micro-organisms or
chemical or physical hazards.
3.3 Handling, storage and transport of milk

With consideration given to the end use of the milk, handling, storage and
transport of milk should be conducted in a manner that will avoid contamination
and minimize any increase in the microbiological load of milk.
Proper handling, storage and transport of milk are important elements of the
system of controls necessary to produce safe and suitable milk and milk products.
Contact with unsanitary equipment and foreign materials are known causes of milk
contamination. Temperature abuse is known to increase the microbiological load
of milk.
3.3.1 Milking equipment

Milking equipment should be designed, constructed, installed, maintained and
used in a manner that will avoid the introduction of contaminants into milk.
Milking equipment is normally designed and constructed according to recognized
standards that avoid the introduction of contaminants into milk. Equipment selected
for installation on dairy farms should meet recognized design and construction
standards. Recognized guidelines also exist for the proper use, cleaning and
maintenance of milking equipment; such guidelines should be followed to avoid
transfer of disease between animals through milking equipment and to help ensure
obtaining milk that is safe and suitable.
Milking equipment should be operated in a manner that will avoid damage to udder
and teats and that will avoid the transfer of disease between animals through the
milking equipment.
It is important to prevent any damage to udder and teats by milking equipment
since such damage can lead to infections and consequently adversely affect the
safety and suitability of milk and milk products.
3.3.2 Storage equipment

Milk storage tanks and cans should be designed, constructed, maintained and
used in a manner that will avoid the introduction of contaminants into milk and
minimize the growth of micro-organisms in milk.
3.3.3 Premises for, and storage of, milk and milking-related equipment
Premises for the storage of milk and milking-related equipment should be
situated, designed, constructed, maintained and used in a manner that avoids the
introduction of contaminants into milk.
191
Whenever milk is stored, it should be stored in a manner that avoids the introduction
of contaminants into milk and in a manner that minimizes the growth of micro-
organisms.
3.3.4 Collection, transport and delivery procedures and equipment

This section also covers the activities of personnel involved in the transport of milk.
Milk should be collected, transported and delivered without undue delay, and in a
manner that avoids the introduction of contaminants into milk and minimizes the
growth of micro-organisms in the milk.
Note: See Section 10 for provisions on the training of personnel involved in the
collection, transport and delivery of milk.
Milk transport tankers and cans should be designed, constructed, maintained and
used in a manner that will avoid the introduction of contaminants into milk and
minimize the growth of micro-organisms in milk.
3.4 Documentation and record keeping

Records should be kept, as necessary, to enhance the ability to verify the
effectiveness of the control systems.
4. ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES
These principles and guidelines are supplemental to those contained in Section 4

of the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) and to the general
principles presented in Section 2.3 above.
4.1 Equipment
Equipment should be designed and installed such that as far as possible dead ends
or dead spots in milk pipelines do not occur.
Where dead ends or dead spots occur, special procedures should ensure they are
effectively cleaned or otherwise do not permit a safety hazard to occur.
5. CONTROL OF OPERATION

of the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) (including the Annex
on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) System and Guidelines for its
Application) and to the overarching principles presented in Section 2.3 above.
USE OF THIS SECTION

This section contains principles for the control of operation that are intended to
be applied in such a manner as to result in meeting acceptable levels of relevant
hazards specified as Food Safety Objectives and/or related objectives and criteria, or
192
end product criteria that have been established to express the level of protection for
the specific situation. Guidelines for applying the principles with respect to physical,
chemical and microbiological hazards are provided in this section as well. Details
given in Annex II provide guidance on the establishment and management of
control measures used to achieve safety and suitability during and after processing.
For the effective implementation of the provisions in this Section, milk should be
produced in accordance with Section 3 and Annex I of this Code.
5.1 Control of food hazards

The combination of control measures should effectively control the identified
hazards in milk and milk products.
The combination of control measures should be designed in a systematic way,
and the chosen combination should be adapted to the hygiene status of the milk
and raw materials used with consideration given to the relevant microbiological,
chemical and physical hazards of concern and to the establishment of Food Safety
Objective(s) and/or related objectives and criteria.
Where appropriate control measures and/or control measure combinations are

chosen to control hazards that are reasonably likely to occur, the procedures
described in sections 5.1.1 to 5.1.3 and corresponding guidelines contained in Annex
II should be implemented in order to minimize or prevent the likelihood of a health
risk to the consumer.
The following procedures are intended to enhance and supplement those aspects
of the HACCP Annex to the International Recommended Code of Practice – General
Principles of Food Hygiene, which are critical to the successful design of a system of
food safety controls.
5.1.1 Hazard identification and evaluation

All potential hazards should be identified.
This should be done before control measures are selected and is the first step in the
hazard analysis.
The identification should be based on the initial descriptions developed during
preliminary steps and on experience, external information, as well as epidemiological
and other historical data that have been associated with the type of food under
consideration, the type of raw materials and ingredients used, and that may be
introduced during processing and distribution. To insure a comprehensive approach,
the various step(s) in the manufacturing process, from material selection through
processing and distribution, where a hazard may occur or be introduced should be
identified.
Each potential hazard should be evaluated to determine the severity of its adverse
health effects and reasonable likelihood of occurrence.
Potential hazards that are determined to have severe adverse health effects and/or
are reasonably likely to occur should be subject to control by the system of control
measures.
193
5.1.2 Control measure selection

Following hazard evaluation, control measures and control measure combinations
should be selected that will prevent, eliminate, or reduce the hazards to acceptable
levels.
The next step in the hazard analysis process is to select control measures that will
be effective in controlling those hazards. A number of such control measures are
further described in Annex II, Parts A and B.
Guidance on how to provide reference validations of individual control measures or
control measure combinations against individual hazards in various media is given in
Guidelines for the Validation of Food Hygiene Control Measures (CAC/GL 69-2008).
5.1.3 Establishment of process criteria

Process criteria for control measures should be established in order for the process
to be applied in a manner that will meet the performance required, i.e., assure the
adequate delivery of the control measure.
Process criteria should be established at such intensities that the control measures
actually deliver the expected performance, taking into account normal process
deviations.
5.2 Key aspects of hygiene control systems
5.2.1 Temperature and time controls

From milk production through to finished products, products should be stored
at appropriate temperatures and for appropriate times such that the growth or
development of a food safety hazard will be minimized and the product’s suitability
will not be adversely affected.
Because milk and many milk products have a sufficient moisture content to
support the growth of pathogens, temperature and time controls represent key
microbiological control measures to control growth throughout the manufacturing
process, from the handling of milk to the distribution and storage of perishable milk
products (e.g., pasteurized drinking milk, desserts, and soft cheeses, depending on
shelf life). For instance, for liquid milk, increased storage temperature will decrease
the shelf life.
5.2.1.1 Management of products within the plant
Incoming milk
When arriving at the dairy plant, and provided that further processing does not
allow otherwise, the milk should be cooled and maintained at such temperatures as
necessary to minimize any increase of the microbial load of the milk.
The principle of “first arrived, first processed” should apply.
Intermediate products
Intermediate products that are stored prior to further processing should, unless
further processing does not allow it, be kept under such conditions that limit/
prevent microbial growth or be further processed within a short time period.
194
The ultimate safety and suitability of milk and milk products, as well as the intensity
of the control measures that need to be applied during processing, depends not only
on the initial microbial load upon receipt at the dairy plant but also on preventing
the growth of micro-organisms. Application of proper storage temperatures and
management of raw materials is an essential factor in minimizing microbial growth.
The ability of a product to meet intended Food Safety Objectives and/or related
objectives and criteria is dependent upon the proper application of the control
measures, including time and temperature controls.
There should be adequate stock rotation, based on the principle of “first in, first
out”.
5.2.1.2 Distribution of finished products

It is essential that milk and milk products be kept at an appropriate temperature in
order to maintain their safety and suitability from the time it is packaged until it is
consumed or prepared for consumption.
While the storage temperature should be sufficient to maintain the product’s
safety and suitability throughout the intended shelf life, the appropriate storage
temperature will vary depending upon whether the product is perishable or non-
perishable. For perishable products, the distribution system should be designed to
maintain adequate low-temperature storage to ensure both safety and suitability.
For non-perishable products designed to be shelf-stable at ambient temperature,
extremes of temperature should be avoided, primarily to assure maintaining
suitability. Reasonably anticipated temperature abuse should be taken into account
in designing the normal patterns of distribution and handling.
5.2.1.3 Establishment of shelf life

It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to determine the shelf life of the product
and the conditions for storage.
Limitation of shelf life is a control measure that, in many cases, is decisive for the
safety and suitability of the product. The corresponding storage conditions are an
integral aspect of product shelf life.
5.2.2 Specific process steps

Annex II, Appendices A and B contain examples of processes used during the
manufacture of milk products that can control hazards that are reasonably likely to
occur. These processes include both extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence the
growth of micro-organisms.
Extrinsic factors refer to factors impacting the product from the environment in
which the food is placed. Examples include temperature, time, and relative humidity
of the air.
Intrinsic factors refer to internal factors in the product itself (food matrix),
influenced by or as consequence of extrinsic factors, that have an impact on the
growth and/or survival of micro-organisms. Examples include water activity, pH,
nutrient availability, competition of micro-organisms, and bacteriocins or other
growth inhibitors. 195
5.2.3 Microbiological and other specifications

Where they are employed, microbiological criteria, including those used to verify the
effective application of control measures within the framework of HACCP principles,
should be developed in accordance with the Principles for the Establishment and
Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods, CAC/GL 21-1997, including the use
of a risk assessment approach as specified in the Principles and Guidelines for the
Conduct of Microbiological Risk Assessment, CAC/GL 030-1999.
5.2.3.1 Incoming milk

Manufacturers should establish incoming milk criteria that take into account the
end use of the milk and the conditions under which the milk was produced.
Depending upon the end use of the milk, particularly for milk used in the production
of raw milk products, certain specific microbiological criteria may be appropriate to
verify the microbiological quality of the milk used as raw material.
Corrective action taken for non-compliance with incoming milk criteria should be
commensurate with the potential risks presented by the non-compliance.
Incoming milk that is out of compliance with established criteria indicates that the
control measure system is not working properly and corrective action should be
taken to identify and resolve causative problems.
5.2.3.2 Microbiological criteria

Microbiological criteria may be necessary to be established at different points in
the process for carrying out the design of control measure combinations and for
the verification that the control system has been implemented correctly.
In some cases, for example where more comprehensive control measures are put
into place to ensure the safety and suitability of milk (such as may be the case
for raw milk intended to be used in the production of raw milk products), it may
be necessary to establish criteria for in-process product, intermediate product or
finished product in order to verify that the more comprehensive set of control
measures have been properly carried out.
5.2.4 Microbiological cross contamination

The flow of the product and of the ingredients within equipment and through
the processing facility should maintain a forward progression from raw material
receipt to finished product packaging so as to avoid cross contamination.
The flow of the water, air, effluents, and milk should be carefully evaluated to
ensure that the potential for cross-contamination does not occur. Similarly, the flow
of personnel should be evaluated to ensure that their actions couldn’t contaminate
milk.
There should be adequate separation of areas with different levels of contamination

risk.
Milk products that have been returned from other locations should be identified,
segregated and stored in a clearly designated area.
Where there is the potential for cross-contamination between end products and
196 raw materials or intermediate products, and from contaminated areas such as
construction and rebuilding areas, consideration should be given to a physical

separation, such as by the application of barrier hygiene (the application of physical
or mechanical barriers to prevent or minimize the transfer of contaminants or
potential sources of contaminants) and wet/dry area segregation.
5.2.5 Physical and chemical contamination

Preventive measures should be implemented to minimize risks of contaminating
milk and milk products with physical and chemical hazards and foreign substances.
Avoiding physical and chemical contamination of milk and milk products during
processing requires the effective control of equipment maintenance, sanitation
programmes, personnel, monitoring of ingredients and processing operations.
Preventive measures should include those that will minimize the potential for cross
contamination of allergenic components and/or ingredients that may present in
other products to a milk product in which these components and/or ingredients are
not supposed to be present.
5.3 Incoming material (other than milk) requirements

Ingredients used for the processing of milk products should be purchased according
to specifications, and their compliance with these specifications should be verified.
Contaminated ingredients have been known to lead to unsafe/unsuitable milk
products, since these ingredients are often added during processing where no
further control measures are applied.
Preferably, specifications for raw materials should be established such that their use
will result in a safe and suitable product. No raw material should be accepted if it
is known to contain chemical, physical or microbiological contaminants that would
not be reduced to an acceptable level by normal sorting and/or processing. Raw
materials should, where appropriate, be inspected and sorted before processing.
Any claims that raw materials meet safety and suitability specifications should be
verified periodically.
5.4 Water
Dairy processing establishments should have potable water available, which prior
to its first use, should meet the criteria specified by the competent authorities
having jurisdiction and should be regularly monitored.
Water recirculated for reuse should be treated and maintained in such a condition
that no risk to the safety and suitability of food results from its use.
Proper maintenance of water conditioning systems is critical to avoid the systems
becoming sources of contamination. For example, filter systems can become sources
of bacteria and their metabolites if bacteria are allowed to grow on the organic
materials that have accumulated on the filter.
Appropriate safety and suitability criteria that meet the intended outcomes should
be established for any water used in dairy processing.
These criteria depend upon the origin and the intended use of the water. For
example, reuse water intended for incorporation into a food product should at least
meet the microbiological specifications for potable water.
197
Reconditioning of water for reuse and use of reclaimed, recirculated and recycled
water should be managed in accordance with HACCP principles.
Any reuse of water should be subject to a hazard analysis including assessment
of whether it is appropriate for reconditioning. Critical control point(s) should be
identified, as appropriate, and critical limit(s) established and monitored to verify
compliance.
6. ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND sANITATION
These principles and guidelines are supplemental to those contained in Section 6 of

the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969).
6.1 Maintenance and cleaning

Processing areas should be kept as dry as possible.
Use of dry cleaning methods, and limiting the use of water in processing areas,
helps to avoid the spread of contamination by water. Wet cleaning (other than
Cleaning-in-Place) has been known to lead to milk product contamination due to
the production of aerosols.
All food product contact surfaces in piping and equipment, including areas that are
difficult to clean such as by-pass valves, sampling valves, and overflow siphons in
fillers should be adequately cleaned.
6.2 Cleaning programmes

A routine programme to verify the adequacy of cleaning should be in place.
All equipment and utensils used in processing should, as necessary, be cleaned and
disinfected, rinsed with water which is safe and suitable for its intended purpose
(unless the manufacturer’s instructions indicate rinsing is not necessary), then
drained and air dried where appropriate.
7. ESTABLISHMENT: PERSONAL HYGIENE
No specific requirements beyond those contained in the General Principles of Food

Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) are needed.
8. TRANSPORTATION
These principles and guidelines are supplemental to those set forth in Section 8 of
the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) and, as appropriate, those
set forth in Code of Hygienic Practice for the Transport of Foodstuffs in Bulk and
Semi-Packed Foodstuffs (CAC/RCP 47 – 2001).
198
8.1 Requirements
Products covered under this Code should be transported at time/temperature
combinations that will not adversely affect the safety and suitability of the product.
8.2 Use and maintenance

In the case of refrigerated products, the vehicle product compartment should
be cooled prior to loading and the product compartment should be kept at an
appropriate temperature at all times, including during unloading.
9. PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS
These principles and guidelines are supplemental to those contained in Section 9 of

the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969).
9.1 Labelling
Milk products should be labelled in accordance with the General Standard for the
Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), the General Standard for
the Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999) and the relevant labelling section of
Codex commodity standards for individual milk products.
Unless the product is shelf stable at ambient temperatures, a statement regarding
the need for refrigeration or freezing should be included on the label of the product.
Additional provision for raw milk products

Raw milk products should be labelled to indicate they are made from raw milk
according to national requirements in the country of retail sale.
10. TRAINING

of the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969).
10.1 Training programmes

Milk producers and personnel involved in the collection and transport and retail of
milk should be trained as necessary and have appropriate skills in the areas listed
below:
• health of animals and use of veterinary drugs;

• manufacturing and use of feeds (more specifically fermented feeds);
• herd management;
• hygienic milking;
• storage, handling, collection and transport of milk (cleaning of storage tanks,
temperature requirements, sampling procedures, etc.);
• microbiological, chemical and physical hazards and their control measures.
199
ANNEX I
GUIDELINES FOR THE PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF MILK
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
The detailed information contained in this annex should be implemented in order to

reduce the likelihood of milk contamination through inadequate primary production
practices. This information will enable the implementation of the principles laid
down in Section 3 of the main body of the Code by providing guidelines for their
application.
These measures, in combination with microbiological control measures found in

Annex II, should be used to effectively control the microbiological hazards in milk
products. There is a close relationship between the hygienic conditions found in
primary production and the safety and suitability of processed milk products based
on the control measures presented in Annex II.
SCOPE
This Annex provides details of the approaches that should be used for the primary
production of milk intended for further processing of an unspecified nature. The
milk should be subjected to the application of microbiological control measures
described in Annex II.
The degree to which on-farm practices control the likelihood of occurrence of food
safety hazard in milk will have an impact on the nature of controls needed during
the subsequent processing of the milk. Under normal circumstances, milk will be
subjected to control measures sufficient to address any hazards that may be present.
Where the subsequent processing of milk does not involve the application of control
measures necessary to address any hazards that may be present, the focus then
becomes preventative in nature in order to reduce the likelihood that such hazards
will occur during the primary production phase of the continuum. Likewise, in certain
primary production situations, the occurrence of food safety hazards may be less
avoidable, which will mandate the application of more stringent control measures
during subsequent processing in order to insure the safety and suitability of the
finished product.
USE OF ANNEX I
The information in Annex I is organized to correspond with the relevant sections

in the main part of the Code and the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/
RCP 1-1969). Where a particular principle has been identified in the main body
200
of the Code, guidelines for the application of that principle will be located in the
corresponding section of this Annex.
Additional provisions for the production of milk used for raw milk products
When milk is intended to be used for the manufacture of raw milk products, the
hygienic conditions used at the primary production are one of the most important
public health control measures, as a high level of hygiene of the milk is essential in
order to obtain milk with a sufficiently low initial microbial load in order to enable
the manufacturing of raw milk products that are safe and suitable for human
consumption. In such situations, additional control measures may be necessary.
Where applicable, these additional measures are provided at the end of each sub-
section.
Compliance with these additional hygienic provisions is important, and is considered

mandatory in certain circumstances (where the nature of the finished product or
national legislation requires), throughout the milk production process, up to the
manufacture of the particular raw milk product. In addition, increased emphasis
in certain aspects of the production of milk for raw milk products (animal health,
animal feeding, milk hygiene monitoring) are specified and are critical to the
production of milk that is safe and suitable for the intended purpose. To reflect
the greater emphasis on the compliance needed on certain provisions, the word
“should” has been substituted with the word “shall” where applicable.
As is the case with the rest of this code, this section also does not mandate or specify
the use of any one set of controls to be used, but leaves it up to those responsible
for assuring the safety of the finished product to choose the most appropriate set
of control measures for the particular situation.
There are a wide variety of raw milk products, most of which are cultured products
such as cheeses. The range of moisture content, pH and salt content (among other
parameters) in these products will have varying degrees of impact on any potential
microbiological hazards that may be present in the milk used for their manufacture.
The degree to which the inherent characteristics of the product (or process used
to manufacture the product) will control the hazard should guide the extent to
which these potential hazards need to be prevented or controlled during primary
production.
A wide range of food safety approaches exist for the production of raw milk
products. As is the case with the rest of this code, the approach taken in this section
is intended to be flexible enough to take into account the different approaches
used in different countries regarding the manufacture and marketing of raw milk
products.
Special provisions for the production of milk on small holder dairy farms
In the context of this Code, the expression “Small Holder Dairy Farm” refers to farms
where the number of animals per farmer or per herd usually does not exceed 10,
milking machines are not generally used, milk is not chilled at the producer’s level
and/or the milk is transported in cans. 201
Flexibility in the application of certain requirements of the primary production

of milk in small holder dairy farms can be exercised, where necessary, provided
that the milk is received by dairy plants and will be subjected to a combination
of microbiological control measures sufficient to obtain a safe and suitable
milk product. Such flexibility is indicated throughout this annex by the use of a
parenthetical statement “if used” or “if applicable” placed next to the particular
provision where the flexibility is needed.
Flexibility as above may also apply to farms with larger number of animals but having
similar economic constraints or limited water and/or power supplies, preventing
investment in technological facilities and infrastructure.
3. PRIMARY PRODUCTION
3.1 Environmental hygiene

When water is used for the cleaning of the udder and for cleaning equipment used
for the milking and storage of milk it should be of such quality that it does not
adversely affect the safety and suitability of the milk.
Precautions should be adopted to ensure that milking animals do not consume or

have access to contaminated water or other environmental contaminants likely to
cause diseases transmissible to humans or contaminate milk.
3.2 Hygienic production of milk
3.2.1 Areas and premises for milk production
3.2.1.1 Animal holding areas

– The design, layout and provision of holding areas should not adversely affect the
health of animals. In particular, holding areas should be kept clean and maintained
in a manner that minimizes the risk of animal infection or contamination of the
milk.
– Access to the animal holding area, including the stable and attached premises, if
used, should preclude the presence of other species that would adversely affect
the safety of the milk.
– The holding area should, as far as practicable, be kept clean and free of
accumulations of manure, mud or any other objectionable materials.
– If used, stable and stalls should be designed and constructed to keep them free
of accumulations of manure, feed residues, etc.
– Animal holding areas should be designed such that animals with contagious
diseases can be separated to prevent the transmission of disease to healthy
animals.
– Animal holding areas should not adversely affect the health of animals. In
particular, the litter and the stabling area should be maintained in a manner that
minimizes the risk of teat injuries and udder diseases.
202
3.2.1.2 Milking areas and related facilities

– Premises where milking is performed should be situated, constructed (if applicable)
and maintained in a manner that will minimize or prevent contamination of the
milk.
– Milking areas should be kept free of undesirable animals such as pigs, poultry
and other animals whose presence may result in the contamination of milk.
– Premises where milking is performed should be easy to clean, especially in areas
subject to soiling or infection, e.g., they should have:
• flooring constructed to facilitate draining of liquids and adequate means of
disposing of waste;
• adequate ventilation and lighting;
• an appropriate and adequate supply of water of a suitable quality for use
when milking and in cleaning the udder of the animals and equipment used
for milking;
• effective separation from all sources of contamination such as lavatories (if
used) and manure heaps; and
• effective protection against vermin.
Only potable water can be used in milking areas, product storage areas and other
critical areas.
3.2.2 Animal health

Adequate management measures should be implemented to prevent animal diseases
and to control drug treatment of diseased animals or herds in an appropriate way.
In particular, preventive measures should be taken to prevent disease including:
• Eradication of animal diseases or control of risk of transmission of the diseases,

according to the specific zoonosis
• Management of other animals in the herd and other farmed animals present
(including the segregation of diseased animals from healthy animals)
• Management of new animals in the herd
The milk should originate from herds or animals that are officially free of brucellosis
and tuberculosis, as defined by the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code. If not officially
free, then milk should originate from herds or animals that are under official
control and eradication programmes for brucellosis and tuberculosis. If controls for
brucellosis and tuberculosis were not sufficiently implemented, it would be necessary
for the milk to be subjected to subsequent microbiological control measures (e.g.,
heat treatment) that will assure the safety and suitability of the finished product.
Milk should be drawn from animals that:
• are identifiable to facilitate effective herd management practices;

• do not show visible impairment of the general state of health; and
• do not show any evidence of infectious diseases transferable to humans through
milk including but not limited to diseases governed by the OIE Terrestrial Animal
Health Code. 203
Adequate measures should be implemented in order to prevent udder infections,

especially:
• the correct use of milking equipment (e.g. daily cleaning, disinfection and
disassembling of equipment);
• the hygiene of milking (e.g. udder cleaning or disinfection procedures);
• the management of the animal holding areas (e.g. cleaning procedures, design
and size of areas);
• the management of dry and lactation periods (e.g., treatment for the drying off).
The milk cannot carry unacceptable levels of zoonotic agents. Therefore, the milk
shall originate from individual animals:
• that are identifiable such that the health status of each animal can be followed.
To this effect:
– the herd shall be declared to the competent authorities and registered;
– each animal shall be identified with a steadfast device and registered by the
competent authorities.
• that do not show visible impairment of the general state of health and which are
not suffering from any infection of the genital tract with discharge, enteritis with
diarrhoea and fever, or recognizable inflammation of the udder;
• that do not show any evidence (signs or analytical results) of infectious diseases
caused by human pathogens (e.g., Listeriosis) that are transferable to humans
through milk including but not limited to such diseases governed by the OIE
Terrestrial Animal Health Code;
• that, in relation to brucellosis and tuberculosis, shall comply with the following
criteria:
– cows milk shall be obtained from animals belonging to herds that are officially
free of tuberculosis and brucellosis in accordance with the relevant chapters of
the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code;
– sheep or goat milk shall be obtained from animals belonging to sheep or goat
herds that are officially free or free of brucellosis as per the OIE Terrestrial
Animal Health Code;
– when a farm has a herd comprised of more than one species, each species
shall comply with sanitary conditions that are mandatory for each particular
species;
– if goats are in the same environment with cows, goats shall be monitored for
tuberculosis.
In addition, it is necessary that the milk also be checked for other relevant aspects in
accordance with point 5.2.3.1. (microbiological and other specifications) which can
have an impact on the safety and suitability of raw milk products; these results may
provide information regarding the health status of the animals.
204
In particular, preventive measures are needed to prevent disease including:
• animals of unknown health status shall be separated, before being introduced in

the herd, until such time that their health status has been established. During that
separation period, milk from those animals shall not be used for the production
of milk for the manufacture of raw milk products;
• the owner shall keep a record of relevant information, e.g., results of tests carried
out to establish the status of an animal just being introduced, and the identity for
each animal either coming or leaving the herd.
3.2.3 General hygienic practice
3.2.3.1 Feeding
The relevant aspects of the Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding (CAC/RCP 54-
2004) should be applied to minimize or prevent the introduction of contaminants
through feed or feeding practices.
When using fermented feed, it is necessary that the feed be prepared, stored and
used in a manner that will minimize microbial contamination. Particular attention
shall be given to compliance with good practices concerning the following aspects:
• the design of silos;

• good production practices of silage;
• regular check of the quality of the fermented feed (organoleptic inspection or pH).
The owner shall keep a record of relevant information concerning feed.
3.2.3.2 Pest control

– Before pesticides or rodenticides are used, all efforts should be made to minimize
the presence of insects, rats and mice. Although stables and milking parlours
(if used) attract such pests, good preventive measures such as proper building
construction and maintenance (if applicable), cleaning, and removal of faecal
waste can minimize pests.
– Accumulations of manure should not be allowed to develop close to milking areas.
– Mice and rats are also attracted to animal feed stores. Hence, any such feed stores
should be located at a suitable place and feed kept in containers that provide
adequate protection against such pests.
– If it is necessary to resort to chemical pest control measures, such products should
be approved officially for use in food premises and used in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
– Any pest control chemicals should be stored in a manner that will not contaminate
the milking environment. Such chemicals should not be stored in wet areas or
close to feed stores. It is preferable to use solid baits, wherever possible.
– No pesticides should be applied during milking.
205
3.2.3.3 Veterinary drugs6

– The relevant aspects of the Guidelines for the Design and Implementation of
National Regulatory Food Safety Assurance Programmes Associated with the
Use of Veterinary Drugs in Food Producing Animals (CAC/GL 71-2009) should
be applied to minimize or prevent the introduction of drug residues in milk or
milk products.
– Good husbandry procedures should be used to reduce the likelihood of animal
disease and thus reduce the use of veterinary drugs.
– Only those medicinal products and medicinal premixes that have been authorized
by competent authority for inclusion in animal feed should be used.
– Milk from animals that have been treated with veterinary drugs that can be
transferred to milk should be discarded until the withdrawal period specified for
the particular veterinary drug has been achieved. Established MRLs for residues
of veterinary drugs in milk may serve as a reference for such verification.
– The veterinarian and/or the livestock owner or the collection centre should keep
a record of the products used, including the quantity, the date of administration
and the identity of animals. Appropriate sampling schemes and testing protocols
should be used to verify the effectiveness of on-farm controls of veterinary drug
use and in meeting established MRLs.
3.2.4 Hygienic milking

Minimizing contamination during milking requires that effective hygienic practices
be applied in respect of the skin of the animal, the milking equipment (whenever
used), the handler and the general environment e.g. faecal sources of contamination.
Milking should be carried out under hygienic conditions, including:
• good personal hygiene of the milking personnel;

• clean udders, teats, groins, flanks and abdomens of the animal;
• clean and disinfected milking vessels/equipment; and
• avoidance of any damage to the tissue of the teat/udder.
In particular, during any milking, consideration should be given to minimizing and/or

preventing contamination from the milk production environment and maintaining
personal hygiene.
Animals showing clinical symptoms of disease should be segregated and/or milked

last, or milked by using separate milking equipment or by hand, and such milk
should not be used for human consumption.
Operations such as feeding the animals or placement/removal of litter should be

avoided prior to milking in order to reduce the likelihood of contamination of the
milking equipment and the milking environment from manure or dust.
6
Treatment with veterinary drugs should be consistent with the Code of Practice to Minimize and Contain Antimicrobial
206 Resistance (CAC/RCP 61-2005).
The milking animals should be maintained in an as clean state as possible. Prior

to any milking, teats should be clean. The milker should monitor by appropriate
means that the milk appears normal, for example by careful observation of the
condition of milking animals, by checking the milk of each animal for organoleptic
or physicochemical indicators, and by using records and identification of treated
animals. If the milk does not appear normal, the milk should not be used for human
consumption. The producer should take appropriate precautions to minimize the
risk of infections to teats and udders, including the avoidance of damage to tissue.
Foremilk (initially drawn small quantity of milk) from each teat should be discarded
or collected separately and not used for human consumption unless it can be shown
that it does not affect the safety and suitability of the milk.
3.2.4.1 Environmental contamination

Milking operations should minimize the introduction of food-borne pathogens and
foreign matter from the skin and general milking environment as well as chemical
residues from cleaning and disinfection routines.
3.2.4.2 Milking equipment design

– Milking equipment, utensils and storage tanks should be designed, constructed
and maintained in such a way that they can be adequately cleaned and do not
constitute a significant source of contamination of milk.
– Milking equipment should be designed such that it does not damage teats and
udders during normal operation.
3.2.4.3 Milking equipment cleaning and disinfection

– Milking equipment and storage tanks (and other vessels) should be thoroughly
cleaned and disinfected following each milking, and dried when appropriate.
– Rinsing of equipment and storage tanks following cleaning and disinfection
should remove all detergents and disinfectants, except in those circumstances
where the manufacturer instructions indicate that rinsing is not required.
– Water used for cleaning and rinsing should be appropriate for the purpose, such
that it will not result in contamination of the milk.
– Only potable water can be used in contact with milking equipment and other
milk contact surfaces.
3.2.4.4 Health and personal hygiene of milking personnel

– Milking personnel should be in good health. Individuals known, or suspected
to be suffering from, or to be a carrier of, a disease likely to be transmitted to
the milk, should not enter milk handling areas if there is a likelihood of their
contaminating the milk. Medical examination of a milk handler should be carried
out if clinically or epidemiologically indicated.
– Hands and forearms (up to elbow) should be washed frequently and always
washed before initiating milking or handling of milk.
207
– Milking should not be performed by persons having exposed abrasions or cuts on

their hands or forearms. Any injury on hands or forearms must be covered with a
water-resistant bandage.
– Suitable clothing should be worn during milking and should be clean at the
commencement of each milking period.
3.3 Handling, storage and transport of milk

Time and temperature control is important during storage and transport of milk
and depends highly on the type and effectiveness of the control measures applied
during and after processing. Therefore, the needs for time/temperature control
at farm level should be clearly communicated by the manufacturer of the milk
products.
3.3.1 Milking equipment

The design of milking equipment, where used, and cans, should ensure there are no
crevices or recesses that can interfere with proper cleaning.
Milking equipment should be installed and tested (if applicable) in accordance

with manufacturer’s instructions and in accordance with any available technical
standards that have been established by appropriate technical standards setting
organizations for such equipment (e.g., IDF, ISO, 3A) in order to assist in assuring
that the equipment is functioning properly.
Milking equipment and cans should be cleaned and disinfected regularly and with
sufficient frequency to minimize or prevent contamination of milk.
There should be a periodic verification process to ensure that milking equipment is

in good working condition.
Milking equipment and utensils which are intended to come into contact with
milk (e.g., containers, tanks, etc.) should be easy to clean and disinfect, corrosion
resistant and not capable of transferring substances to milk in such quantities as to
present a health risk to the consumer.
Between inspections, milking equipment should be maintained in proper working

condition.
3.3.2 Milk storage equipment

Milk storage tanks and cans should be so designed to ensure complete drainage and
constructed to avoid contamination of the milk when it is stored.
Milk storage equipment should be properly installed, maintained and tested in

accordance with manufacturer’s instructions and in accordance with any available
technical standards that have been established by appropriate technical standards
setting organizations for such equipment (e.g., IDF, ISO, 3A) in order to assist in
assuring that the equipment is functioning properly.
208
Surfaces of milk storage tanks, cans and associated equipment intended to come
into contact with milk should be easy to clean and disinfect, corrosion resistant
and not capable of transferring substances to milk in quantities that will present a
health risk to the consumer.
Milk tanks and cans should not be used to store any harmful substance that may
subsequently contaminate milk. If milk storage tanks and cans are used to store
foods other than milk, precautions should be taken to prevent any subsequent milk
contamination.
Storage tanks and cans should be cleaned and disinfected regularly and with
sufficient frequency to minimize or prevent contamination of milk.
Storage tanks or portions of storage tanks that are outdoors should be adequately
protected or designed such that they prevent access of insects, rodents and dust in
order to prevent contamination of milk.
There should be a periodic verification process to ensure that milk storage equipment
is properly maintained and in good working condition.
Milk tanks and cans can be used only to store milk and milk products.
It is necessary to verify, at least once a year, that milk storage equipment is maintained
and in good working order.
3.3.3 Premises for, and storage of, milk and milking-related equipment
Premises for the storage of milk should be situated and constructed to avoid risk of
contamination of milk or equipment.
Premises for the storage of milk should have:
• suitable milk refrigeration equipment, when appropriate;

• a sufficient supply of water of a suitable quality of for use in milking and in
cleaning of equipment and instruments;
• protection against vermin;
• easily cleanable floors, if applicable; and
• adequate separation between milking areas and any premises where animals are
housed in order to prevent contamination of milk by animals. Where separation
is not possible, adequate measures should be taken to ensure that the milk is not
contaminated.
Immediately after milking, the milk should be stored in properly designed and
maintained tanks or cans in a clean place.
209
Storage temperatures and times should be such that minimizes any detrimental
effect on the safety and suitability of milk. The time and temperature conditions for
milk storage at the farm should be established taking into account the effectiveness
of the control system in place during and after processing, the hygienic condition of
the milk and the intended duration of storage. In situations where the milk cannot
be chilled on the farm, collection and delivery of this milk to a collection centre or
processing facility within certain time limits may be required. These conditions may
be specified in legislation, in Codes of Practice, or by the manufacturer receiving the
milk in collaboration with the milk producer and the competent authority.
When milk for further processing is not collected or used within 2 hours after
milking, it shall be cooled:
• to a temperature equal to or below 6°C when collected on a daily basis; or

• to a temperature equal to or below 4°C when not collected every day.
Deviations from those temperatures may be acceptable if those deviations will not
result in an increased risk of microbiological hazards, have been approved by the
manufacturer receiving the milk, have been approved by the competent authority,
and the end product will still meet the microbiological criteria established in
accordance with 5.2.3.2.
3.3.4 Collection, transport and delivery procedures and equipment
3.3.4.1 Collection, transport and delivery procedures

– Personnel and vehicular access to the place of collection should be adequate
for the suitable hygienic handling of milk. In particular, access to the place of
collection should be clear of manure, silage, etc.
– Prior to collection, the milk hauler or collection/chilling centre operator should
check the individual producer’s milk to ensure that the milk does not present
obvious indications of spoilage and deterioration. If the milk shows indications
of spoilage and deterioration, it should not be collected.
– Collection and chilling centres, if employed, should be designed and operated in
such a manner that minimizes or prevents the contamination of milk.
– Milk should be collected under hygienic conditions to avoid contamination of
milk. In particular, the milk hauler or collection centre operator should, where
appropriate, take samples in such a way to avoid contamination of the milk and
should ensure that the milk has the adequate storage/in-take temperature prior
to collection.
– The milk hauler should receive adequate training in the hygienic handling of raw
milk.
– Milk haulers should wear clean clothing.
– Milk hauling operations should not be performed by persons at risk of transferring
pathogens to milk. Appropriate medical follow-up should be done in the case of
an infected worker.
210
– Milk haulers should perform their duties in a hygienic manner so that their
activities will not result in contamination of milk.
– The driver should not enter the stables or other places where animals are kept, or
places where there is manure.
– Should driver clothing and footwear be contaminated with manure, the soiled
clothes and footwear should be changed or cleaned before work is continued.
– The tanker driver should not enter the processing areas of the dairy plant.
Conditions should be arranged to allow necessary communication with the
staff of the dairy, delivery of milk samples, dressing, rest breaks, etc. without
direct contact taking place with the dairy processing areas or with staff members
involved with processing milk and milk products.
– Milk to be used for the manufacture of raw milk products shall be collected
separately. Mixing, or cross-contamination with milk which does not comply with
the quality (including microbiological) expected for the processing of raw milk
products shall not be allowed.
For example:
• organize collection pick-ups in such a way that milk for the manufacture of
raw milk products be collected separately; or
• use milk transport tankers with compartments that will allow the separation
of the milk for raw milk products from milk to be heat processed combined
with the pick-up of milk for raw-milk products before milk for other products.
3.3.4.2 Collection, transport and delivery equipment

– Guidance on the bulk transport of foods is given in the Code of Hygienic Practice
for the Transport of Food in Bulk and Semi-Packed Food (CAC/RCP 47-2001).
– Milk transport tankers and cans should be designed and constructed such that
they can be effectively cleaned and disinfected.
– Milk transport tankers and cans should be designed and constructed to ensure
complete drainage.
– Milk transport tankers and cans should not be used to transport any harmful
substance. If milk transport tanks and cans are used to transport foods other than
milk, precautions such as the implementation of adequate cleaning protocols
should be taken to prevent any subsequent milk contamination.
– Surfaces of milk transport tankers, cans and associated equipment intended to
come into contact with milk should be easy to clean and disinfect, corrosion
resistant and not capable of transferring substances to the milk in such quantities
as to present a health risk to the consumer.
– Milk cans and transport tankers (including the milk discharge area, valves, etc.)
should be cleaned and disinfected with sufficient frequency in order to minimize
or prevent contamination of milk.
– After disinfection, tankers and cans should be drained.
– Lorries, trucks or other vehicles which carry the tank or cans should be cleaned
whenever necessary.
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3.3.4.3 Transport time and temperature

– Transport temperature and time should be such that milk is transported to
the dairy or to the collection/chilling centre in a manner that minimizes any
detrimental effect on the safety and suitability of milk.
– The time and temperature conditions for the collection and transport of milk
from the farm should be established taking into account the effectiveness of the
control system in place during and after processing, the hygienic condition of the
milk and the intended duration of storage. In situations where the milk cannot
be chilled on the farm, collection and delivery of this milk to a collection centre or
processing facility within certain time limits may be required. These conditions may
be specified in legislation, in Codes of Practice, or by the manufacturer receiving
the milk in collaboration with the milk producer, collector and transporter and
the competent authority.
– The temperature of the milk to be used for the manufacture of raw-milk products
shall not exceed 8°C, unless the milk has been collected within 2 hours after
milking.
– Deviations from this temperature may be acceptable if these deviations will not
result in an increased risk of microbiological hazards, have been approved by the
manufacturer receiving the milk, have been approved by the competent authority
and the end product will still meet the microbiological criteria established in
accordance with 5.2.3.2.
3.4 Documentation and recordkeeping

With respect to food safety, records should be kept where necessary on:
• Prevention and control of animal diseases with an impact on public health;

• Identification and movement of animals;
• Regular control of udder health;
• Use of veterinary drugs and pest control chemicals;
• Nature and source of feed;
• Milk storage temperatures;
• Use of agricultural chemicals;
• Equipment cleaning.
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ANNEX II
GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CONTROL MEASURES
DURING AND AFTER PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES
The detailed information contained in this annex should be implemented in order

to prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards associated with incoming materials to
acceptable levels and to reduce the likelihood of milk contamination resulting from
inadequate control of manufacturing operations. This information will enable the
implementation of the principles laid down in Section 5 of the main body of the
Code by providing guidelines for their application.
These measures should be used in combination with guidelines on primary

production found in Annex I in order to effectively control the microbiological
hazards in milk products. There is a close relationship between the control of
manufacturing operations and the safety and suitability of processed milk products
based on the control measures presented in Annex II.
SCOPE
The provisions in this Annex reinforce and supplement the principles and guidelines
specified in Section 5 of the Code (Control of Operation), in particular Section 5.1,
and should apply to the manufacture of any milk product. The principles in Section
5, Control of Operation, as well as the hazard identification provisions of this annex
apply not only to the control of microbial hazards but also to the control of chemical
and physical hazards.
The most common microbiological control measures are addressed in further

detail in Part A (microbiostatic control measures) and Part B (microbiocidal control
measures), respectively. However, this does not preclude in any way the use of
additional and/or alternative microbiological control measures, provided that the
general guidance provided in this Annex is followed.
USE OF ANNEX II
The information in Annex II is organized to correspond with the relevant sections

in the main part of the Code and the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/
RCP 1-1969). Where a particular principle has been identified in the main body
of the Code, guidelines for the application of that principle will be located in the
corresponding section of this part of the Annex.
These guidelines are supplemental to those contained in Section 5 of the General

Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) (including the Hazard Analysis and 213
Critical Control Point (HACCP) System and Guidelines for its Application Annex) and
to the overarching principles presented in Section 2.3 of the base document.
The guidelines presented in this annex are intended to enhance and supplement
those aspects of the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) HACCP
Annex which are critical to the successful design of a system of food safety controls.
The users of this document are encouraged to implement the guidelines contained
in the HACCP Annex when designing a HACCP system and to refer to those Annex II
guidelines for further details on the hazard analysis, control measure selection and
critical limit determination.
Definitions
The definitions below apply for the purpose of this Annex, and in addition to those
definitions contained in Section 2.5 of the main body of this Code.
Microbiocidal treatments are control measures that substantially reduce or practically

eliminate the number of micro-organism present in a food.
Microbiostatic treatments are control measures that minimize or prevent the growth
of micro-organisms present in a food.
Pasteurization is a microbiocidal heat treatment aimed at reducing the number of
any pathogenic micro-organisms in milk and liquid milk products, if present, to a
level at which they do not constitute a significant health hazard. Pasteurization
conditions are designed to effectively destroy the organisms Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Coxiella burnettii.
UHT (ultra-high temperature) treatment of milk and liquid milk products is
the application of heat to a continuously flowing product using such high
temperatures for such time that renders the product commercially sterile at the
time of processing. When the UHT treatment is combined with aseptic packaging,
it results in a commercially sterile product.7
5. Control of operations
5.1 Control of food hazards

It is important that control measures are applied during both primary production
and processing to minimize or prevent the microbiological, chemical or physical
contamination of milk. In addition, special attention should be given during the
processing of different milk products so that inadvertent cross-contamination
does not occur, including with respect to ingredients that may contain allergenic
substances. Note: A distinction can be drawn between the types of control measures
used for microbiological hazards and those used for chemical and physical hazards.
7
The concepts of aseptic packaging and commercially sterile can be found in the Codex documents on Low Acid and Acidified
214 Canned Foods (CAC/RCP 23-1979) and Aseptic Processing (CAC/RCP 40-1993).
The control measures used for chemical and physical hazards in food are generally
preventive in nature, i.e., they focus on avoiding the contamination of food with
chemical or physical hazards in the first place rather than on reducing or eliminating
such hazards once they have been introduced into the product. It should be noted
however that there are some exceptions to this type of distinction, e.g., the use of
filters, screens and metal detectors to remove certain physical hazards.
Microbiological food hazards are controlled by appropriate selection of control

measures applied during primary production in combination with control measures
applied during and after processing. The result of applying any microbiocidal control
measure depends significantly on the microbial load (including the concentration of
microbiological hazards) in the material subjected to it. It is therefore important that
preventive measures are applied in primary production to reduce the initial load of
pathogenic micro-organisms as well as during processing to avoid contamination
within the processing environment. The initial microbial load significantly impacts
the performance needed for the microbiological control measures applied during
and after processing as well as the performance required for suitability. The safety
and suitability of the end product depends not only on the initial microbiological
load and the efficiency of the process, but also on any post-process growth of
surviving organisms and post-process contamination.
Individual control measures should be selected and applied in such combination

as to achieve a sufficient performance as to result in end products with acceptable
levels of hazards.
Acceptable levels of contaminants in the end product should be identified and be

based upon:
• Food safety objectives, end product criteria and similar regulatory requirements,
as applicable;
• Acceptable levels derived from the purchaser constituting the subsequent link of
the food chain; and/or
• The maximum levels found acceptable by the manufacturer, taking into
account acceptable levels agreed with the customer and/or regulatory measures
established by public health authorities.
The guidelines contained in sections 5.1.1 to 5.1.3 are intended to be supplemental

to the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969) HACCP Annex.
5.1.1 Hazard identification and evaluation

Hazard identification can be separated into two distinctly different parts, the
identification of all potential hazards and the evaluation of the identified potential
hazards to determine which are considered to have severe adverse health effects
and/or are reasonably likely to occur and therefore need to be controlled through
the implementation of effective control measures.
215
The hazard identification should be based on the initial descriptions developed

during preliminary steps contained in the General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/
RCP 1-1969), HACCP Annex and on experience, external information, as well as
epidemiological and other historical data that have been associated with the type of
food under consideration, the type of raw materials and ingredients used, and that
may be introduced during the processing distribution. To insure a comprehensive
approach, the various step(s) in the manufacturing process, from material selection
through processing and distribution, where a hazard may occur or be introduced
should be identified.
The potential hazards for such consideration should be listed in relation to the
identified acceptable levels, including established FSO(s), where available.
For microbiological hazards, the likelihood of occurrence will depend on the actual
prevalence in the milk and raw materials used. Factors influencing the prevalence
are climatic conditions, animal species, prevalence of animal disease (sub-clinically
or clinically) caused by the organism, prevalence of mastitis including the relative
distribution of causing organisms, the adequacy of primary production practices
including the potential of environmental contamination (feeding practices, water
quality, milking hygiene level), and the potential for human contamination.
Consultation of the competent authorities having jurisdiction in relation to the herds
is appropriate.
When evaluating potential microbiological hazards, consideration should be

given to which of the organisms are likely to be present in the milk. For instance,
microbiological hazards that are not relevant in the geographical area of concern
(e.g. because the prevalence is insignificant or zero) can be ruled out at an early
stage. Also, where it can be verified that specific sanitary measures are successfully
applied during primary production to prevent or significantly reduce introduction
of a pathogen into the herd, including efficient eradication programmes, the
pathogen in question may be ruled out. The manufacturer or other appropriate party
is responsible for documenting the conditions that support such a determination.
This can be accomplished by documenting the OIE status (e.g. disease-free area),
the effectiveness of national programmes, the effectiveness of individual producer
screening programmes, on the basis of documented historical evidence, and through
the development of epidemiological evidence.
Regular analysis of the milk (including but not restricted to microbiological analyses)
received at the manufacturing establishment producing milk products can be
used to verify the implementation of control measures affecting the likelihood of
occurrence of a hazard, depending upon the technology used and the kind of milk
product being made.
Hazard identification should take into consideration the allergenic nature of some
foods. Milk products may contain ingredients such as nuts, eggs and cereal grains
that are known to be allergens.
216
Further, any additional hazards that can be introduced into the milk product during
and after processing (e.g. environmental contamination, human contamination)
should also be considered. During such considerations, the effectiveness of preventive
measures taking place in the manufacturing environment (e.g., environmental and
equipment sanitation programmes, employee practices, pest control programmes,
etc.) should be evaluated to determine the likelihood of occurrence of potential
hazards.
5.1.2 Control measure selection

Note: While the following guidelines are focused on the control of microbiological
hazards, the concepts presented herein can be applied as well to the control of
chemical and physical hazards.
The next step in the hazard analysis process is to select control measures that will
be effective in controlling those hazards. A number of such control measures are
further described in Appendices A and B of Annex II.
Selection of individual control measures

Individual microbiological control measures can be grouped according to primary
function as follows:
• Microbiocidal control measures that reduce the microbial load, for instance
by killing, inactivation or removal. These may be applied during processing as
processing steps (e.g. microfiltration, thermization, pasteurization) or after the
processing as intrinsic factors (e.g. ageing).
• Microbiostatic control measures that prevent, limit or retard the growth of
micro-organisms by chemical or physical means. These are used to stabilize the
product against activity of pathogens and spoilage organisms and may apply
after milk production, during processing (e.g. in between processing steps) and
after processing. Microbiostatic control measures still imply some probability
of growth. Microbiostatic control measures that are efficient after processing
may be applied towards the product (e.g. temperature/time control) as extrinsic
factors or be built into the product as intrinsic factors (e.g. preservatives, pH).
• Microbiostatic control measures that prevent direct contamination of product,
for instance by closed circuits or by appropriate packaging to protect the
product. These are used to physically prevent contamination, in particular, during
packaging and/or after processing.
The use of a single processing step may have subsequent microbiological effects
(e.g. reduction of pH, water content), while other microbiological control measures
only reduce the number of micro-organisms at the point in the manufacturing
process, where it is applied.
Combination of microbiological control measures

More than one microbiological control measure is usually needed to control
microbial content, to retard or prevent spoilage and to help prevent food borne
diseases. Suitable combinations can be devised in order that specific organisms of
concern can be reduced in number and/or no longer grow/survive in the product. 217
Such suitable combinations are sometimes referred to by the dairy industry as

“hurdle technology”.
The combination of control measures has two main objectives:
• During processing: Providing assurance that the levels of the pathogens (and/
or spoilage organisms) of concern, where present, are kept at or reduced to
acceptable levels.
• After processing (packaging, distribution and storage): Providing assurance that
the acceptable levels of the pathogens (and/or spoilage organisms) of concern that
have been achieved during processing are kept under control throughout shelf life.
It may be necessary to ensure that growth of micro-organisms is kept to a minimum

prior to processing, in between different processing steps, and after processing.
The microbiostatic control measures used should be adapted to the need of the
particular product in the particular situation. The resulting outcome in terms of
the safety and suitability of the end product does not depend only on the initial
microbial load and the effectiveness of the process, but also on any post-process
growth of surviving organisms and post-process contamination. Therefore, all
microbiological control measure combinations should be supported by appropriate
preventive measures prior to and after the process, as deemed necessary.
Depending on the source and possible routes of contamination, the hazard(s) may
be kept under control by preventive measures implemented at primary production
level and/or in processing environments. When evaluating microbiological preventive
measures, it is particularly important to know which of the hazards are affected by
the preventive measure and to what extent the measure reduces the probability
of the hazard contaminating the milk product during milking, processing and/or
distribution. Those microbiological hazards that are not managed adequately by
preventive and microbiostatic control measures need to be managed and controlled
by adequate microbiocidal control measures with sufficient combined performance.
Microbiological control measures having effect only at the point of application

must be applied in appropriate combinations with other microbiological control
measures.
The combination of microbiological control measures is most efficient when it is

multi-targeted, that is, when various individual measures are selected so that
different factors effecting microbial survival are targeted, e.g., pH, Aw, availability
of nutrients, etc. In many cases, a multi-targeted combination using microbiological
control measures with low intensity may be more effective than one single measure
with high intensity. The presence of a number of microbiological control measures
inhibiting or reducing the number of micro-organisms may be synergistic, that is
that interaction occurs between two or more measures so that their combined
effect is greater than the sum of their individual effects. Therefore, the utilization
of synergistic effects can allow for combining microbiological control measures of
less intensity than would be otherwise expected from each measure individually.
218
Where flexibility from provisions in Annex I is granted for small holder dairy farms,
particular attention should be paid to the nature of the granted deviations and
their potential consequences in terms of hazard levels in the milk.
Attention should be paid to the application of microbiocidal control measures

with such performance that they effectively eliminate any risks associated with
the transfer of additional zoonotic hazards to the milk. Similarly, where certain
animal diseases are present in herds producing the milk, particular attention should
be drawn to the recommendations in the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code, as
specific microbiocidal control measures or performances thereof may be necessary
to eliminate the animal health risks associated with these diseases.
5.1.3 Establishment of process criteria

From the performance required, the corresponding process criterion or criteria
(as appropriate to the nature of the microbiological control measure) should be
established. They are intended for the appropriate implementation (set-up) of a
processing step and for application in practical process control (e.g. filter size, pH,
concentration of preservative, time/temperature combinations). In the context of
HACCP, process criteria may or may not constitute critical limits.
The performance of control measures and control measure combinations selected

should be validated using procedures outlined in the Guidelines for the Validation of
Food Hygiene Control Measures (in preparation). The validation of control measures
or control measure combinations is especially important when establishing the
effectiveness of new or developing technologies. validation may not be necessary in
situations where well established control measures or technologies are considered to
be acceptable.
If the performance required cannot be achieved by the control measure(s) or if it is

estimated and/or monitoring shows that the hazards are not under sufficient control
by the selected combination of microbiological control measures, modification of
the control system design is necessary.
Examples of some of the modifications that can be made until the hazard of concern is
considered under control include:
• Increase of the intensities of the microbiological control measure(s) applied.
• Identification of additional microbiological control measure(s) that target the
hazard of concern.
• Implementation of more stringent on-farm control measures.
• Introduction of specifically targeted measures at farm level that reduce the
prevalence of the hazard of concern in the milk used.
• Reduction of the intended shelf life and/or amendments of the intended storage
conditions.
Additional provisions for the manufacture of raw milk products

It is critical for a dairy farm, when producing milk intended for the manufacturing
of raw milk product, to comply with the provisions (including the identified
additional provisions) detailed in Annex I and in section 5.2.3.1 of this Annex, 219
and these activities should be frequently monitored and evaluated for their
effective implementation. This evaluation may lead to the identification of needed
improvements at the primary production level (practices, equipment, environment,
etc.) or in the classification of dairy farms according to their ability to provide milk
for the processing of raw milk products.
Any non-compliance detected either at the farm level or at the milk reception of
a manufacturing plant should result in immediate action that may affect the farm,
the manufacturing establishment or both. For this reason, there should be clear
communication between the manufacturer and the farm and, if necessary, technical
assistance should be provided to the primary producer by the manufacturer.
5.2 Key aspects of hygiene control systems
5.2.1 Time and temperature control
5.2.1.2 Distribution of finished products
Perishable products
– The storage temperature should be sufficient to maintain product safety and
suitability throughout the intended shelf life. If the temperature of the product is
the principal means of preservation, it is essential that the product be maintained
at the appropriate temperature. Validation of the selected temperature should
be carried out except in situations where well established storage temperatures
are considered acceptable.
– Regular and effective monitoring of temperatures of storage areas, transport
vehicles and store display cases should be carried out where:
• the product is stored, and
• the product is being transported, within the product load, which could be
done by using temperature indicating and recording systems;
• the product is being presented for retail sale.
– Particular attention should be paid throughout storage and distribution to:
• periods of defrosting of refrigeration units;
• temperature abuse; and
• overloading the cold storage facility.
Products stable at ambient temperatures

Products that can be stored at ambient temperatures, should be protected against
external agents and contamination, e.g., direct sun radiation, excessive heating,
moisture, external contaminants, etc. from rapid temperature changes which could
adversely affect the integrity of the product container or the safety and suitability
of the product.
5.2.1.3 Establishment of shelf life

– Product shelf life is influenced by a number of factors, such as:
• applied microbiological control measures, including storage temperatures;
• cooling methods applied to product;
220
• type of packaging (e.g., hermetically sealed or not, modified atmosphere

packaging);
• likelihood of post-process contamination and type of potential contamination.
– The shelf life of milk products may be limited by microbial changes (e.g.,
deterioration and growth of pathogenic and spoilage micro-organisms to
unacceptable levels).
– When establishing product shelf life, it is the responsibility of the manufacturer
to assure and, as necessary, to demonstrate, that the safety and suitability of the
milk product can be retained throughout the maximum period specified, taking
into consideration the potential for reasonably anticipated temperature abuse
during manufacture, storage, distribution, sale and handling by the consumer.
– These temperature abuses may allow the growth of pathogenic micro-organisms,
if present, unless appropriate intrinsic factors are applied to prevent such growth.
Explanatory note: Reasonably anticipated temperature abuse takes into account
the normal period of transporting of purchased products to appropriate
consumer storage facilities and normal patterns of handling during consumption,
for instance, the number and length of periods in which the product is removed
from the refrigerator and subjected to ambient temperatures until the whole
package has been consumed.
– The possible reactivation of pathogens with time should be taken into account
when determining the shelf life.
– Shelf life determination can be carried out at the plant level by testing products
subjected to the storage conditions specified or by predicting microbial growth
in the product under the specified storage conditions. Reasonable anticipated
temperature abuse can be integrated into the study or be taken into account
by applying an appropriate safety factor (e.g., by shortening the maximum
durability specified in the labelling or by requiring lower storage temperatures).
5.2.2 Microbiological and other specifications
5.2.2.1 Milk
– The milk used for the manufacture of products covered by this Code should be
evaluated based on sampling of milk from individual farms or milk collection
centres.
– Upon receiving, the milk should be subject to olfactory and visual inspection.
Other criteria (e.g., temperature, titratable acidity, microbiological and chemical
criteria) should be used to detect unacceptable conditions.
– Any-non-compliance with the above mentioned criteria, and in particular with
regards to pathogens, should result in immediate corrective actions at the farm
level and in the manufacturing establishment, for example: rejection of the
milk for the processing of raw milk products; corrective actions on the milking
procedure (cleaning and sanitation procedures of the milking equipment, cleaning
or sanitation procedures of the udder, etc.,); quality of feed; the hygienic quality
of the water supply; practices in animal holding areas; individual check of animals
to find the animal(s) that may be the carrier; isolation of that animal from the
herd as necessary. Corrective actions should be identified and implemented, and
specific assistance to the dairy farm may need to be provided.
221
– In some cases, where more comprehensive control measures are put into place to
ensure the safety and suitability of milk, as may be the case for raw milk intended
to be used in the production of raw milk products, it may be necessary to classify
farms into two categories: those acceptable for use in raw milk products and
those that are not.
Additional provisions for milk used in the manufacture of raw milk products
– Depending on the hazard analysis performed by the manufacturer and the
combination of microbiological control measures applied during and after
processing of milk products, specific microbiological criteria regarding pathogens
(for example: Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes) may need to be
established.
Appendix A
Microbiostatic control measures
Note: The control measures described in this appendix are presented as descriptive
examples only and require validation prior to use with respect to their effectiveness
and safe use.
Microbial growth is dependent upon many conditions in the organism’s environment

such as: ingredients, nutrients, water activity, pH, presence of preservatives, competitive
micro-organisms, gas atmosphere, redox-potential, storage temperature and time.
Control of these conditions can therefore be used to limit, retard, or prevent microbial
growth.
Such microbiological control measures as well as microbiological control measures

protecting the product against direct microbial contamination from the surroundings
have microbiostatic functions.
Many microbiostatic control measures act by interfering with the homeostasis8

mechanisms that micro-organisms have evolved in order to survive environmental
stresses.
Maintaining a constant internal environment requires significant energy and

material resources of the micro-organism, and when a microbiological control
measure disturbs the homeostasis there will be less energy left for the micro-
organism to multiply. Consequently, the organisms will remain in the lag phase and
some may even die out before the homeostasis is re-established.
8
Homeostasis is the constant tendency of microorganisms to keep their internal environment stable and balanced. For instance,
222 microorganisms spend considerable efforts keeping their internal pH and osmotic pressure within narrow limits.
Examples of typical microbiostatic control measures include the following:
Carbon dioxide The addition and/or formation of carbonic acid to obtain a multiple
(CO2): inhibitory effect, including the creation of anaerobic conditions
by replacing oxygen, reducing pH, inhibiting certain intracellular
enzymes (decarboxylation), and inhibiting the transport of water-
soluble nutrients across the membrane (by dehydrating the
cellular membrane). The efficiency depends mainly on the point
of application. In ripened cheese, the emission of carbon dioxide
from the cheese to the outside environment is often utilized to
provide (almost) anaerobic conditions in the headspace of cheese
packaging
Coatings: The introduction of a physical barrier against contamination,

with or without antimicrobial substances implemented into it
(immobilized) to obtain a slow migration of these from the surface.
Freezing: The lowering of temperature below the freezing point of the

product combined with a reduction of the water activity. Freezing
has microbiostatic as well as microbiocidal effects.
Lactoferrins: Retardation through the utilization of naturally present

glycoproteins (highest concentration in colostrum) to prolong
the lag phases of bacteria for 12–14 hours, by binding iron in the
presence of bicarbonates.
Lactoperoxidase The activation of the lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate/hydrogen

system9: peroxide system (indigenous system in milk) to inactivate several
vital metabolic bacterial enzymes, consequently blocking their
metabolism and ability to multiply. Guidance for application is
provided in the Guidelines for Preservation of Raw Milk by the
Use of the Lactoperoxidase System (CAC/GL 13-1991).
Modified The establishing of a gaseous environment (either low in

atmosphere: oxygen and/or high in carbon dioxide or nitrogen) to limit
growth of aerobic micro-organisms by impairing biochemical
pathways. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) means that a
modification of the gas atmosphere in the packaging is created.
Establishing anaerobic environment to limit growth of aerobic
micro-organisms may proliferate certain anaerobic pathogenic
micro-organisms.
9
These microbiostatic control measures should only be used as a last resort in countries where infrastructure does not
permit cooling of milk at farm level or at collection centres. Whenever used, chemical methods should never replace nor
delay implementing good hygienic practices in milk production.
Any trade in milk treated by the lactoperoxidase system should only be on the basis of mutual agreement between
countries concerned, and without prejudice to trade with other countries. 223
Packaging: Packaging provides a physical barrier that protects against access

of micro-organisms from the surroundings.
pH reduction: The creation of extra-cellular acid conditions that enables

hydrogen ions to be imported into the cytoplasma of micro-
organisms, thus disturbing the homeostasis mechanism of the
intracellular pH responsible for maintaining functionality of key
cell components vital for continuing growth and viability. Low pH
values are obtained by fermentation or addition of acids (inorganic
or organic). The pH value for preventing growth depends on the
pathogen, but lies typically between pH 4.0–5.0. Micro-organisms
become more sensitive to other microbiological control measures
at lower pH. Synergy occurs with salt, water activity, organic
acids, the LP-system, and antimicrobial substances.
(Use of) The addition of certain additives to enhance keeping quality and
preservatives: stability through direct or indirect antimicrobial and/or fungicidal
activity. Most preservatives are rather specific and have effect
only on certain micro-organisms.
Redox The redox potential (Eh) is a measure of the oxidizing or reducing

potential potential of food systems that determines whether aerobic or
control: anaerobic micro-organisms are able to grow. Eh is influenced by
removal of oxygen and/or addition of reducing substances (e.g.
ascorbic acid, sucrose, etc.).
Refrigeration: The lowering of product temperature to limit microbial activity
Time: The practice of applying very short collection/storage periods,

limiting the shelf life of products, or immediate processing of
raw milk to ensure that all micro-organisms present are in the lag
phase, and therefore not active and more susceptible to other
microbiological control measures.
Water activity The control of the water activity (aw) in the product (the
control: accessibility of water for micro-organisms, not the water content
in the food), expressed as the ratio of water vapour pressure
of the food to that of pure water. The aw value for preventing
growth depends on the pathogen, but lies typically between 0.90
and 0.96. Water activity can be controlled by:
• concentration, evaporation and drying, which also increase
the buffering capacity of milk (synergy);
• salting (addition of sodium chloride), which also reduces the
cell resistance against carbon dioxide and in the solubility of
oxygen (synergy); and
• sweetening (addition of sugars), which at aw below 0.90–0.95
also results in an antimicrobial effect, depending on the type
224 of sugar (synergy).
Appendix B
Microbiocidal control measures
Note: the control measures described in this appendix are presented as descriptive
examples only and require validation prior to use with respect to their effectiveness
and safe use.
Microbiocidal or practical elimination control measures act by reducing the microbial

load, for instance through killing, inactivation or removal.
Many microbiological control measures have multiple functions. Some microbiostatic

control measures also have microbiocidal effects, the degree often depending upon
the intensity at which they are applied (e.g. pH reduction, refrigeration, freezing,
preservatives and indigenous antimicrobial systems).
Pasteurization and other heat treatments of milk that have at least an equivalent
efficiency are applied at such intensities (sufficient time/temperature combinations)
that they practically eliminate specific pathogens. They have therefore been
traditionally used as key microbiocidal control measures in the manufacture of milk
products. Non-thermal microbiocidal control measures with similar efficiencies are
not yet applied at such intensities that will render the milk product safe at the point
of application.
Examples of typical microbiocidal control measures include the following:
Centrifugation: The removal of microbial cells of high density from milk using
high centrifugal forces. Most efficient against microbial cells of
high density, notably bacterial spores and somatic cells
Commercial The application of heat at high temperatures for a time sufficient

sterilization: to render milk or milk products commercially sterile, thus
resulting in products that are safe and microbiological stable at
room temperature.
Competitive The reduction of the number of undesirable micro-organisms by

microflora: lowering the pH, consumption of nutrients, and production of
bacterial antimicrobial substances (such as nisin, other bacteriocins
and hydrogen peroxide). Usually, this microbiological control
measure is applied by choice of starter cultures. The efficiency is
determined by many factors, including the speed and level of pH-
reduction and variations in the pH level.
“Cooking” of The application of heat to cheese curd, mainly for technical

cheese curd: purposes. The heat treatment has a lower intensity than
thermization but stresses micro-organisms to become more
susceptible to other microbiological control measures.
225
Electromagnetic Electromagnetic energy results from high voltage electrical fields,

energy which alternate their frequency millions of times per second (<
treatment: 108 MHz). Examples are microwave energy (thermal effect),
radio-frequency energy (non-thermal effects) or high electric
field pulses (10–50 kV/cm, non-thermal effects). The treatment
destroys cells by establishing pores in the cell walls due to the
build up of electrical charges at the cell membrane.
High-pressure Application of high hydrostatic pressures to irreversibly damage

treatment: the membranes of vegetative cells.
Microfiltration: Removal of microbial cells, clumps and somatic cells by

recirculation over a microfilter. Normally, a pore size of ~0.6–1.4
µm is sufficient to separate most bacteria. Synergy in combination
with heat treatment.
Pasteurization: The application of heat to milk and liquid milk products aimed
at reducing the number of any pathogenic micro-organisms to a
level at which they do not constitute a significant health hazard.
Pulsed high- The application of (on e.g. packaging material, equipment and
intensity light: water) high intensity broadband light pulses of wavelengths
in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectrum (~20 000 times
sunlight) to destroy micro-organisms. Due to the inability to
penetrate in-transparent substances, the technology is only
effective against surfaces, for instance, in the removal of biofilm
and can therefore prevent cross contamination
Ripening The holding for such time, at such temperature, and under such
(ageing): conditions as will result in the necessary biochemical and physical
changes characterizing the cheese in question. When applied
as a microbiocidal control measure, the multifactoral, complex
system developing in cheese (pH, antagonistic flora, decreased
water activity, metabolism of bacteriocins and organic acids) is
utilized to influence the microenvironment in and on the food
and consequently the composition of the microflora present.
Thermization: The application to milk of a heat treatment of a lower intensity

than pasteurization that aims at reducing the number of micro-
organisms. A general reduction of log 3–4 can be expected.
Micro-organisms surviving will be heat-stressed and become
more vulnerable to subsequent microbiological control measures.
226
Ultrasonication: The application of high intensity ultrasound (18-500 MHz)

that cause cycles of compression and expansion as well as
cavitation in microbial cells. Implosion of microscopic bubbles
generates spots with very high pressures and temperatures able
to destroy cells. More effective when applied in combination
with other microbiological control measures. When applied
at higher temperatures, the treatment is often referred to as
“thermosonication”.
Warm sealed The application of heat (80 to 95 °C) to a solid end product in
packaging: connection with the packaging process, for instance to maintain
the product at a viscosity suitable for packaging. Such process can
be done in a continuous flow system or in batch processes. The
product is sealed at the packaging temperature and chilled for
storage/distribution purposes afterwards. When combined with
low pH in the product, e.g. below 4.6, the warm sealed product
may be commercially sterile as any surviving micro-organisms
may not be able to grow. A supplementary microbiostatic control
measures is to ensure adequate cooling rates of packaged
products to minimize potential for B. cereus growth.
1. Pasteurization of milk and fluid milk products
1.1 Description of process

Pasteurization can either be carried out as a batch operation (“batch pasteurization”
or “LTLT-pasteurization” (low temperature, long time)), with the product heated
and held in an enclosed tank, or as a continuous operation (“HTST-pasteurization”
(high temperature, short time)) with the product heated in a heat exchanger and
then held in a holding tube for the required time.
Currently, the most common method of pasteurization is by means of heat exchangers

designed for the HTST process (high temperature short time). This process involves
heating of the milk to a certain temperature, holding at that temperature under
continuous turbulent flow conditions for a sufficiently long time, to ensure the
destruction and/or inhibition of any hazardous micro-organisms that may be present.
An additional outcome is the delay of the onset of microbiological deterioration,
extending the shelf life of milk.
To save energy, heat is regenerated, i.e. the chilled milk feeding the exchangers
is heated by the pasteurized milk leaving the pasteurization unit. The effect of
this pre-heating is cumulative, and should be taken into account when simulating
pasteurization conditions at laboratory scale.
Pasteurization carried out in a batch-process involves the heating of milk placed in

a container to a certain temperature for sufficiently long time to achieve equivalent
effects as in the case of the HTST process. The heat can be supplied externally or
227
internally in heat exchangers or within a pasteurizer. Due to the non-continuous flow

conditions, heating and cooling takes longer and will add to the effect (cumulative).
1.2 Process management
Performance criteria
As C. burnettii is the most heat-resistant non-sporulating pathogen likely to be
present in milk, pasteurization is designed to achieve at least a 5 log reduction of C.
burnettii in whole milk (4% milkfat).
Process criteria
According to validations carried out on whole milk, the minimum pasteurization
conditions are those having bactericidal effects equivalent to heating every particle
of the milk to 72 °C for 15 seconds (continuous flow pasteurization) or 63 °C for 30
minutes (batch pasteurization). Similar conditions can be obtained by joining the
line connecting these points on a log time versus temperature graph.10
Processing times necessary rapidly decrease with minimal increase in temperature.

Extrapolation to temperatures outside the range of 63 to 72 °C, in particular,
processing at temperatures above 72°C must be treated with the utmost caution as
the ability for them to be scientifically [validated] is beyond current experimental
techniques.
For example, it would be extremely difficult if not impossible to determine

pasteurization efficiency at 80°C given the extrapolated processing time would be
around 0.22 seconds to achieve at least a 5 log reduction.
To ensure that each particle is sufficiently heated, the milk flow in heat exchangers
should be turbulent, i.e. the Reynolds number should be sufficiently high.
When changes in the composition, processing and use of the product are proposed,
the necessary changes to the scheduled heat treatment should be established and a
qualified person should evaluate the efficiency of the heat treatment.
For instance, the fat content of cream makes it necessary to apply minimum
conditions greater than for milk, minimum 75 °C for 15 seconds.
Formulated liquid milk products with high sugar content or high viscosity also
require pasteurization conditions in excess of the minimum conditions defined for
milk.
10
Note: The time/temperature combinations for HTST pasteurization were established many years ago on the basis of the hygiene
status at that time (quality of raw milk and of hygiene management levels). With time, the hygiene status has increased
considerably. However, the tradition to specify the minimum time/temperature combinations in regulatory texts has not enabled
the elevation of the hygiene status to be converted into the application of microbiocidal control measures of less intensity.
228 Instead, it has been (and still is) converted into extension of the product shelf life.
Verification of process
The products subjected to pasteurization should show a negative alkaline
phosphatase reaction immediately after the heat treatment as determined by an
acceptable method. Other methods could also be used to demonstrate that the
appropriate heat treatment has been applied.
Alkaline phosphatase11 can be reactivated in many milk products (cream, cheese, etc.).
Also, micro-organisms used in the manufacture may produce microbial phosphatase
and other substances that may interfere with tests for residual phosphatase.
Therefore, this particular verification method must be performed immediately after
the heat treatment in order to produce valid results. Note: Low residual alkaline
phosphatase levels in heat-treated milk (below 10 µg p-nitro-phenol equivalent/
ml) are taken as assurance that the milk has been correctly pasteurized and that
it has not been contaminated by raw milk. However, although this measure is
still considered as being the most appropriate method of verification, the factors
listed below influence the residual levels and should be taken into account when
interpreting the results:
Initial concentration in milk: the “pool” of alkaline phosphatase present in milk

varies widely between different species and within species. Typically, raw cow’s milk
shows an activity much higher than goats milk. As pasteurization results in a log
reduction of the initial level, the post-pasteurization residual level will vary with
the initial level in the raw milk. Consequently, different interpretation according to
origin of the milk is necessary and in some cases, the use of alkaline phosphatase
testing to verify pasteurization may not be appropriate.
Fat content of the milk: Phosphatase is readily absorbed on fat globules, thus the
fat content in the product subjected to pasteurization influence the result (typical
concentrations in cows milk: skim 400 µg/ml; whole 800 µg/ml, and 40% cream 3500
µg/ml).
Application of pre-heating: The level of alkaline phosphatase is decreased with

heat, such as at temperatures typically applied in separation and in thermization.
1.3 Application of pasteurization

Numerous manuals recognized by competent authorities exist for the correct
layout, designs and constructions of suitable pasteurizing equipment as well as for
practical operation and monitoring. Such manuals should be available and consulted
whenever necessary.
11
Milk from different species of milking animals normally contains different levels of alkaline phosphatase. These differences
should be taken into account when establishing criteria for phosphatase analysis and when establishing the effectiveness of
alkaline phosphatase testing as a means to verify that pasteurization conditions have been properly applied. 229
2. Commercial sterilization of milk and milk products

Details on the establishment of thermal processes designed to render milk or milk
products commercially sterile can be found in the Code of Hygienic Practice for Low-
Acid and Acidified Low-Acid Canned Foods (CAC/RCP 23-1979) and the Code of Hygienic
Practice for Aseptically Processed and Packaged Low-Acid Foods (CAC/RCP 40–1993).
2.1 Description of process

Commercial sterilization is a microbiocidal control measure that can be obtained
by various heat treatments, the most common and [validated] methods being UHT
(ultra high temperature) processing in combination with aseptic packaging or In-
container Sterilization.
UHT treatment is a continuous operation that can either be carried out by direct
mixing of steam with the product to be sterilized, or by indirect heating by means
of a heat exchanging surface, followed by further aseptic processing (eventual) and
aseptic packaging/filling. Thus the UHT plant are constituted by heating equipment
in conjunction with appropriate packaging equipment and, eventually, additional
treatment equipment (e.g. homogenization).
In-container sterilization may be a batch or continuous process.
2.2 Process management
Performance criteria
Thermal processes necessary to obtain commercially sterile products are designed to
result in the absence of viable micro-organisms and their spores capable of growing
in the treated product when kept in a closed container at normal non-refrigerated
conditions at which the food is likely to be held during manufacture, distribution
and storage.
Process criteria
For products at risk of contamination with Clostridium botulinum such as certain
composite milk products (as identified as likely to occur by a hazard analysis), the
minimum thermal process should be established in consultation with an official or
officially recognized authority. Where the risk of contamination with Clostridium
botulinum is lower, alternative thermal processes may be established by an official or
officially recognized authority, provided that the end products are microbiologically
shelf stable and verified.
The combined effects of two or more treatments may be considered additive

provided they comprise a single continuous process.
UHT treatment
UHT treatment is normally in the range of 135 to 150 °C in combination with
appropriate holding times necessary to achieve commercial sterility. Other
equivalent conditions can be established through consultation with an official or
officially recognized authority.
230
Validation of milk flow and holding time is critical prior to operation.
See CAC/RCP 40–1993 for aspects of aseptic processing and packaging not already
covered by this code.
Verification of process
The products subjected to commercial sterilization must be microbiologically stable
at room temperature, either measured after storage until end of shelf life or
incubated at 55 °C for 7 days (or at 30 °C for 15 days) in accordance with appropriate
standards. Other methods could also be used to demonstrate that the appropriate
heat treatment has been applied.
2.3 Application of commercial sterilization

Numerous manuals exist for the establishment of thermal processes needed to
achieve commercial sterility, for the proper layout, designs and constructions of
suitable sterilization equipment and for practical operation and monitoring of
thermal processing equipment. Such manuals should be available and consulted
whenever necessary.
Also, see CAC/RCP 23-1979 for aspects of in-container sterilization not already
covered by this code.
231
GUIDELINES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF RAW MILK
BY USE OF THE LACTOPEROXIDASE SYSTEM
CAC/GL 13-1991
Introduction 234
1. Scope 234
2. Principles of the Method 234
3. Intended Utilization of Method 236
4. Practical Application of the Method 236
5. Control of Usage 237
appendix I: Technical specification of sodium thiocyanate 238
appendix II: Technical specification of sodium percarbonate 238
appendix III: Analysis of thiocyanate in milk 239
233
GUIDELINES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF RAW MILK

BY USE OF THE LACTOPEROXIDASE SYSTEM
CAC/GL 13-1991
Introduction
Milk is an easily perishable raw material. Contaminating bacteria may multiply rapidly
and render it unsuitable for processing and/or unfit for human consumption. Bacterial
growth can be retarded by refrigeration, thereby slowing down the rate of deterioration.
Under certain conditions refrigeration may not be feasible due to economical and/
or technical reasons. Difficulties in applying refrigeration are specially a problem for
certain areas in countries setting up or expanding their milk production. In these
situations, it would be beneficial to have access to a method, other than refrigeration,
for retarding bacterial growth in raw milk during collection and transportation to the
dairy processing plant.
In 1967 the FAO/WHO Expert Panel on Milk Quality concluded that the use
of hydrogen peroxide might be an acceptable alternative in the early stages of
development of an organized dairy industry, provided that certain conditions were
complied with. However, this method has not achieved any general acceptance as it
has several drawbacks, most important of which is the difficulty of controlling its use: it
may be misused to disguise milk of basic hygienic quality produced under poor hygienic
conditions. The toxicological aspects of the use of relatively high concentrations of
hydrogen peroxide in milk have also been questioned.
A chemical method for preserving milk would still be of great advantage in certain
situations. The search for such a method has therefore continued. Interest has recently
been focused on the indigenous antibacterial systems in milk to determine if these could
be applied practically to preserve raw milk. During the last decade, basic and applied
research has demonstrated that one of these systems, the lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate/
hydrogen peroxide system (LP-system) can be used successfully for this purpose.
1. Scope
1.1 This Code of Practice describes the use of the lactoperoxidase system for preventing
bacterial spoilage of raw milk (bovine and buffalo) during collection and transportation
to a dairy processing plant. It describes the principles of the method, in what situations
it can be used, its practical application and control of the method. It should be stressed
that this method should be utilized when refrigeration of the raw milk is not feasible.
2. Principles of the Method
2.1 The lactoperoxidase/thiocyanate/hydrogen peroxide system is an indigenous

antibacterial system in milk and human saliva. The enzyme lactoperoxidase is present
234 in bovine and buffalo milk in relatively high concentrations. It can oxidise thiocyanate
guidelines for the preservation of raw milk by use of the lactoperoxidase system (C ac /gl 13 -19 91)
ions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. By this reaction, thiocyanate is converted

into hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN). At the pH of milk HOSCN is dissociated and exists
mainly in the form of hypothiocyanate ions (OSCN-). This agent reacts specifically with
free sulphydryl groups, thereby inactivating several vital metabolic bacterial enzymes,
consequently blocking their metabolism and ability to multiply. As milk proteins contain
very few sulphydryl groups and those that are present are relatively inaccessible to
OSCN- (masked), the reaction of this compound is in milk quite specific and is directed
against the bacteria present in the milk.
2.2 The effect against bacteria is both species and strain dependent. Against a mixed raw
milk flora, dominated by mesophilic bacteria, the effect is bacteriostatic (predominantly
inhibitory). Against some gram-negative bacteria, i.e. pseudomonads, Escherichia coli,
the effect is bactericidal. Due to the mainly bacteriostatic effect of the system it is
not possible to disguise poor quality milk, which originally contained a high bacterial
population, by applying this method.
2.3 The antibacterial oxidation products of thiocyanate are not stable at neutral pH. Any
surplus of these decomposes spontaneously to thiocyanate. The velocity of this reaction
is temperature dependent, i.e. more rapid at higher temperatures. Pasteurisation of
the milk will ensure a complete removal of any residual concentrations of the active
oxidation products.
2.4 Oxidation of thiocyanate does not occur to any great extent in milk when it has left
the udder. It can, however, be initiated through addition of small concentrations of
hydrogen peroxide (see Section 4). The high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide
used to preserve milk (300–800 ppm), destroy the enzyme lactoperoxidase and thereby
preclude the oxidation of thiocyanate. With this method the antibacterial effect is thus
an effect of hydrogen peroxide itself.
2.5 The antibacterial effect of the LP-system is, within certain limits, proportional to
the thiocyanate concentration in the milk (provided that an equimolar amount of
hydrogen peroxide is provided). The level thiocyanate in milk is related to the feeding
of the animals and can thus vary. The practical use of the method consequently requires
addition of some thiocyanate to ensure that a level necessary to achieve the desired
effect, is present in the milk.
2.6 The levels of thiocyanate resulting from this treatment are within the physiological
levels reported to occur in milk under certain circumstances and feeding regimes. They
are also far below the thiocyanate levels known to exist in human saliva and certain
common vegetables, e.g. cabbage and cauliflower. In addition, results from clinical
experiments have clearly demonstrated that milk treated according to this method will
not cause any interference of the iodine uptake of the thyroid gland, neither in persons
with a normal iodine status nor in cases of iodine deficiency.
235
3. Intended Utilization of Method
3.1 This method should only be used in situations when technical, economical and/or
practical reasons do not allow the use of cooling facilities for maintaining the quality of
raw milk. Use of the LP-system in areas which currently lack an adequate infrastructure
for collection of liquid milk, would ensure the production of milk as a safe and
wholesome food, which otherwise would be virtually impossible.
3.2 The method should not be used by the individual farmers but at a suitable collecting
point/centre. These centres must be equipped with proper facilities for cleaning and
sanitising the vessels used to hold and transport milk.
3.3 The personnel responsible for the collection of milk should be in charge for the
treatment of the milk. They should be given appropriate training, including training in
general milk hygiene, to enable them fulfil this in a correct way.
3.4 The dairy processing the milk collected by use of the lactoperoxidase system should be
made responsible for ensuring that the method is used as intended. This dairy should
set up appropriate control methods (see Section 5) to monitor usage of the method,
raw milk quality and quality of the milk prior to processing.
3.5 The method should primarily be used to prevent undue bacterial multiplication in
raw milk during collection and transportation to the dairy processing plant under
conditions stated in 3.1. The inhibitory effect of the treatment is dependent on the
temperature of the stored milk and has been found to act for the following periods
of time in laboratory and field-experiments carried out in different countries with raw
milk of an initial good hygienic standard:
Temperature, °C Time, h
30 7–8
25 11–12
20 16–17
15 24–26
3.6 The use of the lactoperoxidase method does not exclude the necessity of pasteurization
of the milk before human consumption. Neither does it exclude the normal precautions
and handling routines applied to ensure a high hygienic standard of the raw milk.
4. Practical Application of the Method
4.1 The lactoperoxidase system can be activated in raw milk to give the above stated
antibacterial effect by an addition of thiocyanate as sodium thiocyanate and hydrogen
peroxide in the form of sodium percarbonate by the following procedure:
236
– 14 mg of NaSCN is added per litre of milk. The milk should then be mixed to ensure
an even distribution of the SCN-. Plunging for about 1 minute with a clean plunger
is normally satisfactory.
– Secondly, 30 mg of sodium percarbonate is added per litre of milk. The milk is
then stirred for another 2–3 minutes to ensure that the sodium percarbonate is
completely dissolved and the hydrogen peroxide is evenly distributed in the milk.
4.2 It is essential that the sodium thiocyanate and sodium percarbonate are added in the
order stated above. The enzymatic reaction is started in the milk when the hydrogen
peroxide (sodium percarbonate) is added. It is completed within about 5 minutes from
the addition of H2O2; thereafter, no hydrogen peroxide is present in the milk.
4.3 The activation of the lactoperoxidase system should be carried out within 2–3 hours
from the time of milking.
4.4 Quantities of sodium thiocyanate and sodium percarbonate needed for the treatment
of a certain volume of milk, for example 40 or 50 litre milk churns, should be distributed
to the collecting centre/point in prepacked amounts lasting for a few weeks at a time.
The technical specifications of the thiocyanate and sodium percarbonate which should
be used are stated in Appendices I and II.
5. Control of Usage
5.1 The use of the lactoperoxidase system for preserving raw milk must be controlled by
the dairy processing plant receiving the milk. This should be a combination of currently
used acceptance tests, e.g. titratable acidity, methylene blue, resazurin, total viable
count and analyses of the thiocyanate concentration in the milk. Since the thiocyanate
is not consumed in the reaction, treated milk arriving at the dairy plant would contain
approximately 10 mg above the natural amount of thiocyanate (the latter can be
determined by analysing untreated milk from the same area) per litre of milk. The
analytical method for SCN- is described in Appendix III Testing should be undertaken at
random. If the concentration of thiocyanate is too high (or too low), investigation must
be carried out to determine why the concentration is outside specification. The dairy
processing plant should also be responsible for the control of the chemicals to be used
at the collection centre for the activation of the lactoperoxidase system.
5.2 Analysis of the bacteriological quality of the milk (methylene blue, resazurin, total
plate count) should also be carried out to ensure that good hygienic standards are not
neglected. Since the effects of the system are predominantly bacteriostatic, an initial
high bacterial population in the milk can still be revealed by such tests.
237
Appendix I
Technical Specification of Sodium Thiocyanate
Definition
Chemical name Sodium thiocyanate

Chemical formula NaSCN
Molecular weight 81.1
Assay content 98–99%
Humidity 1–2%
Purity (according to JECFA* specification)
Heavy metals (as Pb) < 2 ppm

Sulfates (as SO4) < 50 ppm
Sulfide (S) < 10 ppm
* Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
Appendix II
Technical Specification of Sodium Percarbonate
Definition
Chemical name Sodium percarbonate (*)

Chemical formula 2Na2CO3·3H2O2
Molecular weight 314.0
Assay content 85%
Commercial available sodium percarbonate recommended to be used has the following

specification:
Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate > 85%

Heavy metals (as Pb) < 10 ppm
Arsenic (as As) < 3 ppm
(*) For information where sodium percarbonate could be obtained commercially, please apply to IDF
General Secretariat, Silver Building, Blvd. A. Reyers 70/B, B-1030 Brussels, Belgium.
238
Appendix III
Analysis of Thiocyanate in Milk
Principle
Thiocyanate can be determined in milk, after deproteinisation, with trichloroacetic
acid (TCA), as the ferric complex by measuring the absorbance at 460 nm. The minimum
level of detection by this method is 1 to 2 ppm of SCN- .
Reagent solutions
1. 20% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid: 20 g TCA is dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and
filtered.
2. Ferric nitrate reagent: 16.0 g Fe(NO3)3.9H2O is dissolved in 50 ml 2 M HNO3* and
then diluted with distilled water to 100 ml. The solution should be stored dark and
cold.
* 2M HNO3 is obtained by diluting 138.5 ml 65% HNO3 to 1 000 ml with distilled water.
Determination
4.0 ml of milk is mixed with 2.0 ml of 20% TCA solution. The mixture is blended well
and then allowed to stand for at least 30 minutes. It is thereafter filtered through
a suitable filter paper (Whatman No. 40). 1.5 ml of the clear filtrate is then mixed
with 1.5 ml of the ferric nitrate reagent and the absorbance measured at 460 nm.
As a blank, a mixture of 1.5 ml of ferric nitrate solution and 1.5 ml of water is used.
The measurement must be carried out within 10 minutes from the addition of the
ferric nitrate solution as the coloured complex is not stable for any length of time. The
concentration of thiocyanate is then determined by comparison with standard solutions
of known thiocyanate concentration, e.g. 10, 15, 20 and 30 µg/ml of thiocyanate.
239
MODEL EXPORT CERTIFICATE

FOR MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
CAC/GL 67-2008
INTRODUCTION
This document should be read in conjunction with the Guidelines for the Design,
Production, Issuance and Use of Generic Official Certificates (CAC/GL 38-2001).
SCOPE
The Model Export Certificate for Milk and Milk Products applies to milk, milk products
and composite milk products as defined in General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms
(CODEX STAN 206-1999) presented for international trade that meet food safety and
suitability requirements. The Model Export Certificate does not deal with matters of
animal and plant health unless directly related to food safety or suitability. Where
attestation on animal health matters is required, reference should be made to the OIE
Terrestrial Animal Health Code.
EXPLANATORY NOTES ON THE MODEL EXPORT CERTIFICATE

FOR MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
General
The certificate should be completed in a legible manner.
Page numbering should be used where the certificate occupies more than one sheet
of paper. For multiple page certificates the certifying officer should ensure that it is
clear that the pages constitute a single certificate including official translation(s) when
appropriate (e.g., each page is numbered with the same unique certificate number
certificate number so as to indicate it is a particular page in a finite sequence).
If the country of destination, consignee, point of entry, or transport details change

after the certificate has been issued, it is the responsibility of the importer to advise
the competent authority of the importing country. Such a change should not result in
a request for a replacement certificate to be issued.
The model certificate as it appears includes numbers designed to facilitate establishing

a link between a particular section and the corresponding explanatory note. It is not
intended that these numbers appear in the actual certificates issued by the certifying
body.
240
Adopted in 2008. Revision 2010.

model export certificate for milk and milk products (C ac /gl 67-20 0 8)
Specific
Certificate type: the certificate should be marked with “ORIGINAL”, “COPY” or
“REPLACEMENT” as appropriate.
Country of Dispatch: the country of dispatch designates the name of the country of the
competent authority which has the competence to verify and certify the conformity to
the attestations. The relevant part of the country may be mentioned where this relates
to specific attestations.
1. Consignor/Exporter: name and address (street, town and region/province/state, as

applicable) of the natural or legal person or entity who sends the consignment.
2. Certificate number (No): is unique for each certificate and is authorized by the
competent authority of the exporting country. This certificate number should
appear on each page of the certificate. If there is an addendum, it must be clearly
marked as such and must have the same identification number as the primary
certificate and the signature of a certifying officer signing the sanitary certificate.
3. Competent authority: Name of the Competent Authority of the country responsible

for certification.
4. Certifying body: Name of the Certifying Body when it is different from the
Competent Authority.
5. Consignee/Importer: name and address of the natural or legal person or entity to

whom the consignment is shipped in the country of destination, at the time the
certificate is issued.
6. Country of origin1: where appropriate, name of the country in which the products
were produced and/or manufactured.
7. Country of destination1: name of the country of destination of the products.
8. Place of loading: name of a seaport, airport, freight terminal, rail station or other
place at which goods are loaded onto the means of transport being used for their
carriage.
9. Means of transport: Air/ship/rail/road/other, as appropriate and the identification

(name or number) of these if available, or relevant documentary references.
10. Declared point of entry: if required and available the name of the point of entry
authorised by the competent authority of the importing country and, its UN/
LOCODE (refer to the United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations).
1
ISO Code: the two letter country codes, in compliance with the international standard (ISO 3166 alpha-2), could be used. 241
11. Conditions for transport/storage: appropriate temperature category (ambient,

chilled, frozen) or other requirements (e.g. humidity) for transport/storage of the
product.
12. Total quantity: in appropriate units of weight or volume for the whole consignment
13. Identification of container(s)/Seal number(s): identify the containers and seal

numbers where applicable or if known.
14. Total number of packages: total number of packages for all products in the
consignment.
15. Identification of food product(s): give the descriptive information specific

to the product or products to be certified. Identification is a description of
the commodity and consignment to which the certificate uniquely relates,
e.g., lot identifier or date coding, facilitating the traceability/product tracing
of the product in the event of public health investigations and/or recalls.
Where appropriate, or when required by the importing country: nature of the food
(or description of the commodity), commodity code (HS code), intended purpose,
producer/manufacturer, approval number of establishments (production plant,
store (cold store or not)), region or compartment of origin, name of the product,
lot identifier, date(s) of manufacture, date(s) of minimum durability2, type of
packaging, number of packages, net weight per type of product.
• Nature of food - definition of the product according to Section 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 of
the General Standard for the Use of Dairy Terms (CODEX STAN 206-1999).
• Intended purpose (or Food products certified for) - the end use of the product
should be specified in the certificate (e.g. direct human consumption, further
processing, and trade samples).
Where a certificate for trade samples is required, a consignment consisting of
a food sample intended for evaluation, testing or research, in the importing
country may be described using a term such as “trade samples”. It should
be clearly indicated on the certificate or the package that the sample is not
intended for retail sale and has no commercial value.
• Approval number of establishment(s) - is the number assigned by the

competent authority to the manufacturing establishment or factory where the
milk product was produced. In case the consignment encompasses products
from several manufacturing establishments or factories the approval number
of each manufacturing establishment and/or factory should be mentioned.
242 2
As provided in Section 4.7.1 of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1995).
model export certificate for milk and milk products (C ac /gl 67-20 0 8)
• Region or compartment of origin - if applicable. This is only for products

affected by regionalisation measures or by the setting up of approved zones or
compartments.
• Name of the product - The information appearing in this section should be

consistent with the name of the food and the trade name (where one is used)
as presented on the label and should be sufficient to identify the food. Where
a certificate for trade samples is required a consignment consisting of a food
sample intended for evaluation, testing or research, in the importing country
may be described using a term such as “trade samples”. It should be clearly
indicated on the certificate or the package that the sample is not intended for
retail sale and has no commercial value.
• Lot(s)3 identifier - is the lot identification system developed by a processor to

account for their production of milk and milk products thereby facilitating
the traceability/product tracing of the product in the event of public health
investigations and/or recalls.
• Type of packaging - identify the type of packaging of products.
16. Attestation: the wording provided in the model certificate is an internationally

agreed text that is recommended for use for milk and milk products, and which
reflects provisions in paragraphs 15 and 16 of the Guidelines for the Design,
Production, Issuance and Use of Generic Official Certificates (CAC/GL 38-2001).
The attestation is a statement confirming that the product or batches of products
originate from an establishment that is in good regulatory standing with the
Competent Authority in the exporting country and that the products were
processed and otherwise handled under a HACCP System, where appropriate, and
that the food complies with the hygiene requirements of the country (to be agreed
upon with the importing country) and/or the hygienic provisions of the Code of
Hygienic Practice for Milk and Milk Products (CAC/RCP 57-2004). The importing
country should provide the exporting country with its provisions by precise and
complete documents in a language agreed between the importing and exporting
countries when it is required to meet the requirements of the importing country.
17. Certifying officer - name, official position, official stamp (optional), date of
signature and signature.
3
Lot means a definitive quantity of a commodity produced essentially under the same conditions (General Standard for the
Labelling of Prepackaged Foods - CODEX STAN 1-1985). 243
Logo/letterhead
Model export certificate for milk and milk products
Country of dispatch: Certificate type
1. Consignor/exporter: 2. Certificate number:
3. Competent authority:
4. Certifying body:
5. Consignee/importer:
6. Country of origin: ISO code:
7. Country of destination: ISO code:
8. Place of loading:
9. Means of transport: 10. Declared point of entry:
11. Conditions for transport/storage: 12. Total quantity:*
13. Identification of container(s)/seal number(s): 14. Total number of packages:
15. Identification of food products as described below (multiple lines may be used for multiple products):
No. Nature of the food: Intended purpose
No. Producer/ Approval number of Region or compartment of origin:

manufacturer: establishment*:
No. Name of the Lot identifier* Type of Number of Net weight:

product packaging packages:
No. Date of Date of minimum

manufacture*: durability**:
16. Attestations:
1. The products described above were manufactured at (an) establishment(s) that has/have been
approved by, or otherwise determined to be in good regulatory standing with the competent
authority in the exporting country and that
2. The product(s) (please tick the appropriate box(es). Where this is not possible the non-selected option
may be deleted);
• has/have been prepared, packed, held and transported prior to export under good hygienic
practice and an effective food safety control system, implemented within the context of HACCP
systems where appropriate and in accordance with the provisions of the Code of Hygienic Practice
for Milk and Milk Products (CAC/RCP 57-2004)
• was/were produced in accordance with the public health requirements of....................................
(specify the country)
17. Certifying officer:
Name: Official position:
Date: Signature:
Official stamp:
The Model Export Certificate for Milk and Milk Products should be read in conjunction with the explanatory notes.
244 *) If required by the importing country.
**) When required by the importing country and expressed as provided in section 4.7.1 of the General Standard for
the Labelling of Prepackaged Food (CODEX STAN 1-1995).
Second edition
This second edition contains all Codex standards

and related texts for milk and milk products
adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission
until 2011.
The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an

intergovernmental body with over 180 members
established by the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health
Organization (WHO).
The C O D E X A L I M E N T A R I U S is the main

result of the Commission’s work: a set of international
food standards, guidelines and codes of practice with
the goal to protect the health of consumers and ensure
fair practices in the food trade.
ISBN 978-92-5-106786-4 ISSN 0259-2916
9 789251 067864
I2085E/1/02.11

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ISSN 0259-2916

Milk and Milk Products

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information

© FAO and WHO 2011

The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an intergovernmental body with over

The C O D E X A L I M E N T A R I U S is the main result of the Commission’s

Milk and Milk Products

Further information on these texts, or any other aspect of the Codex

Secretariat of the Codex Alimentarius Commission

Standards for milk products

Horizontal cheese standards

Individual cheese standards

General texts for milk and milk products

3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS

3.1 Raw materials

Whole milk powder

Partly skimmed milk powder

Skimmed milk powder

INS no. Name of additive Maximum level

INS no. Name of additive Maximum level

It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard be

7.1 Name of the food

If allowed by national legislation or otherwise identified to the consumer in the country

7.2 Declaration of milkfat content

7.3 Declaration of milk protein

7.4 List of ingredients

7.5 Labelling of non‑retail containers

8. METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

See CODEX STAN 234-1999.

APPENDIX – ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Additional quality factors

(ml-0.1 N NaOH/ See CODEX STAN

CODEX STANDARD FOR FERMENTED MILKS

Yoghurt: Symbiotic cultures of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus

Adopted in 2003. Revision 2008, 2010.

3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS

3.1 Raw materials

3.2 Permitted ingredients

Fermented Yoghurt, Alternate Kefir Kumys

Compliance with the microbiological criteria specified above is to be verified through

3.4 Essential manufacturing characteristics

Fermented Milks Heat Treated After

Fermented Milks Heat Treated After

INS No. Name of additive Maximum level

INS No. Name of additive Maximum level

INS No. Name of additive Maximum level

Stabilizers and Thickeners

INS No. Name of additive Maximum level

INS No. Name of additive Maximum level

INS No. Name of additive Maximum level

It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard be

7.1 Name of the food

7.2 Declaration of fat content

7.3 Labelling of non-retail containers

8. METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

See CODEX STAN 234-1999.

A blend of evaporated skimmed milk and vegetable fat is a product prepared by